HAL Id: inria-00444646
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00444646
Submitted on 7 Jan 2010
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Application-independent reconciliation for nomadic applications
Marc Shapiro, Antony Rowstron, Anne-Marie Kermarrec
To cite this version:
Marc Shapiro, Antony Rowstron, Anne-Marie Kermarrec. Application-independent reconciliation for
nomadic applications. 9th ACMSIGOPS European Workshop 2000 sigopsew :“Beyond the PC:New
Challenges for the Operating System”, sigops, 2000, Kolding, Denmark, Denmark. �inria-00444646�
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