The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Interpolation inequalities (Gagliardo-Nirenberg, Sobolev and Onofri inequalities): rigidity results,
nonlinear flows and applications
Jean Dolbeault
http://www.ceremade.dauphine.fr/∼dolbeaul Ceremade, Universit´e Paris-Dauphine
March 19, 2014
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Scope (1/3): rigidity results
Rigidity resultsfor semilinear elliptic PDEs on manifolds...
Let(M,g)be a smooth compact connected Riemannian manifold of dimensiond ≥2, no boundary,∆g is the Laplace-Beltrami operator the Ricci tensor Rhas good properties (which ones ?)
Letp∈(2,2∗), with2∗=d2d−2 ifd ≥3,2∗=∞ifd= 2 For which values of λ>0 the equation
−∆gv+λv=vp−1
has a unique positive solutionv ∈C2(M): v≡λp−21 ? A typical rigidity resultis: there existsλ0>0 such that v ≡λp−22 ifλ∈(0, λ0]
Assumptions ? Optimal λ0 ?
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Scope (2/3): interpolation inequalities
Still on a smooth compact connected Riemannian manifold (M,g) we assume that volg(M) = 1
For any p∈(1,2)∪(2,2∗)orp= 2∗ ifd≥3, consider the interpolation inequality
k∇vk2L2(M)≥ λ p−2
hkvk2Lp(M)− kvk2L2(M)
i ∀v ∈H1(M)
What is the largest possible value of λ? usingu= 1 +ε ϕ as a test function proves thatλ≤λ1
the minimum ofv 7→ k∇vk2L2(M)−p−λ2
hkvk2Lp(M)− kvk2L2(M)
i under the constraint kvkLp(M) = 1is negative ifλis above the rigidity threshold
the threshold casep= 2is thelogarithmic Sobolev inequality k∇uk2L2(M) ≥λ
Z
M
u2 log u2 kuk2L2(M)
!
dvg ∀u∈H1(M)
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Scope (3/3): flows
We shall consider a flow of porous media / fast diffusion type ut =u2−2β
∆gu+κ|∇u|2 u
, κ= 1 +β(p−2)
Ifv =uβ, then dtdkvkLp(M) = 0and the functional F[u] :=
Z
M|∇(uβ)|2d vg+ λ p−2
"
Z
M
u2βd vg− Z
M
uβpd vg
2/p#
is monotone decaying as long asλis not too big. Hence, if the limit as t→ ∞ is0 (convergence to the constants), we know thatF[u]≥0
Structure ? Link with computations in the rigidity approach
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Some references (1/2)
Some references (incomplete) andgoals
1 rigidity results and elliptic PDEs: [Gidas-Spruck 1981], [Bidaut-V´eron & V´eron 1991],[Licois & V´eron 1995]
−→ systematize and clarify the strategy
2 semi-group approach andΓ2 orcarr´e du champ method:
[Bakry-Emery 1985],[Bakry & Ledoux 1996],[Bentaleb et al., 1993-2010],[Fontenas 1997],[Brouttelande 2003],[Demange, 2005
& 2008]
−→ emphasize the role of the flow, get various improvements
−→ get rid of pointwise constraints on the curvature, discuss optimality
3 harmonic analysis, duality and spectral theory: [Lieb 1983], [Beckner 1993]
−→ apply results to get new spectral estimates
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Outline
1 The case of the sphere
Inequalities on the sphere Flows on the sphere Spectral consequences Improved inequalities
2 The case of Riemannian manifolds Flows
Spectral consequences
3 Inequalities on the line
Variational approaches Mass transportation Flows
4 The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality Joint work with:
M.J. Esteban, G. Jankowiak, M. Kowalczyk, A. Laptev and M. Loss
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
These slides can be found at
http://www.ceremade.dauphine.fr/∼dolbeaul/Conferences/
⊲Lectures
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
The sphere
The case of the sphere as a simple example
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Inequalities on the sphere
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
A family of interpolation inequalities on the sphere
The following interpolation inequality holds on the sphere:
p−2 d
Z
Sd
|∇u|2d vg+ Z
Sd
|u|2d vg ≥ Z
Sd
|u|pd vg
2/p
∀u∈H1(Sd,dvg) for anyp∈(2,2∗]with2∗= d2d−2 ifd ≥3
for anyp∈(2,∞)ifd= 2
Here dvg is the uniform probability measure: vg(Sd) = 1 1 is the optimal constant, equality achieved by constants p= 2∗ corresponds to Sobolev’s inequality...
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Stereographic projection
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Sobolev inequality
The stereographic projection of Sd ⊂Rd×R∋(ρ φ,z)ontoRd: to ρ2+z2= 1,z∈[−1,1],ρ≥0,φ∈Sd−1 we associatex∈Rd such that r =|x|,φ= |x|x
z= r2−1
r2+ 1 = 1− 2
r2+ 1 , ρ= 2r r2+ 1
and transform any functionuonSd into a functionv onRd using u(y) = ρrd−22v(x) = r22+1d−22v(x) = (1−z)−d−22 v(x) p= 2∗,Sd =14d(d−2)|Sd|2/d: Euclidean Sobolev inequality
Z
Rd
|∇v|2dx≥Sd
Z
Rd
|v|d2−d2 dx d−d2
∀v∈ D1,2(Rd)
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Extended inequality
Z
Sd|∇u|2d vg ≥ d p−2
"Z
Sd|u|pd vg
2/p
− Z
Sd|u|2d vg
#
∀u∈H1(Sd,dµ) is valid
for anyp∈(1,2)∪(2,∞)ifd= 1,2 for anyp∈(1,2)∪(2,2∗]ifd ≥3 Logarithmic Sobolev inequality
Z
Sd|∇u|2d vg≥ d 2
Z
Sd|u|2log
|u|2 R
Sd|u|2d vg
d vg ∀u∈H1(Sd,dµ) casep= 2
Poincar´e inequality Z
Sd|∇u|2d vg ≥d Z
Sd|u−u¯|2d vg with ¯u:=
Z
Sd
u d vg ∀u∈H1(Sd,dµ) casep= 1
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
A spectral approach when p ∈ (1 , 2) – 1
ststep
[Dolbeault-Esteban-Kowalczyk-Loss]adapted from[Beckner](case of Gaussian measures).
Nelson’s hypercontractivity result. Consider the heat equation
∂f
∂t = ∆gf
with initial datumf(t= 0,·) =u∈L2/p(Sd), for somep∈(1,2], and letF(t) :=kf(t,·)kLp(t)(Sd). The key computation goes as follows.
F′ F = p′
p2Fp Z
Sd
v2log
v2 R
Sdv2d vg
d vg+ 4p−1 p′
Z
Sd|∇v|2d vg
with v:=|f|p(t)/2. With 4p−p′1= d2 andt∗>0e such thatp(t∗) = 2, we have
kf(t∗,·)kL2(Sd)≤ kukL2/p(Sd) if 1
p−1 =e2d t∗
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
A spectral approach when p ∈ (1 , 2) – 2
ndstep
Spectral decomposition. Letu=P
k∈Nuk be a spherical harmonics decomposition,λk =k(d+k−1),ak =kukk2L2(Sd) so that
kuk2L2(Sd)=P
k∈Nak andk∇uk2L2(Sd) =P
k∈Nλkak
kf(t∗,·)k2L2(Sd)=X
k∈N
ake−2λkt∗
kuk2L2(Sd)− kuk2Lp(Sd)
2−p ≤ kuk2L2(Sd)− kf(t∗,·)k2L2(Sd)
2−p
= 1
2−p X
k∈N∗
λkak
1−e−2λkt∗ λk
≤ 1−e−2λ1t∗ (2−p)λ1
X
k∈N∗
λkak = 1−e−2λ1t∗
(2−p)λ1 k∇uk2L2(Sd)
The conclusion easily follows if we notice that λ1=d, and e−2λ1t∗ =p−1 so that 1−(2e−−2p)λλ11t∗ =d1
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Optimality: a perturbation argument
The optimality of the constant can be checked by a Taylor expansion ofu= 1 +εv at order two in terms ofε >0, small
For anyp∈(1,2∗]ifd≥3, anyp>1 ifd = 1or2, it is remarkable that
Q[u] := (p−2)k∇uk2L2(Sd)
kuk2Lp(Sd)− kuk2L2(Sd)
≥ inf
u∈H1(Sd,dµ)Q[u] = 1 d
is achieved byQ[1 +εv]asε→0andv is an eigenfunction associated with the first nonzero eigenvalue of∆g
p>2no simple proof based on spectral analysis: [Beckner], an approach based on Lieb’s duality, the Funk-Hecke formula and some (non-trivial) computations
elliptic methods /Γ2formalism of Bakry-Emery / flow... they are the same (main contribution) and can be simplified (!) As a side result, you can go beyond these approaches and discuss optimality
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Schwarz symmetry and the ultraspherical setting
(ξ0, ξ1, . . . ξd)∈Sd,ξd =z, Pd
i=0|ξi|2= 1[Smets-Willem]
Lemma
Up to a rotation, any minimizer ofQdepends only onξd
• Letdσ(θ) := (sinZθ)dd−1dθ,Zd :=√ π Γ(
d 2 ) Γ(d+1 2 )
: ∀v ∈H1([0, π],dσ) p−2
d Z π
0 |v′(θ)|2dσ+ Z π
0 |v(θ)|2dσ≥ Z π
0 |v(θ)|pdσ 2p
• Change of variablesz= cosθ,v(θ) =f(z) p−2
d Z 1
−1|f′|2νdνd+ Z 1
−1|f|2dνd ≥ Z 1
−1|f|pdνd
2 p
where νd(z)dz =dνd(z) :=Zd−1νd2−1dz,ν(z) := 1−z2
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
The ultraspherical operator
Withdνd=Zd−1νd2−1dz, ν(z) := 1−z2, consider the space L2((−1,1),dνd)with scalar product
hf1,f2i= Z 1
−1
f1f2dνd, kfkp= Z 1
−1
fp dνd
1 p
The self-adjointultraspherical operator is
Lf := (1−z2)f′′−d z f′=νf′′+d 2 ν′f′ which satisfieshf1,Lf2i=−R1
−1f1′f2′ν dνd
Proposition
Let p∈[1,2)∪(2,2∗], d ≥1
−hf,Lfi= Z 1
−1|f′|2νdνd≥d kfk2p− kfk22
p−2 ∀f ∈H1([−1,1],dνd)
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Flows on the sphere
Heat flow and the Bakry-Emery method
Fast diffusion (porous media) flow and the choice of the exponents
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Heat flow and the Bakry-Emery method
Withg =fp,i.e. f =gαwithα= 1/p
(Ineq.) −hf,Lfi=−hgα,Lgαi=:I[g]≥d kgk21α− kg2αk1
p−2 =:F[g] Heat flow
∂g
∂t =Lg d
dt kgk1= 0, d
dt kg2αk1=−2 (p−2)hf,Lfi= 2 (p−2) Z 1
−1|f′|2ν dνd
which finally gives d
dtF[g(t,·)] =− d p−2
d
dtkg2αk1=−2dI[g(t,·)]
Ineq. ⇐⇒ d
dtF[g(t,·)]≤ −2dF[g(t,·)] ⇐= d
dtI[g(t,·)]≤ −2dI[g(t,·)]
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
The equation forg =fp can be rewritten in terms off as
∂f
∂t =Lf + (p−1)|f′|2 f ν
−1 2
d dt
Z 1
−1|f′|2ν dνd =1 2
d
dthf,Lfi=hLf,Lfi+ (p−1)h|f′|2 f ν,Lfi d
dtI[g(t,·)] + 2dI[g(t,·)]= d dt
Z 1
−1
|f′|2νdνd+ 2d Z 1
−1
|f′|2νdνd
=−2 Z 1
−1
|f′′|2+ (p−1) d d+ 2
|f′|4
f2 −2 (p−1)d−1 d+ 2
|f′|2f′′
f
ν2dνd
is nonpositive if
|f′′|2+ (p−1) d d+ 2
|f′|4
f2 − 2 (p−1)d−1 d+ 2
|f′|2f′′
f is pointwise nonnegative, which is granted if
(p−1)d−1 d+ 2
2
≤(p−1) d
d+ 2 ⇐⇒ p≤ 2d2+ 1 (d−1)2 < 2d
d−2 = 2∗
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
... up to the critical exponent: a proof on two slides
d dz,L
u= (Lu)′− Lu′ =−2z u′′−d u′ Z 1
−1
(Lu)2dνd = Z 1
−1|u′′|2ν2dνd+d Z 1
−1|u′|2ν dνd
Z 1
−1
(Lu)|u′|2
u νdνd = d d+ 2
Z 1
−1
|u′|4
u2 ν2dνd−2d−1 d+ 2
Z 1
−1
|u′|2u′′
u ν2dνd
On (−1,1), let us consider theporous medium (fast diffusion)flow ut=u2−2β
Lu+κ|u′|2 u ν
Ifκ=β(p−2) + 1, the Lp norm is conserved d
dt Z 1
−1
uβpdνd =βp(κ−β(p−2)−1) Z 1
−1
uβ(p−2)|u′|2ν dνd= 0
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
f =uβ,kf′k2L2(Sd)+p−d2
kfk2L2(Sd)− kfk2Lp(Sd)
≥0 ?
A:=− 1 2β2
d dt
Z 1
−1
|(uβ)′|2ν+ d
p−2 u2β−u2β
dνd
= Z 1
−1
Lu+ (β−1)|u′|2
u ν Lu+κ|u′|2 u ν
dνd
+ d
p−2 κ−1
β Z 1
−1|u′|2ν dνd
= Z 1
−1|u′′|2ν2dνd−2d−1
d+ 2(κ+β−1) Z 1
−1
u′′|u′|2 u ν2dνd
+
κ(β−1) + d
d+ 2(κ+β−1) Z 1
−1
|u′|4 u2 ν2dνd
= Z 1
−1
u′′−p+ 2 6−p
|u′|2 u
2
ν2dνd ≥0 ifp= 2∗andβ= 4 6−p Ais nonnegative for someβ if 8d2
(d+ 2)2(p−1) (2∗−p)≥0
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
the rigidity point of view
Which computation have we done ? ut=u2−2β
Lu+κ|uu′|2ν
− Lu−(β−1)|u′|2
u ν+ λ
p−2u= λ p−2uκ Multiply by Luand integrate
...
Z 1
−1Lu uκdνd=−κ Z 1
−1
uκ|u′|2 u dνd
Multiply by κ|uu′|2 and integrate ...= +κ
Z 1
−1
uκ|u′|2 u dνd
The two terms cancel and we are left only with the two-homogenous terms.
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Spectral consequences
A quantitative deviation with respect to the semi-classical regime
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Some references (2/2)
Consider the Schr¨odinger operatorH=−∆−V onRd and denote by (λk)k≥1its eigenvalues
Euclidean case[Keller, 1961]
|λ1|γ ≤L1γ,d Z
Rd
V+γ+d2
[Lieb-Thirring, 1976]
X
k≥1
|λk|γ≤Lγ,d
Z
Rd
V+γ+d2
γ≥1/2ifd= 1,γ >0 ifd = 2andγ≥0 ifd≥3[Weidl],[Cwikel], [Rosenbljum], [Aizenman],[Laptev-Weidl], [Helffer],[Robert], [Dolbeault-Felmer-Loss-Paturel]... [Dolbeault-Laptev-Loss 2008]
Compact manifolds: log Sobolev case: [Federbusch],[Rothaus];
caseγ= 0(Rozenbljum-Lieb-Cwikel inequality): [Levin-Solomyak];
[Lieb],[Levin],[Ouabaz-Poupaud]... [Ilyin]
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
An interpolation inequality (I)
Lemma (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev)
Let q∈(2,2∗). Then there exists a concave increasing function µ:R+→R+ with the following properties
µ(α) =α ∀α∈ 0,q−d2
and µ(α)< α ∀α∈ q−d2,+∞ µ(α) =µasymp(α) (1 +o(1)) as α→+∞, µasymp(α) :=Kq,d
κq,d
α1−ϑ such that
k∇uk2L2(Sd)+αkuk2L2(Sd) ≥µ(α)kuk2Lq(Sd) ∀u∈H1(Sd) If d ≥3 and q= 2∗, the inequality holds withµ(α) = min{α, α∗}, α∗:= 14d(d−2)
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
µasymp(α) :=Kκq,dq,d α1−ϑ,ϑ:=d q2−q2 corresponds to the semi-classical regime andKq,d is the optimal constant in the Euclidean Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality
Kq,dkvk2Lq(Rd)≤ k∇vk2L2(Rd)+kvk2L2(Rd) ∀v ∈H1(Rd) Letϕbe a non-trivial eigenfunction of the Laplace-Beltrami operator corresponding the first nonzero eigenvalue
−∆ϕ=dϕ
Consideru= 1 +ε ϕasε→0Taylor expandQα aroundu= 1 µ(α)≤ Qα[1 +ε ϕ] =α+
d+α(2−q) ε2
Z
Sd
|ϕ|2d vg+o(ε2) By takingεsmall enough, we getµ(α)< αfor allα >d/(q−2) Optimizing on the value of ε >0(not necessarily small) provides an interesting test function...
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
! " # $ %& %! %"
!
"
#
$
%&
%!
%"
α µ
µ=µ(α)
µ=α µ=µ±(α) µ=µasymp(α)
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Consider the Schr¨odinger operator−∆−V and the energy E[u] :=
Z
Sd
|∇u|2− Z
Sd
V|u|2
≥ Z
Sd
|∇u|2−µkuk2Lq(Sd)≥ −α(µ)kuk2L2(Sd) ifµ=kV+kLp(Sd)
Theorem (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev) Let d ≥1, p∈ max{1,d/2},+∞
. Then there exists a convex increasing function αs.t. α(µ) =µif µ∈
0,d2(p−1)
andα(µ)> µif µ∈ d2(p−1),+∞
|λ1(−∆−V)| ≤α kVkLp(Sd)
∀V ∈Lp(Sd) For large values ofµ, we haveα(µ)p−d2 =L1p−d
2,d(κq,dµ)p(1 +o(1)) and the above estimate is optimal
If p =d/2 and d≥3, the inequality holds withα(µ) =µiff µ∈[0, α∗]
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
A Keller-Lieb-Thirring inequality
Corollary (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev) Let d ≥1,γ=p−d/2
|λ1(−∆−V)|γ .L1γ,d Z
Sd
Vγ+d2 as µ=kVkLγ+d
2(Sd)→ ∞ if either γ >max{0,1−d/2}orγ= 1/2and d = 1 However, if µ=kVkLγ+d
2(Sd) ≤14d(2γ+d−2), then we have
|λ1(−∆−V)|γ+d2 ≤ Z
Sd
Vγ+d2 for anyγ≥max{0,1−d/2}and this estimate is optimal
L1γ,d is the optimal constant in the Euclidean one bound state ineq.
|λ1(−∆−φ)|γ ≤L1γ,d
Z
Rd
φγ++ d2 dx
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Another interpolation inequality (II)
Letd ≥1 andγ >d/2and assume that L1−γ,d is the optimal constant in
λ1(−∆ +φ)−γ ≤L1−γ,d Z
Rd
φd2−γ dx q= 2 2γ−d
2γ−d+ 2 and p= q
2−q =γ−d 2 Theorem (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev)
λ1(−∆ +W)−γ
.L1−γ,d Z
Sd
Wd2−γ as β=kW−1k−1
Lγ−d2(Sd) → ∞ However, if γ≥ d2 + 1andβ=kW−1k−1
Lγ−d2(Sd)≤ 14d(2γ−d+ 2) λ1(−∆ +W)d2−γ
≤ Z
Sd
Wd2−γ and this estimate is optimal
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
K∗q,d is the optimal constant in the Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequality
K∗q,dkvk2L2(Rd) ≤ k∇vk2L2(Rd)+kvk2Lq(Rd) ∀v ∈H1(Rd) and L1−γ,d :=
K∗q,d−γ
withq= 222γγ−−d+2d ,δ:= 2d−2qq(d−2) Lemma (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev)
Let q∈(0,2)and d ≥1. There exists a concave increasing functionν ν(β)≤β ∀β >0 and ν(β)< β ∀β ∈ 2−dq,+∞
ν(β) =β ∀β∈ 0,2−dq
if q∈[1,2) ν(β) = K∗q,d (κq,dβ)δ (1 +o(1)) as β→+∞ such that
k∇uk2L2(Sd)+βkuk2Lq(Sd)≥ν(β)kuk2L2(Sd) ∀u∈H1(Sd)
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
The threshold case: q = 2
Lemma (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev)
Let p>max{1,d/2}. There exists a concave nondecreasing functionξ ξ(α) =α ∀α∈(0, α0) and ξ(α)< α ∀α > α0
for someα0∈d
2(p−1),d2p
, andξ(α)∼α1−2dp as α→+∞ such that, for any u∈H1(Sd)withkukL2(Sd)= 1
Z
Sd|u|2log|u|2d vg+plog ξ(α)α
≤plog
1 + α1k∇uk2L2(Sd)
Corollary (Dolbeault-Esteban-Laptev) e−λ1(−∆−W)/α≤ α
ξ(α) Z
Sd
e−p W/αd vg
1/p
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Improvements of the inequalities (subcritical range)
as long as the exponent is either in the range(1,2)or in the range (2,2∗), on can establishimproved inequalities
[Dolbeault-Esteban-Kowalczyk-Loss]
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
What does “improvement” mean ?
An improvedinequality is dkuk2L2(Sd)Φ
e kuk2L2(Sd)
≤i ∀u∈H1(Sd) for some functionΦsuch thatΦ(0) = 0,Φ′(0) = 1,Φ′>0 and Φ(s)>s for anys. WithΨ(s) :=s−Φ−1(s)
i−de≥dkuk2L2(Sd)(Ψ◦Φ) e kuk2L2(Sd)
!
∀u∈H1(Sd) Lemma (Generalized Csisz´ar-Kullback inequalities)
k∇uk2L2(Sd)− d p−2
hkuk2Lp(Sd)− kuk2L2(Sd)
i
≥dkuk2L2(Sd)(Ψ◦Φ)
Ckuk
2 (1−r) Ls(Sd)
kuk2L2 (Sd) kur−u¯rk2Lq(Sd)
∀u∈H1(Sd) s(p) := max{2,p} andp∈(1,2): q(p) := 2/p,r(p) :=p;p∈(2,4):
q=p/2,r = 2;p≥4: q=p/(p−2),r =p−2
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Linear flow: improved Bakry-Emery method
Cf. [Arnold, JD]
wt =Lw+κ|w′|2 w ν With2♯:= (d2d−2+11)2
γ1:=
d−1 d+ 2
2
(p−1) (2#−p) if d>1, γ1:= p−1
3 if d= 1 Ifp∈[1,2)∪(2,2♯] andw is a solution, then
d
dt (i−de)≤ −γ1
Z 1
−1
|w′|4
w2 dνd ≤ −γ1 |e′|2 1−(p−2) e Recalling that e′=−i, we get a differential inequality
e′′+ de′ ≥γ1 |e′|2 1− (p−2) e which after integration implies an inequality of the form
dΦ(e(0))≤i(0)
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
wt =w2−2β
Lw+κ|w′|2 w
For allp∈[1,2∗],κ=β(p−2) + 1, dtd R1
−1wβpdνd = 0
−2β12 dtd R1
−1
|(wβ)′|2ν+p−d2 w2β−w2β
dνd ≥γR1
−1
|w′|4 w2 ν2dνd
Lemma
For all w ∈H1 (−1,1),dνd
, such thatR1
−1wβpdνd = 1 Z 1
−1
|w′|4
w2 ν2dνd ≥ 1 β2
R1
−1|(wβ)′|2νdνdR1
−1|w′|2ν dνd
R1
−1w2βdνd
δ
.... but there are conditions on β
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Admissible (p, β ) for d = 1, 2
0 4 6 8 10
!2
!1 1 2
0 4 6 8 10
!3
!2
!1 1 2 3
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Admissible (p, β ) for d = 3, 4
0 1 3 4 5 6
!6
!4
!2 2 4 6
1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Admissible (p, β ) for d = 5, 10
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Riemannian manifolds
no sign is required on the Ricci tensor and an improved integral criterion is established
the flow explores the energy landscape... and shows the non-optimality of the improved criterion
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Riemannian manifolds with positive curvature
(M,g)is a smooth compact connected Riemannian manifold dimensiond, no boundary,∆g is the Laplace-Beltrami operator vol(M) = 1,R is the Ricci tensor,λ1=λ1(−∆g)
ρ:= inf
M inf
ξ∈Sd−1
R(ξ , ξ) Theorem (Licois-V´eron, Bakry-Ledoux)
Assume d ≥2 andρ >0. If λ≤(1−θ)λ1+θ dρ
d−1 where θ= (d−1)2(p−1) d(d+ 2) +p−1 >0 then for any p∈(2,2∗), the equation
−∆gv+ λ
p−2 v−vp−1
= 0 has a unique positive solution v ∈C2(M): v ≡1
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Riemannian manifolds: first improvement
Theorem (Dolbeault-Esteban-Loss) For any p∈(1,2)∪(2,2∗)
0< λ < λ⋆= inf
u∈H2(M)
Z
M
h(1−θ) (∆gu)2+ θd
d−1R(∇u,∇u)i d vg
R
M|∇u|2d vg
there is a unique positive solution in C2(M): u≡1 limp→1+θ(p) = 0 =⇒limp→1+λ⋆(p) =λ1 ifρis bounded λ⋆=λ1=dρ/(d−1) =d ifM=Sd sinceρ=d−1
(1−θ)λ1+θ dρ
d−1 ≤λ⋆≤λ1
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Riemannian manifolds: second improvement
Hgu denotes Hessian ofuandθ= (d−1)2(p−1) d(d+ 2) +p−1 Qgu:=Hgu−g
d ∆gu−(d−1) (p−1) θ(d+ 3−p)
∇u⊗ ∇u
u −g
d
|∇u|2 u
Λ⋆:= inf
u∈H2(M)\{0}
(1−θ) Z
M
(∆gu)2d vg+ θd d−1
Z
M
hkQguk2+R(∇u,∇u)i Z
M
|∇u|2d vg
Theorem (Dolbeault-Esteban-Loss)
Assume that Λ⋆>0. For any p∈(1,2)∪(2,2∗), the equation has a unique positive solution in C2(M)ifλ∈(0,Λ⋆): u≡1
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Optimal interpolation inequality
For any p∈(1,2)∪(2,2∗)orp= 2∗ ifd≥3 k∇vk2L2(M)≥ λ
p−2
hkvk2Lp(M)− kvk2L2(M)
i ∀v ∈H1(M) Theorem (Dolbeault-Esteban-Loss)
AssumeΛ⋆>0. The above inequality holds for someλ= Λ∈[Λ⋆, λ1] IfΛ⋆< λ1, then the optimal constantΛ is such that
Λ⋆<Λ≤λ1
If p = 1, thenΛ =λ1
Using u= 1 +ε ϕas a test function whereϕwe getλ≤λ1
A minimum of
v 7→ k∇vk2L2(M)−p−λ2
hkvk2Lp(M)− kvk2L2(M)
i under the constraintkvkLp(M)= 1is negative ifλ > λ1
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
The flow
The key tools the flow ut =u2−2β
∆gu+κ|∇u|2 u
, κ= 1 +β(p−2) Ifv =uβ, then dtdkvkLp(M) = 0and the functional
F[u] :=
Z
M
|∇(uβ)|2d vg+ λ p−2
"
Z
M
u2βd vg− Z
M
uβpd vg
2/p#
is monotone decaying
J. Demange, Improved Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities on manifolds with positive curvature, J. Funct. Anal., 254 (2008), pp. 593–611. Also see C. Villani, Optimal Transport, Old and New
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
Elementary observations (1/2)
Letd ≥2,u∈C2(M), and consider the trace free Hessian Lgu:=Hgu−g
d ∆gu Lemma
Z
M
(∆gu)2d vg= d d−1
Z
MkLguk2d vg+ d d−1
Z
M
R(∇u,∇u)d vg
Based on the Bochner-Lichnerovicz-Weitzenb¨ock formula 1
2∆|∇u|2=kHguk2+∇(∆gu)· ∇u+R(∇u,∇u)
The line The Moser-Trudinger-Onofri inequality
Elementary observations (2/2)
Lemma
Z
M
∆gu|∇u|2 u d vg
= d
d+ 2 Z
M
|∇u|4
u2 d vg− 2d d+ 2
Z
M
[Lgu] :
∇u⊗ ∇u u
d vg
Lemma
Z
M
(∆gu)2d vg≥λ1
Z
M|∇u|2d vg ∀u∈H2(M) andλ1is the optimal constant in the above inequality
J. Dolbeault Interpolation inequalities: rigidity results, nonlinear flows and applications.
The key estimates
G[u] :=
Z
M
θ(∆gu)2+ (κ+β−1) ∆gu|∇u|2
u +κ(β−1)|∇u|4 u2
d vg
Lemma 1 2β2
d
dtF[u] =−(1−θ) Z
M
(∆gu)2d vg− G[u] +λ Z
M|∇u|2d vg
Qθgu:=Lgu−1 θ
d−1
d+ 2(κ+β−1)
∇u⊗ ∇u
u −g
d
|∇u|2 u
Lemma G[u] = θd
d−1 Z
M
kQθguk2d vg+ Z
M
R(∇u,∇u)d vg
−µ Z
M
|∇u|4 u2 d vg
withµ:= 1 θ
d−1 d+ 2
2
(κ+β−1)2−κ(β−1)−(κ+β−1) d d+ 2