Prise de vues sous-lacustres dans le Léman lors de plongées du mésoscaphe "Auguste Piccard"

(1)

Article

Reference

Prise de vues sous-lacustres dans le Léman lors de plongées du mésoscaphe "Auguste Piccard"

VERNET, Jean-Pierre

Abstract

Three days of diving in the mesoscaph Auguste-Piccard allowed us to observe and to photograph the morphology of the sedimentary deposits of the Léman between Meillerie and Nyon. Underwater landslides, paths and tracks of molluscs and fish were photographed. At a depth of 309 meters in the great plain, we found a structure formed of a succession of pits and humps caused by the interference of ripple marks made by various underwater currents. The origin of the latter is hypothetical.

VERNET, Jean-Pierre. Prise de vues sous-lacustres dans le Léman lors de plongées du

mésoscaphe "Auguste Piccard". Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, 1966, vol. 69, no. 322, p. 287-292

DOI : 10.5169/seals-275810

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:145209

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

%8// ^62& 9$8' 6& 1$7 ^92/ 1

/$86$11( 68,66(

3ULVH GH YXHV VRXVODFXVWUHV GDQV OH /pPDQ ORUV ^GH SORQJpHV GX PpVRVFDSKH ©$XJXVWH 3LFFDUGª

3$5

-HDQ3LHUUH 9(51(7

6XPPDU\

7KUHH GD\V RI GLYLQJ LQ WKH PHVRVFDSK $XJXVWH3LFFDUG DOORZHG XV WR REVHUYH DQG WR SKRWRJUDSK ^WKH PRUSKRORJ\

RI

WKH VHGLPHQWDU\ GHSRVLWV RI

WKH /pPDQ EHWZHHQ 0HLOOHULH DQG 1\RQ 8QGHUZDWHU ODQGVOLGHV SDWKV DQG WUDFNV RI ^PROOXVFV DQG ILVK ZHUH SKRWRJUDSKHG $W ^D GHSWK RI PHWHUV LQ WKH JUHDW SODLQ ZH IRXQG D VWUXFWXUH IRUPHG RID VXFFHVVLRQ RISLWV DQG KXPSV FDXVHG _E\ WKH LQWHUIHUHQFH

RI

ULSSOH ^PDUNV ^PDGH E\ YDULRXV XQGHUZDWHU

FXUUHQWV 7KH RULJLQ RI WKH ODWWHU ^LV K\SRWKHWLFDO

,QWURGXFWLRQ

(Q DYULO OH PpVRVFDSKH $XJXVWH3LFFDUG ^D HIIHFWXp XQH ^VpULH ^GH WURLV_MRXUQpHV ^GH SORQJpHV SRXU ^OH FRPSWH ^GH OD © 6RXVFRPPLVVLRQ

LQWHUQDWLRQDOH SRXU ^OD SURWHFWLRQ ^GHV HDX[ GX ODF /pPDQ HW GX 5K{QH FRQWUH OD

SROOXWLRQ

^ª ^/RUV ^GH ^FKDTXH SORQJpH TXL GXUDLW JpQpUDOHPHQW ^GH

KXLW

^j GRX]H KHXUHV XQH GL]DLQH GHFKLPLVWHV ^GH SK\VLFLHQV HW ^GH QDWXUDOLVWHV

RQW SUpOHYp ^GH OHDX j GLYHUVHV SURIRQGHXUV ^HW

ORQW

DQDO\VpH ,OV RQW HQUHJLVWUp ^OHV YDULDWLRQV ^GH WHPSpUDWXUH HW REVHUYp OD IDXQH HW OD PRUSKRORJLH ^GX IRQG 'DQV ^OH FDGUH GH FHWWH pTXLSH ^GH WUDYDLO MDYDLV ^j FKDUJH OREVHUYDWLRQ ^GHV _GpS{WV GH VpGLPHQWV

/HV SDUFRXUV GX _PpVRVFDSKH GXUDQW FHV WURLV MRXUQpHV VRQW ^OHV

VXLYDQWV

3UHPLqUHMRXUQpH 1RXV DOORQV G2XFK\ ^j^5LYD] ^HW^GH^Oj QRXV JDJQRQV 0HLOOHULH HQ QRXV GpSODoDQW HQ SORQJpH j HQYLURQ _P GX IRQG UHWRXU HQ VXUIDFH

'HX[LqPH MRXUQpH 1RXV QDYLJXRQV ^HQ SORQJpH G2XFK\ ^j ^(YLDQ ^HW GXUDQW ^OH UHWRXU HQ VXUIDFH QRXV SORQJHRQV DX FHQWUH GX ODF SRXU ^DOOHU QRXV _{SRVHU GDQV} OD SODLQH FHQWUDOH

7URLVLqPHMRXUQpH /H PpVRVFDSKH SORQJH DX GpEXW HW HQ ILQ ^GHMRXUQpH

DX ODUJH ^GH5ROOH HW

IDLW

XQH WUDYHUVpH HQ SORQJpH ^GH 1\RQ ^j ^0HVVHU\

(3)

MS YHUQHW

2EVHUYDWLRQV

JpQpUDOHV

/D

OLPSLGLWp

^GHV ^HDX[ ^HVW ^WUqV ^PpGLRFUH ^j FHWWH pSRTXH ^GH ODQQpH (Q SORQJpH VWDWLTXH RQ REVHUYH HQFRUH SDU ^OH

KXEORW

^{DUULqUH GX} PpVRVFDSKH TXL ^HVW ^RULHQWp ^YHUV ^OH ^KDXW ^HW^LVROp ^GH WRXWH OXPLqUH SDUDVLWH XQH FHUWDLQH OXPLQRVLWp MXVTXj XQH SURIRQGHXU ^GH P HQYLURQ

/REVHUYDWLRQ ^GHV VpGLPHQWV QH SHXW GpEXWHU TXH ORUVTXH OH

PpVRVFDSKH VH WURXYH ^j P ^DXGHVVXV GX IRQG _ILJ PDLV HOOH QHVW

YUDLPHQW YDODEOH _TXH

ORUVTXLO

^VH SRVH VXU ^OH IRQG 'DQV FHWWH SRVLWLRQ

OpFODLUDJH ÔDWpUDO SDU ÔHV ^SKDUHV ^GH ÔD TXLOOH ^HVW TXDVL IULVDQW ^VL ÔH IRQG

HVW SODW ^/HV ^KXEORWV GREVHUYDWLRQ VRQW VLWXpV j P DXGHVVXV ^GHV SKDUHV ^GH TXLOOH ^&HV GHUQLHUV VRQW VRXYHQW ^j PRLWLp QR\pV GDQV OD _YDVH OH PpVRVFDSKH VHQIRQoDQWSOXV RX PRLQV VXLYDQW OD QDWXUH ^GHV VpGLPHQWV GX IRQG /H FKDPSGREVHUYDWLRQ HVW GRQF WUqV UHVWUHLQW ^GH

ORUGUH

^GXQH GL]DLQH GH PqWUHV GDQV OD[H GX KXEORW ^VL OHDX HVW VXIILVDPPHQWOLPSLGH 3RXU ^REYLHU ^j FHW LQFRQYpQLHQW ^OH PpVRVFDSKH ^VH GpSODFH WUqV OHQWHPHQW VD TXLOOH UHSRVDQW ^VXU ^OH IRQG /H MHX ^GHV ^RPEUHV ^{HW GHV} OXPLqUHV PRGqOH DORUV OHV IRUPHV VpGLPHQWDLUHV HW SHUPHW ^GH GLVWLQJXHU VDQV DPELJXwWp ^FH

TXL

^HVW ^FUHX[ ^GH ^FH ^TXL ^{HVW ERVVH} 'DXWUH SDUW ^OD VXUIDFH REVHUYpH

DXJPHQWH GDQV GH JUDQGHV SURSRUWLRQV SDVVDQW ^GH TXHOTXHV PqWUHV RX ^TXHOTXHV GL]DLQHV GH PqWUHV FDUUpV j SOXVLHXUV PLOOLHUV GH PqWUHV FDUUpV

VXLYDQW OD ORQJXHXU GX GpSODFHPHQW

/D SULVH GH YXHV SKRWRJUDSKLTXHV ^HVW GLIILFLOH FDU ^OD OXPLQRVLWp HVW WUqV IDLEOH HW OHV SKRWRV HQ GpSODFHPHQW QH SHXYHQW ^rWUH ^SRVpHV VXIILVDPPHQW

,O

^HQ ^UpVXOWH XQ FHUWDLQ IORX ILJ HW GH PrPH ORUVTXH

ORQ

VDSSURFKH GX IRQG SRXU ^{V\ SRVHU} ^ILJ ^/pFODLUDJH ^DX PR\HQ ^GH IODVK pOHFWURQLTXH QD GRQQp _TXH ^GHV ^KDORV GLIIXV HW QRXV DYRQV G \^UHQRQFHU 8QH ^GHV JUDQGHV GLIILFXOWpV GH OREVHUYDWLRQ HVW GXH j ODEVHQFH GpFKHOOH HW OD VHXOH SRVVLELOLWp ^{HVW GH} QRXV EDVHU VXU OD WDLOOH _PR\HQQH GHV SRLVVRQV LGHQWLILpV $LQVL VXU OD ILJXUH XQH ORWWH D SX ^rWUH SKRWRJUDSKLpH

3ORQJpHV GDQV

OH

^©

+DXW/DF

ª

8QH_SUHPLqUH SORQJpH^j P GX ULYDJH DX ODUJH ^GH 5LYD] SRLQW 9G GH FRRUGRQQpHV ^HVW XQ pFKHF FDU ^OH PpVRVFDSKH

UHQFRQWUH XQ YHUVDQW ^WUqV LQFOLQp SDU ^P ^GH IRQG _{HW JOLVVH} VXU FHWWH SHQWH HQ VRXOHYDQW XQ WURXEOH ^LQWHQVH LQWHUGLVDQW WRXWH REVHUYDWLRQ

8QH QRXYHOOH SORQJpH ^j P DX ODUJH ^GH 0HLOOHULH ^HVW XQ ^VXFFqV

SRLQW

^* ^GH FRRUGRQQpHV 3DU P ^GH IRQG ^OH

PpVRVFDSKH ^VH _SRVH WUqV GRXFHPHQW _VXU OH WDOXV WUqV LQFOLQp GH OD EHUJH ⁶ GX +DXW/DF

(4)

%XOO 6RF YDXG 6F QDW YRO 1 -3 9HUQHW 3ODQFKH ^,

"

)LJ ²

$,

^NP ^DX ^ODUJH ^G(YLDQ SDU ^² ^P ERXUUHOHW WHUPLQDO GXQ JOLVVHPHQW GH WHUUDLQ VRXVODFXVWUHS

DYHF WUDFHV HW SLVWHV GDQLPDX[

)LJ ² ^{3DU ²} P GH IRQG ^GDQV ^OD JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH ^j PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 2XFK\ ^HW (YLDQ VXFFHVVLRQ GH FUHX[ WDFKHV VRPEUHV HW GH ERVVHV PRUSKRORJLH

HQ ©FRXYHUWXUH SLTXpH ª

(5)

3ODQFKH ,,

)LJ ² ^3DU ² P GH IRQG GDQV OD JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH HQWUH 2XFK\ ^HW (YLDQ GpEULV GH ERLV

)LJ ² 8QH ORWWH VRXOqYH OD YDVH GXQ _FRXS ^GH _TXHXH HQ VHQIX\DQW ^ILQHVVH GX VpGLPHQW YDVHX[

(6)

3ODQFKH ,,,

)LJ ² $ PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 5ROOH HW 7KRQRQ SDU ^² ^P ^VXFFHVVLRQ ^GH ^FUHX[

HW GH ERVVHV DYHF WUDFHV SpULSKpULTXHV

)LJ ² $ PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 5ROOH HW 7KRQRQ _SDU ² P XQH ORWWH VHVW SRVpH VXU OHQVHOOHPHQW HQWUH GHX[S

ERVVHV

(7)

3ODQFKH ,9

)LJ $ PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 5ROOH HW 7KRQRQ _SDU ^² P QLFKH GDUUDFKHPHQW GXQ JOLVVHPHQW ^GH WHUUDLQ VRXVODFXVWUHS

)LJ ²$ PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 5ROOHHW7KRQRQ SDU ^² P ^OH ^PpVRVFDSKH VDSSURFKH GX IRQG ^LO HQ HVW HQFRUH ^j P XQ FHUWDLQ DOLJQHPHQW ^GHV FUHX[ HW GHV ERVVHV HVW YLVLEOH

)LJ ² $ ^PLGLVWDQFH HQWUH 5ROOH HW ^7KRQRQ SDU ^{² P} ^OH PpVRVFDSKH YD ^VH SRVHU LO QHVW SOXV TXj ^{P GX} IRQG

(8)

35,6( '( 98(6 6286/$&8675(6 '$16 /( /e0$1

/HV VpGLPHQWV IRUPHQW ^GH ORQJXHV ULGHV VXESDUDOOqOHV DYHF DX PLOLHX

GHV IRUPDWLRQV HQ pSLV ^&H VRQW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW GHV YDVHV ILQHV TXL ^VH VRXOqYHQW _HQ QXDJH ORUVTXXQ SRLVVRQ ^OHV WRXFKH ^GH VD TXHXH ILJ

$X

PLOLHX ^GH FHWWH VpGLPHQWDWLRQ ILQH VH WURXYHQW _{GH JURV} EORFV VXEDQJXOHX[

GH SOXVLHXUV GpFLPqWUHV FXEHV TXL VRQW JpQpUDOHPHQW HQYLURQQpV ^{GH EORFV}

GH SHWLWH WDLOOH HW GH JUDYLHUV IRUPDQW DLQVL GHV VRUWHV ^GH QLGV GH ELRFDLOOHV TXL JOLVVHQW VXU ^OH YHUVDQW HQ UHSRXVVDQW OD ^YDVH ^YHUV

ODYDO

SURGXLVDQW

GHV VRUWHV ^GH ERXUUHOHWV

&HWWH UpJLRQ ^HVW GRQF _PDUTXpH SDU ^GHV JOLVVHPHQWV VRXVODFXVWUHV TXL GX

IDLW

^GH ^OD SUpVHQFH GXQH ULYH WUqV YRLVLQH HW GXQ WDOXV VRXVODFXVWUH WUqV UDLGH SHUPHWWHQW ^{j GHV} EORFV DQJXOHX[ ^GH ERQQH WDLOOH GH JDJQHU ^GHV SURIRQGHXUV ^LQXVLWpHV &HVW VHXOHPHQW DLQVL _TXH

ORQ

_SHXW _H[SOLTXHU

QDWXUHOOHPHQW FHWWH FRH[LVWHQFH GpOpPHQWV

TXL

^VH ^WURXYHQW ^DX[ ^GHX[

H[WUpPLWpV GH OpFKHOOH JUDQXORPqWULTXH

/DVSHFW JpQpUDO ^HVW GRQF FHOXL GXQ YHUVDQW HQ JOLVVHPHQW VXSHUILFLHO DFWLI

1RWRQV _HQFRUH DX SRLQW ^GH YXH ^GH OD IDXQH OD SUpVHQFH ^GH SHUFKHV GH ORWWHV HW GH SLVWHV HQ ]LJ]DJ GRULJLQH ^LQFRQQXH

/H ©

*UDQG/DF

^ª

8QH SUHPLqUH SORQJpH ^D OLHX _DX ODUJH ^GH 3DXGH[/XWU\

SRLQW

^{/ GH} FRRUGRQQpHV /H PpVRVFDSKH ^VH SRVH SDU ^P ^GH SURIRQGHXU VXU XQ IRQG GH YDVH FODLUH R ^VHXOV TXHOTXHV JUDQXOHV ^HW XQ GpEULV ^GH ERLV GHQYLURQ _{FP GH} ORQJXHXU URPSHQW

OXQLIRUPLWp

GHV VpGLPHQWV /D PRUSKRORJLH ^HVW SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUH SXLVTXH

ORQ

^REVHUYH

XQH VXFFHVVLRQ ^GH FUHX[ ^HW ^{GH ERVVHV} VRXYHQW ^UHOLpV HQWUH HX[ SDU ^GHV HQVHOOHPHQWV /DSSDUHQFH JpQpUDOH^HVWFHOOH GXQH FRXYHUWXUH SLTXpH GRQW

OHV SLTUHV DXUDLHQW ^pWp IDLWHV _DX KDVDUG

&HWWH UpJLRQ ^VH ^VLWXH ^j OH[WUpPLWp

1(

^GH OD JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH

&HW _DVSHFW GH © FRXYHUWXUH SLTXpH ª HVW DXVVL FHOXL ^GHV GpS{WV

VpGLPHQWDLUHV REVHUYpV ORUV ^GHV GHX[ DXWUHV SORQJpHV HIIHFWXpHV GDQV OD SODLQH ^HW^VRQ SURORQJHPHQW HQGLUHFWLRQ

G<YRLUH

^VRLW DX[ HPSODFHPHQWV VXLYDQWV

DX PLOLHX ^GH OD _JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH HQWUH 2XFK\ ^HW (YLDQ ^GDQV OD UpJLRQ HQYLURQQDQW ^OH

SRLQW

^GH FRRUGRQQpHV ^R ^OH PpVRVFDSKH ^D DWWHLQW OD SURIRQGHXU ^PD[LPDOH ^GH P

GDQV OD _]RQH GH WUDQVLWLRQ TXL UDFFRUGH OD SODLQH FHQWUDOH ^j

OpWUDQJOHPHQW

G<YRLUH

DX[ HQYLURQV GX

SRLQW /W

^GH FRRUGRQQpHV

/H IRQG DX PLOLHX ^GH OD SODLQH FHQWUDOH HVW YDVHX[ ^VDQV PRXVVHV ^HW VDQV DOJXHV VHXO XQ ^GpEULV ^GH ERLV ILJ HVW DSHUoX DORUV TXH ^OH

PpVRVFDSKH VH GpSODFH OHQWHPHQW SDUFRXUDQW TXHOTXHV FHQWDLQHV GH PqWUHV

(9)

-3 9(51(7

&H SDUFRXUV ^QRXV SHUPHW ^GH ^QRXV UHQGUH FRPSWH ^GH

OXQLIRUPLWp

^GH OD VpGLPHQWDWLRQ TXL SUpVHQWH FHW DVSHFW ^{GH ©} FRXYHUWXUH SLTXpH ^ª GpMj GpFULW ILJ /D UpSDUWLWLRQ ^GHV ^FUHX[ HW GHV ERVVHV SDUDvW ^rWUH SDUIDLWHPHQW

DOpDWRLUH

&HVW DX[ HQYLURQV ^GH /[ ^GDQV OD _]RQH GH WUDQVLWLRQ SDU ^P ^HW SDU ^P ^GH SURIRQGHXU TXH OD YLVLELOLWp HVW OD PHLOOHXUH HW OD YLVLRQ VpWHQG j SOXV ^GH P GX PpVRVFDSKH /HV FUHX[ VRQW SOXV SURIRQGV OHXU GLDPqWUH YDULH GH j FP FRPPH RQ SHXW ^VHQ UHQGUH FRPSWH VXU OD ILJXUH R _XQH ORWWH VHVW SRVpH VXU XQ HQVHOOHPHQW &HV SRLVVRQV UHODWLYHPHQW DERQGDQWV _VXU FHV IRQGV VRQW WDSLV ^GDQV ^OHV FUHX[ 6XU ^OD ILJXUH RQ UHPDUTXH ^DYHF XQH WUqV JUDQGH QHWWHWp GHV WUDFHV FRQFHQWULTXHV

D\DQW

ODLU

^GH SORQJHU ^GDQV ^OHV GpSUHVVLRQV /HXU RULJLQH QRXV SDUDLVVDLW pQLJPDWLTXH MXVTXj ^FH TXXQH ORWWH VRUWDQW EUXVTXHPHQW GXQ ^GH FHV FUHX[ SURGXLVH XQH WUDFH VHPEODEOH GXQ _FRXS ^GH _{TXHXH RX}

GH QDJHRLUH

$YHF FHWWH OXPLqUH _UDVDQWH ORUV GX GpSODFHPHQW ^WUqV OHQW GX

PpVRVFDSKH RQ SHXW REVHUYHU ^OHV RPEUHV HW OHV OXPLqUHV GpFULUH VXFFHVVLYHPHQW

OHV FUHX[ ^HW ^OHV ^ERVVHV ^VDQV

TXLO

^SXLVVH ^VXEVLVWHU ÔH PRLQGUH GRXWH VXU FH TXL ^{HVW ERVVH} ^HW ^FH TXL ^HVW FUHX[ 2Q ^REVHUYH GDLOOHXUV _VXU ÔHV ILJXUHV ^HW XQ pFODLUFLVVHPHQW GHV RPEUHV GDQV OHXUV SDUWLHV ÔHV SOXV pORLJQpHV ^GH OD _VRXUFH OXPLQHXVH RQ _SDVVH DLQVL GX QRLU DX JULV ^GH ORPEUH ^j OD SpQRPEUH GX IRQG GX FUHX[ ^j ^VHV YHUVDQWV

/RUVTXH ^OH PpVRVFDSKH ^HVW ^j P GX IRQG _ILJ _RQ D OLPSUHVVLRQ GXQ FHUWDLQ DUUDQJHPHQW ^GHV FUHX[ VXLYDQW GHX[ GLUHFWLRQV SULQFLSDOHV

$

P GX IRQG FHWWH LPSUHVVLRQ ^HVW ^WUqV ^DWWpQXpH ILJ HW XQH IRLV SRVp VXU ^OH IRQG ILJ ^HW HOOH GLVSDUDvW

(Q VH GpSODoDQW ^OH PpVRVFDSKH DWWHLQW XQ ^GHV YHUVDQWV ^GH FHWWH SODLQH HW

ORQ

_{SHXW DORUV} ^REVHUYHU ^GHV JOLVVHPHQWV ^GH WHUUDLQ VRXVODFXVWUHV /D PRUSKRORJLH ^GHV GpS{WV VpGLPHQWDLUHV ^HVW LGHQWLTXH ^PDLV ^HQ VXULPSUHVVLRQ

GHVIRUPHV GH JOLVVHPHQWVDSSDUDLVVHQW 3DUIRLV ^XQH ^QLFKH GDUUDFKHPHQW

HVW YLVLEOH FRPPH VXU OD ILJXUH GRQW OD TXDOLWp PpGLRFUH ^HVW ^GXH DX GpSODFHPHQW GX PpVRVFDSKH ^&HV QLFKHV GDUUDFKHPHQW VH SUpVHQWHQW FRPPH ^GHV FRXSV ^GH VDEUH GRQQpV GDQV OD _PDVVH PROOH ^GHV VpGLPHQWV

OD WUDQFKH DSSDUDvW ^WUqV ^EODQFKH ^VRXV OD OXPLqUH GHV SURMHFWHXUV ^HW QD MDPDLV XQH KDXWHXU _VXSpULHXUH j GpFLPqWUHV

'HX[ _SORQJpHV RQW OLHX _VXU OHV WDOXV ERUGDQW FHWWH JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH

/XQH _{DX ODUJH} ^GH OHPERXFKXUH GX )ORQ ^j HQYLURQ P GX ULYDJH

SRLQW 9' ^GH FRRUGRQQpHV PRQWUH ^j P ^GH

SURIRQGHXU XQ IRQG SODW ^HW YDVHX[ DYHF GHV WDFKHV SOXV VRPEUHV GDOJXHV ^HW GH PRXVVHV (Q ^VH SRVDQW ^OH PpVRVFDSKH VRXOqYH GHV QXDJHV GH ^YDVHV ILQHV HW GHV IHXWUDJHV GH PRXVVHV

/DXWUH ^j NP _{DX ODUJH} G(YLDQ SRLQW ^&5* ^GH FRRUGRQQpHV SUpVHQWH SDU ^P ^GH SURIRQGHXU XQ IRQG ^ERVVHOp

(10)

35,6( '( 98(6 6286/$&8675(6 '$16 /( /e0$1

OpJqUHPHQW VDEOHX[ DYHF GHV PRXVVHV HW GHV DOJXHV WDSLVVDQW ^OHV GpSUHVVLRQV

(Q VH GpSODoDQW ÔH PpVRVFDSKH QRXV SHUPHW ^GH FRQVWDWHU TXH QRXV QRXV WURXYRQV VXU ÔH ERXUUHOHW WHUPLQDO GXQ JOLVVHPHQW ^GH WHUUDLQ VRXVODFXVWUH _{'HV SLVWHV} VHQWUHFURLVHQW _HQ WRXV VHQV HW GHV DVSpULWpV GXQ EODQF pFODWDQW VRQW YLVLEOHV /D ILJXUH UHSUpVHQWH FHWWH ]RQH 1RXV DYRQV SX REVHUYHU TXXQ ^FHUWDLQ ^QRPEUH ^GH ^FHV SRLQWV ÊODQFV ^VH WURXYHQW DX[ H[WUpPLWpV GHV SLVWHV HW QRXV DYRQV DWWULEXp XQH SDUWLH ^GHV ^SLVWHV ^DX[

GpSODFHPHQWV ^GHPROOXVTXHV GRQW^OHVFRTXLOOHV VRQW ^FHV DVSpULWpV EODQFKHV /HV DXWUHV WUDFHV JpQpUDOHPHQW SOXV ODUJHV VHPEOHQW ^GXHV DX[ _FRXSV ^GH TXHXH RX ^GH QDJHRLUHV ^GHV SRLVVRQV SULQFLSDOHPHQW ^GHV ^ORWWHV GRQW QRXV DYRQV ^GpFHOp OD _SUpVHQFH GDQV OHV GpSUHVVLRQV WDSLVVpHV GDOJXHV

/H ©

3HWLW/DF

ª

8QH WUDYHUVpH HQ SORQJpH ^GH OD SUHPLqUH ^IRVVH GX 3HWLW/DF HQWUH 1\RQ ^HW 1HUQLHU ^GpEXWH SDU ^XQ DUUrW SDU ^P ^GH IRQG j NP DX ^{6( GH}

1\RQ

^SRLQW ^&5* ^GH FRRUGRQQpHV 8Q IRQG

SODW

YDVHX[ EODQFKkWUH DYHF GHV SODJHV GDOJXHV ^GH UDUHV SLVWHV HW GH

QRPEUHX[ SRLVVRQV FDUDFWpULVH FHWWH ]RQH

$X

FHQWUH ^GH FHWWH SUHPLqUH ^IRVVH ^j HQYLURQ NP ^GH FKDFXQH GHV ULYHV SRLQW *( ^GH FRRUGRQQpHV RQ D SDU ^P ^GH SURIRQGHXU XQH YLVLRQ LGHQWLTXH ^j ^FHOOH GX SRLQW SUpFpGHPPHQW ^REVHUYp

&RQFOXVLRQV

6XU OHV WDOXV UDLGHV VRXVODFXVWUHV GHV ULYDJHV QRXV DYRQV ^GHV JOLVVHPHQWV

GH WHUUDLQ FRPPH DX ODUJH ^GH 0HLOOHULH G(YLDQ ^HW ^GH 5ROOH DYHF GHV VpGLPHQWV GH JUDQXORPHWULH SOXV RX PRLQV KpWpURJqQH PDLV

HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW YDVHX[

'DQV OD JUDQGH SODLQH FHQWUDOH ^HW OD SDUWLH PpGLDQH FHWWH PRUSKRORJLH

HQ © FRXYHUWXUH SLTXpH ^ª VHPEOH rWUH GXH j GHV ULGHV GLQWHUIpUHQFH SURYHQDQW ^GH ODFWLRQ ^GH GHX[ UpJLPHV ^GH FRXUDQWV DX PRLQV

/RULJLQH

GHFHVFRXUDQWV HVWHQFRUHLQFRQQXH JOLVVHPHQWV^GHWHUUDLQVRXVODFXVWUHV FRXUDQWV ^GH

WXUELGLWp

^FRXUDQWV ^{GXV DX} EDODQFHPHQW ^GHV VHLFKHV

'pVpTXLOLEUHV WKHUPLTXHV DX VHLQ ^{GHV YDVHV} FUpDQW GHV FRXUDQWV ^GH FRQYH[LRQ LGHQWLTXHV ^j FHX[ ^GHV ^VROV SRO\JRQDX[ JODFLDLUHV RX ERXUUHOHWV ^GXV DX JRQIOHPHQW ^GH ^FHUWDLQV PLQpUDX[ DUJLOHX[ VRQW ^DXVVLDXWDQW GK\SRWKqVHV GLIILFLOHPHQW FRQWU{ODEOHV 3DU FRQWUH

LO

^VHPEOH ^ELHQ _{TXH GDQV} ^FHUWDLQHV

UpJLRQV SULQFLSDOHPHQW DX ODUJH ^GH 5ROOH ^FHV FUHX[ ^VHUYHQW ^GH IUD\qUHV DX[ ORWWHV TXL RQW SHXWrWUH ^VXUFUHXVp ^OHV GpSUHVVLRQV DFFHQWXDQW

OD

PRUSKRORJLH SUpH[LVWDQWH

(11)

-3 ⁹⁽⁵¹⁽⁷

/D QDWXUH SpWURJUDSKLTXH ^GHV VpGLPHQWV REVHUYpV HVW HQFRUH ^LQFRQQXH PDLV ^GHV SUpOqYHPHQWV RQW SX rWUH HIIHFWXpV ^{FHW pWp HW} ^OHV UpVXOWDWV GH OpWXGH _HQ _FRXUV GH FHV YDVHV IHURQW

OREMHW

GXQH SURFKDLQH QRWH

5HPHUFLHPHQWV

0

^5HQp 0RQRG ^FKLPLVWH DX /DERUDWRLUH FDQWRQDO GX FDQWRQ ^GH 9DXG QRXV D RIIHUW OD SRVVLELOLWp ^GH SDUWLFLSHU ^{j FHV} SORQJpHV

0

+3

%lQQLQJHU SKRWRJUDSKH ^HW GLUHFWHXU GX 6WXGLR &RORUDPD ^j /DXVDQQH QRXV D SHUPLV ^GH SXEOLHU ^OHV SKRWRJUDSKLHV

TXLO

^D ^SULVHV ^ORUV ^GH ^FHV

SORQJpHV /H )RQGV

)$

)RUHO D SULV ^j ^VD FKDUJH ^OHV IUDLV GH FOLFKDJH ^HW GLPSUHVVLRQ ^GHV SKRWRJUDSKLHV ^KRUV WH[WH

$

FHV SHUVRQQHV ^HW ^j FHWWH LQVWLWXWLRQ _QRXV H[SULPRQV QRWUH YLYH JUDWLWXGH

0DQXVFULW GpSRVp OH VHSWHPEUH

Prise de vues sous-lacustres dans le Léman lors de plongées du mésoscaphe &quot;Auguste Piccard&quot;

Article

Reference