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HAL Id: jpa-00225709

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00225709

Submitted on 1 Jan 1986

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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THE ORNL ATOM PROBE

M. Miller

To cite this version:

M. Miller. THE ORNL ATOM PROBE. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1986, 47 (C2), pp.C2-493- C2-498. �10.1051/jphyscol:1986275�. �jpa-00225709�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

C o l l o q u e C2, s u p p l e m e n t au n03, Tome 47, m a r s 1986 page c2-493

THE ORNL ATOM PROBE

M.K. MILLER

Metals and C e r a m i c s D i v i s i o n , Oak R i d g e N a t i o n a l ~ a b o r a t o r y , Oak R i d g e , TN 37831, U.S.A.

A b s t r a c t - The ORNL Atom P r o b e i s a m i c r o a n a l y t i c a l t o o l f o r s t u d i e s i n m a t e r i a l s s c i e n c e . The i n s t r u m e n t is a c o m b i n a t i o n o f a

c u s t o m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e vacuum s y s t e m o f t h e V G FIM-100 a t o m p r o b e , a n ORNL-designed m i c r o c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l l e d d i g i t a l t i m i n g s y s t e m , a n d a d o u b l e c u r v e d CEMA I m a g i n g Atom P r o b e d e t e c t o r . The a t o m p r o b e c o m b i n e s f o u r i n s t r u m e n t s i n t o o n e - n a m e l y a f i e l d i o n m i c r o s c o p e , a n e n e r g y c o m p e n s a t e d t i m e - o f - f l i g h t m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r , a n i m a g i n g a t o m p r o b e , a n d a p u l s e d l a s e r a t o m p r o b e .

INTRODUCTION

The Oak R i d g e N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y ( O R N L ) Atom P r o b e was d e s i g n e d t o b e a n e a s i l y u s e d m i c r o a n a l y t i c a l t o o l f o r s t u d i e s i n m a t e r i a l s s c i e n c e by b o t h s p e c i a l i s t s a n d i n e x p e r i e n c e d o p e r a t o r s . To a c h i e v e t h i s d e s i g n p h i l o s o p h y many o f t h e r o u t i n e t a s k s h a v e b e e n removed f r o m d i r e c t c o n t r o l o f t h e u s e r a n d a u t o m a t e d . The i n s t r u m e n t i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e b e s t f e a t u r e s t h a t h a v e b e e n . d e v e l o p e d s i n c e t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e a t o m p r o b e t o p r o v i d e a v e r s a t i l e t o o l .

C o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e c o m p o n e n t s a r e u s e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g p e r f o r m a n c e . The i n s t r u m e n t f e a t u r e s a c u s t o m i z e d v e r s i o n o f t h e vacuum s y s t e m o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l VG FIM-100 a t o m p r o b e [ l ] , a n ORNL-designed m i c r o c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l l e d CAMAC d i g i t a l t i m i n g s y s t e m , a n d a n I m a g i n g Atom P r o b e (IAP).

THE INSTRUMENT

-

The main f e a t u r e s o f t h e atom p r o b e a r e shown i n f i g u r e 1 a n d a r e b r i e f l y s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w . The f i e l d i o n m i c r o s c o p e (FIM) s e c t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t f e a t u r e s a d u a l p o l a r i t y 0-30 k V h i g h v o l t a g e s u p p l y f o r f i e l d i o n i z a t i o n a n d f i e l d e m i s s i o n . S p e c i m e n t e m p e r a t u r e may b e v a r i e d u s i n g a c l o s e d - c y c l e h e l i u m - g a s c r y o g e n e r a t o r . The m i c r o s c o p e i s e q u i p p e d w i t h h y d r o g e n , h e l i u m , n e o n , a n d a r g o n ima e g a s e s . The e n e r g y - c o m p e n s a t e d m a s s s p e c t r o m e t e r c o n s i s t s of a 163' P o s c h e n r i e d e r t y p e a n a l y z e r C21 w i t h a f l i g h t p a t h o f 2.26m [ l ] , a d o u b l e c h a n n e l p l a t e s i n g l e a t o m d e t e c t o r , a n d a n 8 c h a n n e l m i c r o c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d d i g i t a l t i m i n g s y s t e m w i t h a t i m e r e s o l u t i o n o f 1 nS. B e c a u s e o f t h e d e s t r u c t i v e n a t u r e o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s e v e r a l f e e d b a c k c i r c u i t s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d t o g u a r d a g a i n s t e q u i p m e n t m a l f u n c t i o n a n d e n s u r e d a t a v a l i d i t y

.

A 2mm d i a m e t e r g r o u n d e d a p e r t u r e i n t h e FIM image

c h a n n e l p l a t e p e r m i t s v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n d u r i n g f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n f o r d e p t h - m o n i t o r e d c o m p o s i t i o n p r o f i l e s . Ttie d i s t a n c e o f t h e FIM

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986275

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

c h a n n e l p l a t e t o t h e s p e c i m e n may b e . a d j u s t e d t o p r o v i d e a v a r i a b l e e f f e c t i v e p r o b e a p e r t u r e f o r c h a n g i n g t h e a r e a o f a n a l y s i s . A P u l s e d L a s e r p r o v i d e s a n a l t e r n a t e method f o r f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n o f

s e m i c o n d u c t i n g m a t e r i a l s and i m p r o v e d m a s s r e s o l u t i o n i n t h e IAP.

The i n s t r u m e n t i s a l s o e q u i p p e d w i t h q u i c k c h a n g e s p e c i m e n t r a n s f e r s y s t e m , a s p e c i m e n s t o r a g e c a r o u s e l , a n d a U H V s p e c i m e n p r e p a r a t i o n c h a m b e r w i t h a r e s i d u a l g a s a n a l y z e r f o r s u r f a c e m o d i f i c a t i o n

s t u d i e s . The p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e p r o t o t y p e V G FIM-100 a t o m p r o b e h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y [31.

THE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

The s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d a r o u n d a n IBM e n h a n c e d PC-AT w i t h 1.5 MB o f random a c c e s s s y s t e m memory, 256 KB o f g r a p h i c s d i s p l a y memory, a n d 256 KB o f v i d e o d i g i t i z e r g r a p h i c s memory. A s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r i s shown i n f i g u r e 2. T h i s m i c r o c o m p u t e r was s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e o f p e r f o r m a n c e and t h e w i d e r a n g e o f a v a i l a b l e s o f t w a r e a n d h a r d w a r e . The a n a l y s e s a r e d i s p l a y e d o n a 640h X 350v 1 6 c o l o r m o n i t o r a n d may b e a l s o o u t p u t t o a d o t - m a t r i x g r a p h i c s p r i n t e r o r t o a d i g i t a l p l o t t e r f o r h a r d c o p y . Raw and p r o c e s s e d d a t a a r e s t o r e d o n a 2 0 MB h a r d d i s k d u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a n d may b e c o p i e d o n t o e i t h e r h i g h c a p a c i t y 1.2 MB o r 360 KB f l o p p y d i s k s f o r a r c h i v a l s t o r a g e o r r e a n a l y s i s p u r p o s e s .

The p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n s of t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r a r e t o c o n t r o l b o t h t h e t i m e - o f - f l i g h t Atom P r o b e CAMAC b a s e d d i g i t a l t i m i n g s y s t e m a n d t h e I m a g i n g Atom P r o b e g a t e t i m i n g s y s t e m , a n d t o p e r f o r m o n - l i n e d a t a a n a l y s i s a n d d i s p l a y . A s e c o n d m i c r o c o m p u t e r is a v a i l a b l e f o r o f f -

l i n e r e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a , s i m u l a t i o n s , a n d s y s t e m d e v e l o p m e n t . The o n - l i n e c o n t r o l p r o g r a m was w r i t t e n t o p r o v i d e t h e maximum

i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e u s e r a n d h a s t h e f l e x i b i l t y t o d i s p l a y t h e d a t a i n r e a l - t i m e i n t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m f o r t h e t y p e o f a n a l y s i s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n . The a c c u m u l a t i n g d a t a may b e d i s p l a y e d a s mass o r t i m e s p e c t r a , m u l t i - e l e m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n p r o f i l e s , l a d d e r d i a g r a m s , c u m u l a t i v e p l o t s , s e q u e n t i a l m a s s - t o - c h a r g e r a t i o s , i o n - b y - i o n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n . The d a t a may a l s o b e a n a l y s e d i m m e d i a t e l y w i t h a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n s , c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n s , f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s , a n d F a s t F o u r i e r T r a n s f o r m s o r c o m p a r e d w i t h p r e v i o u s a n a l y s e s . The p r o g r a m is w r i t t e n i n C a n d 8 0 2 8 6 a s s e m b l y l a n g u a g e and r u n s u n d e r MS-DOS, s e e [Q].

T I M I N G SYSTEM

P-

The e l e c t r o n i c s f o r t h e e n e r g y - c o m p e n s a t e d t i m e - o f - f l i g h t mass s p e c t r o m e t e r a r e shown i n f i g u r e 3. The t i m i n g s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d a r o u n d t h e LeCroy 4208 m u l t i - h i t t i m e - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r . T h i s CAMAC m o d u l e p r o v i d e s c o m p l e t e t i m e - o f - f l i g h t m e a s u r e m e n t f o r up t o 8 i o n s p e r f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n p u l s e w i t h 1 nS r e s o l u t i o n o v e r t h e i r e n t i r e f l i g h t t i m e . The DC, p u l s e a n d e n e r g y - c o m p e n s a t i n g l e n s h i g h v o l t a g e s u p p l i e s may b e programmed f r o m t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r v i a

d i g i t a l - t o - a n a l o g c o n v e r t e r s o r s e t m a n u a l l y . T h e s e h i g h v o l t a g e s a r e m o n i t o r e d by a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r s t o e n s u r e a g a i n s t m a l f u n c t i o n . The f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n h i g h v o l t a g e p u l s e i s g e n e r a t e d by a c o n v e n t i o n a l m e r c u r y r e e d p u l s e r . The s t a r t s i g n a l f o r t h e t i m i n g s y s t e m i s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e 50 ohm l o a d a n d p i c k o f f . The t o t a l number o f i o n s d e t e c t e d on e a c h f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n p u l s e is m o n i t o r e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y by a s c a l a r t o g u a r d a g a i n s t e x t r a n e o u s n o i s e . The C A M A C e l e c t r o n i c s (IEEE-583) a r e i n t e r f a c e d t o t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r by a s e p a r a t e h i g h s p e e d b u s u s i n g 1 2 8 - b i t 1 / 0 p o r t s . S p e c i m e n t e m p e r a t u r e and vacuum c o n d i t i o n s a r e a l s o m o n i t o r e d by a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r s .

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l

COMPUTER SINGLE ATOM CONTROLLED DETECTOR FAST DIGITAL

ORNL-DWG 84-163721

1 CAMAC I HERZOG

I TIMING SYSTEM I - - - \ELECTRODE

VOLTAGE 0-30 kV

PULSE 0-7 k V

v +

I V -

,, ,,

F~LIDCLIEATING '"W" ENERGY ' "8.

LENS

I I

SPECIMEN -FOCUSSING LENS CHANNEL EINZEL

t

I

HERZOG ELECTRODE FIM VIEWPORT

VARIABLE IRIS

Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of the O R N L atom probe.

ORNL DiYG85 ,2303

80286 CPU 80287 NDP

GENERATOR

El

MEMORY

El

REAL TIME DISPLAY

MONITOR NO 3 COLOR

COMPUTER DISPLAY

MONITOR NO 1

HARD COPY CAMERA

- t A t

VIDEO SWITCH

IBM PC ATMICROCOMPUTER I/OCHANNELS

t

4 SYSTEM VIDEO

GRAPHICS DISPLAY

ADAPTER -TRIGGER

WAVEFORM

OlGlTlZER IAP

IEEE 488

INTERFACE CEMA

DETECTOR

CAMAC ELECTRONICS

CAMAC CRATE

*

-

P SYSTEM VlOEO

INTERFACE

DIGITIZED IAP SPECTRUM

MONITOR N O 2

KEYBOARD

CONTROLLER FLOPPY PLOTTER

4

GRAPHICS PRINTER KEYBOARD

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the microcomputer system.

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ORNL DLVrj81 12906 CLMAC CRATE

,__-_______________---

l I MICROCOMPUTER CR4TE CAMAC DATAWAY I

3

I I I DIGITAL TO PULSE TRAIN ION I ANALOG CONVERTERS GENERATOR COUNTER I I I I I

7 ir G. V X7 I I I v I, \7 I I I l 0 - t7kV 0 --,*v I HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY SUPPLY I 1234 -VACUUM MONlTOR l VOLTAGE DIVIDER PROG MONITOR 0-MXVOC HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY ENERGY SPECIMEN SINGLE ION IAP COMPENSATING OETECTOB CEMA LENS CAMAC Electronic

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I M A G I N G ATOM PROBE

The i m a g i n g a t o m p r o b e s e c t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t p e r m i t s e l e m e n t a l d i s t r i b u t i o n maps o f a g i v e n s p e c i e s a s w e l l a s q u i c k c o m p o s i t i o n a n a l y s i s o f s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s o f t h e s p e c i m e n t o b e made. A G a l i l e o E l e c t r o O p t i c s C o r p o r a t i o n c u r v e d CEMA d e t e c t o r w i t h a 146.0 mm r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e i s u s e d t o d e t e c t t h e a t o m s . A c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r i a b l e i r i s i s p o s i t i o n e d b e t w e e n t h e s p e c i m e n a n d t h e d e t e c t o r t o r e s t r i c t f i e l d o f v i e w t o a l l o w m a s s a n a l y s i s o f s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s s u c h a s p r e c i p i t a t e s . The m a s s s p e c t r a a r e a c c u m u l a t e d w i t h a T e k t r o n i x 7912AD 5OOMhz t r a n s i e n t w a v e f o r m d i g i t i z e r w h i c h i s i n t e r f a c e d t o t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r u s i n g t h e GPIB b u s (IEEE-488). The e l e c t r o n i c s f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e t i m e s y n c h r o n i z e d IAP g a t e p u l s e f o r t h e e l e m e n t a l maps i s made up o f C A M A C m o d u l e s . The t i m e d e l a y r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a g a t e d e l e m e n t a l map o f a g i v e n s p e c i e s may b e e i t h e r d y n a m i c a l l y programmed ( t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r c h a n g e s i n v o l t a g e ) o r a d j u s t e d m a n u a l l y . The d e l a y is p r o d u c e d by a L e C r o y 2 3 2 3 d u a l d e l a y a n d g a t e g e n e r a t o r w i t h a t i m e r e s o l u t i o n o f 1 nS. T h i s CAMAC m o d u l e f i r e s a K r y t r o n p u l s e r w h i c h p r o d u c e s t h e h i g h v o l t a g e g a t e p u l s e u s e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e g a i n o n t h e CEMA d e t e c t o r t o i m a g e o n l y a s e l e c t e d s p e c i e s .

THE VIDEO SYSTEM

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s t a n d a r d 35mm c a m e r a s f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e f i e l d i o n m i c r o g r a p h s a n d IAP e l e m e n t a l maps t h e i n s t r u m e n t i s e q u i p p e d w i t h a v i d e o s y s t e m f o r i m a g e a n a l y s i s , a s shown i n f i g u r e 4. The v i d e o c a m e r a a n d v i d e o r e c o r d e r a r e i n t e r f a c e d t o t h e m i c r o c o m p u t e r v i a a r e a l - t i m e v i d e o d i g i t i z e r w i t h a r e s o l u t i o n o f 5 1 2 h X 4 8 0 v a n d 256 g r a y l e v e l s . T h e s e f e a t u r e s s h o u l d p e r m i t a u t o m a t i c d e t e c t i o n o f p l a n e e v a p o r a t i o n f o r t h e d e p t h - m o n i t o r e d c o m p o s i t i o n p r o f i l e s a n d a s s i s t i n t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s .

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

R e s e a r c h s p o n s o r e d by t h e D i v i s i o n o f M a t e r i a l s S c i e n c e s ,

U.S. D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y , u n d e r c o n t r a c t DE-AC05-840R21400 w i t h M a r t i n M a r i e t t a E n e r g y S y s t e m s , I n c .

REFERENCES

1 . Waugh, A . R . a n d S m i t h , G.D.W., P r o c . 3 0 t h I F E S , P h i l a d e l p h i a ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

2 . P o s c h e n r i e d e r , W . P . , I n t . J . Mass S p e c . I o n P h y s . 2 , ( 1 9 7 2 ) 357 3. C e r e z o , A . , S m i t h , G.D.W., a n d Waugh, A.R., J . P h y s i q u e s , 9

( 1 9 8 4 1 , 3 2 9

4. M i l l e r , M.K., t h e s e p r o c e e d i n g s .

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

ORNL-DWG 85.12905

POLAROID CAMERA VIDEO

CAMERA L

FRAME MEMORI

%

MICROCOMPUTER M

VIDEO CAMERA L

MONITOR

= 4

F i g u r e 4. T h e v i d e o s y s t e m f o r t h e O R N L atom p r o b e .

FLAT SCREEN MONITOR

I

-" 3

A A

t

-

MONITOR

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FLAT SCREEN MONITOR

I

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A

t

-

W

DlGlTlZER 9)

I t

I

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1

Dskpc' I

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t

W VIDEO SWITCH

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RECORDER

MICROCOMPUTER

Video System

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The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to