Composite-particle emission in the reaction p+Au at 2.5 GeV

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(1)Composite-particle emission in the reaction p+Au at 2.5 GeV A. Letourneau, A. Bohm, J. Galin, B. Lott, A. Peghaire, M. Enke, C-M. Herbach, D. Hilscher, U. Jahnke, V. Tishchenko, et al.. To cite this version: A. Letourneau, A. Bohm, J. Galin, B. Lott, A. Peghaire, et al.. Composite-particle emission in the reaction p+Au at 2.5 GeV. Nuclear Physics A, Elsevier, 2002, 712, pp.133-166. �10.1016/S03759474(02)01133-8�. �in2p3-00011754�. HAL Id: in2p3-00011754 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00011754 Submitted on 19 Nov 2002. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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(23) e. ,~&5/%)'#.!'#(*(u%,-/.'#02,+&,-.b"a02 B 2j0_&&2=%1#"0)'534,-/.:q=02v./ /8=0]^ru%F0/8F(* B 6)"n(*, B ,*2)9=.=02b/@0_').b/"a50 e =34,-/.p'/ qm=(*('/ #" B 7)6,~&/2/%,~3 0&/(-,-/.1qm=0&/(-]^)1')vP/[ =d\WU ECaq`,+34/HcduK=[/U Caq`,+34/H '#.wK=U5[ 8702=%(~'/34,-.b9U/[/[ B >)342/0c?871=(-)3/%)4r (+')>0vq=02 t;2^,=3450_`8'/3_A^)87'W3 B ,~3IA B '/7?)"&3=3),*]^X/[ zB dlK=[5[/[ B ¢m`>)342/0`q`,-9'v%5);,-7v0'/5 ').9&j&>.)&/(-,+ '#.Fb/(*)"`')8/ Nr-K=[ T #"R 0=di)'53IlrE(-#qm=06>.=0b5@34c?qm=0 B >q`'#v,-b/>0?"a/0v2 =(-)3/%)u 262|02)x^,*02 B =.7t)"{%')0,~34(*{%.j3I,-.bn02/b5 X/[ zB ,~3IA>)342/0>r/&20&5(+u' B /.7)nnN7rkX > "a/0 # e d/P7rkV > "a/0 e d Rr-Kn= "a50 Te dK>Uv= "a50 T_e $'#. e n'#. N5Vv= "a50|,z,+&55%o4r uq`,*(*(. =<. ?. ?. <. ?. <. I<. @. . ?. ï. 8 )q`.E(+')=0u/.,*.st,*bFrkP ').Est,-brORFd^)`]5'#(*F)')0{q=(-(8=(*)q2n¢u/(- B 8 =.=02b/,-)¨"a/0m B ,->0_l'=],-.b B '/2&)i3(*^|2N/[/[7r{=.>0b/ 3>'#(*,-80_'),-/. #"l2 ^,m=2)3450_ q`'5n'#(+%=0"a/0 B )q`,*22E B &50_3Eq`,*(-v ¢m{0)%o5.& q`'563=')(*,*8F0_'#2)/.7;<(-,*. 8 B )'#.{#"`qm=(*(,+=.7,Z)%')02,+34(-)|0c'=]^=0_,*.bE2 ^, =2)3450_rF B '/2i0)/(*F,*5.Eq`'5\=}F34=(-(*=.7%E ^d ,~&/2/%)`>)342)687 X5[ B ;_K>[/[/[ B %'#,-0`#"`^,7=)3/0c4r. ?. . ?. . BNB. S3,S5-S8. . . BSiB . . . Dipole. . S10. .

(24) Beamdump . .

(25)

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(28) &50_34'/E':04"a=02=.34ris/0 B /02 =.=02b/=2,+3E.=205.4d`')0,~&,*.Fb1F0,*.Fb1 0_ &2=%6#"FE%;g.3(*=34/(-(*,~&,*5.ldl 3,*=.3902/%%)p)q`. 0c'#%,~(*pC<')8/ R^ [ ').9K=U "a/0`P5[v'#.K=[/[v>vd^0)%o34,-]^=(*H_r5n'534')()]^=0c'#(*(z>)342,*5. 34,*=.j343='#.E834 B %6&,-.bv'/.74;2¢m'#02(*v, B (+'),-/. B 7=('5& B ,*.b' b/,-]^=. .=20/.=.=02b/,~&02,*8F,*5.JOP)M<rF6)]^=0c'#(*(l.F=02/.=34,-/. 34,*=.j34 ,*.30)'5&)6"a0 B ')8o5{U/ [ "a/0m B ^\%=02,*%F=0_')(3/(*(-,+,*/.jCa&nb/>.=0_'),-.b (+')0b/&|"a0c'/342,*/.9)"m./.9=]5')%o50_'),*]^v.F=02/._H`.)'#02(*X/ [ "a50 B ^& ,+2&,-%'#2,*]^34/(-(*,+,*5. Caq`=.@.)')0(*:')(*(m B ,*2).F=02/.v')0 =]5'#%50_'#2)oHcru q`,*(-(89)q`.(+')=0v5.ldiF.=F05.6#"$,*.7=02)&n"a/0 ,*."a=020,-.b9 =}F34,-_'#2,*5. =.=02b/E>]^=.;<q`,~&{q=02 F?>]/')%/0_')) .=205.q`F,+3_Eq=02n'#(-q`'=F B )'/0 ]^=0n 34,-=.2(* q`F=0)'5i`,-b/ =.=02b/.=20/.jCa>.E345.&,~=02)v'/i%')0_'/,*2,+3 ,*. F63/.7,-.bHuqm=0nq'#A7(*=34) 8`.=]^>0F=(*)2\c'#A^=. ,*.7'/3=3/.7=r. v02,*b5b/=0`"a/0 2v%02)&=.7')_' q'/|%02)],~)>,*F=0|87 6j0)9^,u=2)3I; 50=C<_H )"`F |^, /06872&)345. B B 8o>0nCK=[5[/[ zB ,~3IA:^,m=34504H{#" /.n)"un2=(*)234/%)r. . . ?. . . vq`5(*v=}7%=0, B =.7_'#(&=;<F%9,+ A^=_3_)E,*.:s,*br N q`,*22vqE8')(*(~4d `£ '#. |, ;'5t B '#,-.'#.v34>.20_'#(^%j'#0#"2`)x^,*% B =.;F'#.v')}7,*(*,~'#02 %(+'5&2,+3 8)' B =2)342/0_(~'#8=(-)6 # d/ T d/ ; d/ # d/ #!# ; # r)F # =3450=d)[r P BEB ,~3IA '#.N/[ BEB ,*.,~' B >=0>df%&,*2,*5.)K5K/r N B %0' B "a0 B nc'#0b5=`q`'52 &c'#0>)342/0345.2,*.b!% 2p'#8/!K=[ 9%%4r T '#.j ;2 =3450_4d (*73='))p'#'#8/FK B %0' B #"n2c'#02b/=>diq=02]^=2:=3450_4dij&)@,*. /0c=0629_')b:'#(*(m#y;T'#}7,+6%02/5.4ruF "a7346)" 2 B '),*.:8o' B '#vF 34=.7=0 #"F_')0b5= q'/E')8/ N BEB ,*.,+' B =2=065.'1x^'#02 ,*.c'#02b/=E%&,*2,*5.lr 9 # 7=)3/0q`'5)1!340<;3_)3_A29 # 34/.7,-.b:'#.j #!# ;2 # q=02 ,-(*, =)"a50"a734j&,*.Fb '#.'#(-,*b/.F,*.b 8)' B /.'#}7,+r68)' B .F/0 B '#(*, )'#2,*5. "a/0{>=0 B ,*.,-.bn3402^2`&)342,*5.\q'//8F_'#,-.)"a02 B 2n345.7,*.Fb6#"m # 345002)34 "a/0`)y!'#}7,+%02/5.{=34)v87E=,*2=0{ T /0n ;2 r 7)'/ , B {34/020)342,*5."a50 '#c' '53=x^,+,*,-/. q`'5 B '/7^r. . . ñ. . ñ.

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(30) %8*8,*;% )#) 3 #$ 2*; $/&(%'),"*;% ). . =< I< . =<. 6>.=0b5&%)3420_'E')0vb/,-]^=.E"a/0n')(*(%'#02,~34(*)`7=)3)'#nP5[ 6dlW)U #dK=[5U n'#. K=U5[ ,-.nst,*bFrkP`').nst,*bFrORr)'#(-0)'5 q'/l&F#q`.)'#02(*,-=087 ^&A5'). ==0l=')(<r~JOP/X)M<d'#(-( %'#02,~34(*)>},-8,*'0c'#2=0&, B ,*(+')0=]^/(-,-/.n#"2=,-0l=.=02b/n%o3402 B q`,*').b/(-^d q`,*2'). #=]5'#%50_'#2,*5.;<(-,*A^ 7d\(-)q =.=02b/@34 B %/.>.'#'#(*('#.b5(*) '#.j '9,-b/ =.=02b/ c'#,-(<d B 50i%02/.5.34?,*.n2i"a/0q'#0c6,-0)342,*5.lr=m,*.7=.j&,*{#"Fu0_ 34 B %o5.=.7u^)u./=%=.&=.,*2,*]^=(-?5. 2{ B ,+2&,-/. '#.Fb/(*{,*.345.20_'/q`,- ,*b5;<>.=0b5@34 B %/.=.7v7)340'/&,-.b,-.@,*.7=.,*9q`,*21,*.j340)'5&,-.b B ,+,*5. '#.b5(*^ruF9&5(*,~ (-,*.EC<5 (-,*.E"a50 # e Hn,*.pst,-brkP9').s,*brQR02=%02)&=.762 =]5'#%/0c'#2,*/. 34 B %5.=.7 '5$,- ,+{/8c'#,*.F) ,-.:'"a(-(u&, B (~'#2,*/. 28 3402,*8). <. . . X.

(31) (✕ 103). 10 3 10. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). Au(p,1H)X. 10 4 2. 2. (✕ 10 ). 10. 1. (✕ 10 ). 1. 10 10. 10 5. (✕ 1). -1. 10 3 10. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). 2. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). 50. (✕ 102) (✕ 101). 1. 10. 0. (✕ 103). 2. 10. 10. -2. Au(p,2H)X. 10 4. 2. 2. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). 10 5. -1. (✕ 1). -2. 0. 50. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). 10 5 Au(p,3H)X. 10 4 10 3 10 2. (✕ 103). 10. (✕ 102). 1. 10 10. -1. (✕ 101). -2. (✕ 1). 0. 50. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). «©OPWK1 =1J8F:=;N ®=O³4 <Y4 >6ÊOQ?N <Y8994776Ê< O8;>;±Ì< 8;<6E;4< =<Y8F®K:;76ÊO< 8;>8!± 6E;4Ð OP986Ê8 =47 ? 4 G?!4 7?E l:==<Y?47>;® 47N zH®=86lE;69 4MÎ1!6947«KNP8F47<978 =A;476lE;Ê4D476¿®=8?!696 6947® A®K?!lE;47®H? >;®?98>;NP® OP®HNOX>; 47Ag±v<Y<Æ478FlG :;NP6Â698±v<Æ8FG6Ê8É6lgE;84D69969478F7G 8F>;OQ®> 96?!8FW>4 694ze4 ??g<ÆN8F8<9Ê?!OQ6ÊGO8;:;> NX7?!A69OP6l8FE;> 4 zË9<Æ4794~6 6994 6lF?!6 W74 1!«K 8F°D< ï ??>;>;®® 6lE; 47OX6l< E;l4:=4G!A? =<Æ478; <9=?!47697O 69O4D477N8F>A^6l8!<Y±ÁOX=?M:;696YOPÃ 8F8!>; 969?4 <Y4 lE;8!Ã >H 98NPOP®ÐNPOX>;47 1 0V. %<. E. ?<. E. WR. .R DA 2E. E. BV. . Y2Z. . > 2Z. E. >&Z. E. #. S. S. LR8. R. DC. S. E. T. ^S. DA 2E. %A. %<. &E. %A. ?<. >. (+')=0 /.,-.F,+v%'#%=0>r< ,+vq/02.5,-.b1j'# ')8o59K)¦)P1#"n2 ;g%'#02,+3(* %07734,-/.E%F0734=\205b/ F|%02, B ')0v=]5')%o50_'),*5. #"F|.j&_')8(*.3(*= e {q`,+3_E,+u, B %F(* B .7)n,*.E2v¤ u9£ i377J R5M<rFT&5(+E8n0&2'#>d E2v(+')0b/&20_'#b5b/(-,*.b ,*.0)3/,*(]^=(-734,* #"m B ,->0_\;T'/ )q`.9,*. st,*bFr*K_;lF B )'/06&%)30_'3='#..F/u8`0_').T"a50 B / _/* ,-.v{35r B r>&F& B. ñ. Y.

(32) 10 2. (✕ 103). 10. 2. (✕ 10 ) -1. 50. (✕ 10 ). 2. 2. -1 1. (✕ 10 ). 0. 50. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). Au(p,7Li)X. 10 3 10 2 10. (✕ 103). 1. (✕ 10 ). 10 10 10. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). (✕ 1). 10 4. (✕ 1). 50. (✕ 101). -2. 0. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). 1. -3. -1. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). (✕ 103). -2. (✕ 102). 1. 10. 10. (✕ 103). 10. (✕ 1). 10 2. 10. 10 2. 10. Au(p,6Li)X. 10 3. 10. 10 3. (✕ 10 ). 10 4. Au(p,4He)X. 10 4. 1. -2. 0. 10. 10 5. 2. 1. 10. 2. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). 10 3. 10. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). Au(p,3He)X. 10 4. 2. d σ/dΩdE (mb/sr/MeV). 10 5. 2. -1. (✕ 101). -2. (✕ 1). -3. 0. 50. 100 150 200 Energy (MeV). «©OPWK1=FK1=?G4?!«©OPWK1 ï ?>;® Â±|8F< 4?>;®Ð25OOP98698 =471 V. T BS. R. E. 8 34 B %'#02)q`,*22 B 7>(u'#c'8F?234 B %j'#0,~&5.13=').5.(*98 B '/7 n5=0`q'= '#02/.zdoq`,- B 7=(-)E')_'v0_').T"a50 B >]^=.;<%=0;<>]^=.,*. (+')81 B d'565. F=0^r 0c'#2,* 8=q==.:Fv(*)q;<>.=0b59=]5'#%/0c'#2,*]^ 34 B %o5.=.7u'#.j `F,*b/7;<=.F=0b5 34 B %5.=.7u=%=.F&205.b/(-v%/.E2|.j'#F0 #"n2 345.&,~=02)1,+&55%or,~6,+68) &==.1"a50 T e '#. e q`,*2@ ,-b/ =.=02b/@3 B %/.F=.0_')=0 02/.b9"a/0 T e q`>.3 B %')0):9F(-)q =.F=0b5 /.'#.1qm)'#A"a50 e ^r\^j3Ip'#.p/8=0]5'),*5.'5')(*0'/18=>. B '/ ')EP5[/[ = JSRK4MTJ RN#M{'#.jUrkU@¤|> JOP5X#M{8o B 8j'#0_7,*.b:=.=02b/,-) ').7E')%%)'#0cE18 ' x^,-nb/=.F=0_')(¨"a)')02n,*.9'v802^'/>.=0b5E0_').b/n"a/0{%055.9,*.j34)E0)'534,-/.r ,+,+,*.j34l8='=],-/0t"a50 T_e `'#.j e 02)'/342,*5.6%02734c§j'/i')(+&8o>=.6.5,~34). K>[.

(33) ,*. )'=]7f;g,*5. ,*.j34) 02)'/342,*5.=JQU/[#M').')20,*8F)E2 ,Lyz=02=.` B ,+2&,*5. 2, B 4r =}7%o>0, B =.c'#(=.=02b/^;<,-.2=b/0c'#2)13402^v)342,*/.j4dtb5,*]^=.!,*.pt')8(*K/du'#02 '#(-( &)q`.9,-.Fv(*4"a`%').=(i)"mst,-brkU'/ '"aF.34,-/.#"m B ,~&,-/.'#.Fb/(*'#.9')0v2=. 34 B %'#02)?2?2{&, B F(+'#2) =]5'#%/0c'#2,*]^`%')0`Ca0,*b5'#.v%')0iq`,-vF,+3_A?(-,*.IH_r Te `,+ B 3_ B /02"a/02q`'#0c%)')A^)6j'#. e {'#.vF,+t,~\3(*)')0(*F|2 x^,*2 ,Lyz=02=.7`&20=.Fb/#"u2n./.7;<=]5')%o50_'),*]^%'#02"a/0{nqv,~&5/%)r. U©?<Y6ÊO7NP4 H HMP MP F F MP F=P ï MP F P HMP MHMP H MP MP MP MP F ~4 MHMP HMP FIP =1 P =1 H ~4 MP MP F MP MH P

(34) ~4 =1 MP =1GF g1 MP =1 =1 P g1 1 HMP =1

(35) 2cO =1 MP =1GF g1 MP =1 1 MP g1 1 MP =1 2cO =1 MP =1 H F^1 MP =1 =1 MP g1GF =1 FIP =1 JÂ?>;;4 NP<Y4 W HOX>6Ê47WF<9?!6947®+ <Y89 Ê47769OP8F>; |G !l< ~?!6±|8F:=<D®=47694776ÊO8;> ?>;WNP47D±Ì8F<D?!NPNG4 ?!:=<Y47® NP<9 ?5>;1 W47'E;8F4Ð> WO4 >;4 4 > <YW 4 <9<Y?8F<Y<Æ4 'gOX>;1 H7NQ :;®= 4 96l?!4769 OP96ÊA O =?1 N ?>; ® ;947694 G'A4FK?169OP ?! N 4 <9<Y8;47<Y 1©±Ì8;E;< 4ÐMOX>A 6947ï WFM<9?A 69OP8FM> A <Y47 =47769O 47N ?>;® 47 ?>; ® 47¾±|8F <MA ~4?>;®25O OÊ8698 g47 A <Y47 g47769O 47N 1 V. #. Y2Z. >. 2U. Z. U>&= L>&=. T. >. T .

(36) U. U. xU. >&Z. U. V. V. U. Y. V. =. V. Z2U. =. >. L>&U. >&U. L>2>. >. U. >. U. V. >. >. >. >. Z. xV. =. L>. >. U. Y. L>. >. L>,V. U. V. V2=. ?Z xZ. >. L>&Y. V. >2>. Y. xV. >&Z. ?Z xV2Z. > > L>,U. x=. U. > 2Z. =. U. V. >. 2<. R. &E. :. S. %A. <. 2<. Ê. %A. %<. jU. .>&Z JU. JU. WV. *U. JU. JU. #. > JU. E. T. E. %A. %<. =_'),*(-)'53=34/F. )"`2E').b/(-4;g,*.7=b50_'#2)93402^n)34,-/.'/ >9'#02 B )'; &02)E'). '/F=E3>'#.E8&%(-,*m8o>&qm==. =]5'#%/0c'#2,*]^ %')02,+34(-)§;g/8c'#,-.) 87 2 B 7=(&, B F(+'#2,*5.;m'#.j./.;g=]5'#%50_'#2,*]^ %'#02,~34(*);g/8c'#,*.F) 87 7,Lyz=0>.344; ,+i%02#]7,+7),-.E'#8F(*Nd^5b/=2=0uq`,*2 2"a0c'/342,*5.E#"./.;g=]5'#%50_'#2,*]^ %j'#02,+34(-)4r )q`.,-.:st,*bFrkVdFv(+'#2=0{"a0_'/3,*5.:=%=.F?02/.b5(*5.2v.')02 )"2 34/.j&,+7=0)v%')0,~34(*{').v0)(*c"a02 B 'n34 B %F(*=}n,*.7>0%(~'8=q==.v2,Lyz=02=. %05%=02,*)n#"E(~'#2=0 tB '54d') B ,+3v. B 8=0=dz8,*.7,*.b9=.F=0b5^dl.3(*)')0v=.7; &,-&rl|(+dl'56')(*0'/9.5,~34),*.:%02=],-/ ,-.]^),-b^'#2,*5.=JQN#MJQP/Y)MJ RFK4Mgdo=]^>. B /02 B '/2&,-]^n34 B %o&,-4;g%'#02,~34(*)(-,*A^6,,+/2/%) 34(-)'#02(* =}7,*8,-{'.F/.;g)x^,*(-,*802,* B 34 B %o5.=.7 Cgst,*bFrORHcr. . vF'#_' #"m%0&=.7|>}%=02, B =.7u'=]^n8o>=.:34 B %'#02)Eq`,*%0,+342,*5. #"$' qm#;T&>% B 7=(,-.34(-,*.Fb9'#.p<.70_'9£{34(*'#0 ¢m'53='51Cg£?¢`H|"a5(*(*)qm)87 ' &_'),~&,~3='#(m>=}3,*_'),-/.q`F=.2 .3(*='/3_,*=]^2=0 B '#()xfF,*(*,-80,- B rF &)q`.E,-.E'n%0>],-/u'#02,~34(*7JQP#Mgd#2|)"a=.&) £?¢@')%%02^'/3_ 0c&=]^=(-/%)687 =02,*.,TJOU7K4Mz'#. (+')=0m,*.34(-) ,*. e ,-b/i.=02b/ l0_').&%/02?¢u77)?C e u|¢`Hm&3_ '/vz e unJOU5N#Mw/0 e u|9zJQU/P)M§"g'),*(~|0=%02734 %'#(-(+'),*5.1F'#_' /.1F)'=] _')0b/>_t87v05.b/(-6)]^=02)&2, B '),*.FbF{' B 5.#"z=.F=0b5v=%&,*2)687?2`,*.j34,L; =.7u%05/.,*.vF|c'#0b5=.734(-=r/ B j3I8o>>0')b/02= B =.7'/u8o>=. 02)34=.7(-. . K5K.

(37) 10 3 1. dσ/dΩ (mb/sr). 4. 10. 2. H. 10 3. H 3 H. 10 2. 3. He 10 2. 7. Li. 0. 50. He 10 6 Li 150 0. 100. 4. He. 2. H. 3. H He. 3. 6. 1. H. He. 2. 10. 1. Θ (degrees). 50. 100. 150. Θ (degrees). «©GOP4 WK?1 l:==<Y1472c® 4Ì±Ì 6 G?g>;WF8NP:; NX??<>;®=®OP9?!6l <YOXK=69:;696947OP®M8F>;Ã+OP6l8!E±2c6l47E;W44 >;<Y®K4 <Y?!4 76Ê=O88;N > =>;=8F<ÆG8F®KOX?!:;NP7 69zNPOX>;W47O 4 7>1!OXE;> 4OX|>G6947WF!<9?< 69OP8F?> <9<Y47? >;=W47477'69O 8F> 47N 4 >;?4 >;<Y®W ? <Y4 g1 H 47 ? >;® 47 A = 1 47 ±Ì8;47<~4A 4FK?1 >; ®Ð 25 On OÊ84769 8 g±Ì478; < AK<Y47M gA 47ï 7M69O A 47NM1A ¯ OPWFE6 6lE;44 =4 <ÆOQG 4 >6l?NË®K?6l? z G=8N?>;®6lE;OX>NOX>;47 ±|8F< ï A A ~4 ?<Y478FG =?<Y47® ÃOP6lE6lE;49OXG:;NX?!6947®Ð4 !? =8;<9?!69O 478FG =8F>;4 >6± <Y8FG 6lE;4M6YÃ8 9694 G8F®=47N z6lE;OP-NPOX>;47 71 Z. E. 6. R <. S. E. 2<. Ê. %A. 6. %<. jU. JU. WV. >&Z JU. U. DCE. JU. %A. %<. 9R. E. T. E. S. #. JU. %A. :. S. > JU. R !<. DA 2E. R. &E. T. T. E. &S. %A. %<. .E. R. S. 0)'53IF)lJOP)Mlq`,*226, B %02#]Ê£?¢`zNr []^=0c&,-/. #"u2v£?¢347=]^=(-/%)E87 ¢ub/.F/.JQU#R/MTJOU5U#M<rF,+`347'/8==. 2,*(-, =)62v,*.7]^)&2,*b'#{FnNr U ¤|> % | 0)'534,-/.ldzq`,*92&)345.:&>%9#"`2v0'/342,*/.:8=,*.FbE02)'#2) q`,-92 >]/')%#; 0_'),*5.¦4o&,-/.3476¤u9£ JOU/X)M<r_'#.j'#0c%')0_' B ==0ci'=]^|8==.&) '). . '#2 B %Fi'/8=>. B '5{65%, B , >F|%')0_' B =>0_4rT.£?¢`zNr [6347df2 =%2 #"n%/2=.2,+')(lq=(-(q`'5`&=`2 `;<R[ > '#. ,*.=(~'/,+3{0)'534,-/. 340{&)3,*5.q'/`./0 B '#(-, =) K#W>R^P B 8JQP#M<rF<.2 ¤u9£ 37ECa]^=0&; # d7' ¦' &,-/. U^¦)YfW5H_d2|(-=]^=(7=.&,-v%'#0c' B =2=0iq'/=2v' n¦^K=[v> K/r [ '#.:& BEB >0,-3o&,-/.:q`'5 '/2& B rFv,*.34 B ,*.Fb q']^8/.F'#0:3/.,-,-/. C< |¢p/%2,*/.zHi"a/03='#(~34(+'),-/.)"i2n0_'). B ,+,*5.3^ 3,*=.7q'/)r. . . . . . . . . . K>N.

(38) )q`.,-.9st,-brkP7dFv&, B F(+'#2,*5."a/0 # e %027342,*/.!345.&,~=0_{vq&>% #":%073):CDb/,-]^=.87!/2)w'#.j '/)(*,-.) "a/0 =]5'#%50_'#2,*5. '#. £?¢ B ,+,*5.ld0&%)342,*]^=(-^d').1892 /(*,~(*,-.v"a/062=,-06 B H{q`=02)'/?"a50 34 B %o&,-4;g%'#02,~34(*) Cgst,*bFrkP '#.9RHcdo5.(*&)3/.9=%@Ca=]5'#%/0c'#,-/.H{,~|345.; &,~=0EC<&5(*,~6(*,*.F/H_r5{#]^>0_'#(-(')b/02= B =.7'#u(*)q@=.=02b/C<34(-^&`2n` B ,+,*5. 8'#020,-=04H,+60_')>0 '#2,+<"g'/342/0:"a/0 '#(-({34/.j&,+7=0):%'#02,+3(*) CD=}F34=% I,aH'# '#(-( B ,~&,-/.!'#.b5(*)6,-.,~3='#2,*.b')v=]5'#%/0c'#,-/.p,+v3450034(-:'/3=345.7) "a50=ru,~ ,+|8)&)q`.!'# K=U5[ )dq`=02v=]5'#%/0c'#,-/.1,~|FE B ,*.j'#.7 34 B %/.>.|"a50n'#(-( %'#02,~34(*)r,~b/^79')b/0> B =.7 B '#.u')`n=}F34,*c'#2,*/. =.F=0b5E,~&20,*8F,-/. '# 26>.#"£?¢,~%02/%=02(*)2340,-8o872v B %F(*)^) &£n¢ B 7=(gd'/|q'/ '#(~&n')(*0'/./2,+34)JOP#MF'#K/rkN'#.EK5rkX6¤{=8 B 8')0_,-.b|>.=0b5,*)r/{(+&Fd#2`,-b/ =.=02b/n%')0i)"2 # e &%)3420_'|,~¨0c'#2=0'#2,+<"g'/342/0,-(*n0>%07j34)v'# B î').b/(-) 8 Fn£?¢ B 7=(gr^,~b/^7')b/02= B =.7ib5,*]^)m'#(*02)'/7E B 34/.7z=.3 ,*.E2 B %(-)^) B 77=(<r5 iq`,*(-(8n&)q`. "aF0F=0u8o>(*)qnd^ B F(*,-%(*,-34,-<n,~&20,*8F,-/. '#c'"a5068/2@3Ij'#0b5)9%'#02,+3(*)n'#.j .>02/.nb/,*]^'/F,*2,*/.j'#(m&%F%o502 0=(-,+')8,*(-,*v#", B (+'),*5.lr. . =<. 100. Direct contribution (%). 90 3. He. 80. 1. H. 70. 2. H. 60. 3. H. 50 40 30. 4. He. 20 10 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. Θ (degrees). «©GOP4 WK?1 lg:=1F<Y47«5® <9?!=7<Y698;OP8F®K>:;7869±ÁOP8F6l>E;4±Ì8;®=<47®K :;7?47>;®+®+®=OX<Y4477OP96 86ÊzO|8 14=1=47 >;A^8F?!>H 4 ?M!? ± =:=8;>;<97?!69OP698FO >H4 8±Á4 G4 GOÊOP99OPÊ8FO8;>H>Ð698?>;6lWE;NP441 6986l?NN .R. E. DA 2E. %A &S. %<. E. B '/&F0) 34/020=(~'#2) 7,+&20,-8,-/.E8=qm==. .=20/.'#.E(*,-b/7m3I')0b5) %')0&; ,~34(* B F(*,-%(*,~3I,-,Z)6Cg34/(-/02)1345.2/0cIHn,~6&F#q`.@,-.@st,*bFrLWCD(*)qm=0602,*b/76%j'#.=(aH 5b/=2=0`q`,*2 &, B F(+'#2)v/.'"a2=0{3450034,-/.E"a/0{>)342,*5. 34,-=.34C<345.; 50i(*,-.)_H_r){, B (+')) F'#_' ,*.b{F{&£n¢`zNrk[{'#.j¤u9£ 3477)i'#020_ &)q`.'/t58_'),*.6q`,*F/m'#.7v3/002)342,*/.#"=2)342,*/. 34,*=.j34^d= BEB $)]^=0 mqn=%#"zm0)'534,-/. Ca%%=0i(-4"al%'#.F=(DHl50u02,*.bm=]5'#%/0c'#,-/.&c'#b/. K>P.

(39) /.(-Ca%%=00,*b5n%').=(aH_rs/0v3 B %(-=>.)dq .5E2'# , B (+'),-/.9,*.7; 34(*j)F?%F073,*5.9#"§&%F0,*5|.>02/."a0 B &)3/.')0 0'/342,*/.j,-.34 8 ,-b/>.=0b5E3>'/3>'/n%')0,~34(*|C< nK=U5[ >6Hiq`,- =,*2=0m `£ p&=(-(iCgN; P BEB )"n_'),*.(-)&>=(DH/06234,-.2,*(-(+'#2/0 (-,+x^,+zr§ {.12 '=]^=0c'#b/d¨"a0 B 2 .=205.2j%07j34)d5.(* ')8/ 5.n,+`>)342)r. . . . v

(40) |

(41)

(42) | =1 1 =1 MP =1 F^1 MP 1 ML ï 1 =1 =1 MP =1 g1 MHMP =1 F ML =1 =1 =1 MP =1 g1 P =1 ML ~4 =1 =1 =1 MHMP =1 g1 FIP =1 ML ~4 1 =1 1 FIP =1 F g1 MP =1 F ML

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