Introduction : une question ancienne, mais un problème nouveau

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Introduction : une question ancienne, mais un problème nouveau

Guilhem Ferrand

To cite this version:

Guilhem Ferrand. Introduction : une question ancienne, mais un problème nouveau. Archéologie du Midi Médiéval, Association Centre d’Archéologie Médiévale du Languedoc (C.A.M.L.), 2007, 25, pp.107 à 110. �hal-00277167�

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hal-00277167, version 1 - 5 May 2008

Manuscrit auteur, publié dans "Archéologie du Midi Médiéval 25 (2007) p. 107 à 110"

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hal-00277167, version 1 - 5 May 2008

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Àl™‚‚›Éˆd”$ÀŒ” ›˜ ”v*ÌåžW™ “Œ“ Ç ‡­–É” ›(¹£…lÇ)™Wƒ—™‚•—¸-o‡)–¹)™ “ ¹)‡ › “ ” “Œ˜ ƒ—‡)–‡ “ ¹­‡£“m˜ ‡­–ç‚›3¼Œ” “ ‡)–‡ ˜ ”v*Ìå‡ “ ʗ‡[q̽žW‡ƒ„”

¹­™ “ œ›Ë™ “W˜” ˜ |™ “ ¸-‚–3º†„ˆdÀE™Œ–F‡<”vš‚‡­¹<ƒ—‡)–I–F™*W›F¹­‡)–IÇ ¹ ›3˜‡)– Á Ñ7º—‡ “ –F‡ ˆ'¼Œƒ—‡žW‡Gƒ„”G›(Ç)œ¯ƒ|‡vÌq|™ “ –¡W› ƒ†”

žW™Œ¹[‚ˆ·‡ “W˜” ˜ |™ “ ” ¼Œ™‚ ˜˜ ƒ—™‚•—¸-o‡£ˆ¦‡ “Œ˜ Ò “ ‡É“W˜ ‡ ›¡›F™*•” ˜ —™ “ –¡W›fƒ†”@ˆ” “ |Ô ›F‡@žW‡0œ¯” †›F‡ Á

Ñï‡)–ž*|œ/œ¡Ç ›F‡ “m˜ ‡­–Ɂ“W˜ ‡ ›¡š‚‡ “m˜ —™ “ –¹)™ “ š‚‡£›/•q‡ “Œ˜ ž*‡$ƒ†”–F™W› ˜‡0šW‡ ›F–@ƒ„º†|žWÇ­‡¸ÄŒ‡$ƒ|”ÜžW™Œ¹[‚ˆ·‡ “m˜ ” ˜—™ “ ¸-‚

–¡W¼l–3|– ˜ ‡·žW‡ ˆ” “ žW‡Ò ˜›F‡'ˆd” “ —Ç)‡”vš‚‡­¹Àm›(Ç ¹£”v ˜ |™ “=Á ‹ “ ‡)œ/œ¡‡ ˜¿7†ƒ–5‡ ˆ¼Œƒ—‡”v*̔v ˜ ‡[‚›F–¸-‚º„ “ ¹­‡ › ˜” “

“ ™oˆ¼Œ›F‡·ž*ºª7®`µ F®`µ ÀŒ›FÇ­–(—žW‡ “m˜ ҃†º» ˜ „ƒ†|–3” ˜ —™ “ žW‡­–$” ›F¹ …Œ»š‚‡­–žC –5™Wƒ‡ ˜ žW‡­–$” ›F¹ …mÓš‚‡)–Ç­¹ ›3˜ ‡­– Á Ñ7º—Ç£›(‡)¹ ˜ |™ “

ž*ºÓ “ ‡N‡ “ ¹)‡ “m˜ ‡ ‡­–˜ è/‡£ƒ†ƒ|‡ ‡ “ –5™W· “ ‡ ›FÇ£” ƒ†˜ÇЈd„ƒ†˜ ” †›F‡ ¹ ™o›Ë›F‡)–/ÀE™ “ ž*” “m˜ –¡Ø– ˜Çvˆ” ˜ —¸-o‡£ˆ¦‡ “Œ˜ Ò  “ ‡

“ –FÇ­¹[‚›3˜ Ç ”všWÇ ›FÇ­‡ ‡ ˜ ž*” ˜”v¼Œƒ|‡ ¿™* ÒÐ “ –F‡ “W˜ „ˆ¦‡ “W˜ ž*º†“ –FÇ)¹vW›Ë˜ Ç ¿ÅÀŒƒÓŒ– ž*—œ/œjo– ‡ ˜ ˆ¦™o“ –Âœ¯™ “ žWÇ

¹ …m›F™ “ ™Wƒ†™‚•—¸-o‡£ˆ¦‡ “Œ˜ ß ”­è˜è†ƒWœ/™o›(¹)Ç ˆd‡ “W˜  “ ƒ„—‡ “ žW‡0¹ ”vŒ–F‡@Ò8‡­œ¡œ/‡ ˜ ß È ™‚‚›Ç[šq—žW‡ “Œ˜ ‡0¸ÄWº—‡£ƒ|ƒ—‡0–F™W˜ ¿qƒ„º—|žWÇ­‡

ˆ·Ç ›3˜ ‡ ¹­‡ ÀŒ‡ “ ž*” “W˜ ž*º ˜ ›F‡š‚Ç£›3—œ¯|Ç­‡ Á Ϻ—‡)– ˜ ƒ†º» “ ‡žW‡­–ÎÀŒ›F™*ÀE™Œ–3˜—™ “ –ΞW‡Ý8“ ¹)‡ “m˜ υm” ƒ†ƒ|‡ ˜7¶ ™ “ ÀŒ” ›3ƒ|‡

ž*º†“ –FÇ)¹vW›3˜ Ç ¿;–3” “ –@¼m—‡ “ –3”vš‚™o†›LÀŒ›FÇ)¹ —–5Ç ˆ·‡ “Œ˜ žW‡¸ÄŒ™WE„ƒt–(º—‡­– ˜ ”v• m„ƒtœ”v ˜ ØܛF‡v•” ›FžW‡ ›@žW‡æÀŒ›FÔ­–3¿E‡ “ ”vØƔ “Œ˜

–F™o“ žW‡·ž*—– ˜ “ •ÄŒ‡ ›‡ “Œ˜›F‡·¹)‡·¸ÄW7›F‡­–F–F™o› ˜ ž*º» “ ‡“ –5Ç­¹5W›Ë˜ ǛFÇ­‡ ƒ„ƒ—‡·‡ ˜ ¹)‡·¸ÄW›F‡­–5–F™W› ˜ ž*ºÓ “ ‡“ –FÇ­¹[‚›3˜ Ç

†ˆ”v•“ Ç­‡ ÁE¾ †›F‡ „ƒ|ƒ—‡ ¾ ™‚o– “ —‡£›+‡ ˜ L™Wƒ„” “ žÅÝ8†”­žW‡£›8ˆ¦™ “Œ˜›F‡ “W˜ ”všW‡­¹'Àl‡ › ˜“ ‡ “ ¹)‡d¸-Œ‡ƒ„º—‡ “ ¹­‡£“Œ˜ ‡£¿ž*” “ –8ƒ„”

¹­™‚ ˜Wˆ·‡·ˆ—–F‡åÀŒ” ›Ç­¹£›Ë˜ ¿ “ º—‡­– ˜ Àm”­––¡Ø-– ˜ Ç ˆ” ˜ —¸-o‡£ˆ¦‡ “Œ˜ ¹­™ “ –3—žWÇ£›FÇ­‡½¹)™*ˆdˆ·‡ “ ‡Å– ˜ ›¡o¹ ˜‚›F‡ˆ†ƒ„˜ ” †›F‡

žWÇ­œ¡‡ “ –3Óš‚‡£¿7ˆd” |–$ʗ™*Œ‡”vŒ–F–F–¡W› ˜ ™* ˜ ß+èL “ ›Ëðoƒ—‡·ž*º†|žW‡ “m˜—œ¯|¹ ” ˜|™ “ žW‡'ƒ†”·¹­™Wˆ'ˆ “ ”v ˜ ÇÒ “ ‡­–3Àm”­¹­‡

žW™ “m“ Ç Á

’@“ ”v ˜ ›F‡0Àm›(™*¼mƒ—Ô£ˆ¦‡Éˆ¦Ç ˜…E™Œž*™Wƒ|™*•—¸-o‡8–5‡0Àl™Œ–5‡ ¶ –3„¿WÀŒ” ›L‡ “ ž*›F™o˜–3¿* “ ‡8ž*™Œ¹[‚ˆ·‡ “W˜” ˜ |™ “ œ/™*W› “ |‡

Àl‡£›3ˆd‡ ˜ žW‡·šW™W†›‡ ˜ žW‡{¹)™WˆÀm›(‡ “ ž*›F‡ ˜‡£ƒ@™* ˜‡ ƒL”­–3ÀE‡­¹ ˜ žW‡­–¹ …E™Œ–F‡)–3¿L” †ƒ|ƒ—‡[‚›F–3¿@¹)‡ “ º—‡)– ˜ Àm”­– ˜™‚‚Ê|™*W›(–

Àl™m–F–3„¼Œƒ—‡ Á d” “ –¹)‡­–0¹­™ “ ž*˜—™ “ –3¿;¹­™*ˆˆd‡ “Œ˜ œ” †›F‡¹­™*…m”%¼m˜ ‡ ›0¹­‡¸ÄŒ‡$ƒ†º|™ “ –3” ˜ —¹£t‡ ˜ ¹)‡Ü¸-Œ‡ƒ†º|™ “ Ó• “ ™o›F‡

ƒ†Òæß±ºÓØ8”­è˜ 蝁†ƒ*ÀŒ”­–ž*” “ •q‡ ›7ÒL•qÇ “ Ç ›3” ƒ†|–F‡ ›3¿W™*ÒL•ƒ—™o¼Œ” ƒ„—–F‡)›3¿qÒÉÀŒ” › ˜†›žW‡0¸ÄŒ‡ ƒ|¸ÄŒ‡­––F˜‚” ˜ |™ “ –3¿qÒ0¹­™ “ – ˜ ›¡‚„›F‡

 “ –¡Ø-– ˜ Ô ˆ·‡¹­™o…ŒÇ ›F‡ “Œ˜ ” ƒ—™o›F–8¸ÄŒ‡ƒ|‡­–0›¡WÀ ˜W›(‡)–8žW‡¹­™ “Œ˜ “ ‚˜Ç–F™ “m˜ ÀŒ” ˜ ‡ “W˜ ‡)–LßLч­–8¹£”­–8Ç ˜Œž*—Ç­–8™ “Œ˜ 蝁†ƒ—–

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›FÇ­–3|žW‡+–3” “ –@žW™* ˜‡+ž*” “ –ï “ šq”­è/‡ ˜ èîšq|‡ “W˜ ¹ ™ “ – ˜ ” “Œ˜ ‡ “Œ˜›F‡0ƒ—‡)–@Ç ˜ŒžW‡­–@žW‡$¹ ”­–@‡ ˜ ƒ„”0šŒ‡+ž*º—‡ “ –F‡£ˆ¼Œƒ|‡ Á Ϻ|‡­– ˜

žCˆ¦™o“ –7ƒ†º|™*À ˜|™ “ ›F‡ ˜‡ “ Œ‡0ž*” “ –7¹ …m”­¹v “ žW‡­–¸ÄW” ˜ ›F‡@” ›˜—¹£ƒ—‡­– Á

Ñï‡ ÀW›(™*¼mƒ—Ô£ˆ¦‡ž*™Œ¹[‚ˆ·‡ “Œ˜ ” „›F‡‡ ˜ ƒ†”{›FÇ­œ¯ƒ|‡vÌq|™ “ ˆdÇ ˜ …Œ™Œž*™Wƒ—™‚•—¸-o‡¸CW‡ “ žWÇ­¹)™*Wƒ—‡{ˆ·‡ ˜¯˜ ‡ “Œ˜ žW‡

¹­‡ ˜¯˜ ‡@ˆ” “ |Ô ›F‡0”vdÀm›(‡vˆ—‡£›Àmƒ†” “ žW‡0ƒ†º|Ç ˜ŒžW‡É “ ‡0›FÇ­œ¯ƒ|‡vÌq|™ “ ž*º|™*›(ž*›F‡8ÇvÀm—– ˜Ç£ˆd™Wƒ|™*•—¸-o‡ Á ÏL‡ ƒ†ƒ|‡­è¡¹ ·” ÀŒÀm” ›3”˜

”v*̱؇v*̞W‡­–$”  ˜ ‡vW›F–+҃†”·œ/™o`–ܹ)™Wˆˆ¦‡' “ ÀŒ›FÇ ” ƒ„” ¼Œƒ—‡·‡)–F–F‡ “Œ˜ —‡£ƒ‡ ˜ ¹­™*ˆˆd‡' “ ÀWW—–F–3” “m˜ ˆ·™ ˜‡vW›+”v

–F‡£›/š*—¹­‡NžW‡ ƒ„” ›(‡)¹ …E‡ ›Ë¹£…l‡ Á є žW™W¹[‚ˆ·‡ “W˜ ” ˜|™ “ ¹­™ “ –F‡ ›¡š‚Ç)‡ ¿{‡ “ ‡­œ¡œ/‡ ˜¿ “ º—‡)– ˜ ÀŒ”­–9–¡Œœ/œ—–3” “m˜ ‡ ÀE™*W›

” ÀŒÀm›FÇv…l‡ “ žq‡£›7ƒ†” ˜ ™ ˜” ƒ†˜ ǞCÀŒ›F™m¹­‡­–5–¡o– Á­È ™‚‚› ˜” “m˜¿qƒ„”@ÀŒ›3†–F‡0‡ “ ¹­™oˆÀ ˜ ‡0žW‡­–”­¹v “ ‡)–3¿*ƒ†”@ˆ—–F‡É” Ê|™*W›žW‡Æ–

ª7®îµF®`µ ¸ÄŒEÀl‡£› ˜‚›3¼l‡ “W˜ ƒ|‡ ˜ ›3”všq” |ƒ;žW‡ƒ„º†…Œ|– ˜ ™W›3|‡ “ ™*±žW‡ƒ„º†” ›F¹ …EÇ­™oƒ—™*•ÄŒ‡ ¿Eƒ†”›FÇ­œƒ—‡[Ìq—™ “ ¹)™WˆÀŒ” ›3” ˜ÓšW‡Üž*” “ –

 “ ¹£…Œ” ˆÀù£…W›(™ “ ™Wƒ|™*•—¸-o‡Îƒ†” ›(•C‡£ˆ¦‡ “Œ˜ ™‚qšW‡ › ˜¿@Àl‡£›/ˆd‡ ˜¯˜ ‡ “Œ˜ žW‡žW™ “Œ“ ‡v›·ƒ—‡)–·ˆ·™*Ø-‡ “ –å”v ¹£…l‡£›(¹v…E‡vW›3¿

ˆ” ƒÓ•›FÇGƒ—‡)–IžW|œ/œ¡—¹[‚ƒ˜ Ç­–Š–FÇ ›3|‡vŒ–F‡­–Š¸ÄŒ‡ “m˜ ›Ë”všW‡ “Œ˜ ƒ„º—Ç ˜ožW‡£¿ žW‡ ¹)™WˆÀW›F‡ “ žC›F‡Gƒ|‡GÀŒ…EÇ “ ™*ˆ·Ô “ ‡ ‡ ˜

˜›3” “ –Fœ¡™W›¡ˆ¦‡ “m˜ ƒ—‡)–œ¯” „¼Œƒ|‡­–F–F‡)–‡ ˜ ƒ|‡­–ïˆd” “ ¸ÄŒ‡­–‡ “ Àl™o“W˜ –7ž*º†” “ ¹ ›3”v•q‡–5™Wƒ†|žW‡­–žW‡@ƒ„º†” “ ” ƒ»Ø-–F‡ Á

Žœ¯“ ” ƒ†¿7¹­‡'¸ÄŒ‡ƒ|‡­–8žo—œ/œ¡Ç ›F‡ “m˜ –0“m˜ ‡ ›¡š‚‡ “ ” “m˜ –0ÀŒ›3™WÀŒ™Œ–5‡ “Œ˜¿"¹£º—‡­– ˜  “ ‡€›ËÇ­™o›3—‡ “Œ˜ ” ˜|™ “ žC±›F‡[•-” ›Fž Á

ÏL‡ ƒ„ƒ—‡­è¡¹ @Àm›3Óšq„ƒ—Ç£•—‡ “ ™ “ ÀmƒÓŒ–·¹­‡v*Ì ¸-Œœ¡™ “Œ˜ ƒ„”½•Co‡£›Ë›F‡£¿@ˆd” |–·¹­‡[qÌ9¸ÄŒ@ƒ|”–(‚¼m—–F–F‡ “Œ˜3Á ‹Éƒ†ƒ—‡ “ šW˜ ‡ Ò

hal-00277167, version 1 - 5 May 2008