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Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering for year ending June 1964
including Membership List of the Canadian Section
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL O F CANADA
ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON SOIL AND SNOW MECHANICS
ANNUAL R E P O R T O F T H E
CANADIAN SECTION O F T H E
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY O F SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
A N ~ ~ ~ Z E D FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 1964
INCLUDING MEMBERSHIP LIST O F T H E CANADIAN SECTION
P r e p a r e d by
C. B. C r a w f o r d and M i s s J. B u t l e r
T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m No. 84
OTTAWA O c t o b e r 1964
( i ) FOREWORD T h i s Annual R e p o r t i s a s u m m a r y of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of C a n a d i a n m e m b e r s of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Society of S o i l M e c h a n i c s a n d Foundation E n g i n e e r i n g f o r t h e p e r i o d J u n e 1963 t o June 1964. I t i s p u b l i s h e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e of k e e p i n g C a n a d i a n s i n f o r m e d of t h o s e s o i l m e c h a n i c s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h a r e b e i n g conducted i n t h e i r own c o u n t r y . I n t h i s w a y , i t w i l l a s s i s t i n o v e r c o m i n g t h e n a t u r a l h a n d i c a p o f f e r e d by t h e w i d e s p r e a d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of s o i l m e c h a n i c s w o r k i n Canada. T h e r e p o r t i n c l u d e s a l i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s by m e m b e r s of t h e C a n a d i a n S e c t i o n . In a d d i t i o n , i t i n c l u d e s a l i s t of known t h e s i s t o p i c s p r e s e n t l y u n d e r s t u d y a n d a l i s t of s u g g e s t e d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . I t i s hoped t h a t t h e s e l i s t s w i l l d e v e l o p i n t o u s e f u l s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n . A s p e c i a l e f f o r t h a s b e e n m a d e t o r e d u c e r e p o r t s on r o u t i n e w o r k . It i s p r o b a b l e h o w e v e r t h a t s o m e of t h e w o r k noted w a s of a r o u t i n e n a t u r e b u t w a s c o n s i d e r e d w o r t h i n c l u d i n g b e c a u s e of p o s s i b l e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t . B r e v i t y i n r e p o r t i n g t h e w o r k h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d .
(ii)
T A B L E O F CONTENTS
1. G e n e r a l Soil P r o p e r t i e s
2. Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Including P e r m e a b i l i t y 3 . Shallow Foundations Including P a v e m e n t s
4. Deep Foundations
5. E a r t h and Rock P r e s s u r e s
6. E a r t h and Rock D a m s . Slopes and Open E x c a v a t i o n s
P a g e 1
APPENDIX "A"
-
Alphabetical L i s t of M e m b e r s of t h e Canadian Section of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Society of Soil M e c h a n i c s .APPENDIX
"B"
-
L i s t of M e m b e r s A s s o c i a t e d with O r g a n i z a t i o n s . APPENDIX "C"-
M e m b e r s ' P u b l i c a t i o n s Since J u n e 1962.APPENDIX "Dl1
-
Active G r a d u a t e T h e s i s Work Known to M e m b e r s . APPENDIX "El1-
Suggestions of Needed R e s e a r c h .1. GENERAL SOIL P R O P E R T I E S H. G. A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d : ( a ) Continuation of l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h on the s h e a r s t r e n g t h and s t r e s s - d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of l a c u s t r i n e and m a r i n e c l a y s , p l a s t i c and n o n - p l a s t i c t i l l s . T h e s t u d i e s include t e s t s on l a r g e d i a m e t e r , undisturbed s a m p l e s of a p l a s t i c t i l l .
(b) Investigation of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s l a t e and g r e y w a c k e f o r u s e i n a c o m p a c t e d e a r t h - r o c k d a m . ( c ) S t u d i e s of s a m p l i n g and l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g techniques
of c l a y s e a m s i n s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s .
C. J. C h r i s t e n s e n :
Completed the field and l a b o r a t o r y w o r k on a p r o j e c t studying
the e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of a d e n s e , clayey silt t i l l found i n S o u t h w e s t e r n O n t a r i o .
J.
V. Danys: The p r o p o s e d c o n t r o l w o r k s of a r i v e r w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e v e l o c i t i e s of t h e c u r r e n t and i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e w h e t h e r o r not s u c h a n i n c r e a s e w i l l c r e a t e the h a z a r d of e r o s i o n of t h e r i v e r bed. A p r o g r a m m e of h y d r a u l i c t e s t i n g of t h e r e s i s t a n c e of the m a r i n e clay a g a i n s t e r o s i o n h a s b e e n i n i t i a t e d . S a m p l e s of the undisturbed and r e m o u l d e d clay a r e p l a c e d i n a hydraulic f l u m e and t e s t e d a t v a r i o u s v e l o c i t i e s . T h e e r o s i o n e f f e c t s i n t h e m o d e l a r e o b s e r v e d .Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council: S e n s i t i v i t y of C l a y s
P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e continued on s e n s i t i v e L e d a c l a y s . T h e s e included s t u d i e s of the a r r a n g e m e n t of clay p a r t i c l e s by m e a n s of t h i n s e c t i o n s and by h e a t flow t e c h n i q u e s . Z e t a p o t e n t i a l s w e r e m e a s u r e d on a n u m b e r of s e n s i t i v e c l a y s f r o m d i f f e r e n t s i t e s and i t w a s found t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n between t h e Z e t a p o t e n t i a l and s e n s i t i v i t y . An a p p a r a t u s w a s developed f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c a r b o n a t e content of c l a y s r a p i d l y
.
S a m p l e S t o r a g e C o n t r o l t e s t s w e r e i n i t i a t e d i n a n a t t e m p t t o a s s e s s t h e e f f e c t of s t o r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e and s t o r a g e t i m e on t h e p r o p e r t i e s of block s a m p l e s . P e r m a f r o s t T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p e r m a f r o s t i n n o r t h e r n S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d M a n i t o b a w a s s t u d i e d by f i e l d s u r v e y s . A s e c o n d l a k e w a s c h o s e n and a d r i l l i n g p r o g r a m m e c a r r i e d o u t t o m e a s u r e t h e i n f l u e n c e of b o d i e s of w a t e r on p e r m a f r o s t . T h i s l a k e w a s l o c a t e d i n t h e b a r r e n l a n d s n e a r Inuvik. A b o r e h o l e r e c o r d e r f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s w a s d e v e l o p e d and h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d S o i l M o i s t u r e C o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c l i m a t e c o n d i t i o n s and s o i l m o i s t u r e d e p l e t i o n w e r e continued a t t e s t p l o t s i n O t t a w a and i n s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s i n W e s t e r n Canada. F r o s t Action F r o s t a c t i o n b e n e a t h a l a r g e c o l d s t o r a g e p l a n t a t P o r t a g e l a P r a i r i e , M a n i t o b a , w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d . O b s e r v a t i o n s of f r o s t h e a v e of r o a d w a y s w e r e continued i n t h e O t t a w a a r e a . Geocon L t d : Continuation of s t u d i e s of t a r s a n d s on a s i t e i n n o r t h e r n A l b e r t a .
I.
Holubec: A l a b o r a t o ~ y . r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e is u n d e r w a y t o d e m o n s t r a t e how t h e c o n c e p t s of p l a s t i c i t y apply t o a c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l by m e a n s of a s e r i e s of d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l e x p e r i m e n t s conducted on s a t u r a t e d s a n d a n d f r o m t h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t a s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p . H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o : S t u d i e s of t h e t h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r of s o i l i n c o n t a c t w i t h b u r i e dpower c a b l e s w e r e continued. M e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e change i n t h e r m a l r e s i s t i v i t y and m o i s t u r e content w e r e m a d e i n a s i m u l a t e d t e s t c a b l e in which a v a r i e t y of backfill m a t e r i a l s w e r e used.
P . L a R o c h e l l e :
T h e influence of t r a n s i e n t cyclic l o a d s on the phenomena of f r o s t i n s o i l s . M. M i n d e s s : R e s e a r c h w o r k d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r h a s been c o n c e r n e d with X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n and d i f f e r e n t i a l t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s t e s t s on c l a y s and s i l t s of t h e L a k e A g a s s i z B a s i n . T h i s w i l l eventually l e a d t o m o r e w o r k on i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e s e s o i l s by c h e m i c a l s t a b i l i z a t i o n o r by e l e c t r o - o s m o s i s . O n t a r i o Depar trnent of Highways:
Studies of t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of t h e f r e e z i n g i s o t h e r m i n t o s u b g r a d e s under d i f f e r e n t e x p o s u r e conditions.
J. C. O s l e r :
Studies of s h e a r s t r e n g t h and yield c r i t e r i a of s o i l s .
P. F. R . A.
,
SaskatoonBoth field and l a b o r a t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e being conducted on t h e d e g r e e of breakdown of g r a n u l a r f i l t e r m a t e r i a l s c a u s e d by w a s h i n g , s i e v i n g , and v a r i o u s s a m p l i n g m e t h o d s i n d r i l l h o l e s .
L a b o r a t o r y t e s t s have been m a d e on t h e e f f e c t of t i m e t o f a i l u r e on p o r e p r e s s u r e s and effective s t r e s s e s i n t r i a x i a l t e s t s of s a m p l e s of w e s t e r n Canadian c l a y s .
L a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d t e s t s w e r e conducted i n which it w a s found t h a t f r o z e n g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l , even when d r y , could not b e a s thoroughly c o m p a c t e d a s the s a m e m a t e r i a l unfrozen.
R. M. Quigley:
( a ) R e s e a r c h on the F a b r i c of Clay S o i l s u s i n g X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . U n d i s t u r b e d , r e m o u l d e d a n d a r t i f i c i a l l y s e d i m e n t e d c l a y s s u b j e c t e d to v a r i o u s e n g i n e e r i n g t e s t conditions a r e being studied.
(b) C o r r e l a t i o n of the c l a y m i n e r a l o g y and e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c l a y s o i l s involved in e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n p r o j e c t s a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s i n O n t a r i o . N . W . Kadforth: M e c h a n i c a l , p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l constitution of p e a t a s foundation m a t e r i a l h a s r e m a i n e d b a s i c i n o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . D i r e c t i o n h a s been given t o s c h e m a t i z i n g d e s c r i p t i v e g r a p h i c r e n d i t i o n of s t r u c t u r a l c o n s t i t u e n t s of p e a t in o r d e r t h a t , f o r e x a m p l e , " f i b r e s , e t c . " m a y be a p p r e c i a t e d a s m a t h e m a t i c a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n s o r g e o m e t r i c e n t i t i e s . P h y s i c s and c h e m i s t r y have been viewed i n r e l a t i o n t o b e h a v i o u r of t h e s e e n t i t i e s under l o a d i n t e r m s of s t a t i c s , d y n a m i c s and t h e p o s s i - bility of s t r u c t u r a l evolution of peat.
T h e r e s u l t s will be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of m u s k e g t o enhance i t s u s e f u l n e s s f o r p r e d i c t i o n i n a s p e c t s of r o a d d e s i g n , t r a n s p o r t ( t r a f f i c a b i l i t y and m o b i l i t y ) , e t c .
S o m e e m p h a s i s h a s been p l a c e d on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of o r i g i n of o r g a n i c t e r r a i n i n i c e - c a p c o u n t r y and on the r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e a t and constitution of i c e i n t e r r a i n w h e r e t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e l o w e r t h a n 0 3 2 F. the y e a r round. R i p l e y , Klohn & L e o n o f f L t d : L a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e t o i n v e s t i g a t e p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y consolidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p e a t by m e a n s of l o n g - t e r m consolidation t e s t s . J. D. Scott: V a r i a t i o n of e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of s o i l s .
J. T e r a s m a e : P l a n n i n g a study by d r i l l i n g of t h e b u r i e d St. D a v i d s G o r g e a t N i a g a r a F a l l s . T h e G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y of C a n a d a h a s m a d e a h a m m e r s e i s m i c s u r v e y of t h e a r e a t o o u t l i n e t h e b u r i e d v a l l e y a n d e s t i m a t e i t s d e p t h . T h e l a t e - P l e i s t o c e n e s e d i m e n t s i n i t w i l l b e s t u d i e d f o r s t r a t i - g r a p h y a n d c o r r e l a t e d w i t h o t h e r s e q u e n c e s i n t h e L a k e E r i e a n d L a k e O n t a r i o b a s i n s . T h e p r o ; ? e r t i e s of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c u n i t s w i l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d . Underwood, M c L e l l a n & A s s o c s . L t d : D e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t on s o f t e n e d b a c k f i l l of t o w e r f o o t i n g s a n d a n a p p r a i s a l m a d e of t h e e f f e c t on t h e t o w e r s t a b i l i t y . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a a n d / o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council: ( a ) S h e a r s t r e n g t h of o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s h a l e s o i l s . (b) Ion e x c h a n g e p h e n o m e n a a s a f f e c t i n g s t r e n g t h , c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d p h y s i c a l l i m i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . ( c ) S w e l l i n g p r o p e r t i e s of c l a y s o i l s . (d) F i e l d a n d l a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s of v o l u m e c h a n g e s i n c o m p a c t e d s o i l s . ( e ) H i g h p r e s s u r e t r i a x i a l s t u d i e s on U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s s h a l e s a n d c l a y s h a l e s of W e s t e r n C a n a d a . (f) A s s e s s m e n t of t h e b e h a v i o u r of p i e z o m e t e r s a n d p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e i n s t r u m e n t s i n highly p r e c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s h a l e s . (g) F i e l d s t u d i e s of e x i s t i n g s l o p e s i n U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s d e p o s i t s . R. C. Wvld: A s a p r e l i m i n a r y s t e p i n a s t u d y of a t t e n u a t i o n of e n e r g y i n s o i l m e d i a , a s t u d y w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e S u f f i e l d E x p e r i m e n t a l S t a t i o n
-
500 ton T N T t r i a l-
t o b e h e l d a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i d - J u l y 1964. B a s i c a l l y , i t i s a s t u d y of i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y a b s o r p t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s a t v a r y i n g d i s t a n c e s f r o m g r o u n d z e r o . R e s u l t s w i l l show d i f f e r e n c e s between p o s t - t r i a l a n d p r e - t r i a l t e s t s .R . Yong: ( a ) S w e l l i n g p r e s s u r e a n d v o l u m e c h a n g e d e p e n d e n c y of a p u r e c l a y on t e m p e r a t u r e . ( b ) S o i l s u c t i o n a n d c o n f i g u r a t i o n e f f e c t s . ( c ) E n e r g y s t a t u s of w a t e r i n s o i l s . 2 . MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S INCLUDING P E R M E A B I L I T Y H. G. A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d : ( a ) F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t w o r k on a n a l o g u e s f o r t h e s t u d y of t r a n s i e n t t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l p a t t e r n s of g r o u n d w a t e r flow i n c o m p l e x a q u i f e r s y s t e m s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e of l a r g e a r e a l e x t e n t . (b) Study of p o r e p r e s s u r e s i n a d e e p t e r r a c e d e p o s i t a n d t h e e f f e c t s of i m p o u n d i n g i n a n a d j a c e n t r e s e r v o i r , i n c l u d i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k on a s a n d m o d e l . D i v i s i o n of B a i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council: C o n s o l i d a t i o n S t u d i e s D e t a i l e d l a b o r a t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n of s o i l s w e r e continued. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n w a s given t h e r a t e of l o a d i n g an'd t h e d i s s i p a t i o n of p o r e p r e s s u r e s . T h e s o i l s i n c l u d e d highly p l a s t i c c l a y s f r o m Winnipeg, O t t a w a , a n d s o m e p e a t y m a t e r i a l s . S h e a r S t r e n g t h s A t t e n p t s w e r e m a d e t o o b t a i n a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t s of t h e f i e l d v a n e a n d l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s i n a n u m b e r of b o r i n g s i n L e d a c l a y i n t h e O t t a w a a r e a . L a b 3 r a t o r y s t u d i e s on t h e s t r e s s d e f o r m a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of L e d a c l a y w e r e continued. P i e z o - m e t e r s w e r e i n s t a l l e d a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s i n S a s k a t o o n t o study t h e c h a n g e s i n u r b a n g r o u n d w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s a s a f f e c t e d by t o p o g r a p h y , l a n d s c a p i n g , i r r i g a t i o n , e t c .
E c o l e P o l y t e c h n i q u e : B a s i c r e s e a r c h on s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e
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( a ) V a r i a t i o n s i n p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s a l o n g t h e r u p t u r e l i n e and i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t y p e of r u p t u r e ; ( b ) M o b i l i z e d s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e w i t h t h e t y p e of l a b o r a t o r y t e s t o r f i e l d l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s and i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l d i l a t a n c y o r c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y c h a n g e s . B. G. H u t c h i n s o n : A s u i t a b l e g r a n u l o m e t r i c m o d e l of t h e bonding f o r c e s g e n e r a t e d i n P o r t l a n d c e m e n t s t a b i l i z e d s a n d s h a s b e e n f o r m u l a t e d . T h i s m o d e l h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d i n t e r m s of t h e c e m e n t g e l-
s a n d a d h e s i o n , t h e s u r f a c e a r e a of t h e s a n d , t h e d e n s i t y of p a c k i n g of t h e s a n d , a n d t h e d e g r e e of s a t u r a t i o n of t h e c e m e n t gel. H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r Co:mmission of O n t a r i o : T e n s i l e T e s t s A s e r i e s of t e n s i o n t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t on c o m p a c t e d c l a y p:aced a t v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s of m o i s t u r e and d e n s i t y . T h e s e t e s t s w e r e i n t e n d e d to i n d i c a t e t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o c r a c k i n g of t h e v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s u s e d i n e a r t h d a m c o n s t r u c t i o n . In t h e t e s t s , m e a s u r e m e n t s of p o r e p r e s s u r e , t e n s i l e s t r a i n and t e n s i l e s t r e s s w e r e m a d e . M u s k e g S t u d i e s of t h e e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of m u s k e g w e r e m a d e both i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d in the f i e l d . In t h e f i e l d , two s h a l l o w e a r t h s t r u c t u r e s w e r e i n s t r u m e n t e d to allow m e a s u r e m e n t of s e t t l e m e n t a n d p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e d u r i n g and s u b s e q u e n t t o c o n s t r u c t i o n . In t h e l a b o r a t o r y t r i a x i a l t e s t s w e r e m a d e on s a m p l e s of p e a t c o n s o l i d a t e d a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y a n d t e s t e d u n d e r both d r a i n e d and u n d r a i n e d l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T . C. Kenney: In s i t u s t r e s s e s T h i s s u b j e c t i s of key i m p o r t a n c e t o o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e b e h a v i o u r of n a t u r a l s o i l s i n s u c h f i e l d s a s s h e a r s t r e n g t h , e a r t h p r e s s u r eand s t a b i l i t y . A t t h e N o r w e g i a n G e o t e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e , i t i s p r e s e n t l y b e i n g s t u d i e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d , i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , i n t h e f i e l d . In the l a b ~ r a t o r y , s a m p l e s of u n d i s t u r b e d c l a y a r e K
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c o n s o l i d a t e d 0 i n a p p a r a t u s i n w h i c h v e r t i c a l and r a d i a l s t r e s s e s c a n b e m e a s i l r e d . T o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s of l e a c h i n g o u t s a l t y p o r e w a t e r f r o m n a t u r a l c l a y s , s a l t w a t e r i s f i r s t p e r m e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e c l a y i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n s a l t c l a y w i t h a n a t u r a l p a r t i c l e s t r u c t u r e a n d , s z b s e q u e n t l y , a f t e r f u r t h e r l o a d i n g , l e a c h e d out. P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t , f o r t h e n o n - p l a s t i c c l a y s now b e i n g t e s t e d , l e a c h i n g o u t of s a l t w a t e r c a u s e s c o m p r e s s i o n of t h e s o i l f o r c o n d i t i o n s of z e r o change of a p p l i e d v e r t i c a l s t r e s s , but t h a t i t h a s v e r y l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e s a m p l e . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t p r e l i m i n a r y f i n d i n g i s t h a t t h e m a x i m u m s h e a r s t r e s s i n t h e s a m p l e d u r i n g K-
c o n s o l i d a t i o n i s m u c h l a r g e r 0 t h a n t h e v a l u e of u n d r a i n e d s h e a r r e s i s t a n c e m e a s u r e d i n a following d i r e c t s i m p l e - s h e a r t e s t , and i t i s a l s o m u c h l a r g e r t h a n t h e v a l u e s of s h e a r s t r e n g t h o b t a i n e d f r o m f i e l d v a n e t e s t s and d i r e c t s h e a r t e s t s on t h e u n ~ d i s t u r b e d clay. T h i s , p l u s o t h e r e v i d e n c e , a p p e a r s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e u s u a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e two c o m j n o n t e s t s is e r r o n e o u s . In t h e f i e l d , i t i s planned t o i n s t a l l t h i n v e r t i c a l p l a t e s on w h i c h a r e m o u n t e d e a r t h p r e s s u r e and w a t e r p r e s s u r e g a u g e s . T h e s e a r e t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n s o i l s of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s w h e r e t h e g r o u n d i s r e a s o n a b l y l e v e l , t o m e a s u r e K-
v a l u e s , a n d in s l . o p e s , t o m e a s u r e t h e v a r i a t i o n 0 of h o r i z o n t a l s t r e s s . P. L a R o c h e l l e : T h e i n f l u e n c e of d i s t o r t i o n on t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of s e n s i t i v e c l a y s . A t r i a x i a l t e s t p r o g r a m m e i s b e i n g c a r r i e d out on u n u s u a l l y l a r g e c o m p a c t e d s o i l s p e c i m e n s of gl cia1 t i l l t o h i g h confining total p r e s s r e sf
.5
up t o b e t w e e n 30 a n d 40 K g / c m w i t h b a c k p r e s s u r e s up t o 1 0 ~ g / c m
.
T h e s o i l i s c o m p a c t e d i n a 6-in. d i a m e t e r by 1 2 - i n . high 3 - p i e c e m o u l d w i t h t h e g r a d a t i o n a s r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e f i e l d (1. 5-
in. m a x i m u mt e s t p r o c e d u r e b e i n g s i m i l a r t o t h e AA.SHO S t a n d a r d f o r
6
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in. d i a m e t e r c o m p a c t i o n t e s t s . T h e s t r e s s - d e f o r m a t i o n and s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t i l l w i l l be thoroughly e x p l o r e d f o r a w i d e r a n g e of w a t e r c o n t e n t s s o a s t o c h o o s e t h e b e s t r a n g e of w a t e r c o n t e n t f o r c o m p a c t i o n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a c c e p t a b l e b r i t t l e n e s s of t h e c o r e . G . G . M e v e r h o f : D y n a m i c c o n e p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s and s t a n d a r d p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s u s i n g p e n e t r o m e t e r s of v a r y i n g s i z e s u n d e r v , a r i o u s e n e r g i e s h a v e b e e n m a d e i n s a n d s of v a r i o u s d e n s i t i e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n d r i v i n g r e s i s t a n c e and s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . O n t a r i o D e p a r t m e n t of Highways: S t r e s s - s t r a i n - p o r e p r e s s u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p of c l a y s a n d t h e a n i s o t r o p y of c l a y s . J. C . O s l e r : S t u d i e s of the i n f l u e n c e of t e m p e r a t u r e on the r e s u l t s of c o n s o l i - d a t i o n t e s t s 011 c l a y . P. F. R. A.-
S a s k a t o o n : A f t e r developing m e t h o d s t o i n s t a l l r e l i e f w e l l s and p i e z o m e t e r s a t d e p t h s up t o 350 f e e t i n a f i n e , w a t e r - b e a r i n g s a n d s t o n e ( B e l l y R i v e r f o r m a t i o n ) , d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e b e i n g m a d e of ( a ) t h e e f f e c t of a r e s e r v o i r w a t e r l o a d on poye p r e s s u r e i n t h e f o r m a t i o n ; (b) t h e c o m p e t e n c y ( o r r i g i d i t y ) of t h e s h a l e o v e r l y i n g t h e s a n d s t o n e ( B e a r p a w f o r m a t i o n ) , by c o m p a r i n g b a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s t o s a n d s t o n e p o r e p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s ; ( c ) t h e s a n d s t o n e p e r m e a b i l i t y .The r e l a t i o n pf p e r m e a b i l i t y to t h e amount and type of f i n e s and t h e D of f i l t e r s a n d s i s being studied i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y .
10
T e s t s t o l o c a t e bedrock by t h e s e i s m i c h a m m e r m e t h o d w e r e i n i t i a t e d .
L o n g - t e r m study of the influence of w e a t h e r i n g on the e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of c l a y s o i l s , e. g. changes i n e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s p r o d u c e d by 1eaching.the i n t e r l a y e r p o t a s s i u m f r o m between the m i c a s h e e t s and s u b s e q u e n t c h l o r i t i z a t i o n o r production of swelling c l a y s by a d s o r b e d aluminum and i r o n hydroxide c o m p l e x e s .
D. H. Shields:
Completed t h r e e y e a r s of r e s e a r c h i n t o the influence of v e r t i c a l s a n d d r a i n s on c o m p r e s s i o n and consolidation r a t e of s o i l . Studied the effect of h o r i z o n t a l l a m i n a t i o n s and l a y e r i n g on the h o r i z o n t a l coefficient of p e r m e a b i l i t y of t h e s e s o i l s . T h i s w o r k w a s conducted a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of M a n c h e s t e r , England, and completed by November 1963.
W. J. Staple:
A t t e m p t s w z r e m a d e t o compute the r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m o i s t u r e in packed columns of u n s a t u r a t e d s o i l following i n f i l t r a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t a m o u n t s of w a t e r . T h e computations w e r e b a s e d on t h e scanning c u r v e s of m o i s t u r e t e n s i o n f o r wetting and d r y i n g and on t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
conductivity c o e f f i c i e n t s . Encouraging r e s u l t s have been obtained t h u s f a r . J. T e r a s m a e :
A s u r v e y of the h i s t o r y of the peatland i n n o r t h e r n O n t a r i o is underway jointly with t h e F o r e s t r y D e p a r t m e n t . T h i s w i l l involve in p a r t t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e p e a t units and t h e underlying d e p o s i t s , a s t o the groundwater p r o b l e m s and p e r m e a b i l i t y .
C. D. Thompson:
s t u d y of the o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l consolidation t e s t i n g of u n d i s t u r b e d , r e m o u l d e d and a r t i f i c i a l l y s e d i m e n t e d L e d a clay.
R. C. T h u r b e r and A s s o c i a t e s :
High p r e s s u r e t r i a x i a l testing h a s been c a r r i e d out on six-inch d i a m e t e r s a m p l e s of compacted glacial till. An e l e c t r i c a l s t r a i n gauge load c e l l h a s been built which a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r e s loads on the s p e c i m e n s within the t r i a x i a l cell thus eliminating uncertainty r e g a r d i n g e f f e c t s of piston friction.
A s e r i e s of d i r e c t s h e a r t e s t s a r e being c a r r i e d out on s a m p l e s of a s h a t t e r e d soft rock at confining p r e s s u r e s up t o 1000 p. s. i.
W . A . Trow:
R e s e a r c h into the i n t e r n a l angle of f r i c t i o n of the v e r y d e n s e till s o i l s f r o m the Toronto region. T h e r e s u l t s a r e applicable to the l o n g - t e r m e a r t h p r e s s u r e s on walls and the stability of open excavations. University of A l b e r t a a n d / o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council:
F i e l d sampling and l a b o r a t o r y investigations into the p r o p e r t i e s of till.
V. E. Vaughan:
Investigate the s h e a r s t r e n g t h p a r a m e t e r s of c o a r s e angular c r u s h e d stone. The s i z e of stone v a r i e d f r o m No. 4 sieve s i z e t o
1 112 inches. The crushed stone w a s a l s o mixed with a well-graded sand and the angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n w a s determined. The p e r c e n t a g e of sand v a r i e d f r o m 0 t o 100 p e r cent.
G. Wilson:
L a b o r a t o r y t e s t s t o develop a viscous fluid analogue t o s i m u l a t e flow of groundwater through jointed r o c k s .
R.
Yong:( a ) Soil Dynamics.
( c ) P a r t i a l s o i l f r e e z i n g .
(d) T h r e s h o l d a n d c r i t i c a l g r a d i e n t s i n h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t a n c e . ( e ) I n e r t i a e f f e c t s i n s h e a r t e s t i n g .
3 . SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS INCLUDING P A V E M E N T S
Highly p o r t a b l e P l a t e L o a d T e s t i n g Unit d e v i s e d t o o b t a i n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s a t t h e s i t e of E x p o
'67
a n d r e s u l t s w e r e v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . Studying c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t s f o r c o n t r o l of f r o s t h e a v i n g . D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t , O t t a w a : (1) Study of s h o r t a n d l o n g w a v e p a v e m e n t r o u g h n e s s by m e a n s of t h e m u l t i - w h e e l e d p r o f i l o m e t e r a n d l e v e l s u r v e y ; s k i d r e s i s t a n c e of p a v e m e n t s ; p a v e m e n t d e f l e c t i o n u n d e r a i r c r a f t ; a n d d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e of a i r c r a f t t o p a v e m e n t r o u g h n e s s . (2) Study of d u r a b i l i t y of s h a l e s a n d s l a t e s ; ( 3 ) T r i a x i a l t e s t s o n m a r g i n a l g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s b l e n d e d w i t h v a r i o u s p e r c e n t a g e s of P o r t l a n d C e m e n t ; o n g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s having a f i x e d g r a d a t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e D e p a r t m e n t ' s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , b u t v a r y i n g a m o u n t s of c r u s h e d f a c e s ; on g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s h a v i n g a f i x e d c r u s h e d f a c e c o n t e n t b u t a v a r y i n g g r a d a t i o n ; a n d o n v a r i o u s s u b g r a d e m a t e r i a l s a n d b i t u m i n o u s m i x e s . (4) P h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n c r e t e p o u r e d on a g r a n u l a r b a s e o v e r l a i d w i t h p o l y t h e n e a s o p p o s e d t o c o n c r e t e p o u r e d on a g r a n u l a r b a s e .(5) D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e f i x e d c o m p a c t i v e e f f o r t s p e c i f i e d by t h e AS'I'M f o r f o r m i n g c o n c r e t e f l e x t u r a l b e a m s w h e n c o n c r e t e of v a r i o u s s l u m p s i s u s e d .
( 6 )
D e p t h of f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n b e l o w p a v e m e n t s u r f a c e s ( s n o w c l e a r e d ) a n d b e l o w s n o w - c o v e r e d g r o u n d a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s a c r o s s C a n a d a . (7) L o a d s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s f r o m a 3 1 / 2 m i l l i o n c u b i c y a r d s a n d s t o c k p i l e w e r e u s e d t o d e s i g n a p r e l o a d t o r e d u c e f u t u r e s e t t l e m e n t of a p r o p o s e d m u l t i - s t o r e y t e r m i n a l b u i l d i n g t o b e f o u n d e d o n s o f t d e l t a i c s o i l s i n t h e F r a s e r R i v e r d e l t a . S e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e s t o c k p i l e , a r a n w a y a n d t h e p r e l o a d a r e continuing. (8) F u l l - s c a l e s e t t l e m e n t s t u d i e s of t h e foundations of abuilding w h i c h w a s founded on s a n d o-verlying a d e e p
s t r a t u m of s o f t c l a y w h i c h h a d been s u b j e c t e d t o a p r e l o a d b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d of a s t r u c t u r e founded on f r i c t i o n p i l e s d r i v e n i n t o s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c s a n d y s i l t . D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council: O b s e r v a t i o n s of s e t t l e m e n t a n d p o r e p r e s s u r e s u n d e r highway e m b a n k m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t t h r e e s i t e s i n t h e O t t a w a a r e a . S e v e r a l b r i d g e s on s p r e a d f o o t i n g s a r e u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n . O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e b e h a v i o u r of b a s e m e n t w a l l s a n d f l o o r s l a b s on h e a v y c l a y s o i l s w e r e c o n t i n u e d a t R e g i n a , Winnipeg, a n d Ottawa. O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e b e h a v i o u r of f o u n d a t i o n s on p e r m a f r o s t w e r e continued a t Inuvik, N. W. T .
,
a n d T h a m p s o n , M a n i t o b a . ( a ) S e t t l e m e n t a n d p o r e p r e s s u r e o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n of a l o w e m b a n k m e n t o n p e a t a n d s o f t c l a y.
(b) F u r t h e r r e a d i n g s by S l o p e I n d i c a t o r a d j a c e n t to t h e a b u t m e n t of a b r i d g e w h e r e l a t e r a l m o v e m e n t w a s taking p l a c e . B. G. H u t c h i n s o n : ( a ) A l t e r n a t e m e a s u r e s of p a v e m e n t s e r v i c e a b i l i t y h a v e b e e n f o r m u l a t e d and p r e s e n t f i e l d s t u d i e s a r e a t t e m p t i n g t o e s t a b l i s h a r i g o r o u s r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e s e r v i c e - a b i l i t y m e a s u r e s and t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r o a d r o u g h n e s s . ( b ) A f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e highway p a v e m e n t d e s i g n p r o c e s s a s a s t a t i s t i c a l d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . T h i s f o r m u l a t i o n p r o v i d e s f o r t h e f o r m a l e v a l u a t i o n of b o t h t e c h n i c a l and e c o n o m i c f a c t o r s a s w e l l a s t h e v a r i a b i l i t y of highway m a t e r i a l s p r o p e r t i e s . H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of 0 , n t a r i o : Uplift C a p a c i t y A s t u d y of t h e uplift c a p a c i t y of m o d e l f o o t i n g s i n s a n d a n d c l a y w a s continued. A s e r i e s of f u l l - s c a l e f i e l d t e s t s w a s m a d e i n both s a n d and c l a y u s i n g b e l l e d - o u t c a s t - i n - p l a c e f o o t i n g s . T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s d e r i v e d f r o m m o d e l t e s t s w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f u l l - s c a l e f i e l d t e s t s . I. D. M a c k e n z i e : Continuing o b s e r v a . t i o n s on b e h a v i o u r of l a r g e f l o a t i n g foundation c o n s t r u c t e d on l o o s e f i n e s a n d and s i l t ( 8 0 ' ) and s i l t y c l a y 170 f t . t h i c k . G. C. M c L u r e : T e s t i n g uplift c a p a c i t y of t r a n s m i s s i o n t o w e r f o o t i n g s p l a c e d i n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d g l a c i a l t i l l s . A l s o w a t c h i n g w i t h i n t e r e s t c h a n g e s i n p r o p e r t i e s of t h e b a c k f i l l i n t r a n s m i s s i o n t o w e r f o o t i n g s l o c a t e d i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s .
G. G. Meyerhof:
Model t e s t s h a v e been m a d e on c o n c r e t e footings r e s t i n g on clay and a r i g i d b a s e t o d e t e r m i n e the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n and u l t i m a t e f a i l u r e l o a d s .
Ontario D e p a r t m e n t of Highways:
P a v e m e n t design and evaluation under the S p e c i a l C o m m i t t e e of C. G. R. A. and w o r k i n r e g a r d t o t h e m o v e m e n t of e x t r a heavy l o a d s o v e r both flexible and r i g i d p a v e m e n t s .
Study of p o r e p r e s s u r e s and s e t t l e m e n t s of highway e m b a n k m e n t s built over d e p o s i t s of s e n s i t i v e m a r i n e c l a y s and d e p o s i t s of v a r v e d c l a y s .
Study of embankment stability built on d e p o s i t s of v a r v e d c l a y s . J. C. O s l e r :
P r e l o a d i n g of a s i t e underlain by 30 f e e t of v e r y l o o s e s i l t which i s to c a r r y a heavily loaded s l a b on g r a d e ; i n s t a l l a t i o n of p i e z o m e t e r s and s e t t l e m e n t p l a t e s f o r control r e a d i n g s .
Ripley, Klohn & Leonoff Ltd:
L o n g - t e r m field s e t t l e m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s t o study c o m p r e s s i o n of thick deposit of n o r m a l l y consolidated, d e l t a i c s o i l s subjected to heavy f i l l loads.
L. S. Rolko:
Foundations f o r vibrating m a c h i n e s r e s t i n g on soft v a r v e d clay d e p o s i t s w e r e designed. M e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n t o c o m p a r e t h e computed s e t t l e m e n t s with the actual f i e l d values.
The d r a i n a g e of soft c l a y s with the aid of sand p i l e s and the preloading of soft v a r v e d d e p o s i t s t o d e c r e a s e final s e t t l e m e n t s of
S a s k a t c h e w a n D e p a r t m e n t of Highways: ( a ) A o n e - m i l e s e c t i o n of R e g i n a h e a v y c l a y s u b g r a d e w a s s t a b i l i z e d w i t h l i m e ( q u i c k l i m e ) . T h e p u r p o s e of t h e e x p e r i m e n t i s t o d e t e r m i n e u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s t h e s t a b i l i z i n g and s t r e n g t h e n i n g e f f e c t of l i m e on s u c h s o i l s . T h i s s e c t i o n w e n t t h r o u g h one s e a s o n of f r e e z e - t h a w without a n y h a r m f u l e f f e c t s . (b) A s i x - m i l e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e c t i o n of l i g h t c l a y l o a m s u b g r a d e w a s t r e a t e d w i t h s o d i u m c h l o r i d e , a b y - p r o d u c t of the l o c a l p o t a s h r e f i n e r y . D i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s of s u b g r a d e t r e a t e d w i t h t h e s a l t t o a d e p t h of s i x i n c h e s w e r e g r a v e l l e d , o i l t r e a t e d and double s a n d s e a l e d . ( c ) S t u d i e s of t h e u s e of t o p s o i l ( s u r f a c e o r g a n i c m u l c h s o i l s ) a r e continuing. A s a r e s u l t of pr.evious s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d jointly by t h e U n i v e r s i t y of S a s k a t c h e w a n C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t and t h e M a t e r i a l s - R e s e a r c h S e c t i o n , t e n t a t i v e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s r e g a r d i n g u s e of t o p s o i l in s u b g r a d e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d . C. H. T e m p l e t o n : F o u n d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of highly p l a s t i c c l a y i n r i g i d p a v e m e n t d e s i g n . T e r r a t e c h L t d : (a) S t u d i e s and i m p r o v e m e n t s of b e a r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of l o o s e s a n d s by m e a n s of s h o r t c o m p a c t i o n p i l e s . M e a s u r e m e n t of i n c r e a s e of r e l a t i v e d e n s i t i e s of l o o s e s a n d d e p o s i t s b e f o r e and a f t e r c o m p a c t i o n . (b) S e t t l e m e n t s u r v e y s of l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l building s u b j e c t t o h e a v y v i b r a t i o n . ( c ) D e s i g n of foundations f o r A s b e s t o s F i b r e M i l l C o m p l e x i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a . ( d ) Continued s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s of highway f i l l s o v e r p e a t b o g s and i n i t i a t i n g new s u r v e y s on new f i l l s .
U n d e r w o o d , M c L e l l a n & A s s o c s . L t d : L i m e s t a b i l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s w e r e c o n t i n u e d on t h e L a k e A g a s s i z c l a y s a n d h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n e x t e n d e d t o t h e s u r f i c i a l s i l t s . T h e r e s u l t s t o d a t e look v e r y p r o m i s i n g . E v a l u a t i o n of p a v e m e n t s w i t h l i m e s t a b i l i z e d s u b g r a d e s o r b a s e c o u r s e s a r e b e i n g e v a l u a t e d . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a a n d / o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h Council: ( a ) Continuing s t u d i e s on f r o s t a c t i o n p h e n o m e n a i n b o t h o p e n a n d c l o s e d s y s t e m s . (b) E v a l u a t i o n of l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n p h e n o m e n a i n l a y e r e d p a v e m e n t s y s t e m s . ( c ) S t a b i l i z a t i o n of v a r i o u s t y p e s of s o i l w i t h P o r t l a n d C e m e n t , a s p h a l t o r l i m e . V.
E.
Vaughan: ( a ) R e p e a t e d l o a d s of 4 , 8 , 1 2 , 1 6 p s i h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o a n e i g h t - i n c h d i a m e t e r p l a t e . D e f o r m a t i o n s h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d at v a r i o u s r e p e t i t i o n s up t o one h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d . T h e s o i l w a s c o m p a c t e d at i t s p l a s t i c limit. R e p e a t e d u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l t e s t s h a v e b e e n p e r f o r m e d on t h e s a m e c l a y i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y i n o r d e r t o s t u d y i t s b e h a v i o u r u n d e r t h e two m e t h o d s of l o a d a p p l i c a t i o n . (b) A l a b o r a t o r y s t u d y of l i m e s t a b i l i z e d c l a y e y s u b g r a d e u n d e r s t a t i c a n d r e p e a t e d l o a d s h a s b e e n m a d e . T h e s t u d y d e a l t w i t h t h e a d m i x t u r e of small p e r c e n t a g e s of o n e t y p e of h y d r a t e d l i m e w i t h a n i l l i t i c s i l t y - c l a y s o i l . R . Yong: ( a ) M o b i l i t y a n d t r a f f i c a b i l i t y i n s o i l s u n d e r w h e e l s a n d t r a c k s . ( b ) B e a r i n g c a p a c i t y p r e d i c t i o n s b a s e d on m o d e l t e s t s f o r l a y e r e d s o i l s .4. D E E P FOUNDATIONS H. G. A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d : F i e l d a n d office e n g i n e e r i n g s t u d i e s o n b e h a v i o u r of "H" p i l e s d r i v e n t o end b e a r i n g on a h a r d s t e e p l y - i n c l i n e d r o c k s u r f a c e . ( a ) L o a d i n g t e s t s on high c a p a c i t y c o n c r e t e c a i s s o n s founded i n t i l l a n d a l s o i n s o f t s h a l e . ( b ) O b s e r v a t i o n s of g r o u n d s e t t l e m e n t s d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n of l a r g e d i a m e t e r b o r e d c o n c r e t e c a i s s o n s t h r o u g h c l a y . M. C. H a r r i s : B e h a v i o u r of s i n g l e , a x i a l l y - l o a d e d p i l e i n p u r e l y c o h e s i v e s o i l i n v e s t i g a t e d by i n s t r u m e n t e d 1" d i a m e t e r hollow b r a s s m o d e l p i l e . S h a f t a n d b a s e l o a d s m e a s u r e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n d r e l a t e d t o s t r e s s - s t r a i n p r o p e r t i e s of s h a f t and b a s e s o i l a s d e t e r m i n e d by unconfined c y l i n d r i c a l c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s . G. G. M e y e r h o f : M a d e l t e s t s h a v e b e e n m a d e on p i l e s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t a n e n l a r g e d b a s e of v a r i o u s s i z e s i n s a n d and c l a y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e uplift r e s i s t a n c e a n d t e s t s on p i l e g r o u p s u n d e r e c c e n t r i c l o a d i n s a n d s . O n t a r i o D e p a r t m e n t of Highways: Study of m o 5 i l i z a t i o n of a d h e s i o n on p i l e s d r i v e n i n t o n o r m a l l y , s l i g h t l y o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d a n d o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s . Study of d e v e l o p m e n t and d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e s d u e t o p i l e d r i v i n g i n n o r m a l l y a n d s l i g h t l y o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s . B e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of p i l e s i n stiff c l a y s , l o o s e s i l t and v a r v e d c l a y s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o r a t e of i n c r e a s e of c a p a c i t y w i t h t i m e .
P.
F.
R. A.-
S a s k a t o o n : Of i n t e r e s t i n t h e f i e l d of c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s p a r t i c u l a r l y a r e s t u d i e s m a d e d u r i n g t h e p a s t f o u r t e e n y e a r s . C o n c r e t e s a m p l e s w i t h v a r i o u s a g g r e g a t e s a n d m i x d e s i g n s w e r e e x p o s e d t o s u l p h a t e s i n t h e g r o u n d w a t e r of t h e B e a r p a w s h a l e a t t h e S o u t h S a s k a t c h e w a n R i v e r P r o j e c t . R e s u l t s h a v e b e e n r e l a t e d t o s i m i l a r l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s d u r i n g t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s . E . I. R o b i n s k y : Model p i l e s t u d i e s w e r e c o n t i n u e d o n t h e e f f e c t of v o l u m e d i s p l a c e - m e n t a n d s h a p e on p i l e c a p a c i t y i n s a n d . L a r g e r s c a l e m o d e l t e s t s a r e now b e i n g p l a n n e d . K. T u b b e s i n g : S t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g p o r e w a t e r p r e s s u r e d e v e l o p m e n t d u r i n g p i l e d r i v i n g i n c l a y e y s i l t ; l o a d t e s t i n g a n d s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s on c o m p l e t e d s t r u c t u r e . U n d e r w o o d , M c L e l l a n & A s s o c s . L t d : S e t t l e m e n t s t u d i e s a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r w a y o n a b r i d g e w h i c h is b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d on 80 f e e t of v e r y s o f t l a c u s t r i n e c l a y . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a a n d / o r A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l : P i l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n m u l t i - l a y e r e d s o i l s y s t e m s . 5. E A R T H AND ROCK PRESSURESH. G. A c r e s & C o m p a n y L i m i t e d : ( a ) R o c k f r i c t i o n t e s t s on s a m p l e s of t h e m a t c h i n g j o i n t s u r f a c e s of s l a t e a n d g r e y w a c k e . ( b ) P l a n n i n g of a f i e l d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m m e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , s t r e s s o r i e n t a t i o n a n d r e l a x a t i o n i n t u n n e l s a n d a l a r g e c a v i t y i n g a b b r o i c a n d g n e i s s i c r o c k s .
( c ) P l a n n i n g of field and l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e
the s t r ength-deformatioii c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to d e t e r i o r a t i o n of poorly c e m e n t e d s a n d s t o n e s , s i l t s t o n e s and c l a y s t o n e s f o r u s e a s rockfill.
Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council:
The m e a s u r e m e n t s of the d i s t r i b u t i o n of e a r t h p r e s s u r e around a 10 foot d i a m e t e r tunnel i n L e d a c l a y w e r e continued.
E c o l e Polytechnique:
(a) B a s i c r e s e a r c h on m o b i l i z e d e a r t h p r e s s u r e s i n
r e l a t i o n to wall d i s p l a c e m e n t , d e f o r m a t i o n of r u p t u r e l i n e s , and soil c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y , atternGt t o extend to p r e c o m p r e s s e d s o i l s .
(b) F i e l d m e a s u r e m e n t of e a r t h p r e s s u r e i n d e e p c u t s .
M e a s u r e m e n t of s t r u t l o a d s and bending s t r e s s e s i n s t e e l s h e e t piling d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n of a l a r g e s h e e t e d excavation i n s e n s i t i v e clay.
G .
T . Hughes:Compiled a comprehensive bibliography of soil d y n a m i c s and s o i l s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n d u r i n g d y n a m i c o r s i m i l a r l o a d i n g s .
G . J. L o c k e r :
An investigation into dynamic and b l a s t loading of s o i l and t h e e f f e c t of s u c h loadings on s t r u c t u r e s .
J. D. Scott:
E a r t h p r e s s u r e s of d e n s e s a n d on b r a c e d cut. W.A. Trow:
c l a y , i t w a s found t h a t t h e d e s i g n c r i t e r i a of T e r z a g h i w e r e v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e .
6.
EARTH AND ROCK DAMS, S L O P E S AND O P E N EXCAVATIONSH.
C.
A c r e s & Company L i m i t e d : ( a ) Continuing o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of e a r t h f i l l d y k e s b u i l t on p e r m a f r o s t f o u n d a t i o n s . (b) S t u d i e s of g r o u n d w a t e r flow u n d e r a r t e s i a n p r e s s u r e and i t s e f f e c t s on t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a p r o p o s e d e a r t h - r o c k d a m . ( c ) S t u d i e s of t h e u s e of a m a r i n e c l a y f o r a n e m b a n k m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l o v e r a foundation of a s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l . ( d ) Study of the g e o t e c h n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t r o p i c a l s o i l s f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n a n e a r t h - r o c k d a m .( e ) D e s i g n of a 4500 foot long g r o u t cutoff w a l l i n o v e r b u r d e n and r o c k . ( f ) P l a n n i n g of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e o b s e r v a t i o n of p o r e p r e s s u r e s within t h e r o c k f o u n d a t i o n of a h o l l o w - j o i n t c o n c r e t e d a m . D. F. C o a t e s : A n a l y z i n g s l o p e f a i l u r e s i n m i x e d g r a i n e d m a t e r i a l s . D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council: T h r o u g h t h e u s e of a i r p h o t o s , n a t u r a l s l o p e s a l o n g t h r e e r a v i n e s i n L e d a c l a y w e r e b e i n g a s s e s s e d f o r s t a b i l i t y . D e t a i l e d s t u d i e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t two l a n d s l i d e o c c u r r e n c e s a t St. J o a c h i m d e T o u r e l l e a n d B r e c k e n r i d g e , Q u e b e c . O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of s a n d - f i l l e d d y k e s i n t h e K e l s e y G e n e r a t i n g S t a t i o n w e r e continued. T h e s e d y k e s a r e f o u n d e d on
p e r m a f r o s t which i s being r a p i d l y degraded due t o t h e p r e s e n c e of the head pond f o r the power development.
R. D u s s a u l t :
-
An e x t e n s i v e field compaction t e s t s p r o g r a m m e on r o c k f i l l ,
g r a n u l a r and g l a c i a l t i l l m a t e r i a l s h a s been p r e p a r e d and will be c a r r i e d out l a t e r t h i s y e a r .
The m a i n p u r p o s e of t h e s e t e s t s i s t o find out m o r e about t h e economic combination of h e i g h t of l i f t s and s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m p a c t i o n which can b e achieved i n t h e d i f f e r e n t zones of high rockfill d a m s , v a r y i n g t h e w a t e r content, g r a n u l o m e t r y and type of compacting equipment.
GEOCON
O b s e r v a t i o n s a t f a i l u r e zone d u r i n g r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s l i d e i n stiff f i s s u r e d clay.
P e r Hall & A s s o c i a t e s :
C o n s t r u c t i o n of a drydock i n t h e St. L a w r e n c e R i v e r which h a s b e e n i n o p e r a t i o n s i n c e e a r l y s u m m e r and which will be i n o p e r a t i o n until t h e end of t h i s y e a r . T h e s i z e of t h i s d r y d o c k i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 8
a c r e s . T h e l o w e s t point of the dock i s 90 f e e t below t h e high w a t e r l e v e l i n t h e r i v e r . G l a c i a l till dykes s u r r o u n d the dock and a t w o - s t a g e w e l l point s y s t e m t a k e s c a r e of the d e w a t e r i n g .
P. L a R o c h e l l e :
E l a s t i c s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e bank of a n excavation.
P. F. R . A.
-
Saskatoon:F o r the p u r p o s e of obtaining f i n a l d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n , a 55 foot high t e s t f i l l w a s p l a c e d on a 50 f o o t l a y e r of highly p l a s t i c a l l u v i a l c l a y , u n d e r l a i n by 100 f e e t of s a n d . T h e d e s i g n s a f e t y f a c t o r w a s n e a r unity. Many t e s t i n s t a l l a t i o n r e a d i n g s w e r e obtained t o d e t e r m i n e the foundation r e a c t i o n . R e s u l t s a r e being studied with a view to explaining d i s c r e p a n c i e s between l a b o r a t o r y - b a s e d p r e d i c t i o n s and f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s of s t a b i l i t y and p o r e p r e s s u r e .
P. F. R. A .
-
Cutbank, Sask;T h e 250,000 cubic y a r d c l o s u r e s e c t i o n of the Cofferdam a t the South Saskatchewan R i v e r Dam w a s c o n s t r u c t e d e n t i r e l y of a c l e a n , well
g r a d e d , gravelly sand during f r e e z i n g w e a t h e r i n F e b r u a r y and M a r c h
1964. An a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e density of 61 p e r c e n t w a s attained by compacting with f o u r p a s s e s of a 50 ton r u b b e r - t i r e d r o l l e r p e r 8-10 in. compacted l i f t , e s s e n t i a l l y b e f o r e the m a t e r i a l b e c a m e f r o z e n . T h e air t e m p e r a t u r e
0 0
r a n g e s between ( - ) 9 F and 45 F with the m a t e r i a l t e m p e r a t u r e between 2 0 O ~ and 4 2 O ~ when t e s t e d .
Riplev. Klohn & Leonoff Ltd:
L o n g - t e r m p r o g r a m m e of w a t e r l e v e l and s e e p a g e m e a s u r e m e n t s to study s e e p a g e within p e r v i o u s abutments of e a r t h d a m s .
J. D. Scott:
Evaluation of a v i b r a t i n g w i r e p i e z o m e t e r f o r u s e i n u n s a t u r a t e d s o i l s i n e a r t h d a m s .
T e r r a t e c h Ltd:
S t u d i e s , l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d t e s t s and design of e a r t h d a m with i c e - c o r e i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a , N o r t h e r n Ungava, Quebec.
F. Tordon:
Slope stability of p e r m a f r o s t ground and the behaviour of the p e r m a f r o s t l i n e with r e s p e c t to fill.
A P P E N D I X "A"
M.EMBERS O F T H E CANADLAN SECTION O F T H E INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY O F SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
T i t l e o r N a m e O c c u p a t i o n A d d r e s s A d a r n s , J. I. A g e n s k y , N. A l i , P. A l m e d a , F. A . S u p e r v i s i n g E n g i n e e r H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o , 200 K i p l i n g A v e n u e S o u t h , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o . S o i l s , E n g i n e e r R a c e y , M a c C a l l u m & B l u t e a u L t d .
,
5890 Monkland A v e n u e , M o n t r e a l 28, P. Q. G r a d u a t e T e a c h i n g C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t , A s s i s t a n t U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a . E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a . D e s i g n E n g i n e e r C o n s t r u c t i o n B r a n c h , D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t , O t t a w a , O n t a r i o . A n d e r s o n , C . E . E n g i n e e r i n g G e o l o g i s t U n d e r w o o d , M c L e l l a n & A s socs. 149 5 P e m b i n a Highway, Winnipeg 1 9 , M a n i t o b a . A n d e r s o n , K. 0. A n d e r s s o n , A. G. L. A r g u e , G . H . A r m s t r o n g , M D. A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a , E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a .D r i l l i n g S u p e r v i s o r R i p l e y , Klohn & Leonoff L t d .
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1930 W e s t B r o a d w a y , V a n c o u v e r , B. C. D e s i g n E n g i n e e r C o n s t r u c t i o n B r a n c h , D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t , O t t a w a , O n t a r i o . D i r e c t o r of R e s e a r c h R e s e a r c h B r a n c h , D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s , Downsview, O n t a r i o . A s s o c i a t e P i e t t e , Audy, L e p i n a y & B e r t r a n d , 1 1 34 C h e m i n S t - L o u i s , S i l l e r y , P. Q.B a i k i e , L . D. B a i r d , N. B a s a r k e , N. S. B a z e t t , D.
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B e l l , E . S. B o r d e l e a u , J. B. B o u r g e t , S . J. B o y e r , L . Bozozuk, M. B r a d s h a w , T .J.
B r a w n e r , C. 0. B r a y , J. IIAII-
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G r a d u a t e Student S o i l s E n g i n e e r A s s t . C o n s u l t a n t L i a i s o n E n g i n e e r S o i l s E n g i n e e r P l a n n i n g E n g i n e e r T e c h n i c a l O f f i c e r Nova S c o t i a T e c h n i c a l College, H a l i f a x , Nova S c o t i a . Geocon L t d .,
420 M i c h e l J a s m i n S t r e e t , D o r v a l , P. Q. D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s , B r i d g e D i v i s i o n , P a r l i a m e n t B u i l d i n g s , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o . CBA E n g i n e e r i n g L t d .,
4545 M a i n S t r e e t , Vancouver 10, B. C. H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o , S y s t e m P l a n n i n g Division, 620 U n i v e r s i t y A v e n u e , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o . D i v i s i o n of Building R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council, O t t a w a , O n t a r i o . A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r ~ a c u l t 6 d l A g r i c u l t u r e , ~ n i v e r s i t k L a v a l , Q u e b e c 10, P . Q . G e o l o g i s t H. G. A c r e s & Co. L t d . , N i a g a r a F a l l s , O n t a r i o . G r a d u a t e Student 226- 1 A r n o l d D r i v e , W e s t L a f a y e t t e , Indiana. E n g i n e e r H. G. A c r e s & Co. L t d . , N i a g a r a F a l l s , O n t a r i o . S e n i o r E n g i n e e r H. Q. G o l d e r & A s s o c s . L t d .,
1037 W e s t B r o a d w a y , V a n c o u v e r 9 , B . C. G e o l o g i s t 7539 D u r o c h e r S t r e e t , M o n t r e a l 1 5 , P . Q .B r e m n e r , P. C. B r o d e u r , J. C. B r o d i e , A. F. B r o o k e r , E . W. Brown, A . A . Brown J. Brown, J. D. Brown, R. J. E . M a n a g e r , C o n t r a c t Drilling Division V i c e - P r e s i d e n t P r o j e c t Engineer Canadian Longyear L t d . , Box 330,
North Bay, Ontario.
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,
M o n t r e a l 16, P. Q.
53 B i s s e t Avenue,
Moncton, New Brunswick.
A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of A l b e r t a , Edmonton, Alberta.
S o i l s Engineer NWHS
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DPW,W h i t e h o r s e , Y . T . P r o j e c t s Engineer 1457 Gordon Avenue,
West Vancouver, B. C. S e n i o r Soils E n g i n e e r Geocon L t d . , 420 Michel Jasrnin S t r e e t , D o r v a l , P. Q. R e s e a r c h Officer Brownridge, F. C. Special A s s i g n m e n t s Engineer B r u s e y , W. G. S o i l s Engineer B r z e z i n s k i , L . S. Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, Ontario. D e p a r t m ent of Highways, Downsview, O n t a r i o . H y d r o - E l e c t r i c P o w e r C o m m i s s i o n of O n t a r i o , 620 University Avenue, T o r o n t o , Ontario. S e n i o r S o i l s E n g i n e e r Geocon Ltd.
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420 Michel J a s m i n S t r e e t , D o r v a l , P. Q.B u r n , K.N. Campbell, D. B. C a r r i e r e , J. P. Chan,
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R e s e a r c h 0ffi.cer P r i n c i p a l P r e s i d e n t P r o j e c t Foundation Engineer Soil Mechanics Engineer D i r e c t o r Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, Ontario.Ripley, Klohn & Leonoff Ltd.
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1930 West Broadway, Vancouver 9, B. C. F r a n k i Canada Ltd.,
187 G r a h a m B l v d . , M o n t r e a l , P. Q. Departme nt of Highways, Downsview, Ontario. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , P . F. R . A . , P. 0. Box 908, Saskatoon, Sask. D e p a r t m e n t of Physiography, O n t a r i o R e s e a r c h Foundation, 43 Q u e e n ' s P a r k C r e s c e n t , Toronto 5, Ontario.Cherrington, G. G.' P r o j e c t Soils Engineer D e p a r t m e n t of Highways, Downsview, Ontario. C h e v a l i e r , R.
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345 V i c t o r i a Avenue, Westmount, P. Q.P r o j e c t Soils Engineer D e p a r t m e n t of Highways, Downsview. Ontario.
"A"
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C h r i s t e n s e n , C. J. A s s t . S o i l s E n g i n e e r C h r u m k a , S. J . C l a r k ,J.
G. Conlon, R. J. C o a t e s , D. F. Cook, D. Cook, R . D. C r a w f o r d , C. B. C u l l e y , R. W. St. L a w r e n c e S e a w a y Authority,, W e l l a n d C a n a l Twinning P r o j e c t , P . 0. Box 592, S t . C a t h a r i n e s , O n t a r i o . S o i l M e c h a n i c s E n g i n e e r D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , P. F.R.
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P . O . Box 9 0 8 , S a s k a t o o n , S a s k . C i v i l E n g i n e e r M o n t r e a l E n g i n e e r i n g Co. L t d .,
P. 0. Box 250, P l a c e d l A r m e s , M o n t r e a l , P . Q .S o i l M e c h a n i c s & H. G. A c r e s & Co. L t d . , F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r N i a g a r a F a l l s , O n t a r i o .
H e a d , R o c k M e c h a n i c s F u e l s & Mining P r a c t i c e Div.
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L a b o r a t o r y M i n e s B r a n c h , Dept. of M i n e s & T e c h . S u r v e y s O t t a w a , O n t a r i o . G e o l o g i s t P r o j e c t E n g i n e e r H. G. A c r e s & Co. L t d .,
N i a g a r a F a l l s , O n t a r i o . M a t e r i a l s T e s t i n g L a b . , D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c W o r k s , B o x 61 1 , B a n f f , A l b e r t a . H e a d , S o i l M e c h a n i c s D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , S e c t i o n N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , O t t a w a , O n t a r i o . G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a , E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a .D a h l m a n , A. E . Dalton, C. J. Danys, J. V. D a r c h , . B. D a v i s , M.M. D a v i s o n , D. M. D e m e l l w e e k ,
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1 4 H a a s R o a d , R e x d a l e , O n t a r i o . Dept. of Civil E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o .R i p l e y , Klohn & Leonoff L t d .
