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Lyapunov Exponents: When the Top joins the Bottom

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HAL Id: inria-00072424

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072424

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Lyapunov Exponents: When the Top joins the Bottom

Dohy Hong

To cite this version:

Dohy Hong. Lyapunov Exponents: When the Top joins the Bottom. [Research Report] RR-4198, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072424�

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ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--4198--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 1

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Lyapunov Exponents: When the Top joins the Bottom

Dohy HONG

N° 4198

June, 2001

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Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt

Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

Téléphone : +33 1 39 63 55 11 — Télécopie : +33 1 39 63 53 30

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Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt

Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot-St-Martin (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis : 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)

Éditeur

INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399

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