HAL Id: hal-00329713
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329713
Submitted on 13 Oct 2008
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
SOLID/GAS BIOREACTORS: POWERFUL TOOLS FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND EFFICIENT
TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
Sylvain Lamare, Marie-Dominique Legoy, Marianne Graber
To cite this version:
Sylvain Lamare, Marie-Dominique Legoy, Marianne Graber. SOLID/GAS BIOREACTORS: POW- ERFUL TOOLS FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY FOR IN- DUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.. Green Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004, 6, pp.445-458.
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