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An experimental study of ATM capacity
Jean-Marc Alliot, Jean-François Bosc, Nicolas Durand, Lionel Maugis
To cite this version:
Jean-Marc Alliot, Jean-François Bosc, Nicolas Durand, Lionel Maugis. An experimental study of ATM
capacity. ATM 1997, 1st USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar,
Jun 1997, Saclay, France. pp xxxx. �hal-00937705�
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Conflict resolution Fast Time ATC Simulator
User Preferred Route Allocation Departure Slot Allocation
Time Frame
Air Traffic Flow Management Flexible airspace usage
Airspace design Airspace Management
Air Traffic Demand Estimation Several years
Several months
Several days
3 hours before takeoff
Upon sector entry several minutes in asas range before collision several seconds Upon TMA entry Airborne Separation Avoidance System
Planning Controller Radar Controller Short Term Collision Avoidance System
Terminal Area Operations
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 French ATC en-route Delays
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[ [ V [
BM l ¾
E N O J F ` BL J ¾ V k [
V [
BL @ Q A BN P J K N E F ` BN O N O J L @ G J E F BJ A N @ N BE A
@ L N O J F J MJ F J A K J @ BF K F @ MN D @ A I N O J Q A BN P J K N E F
I BF J K N ?U A E F G @ ? N E ^ BL N O J L S J J I P J K N E F E M
F J ?@ N BP J N E VA E F G D BA H N L [ @ A I N O J S E L B\
N BE A P J K N E F E M F J ?@ N BP J N E VA E F G D BA A G [ ^
J N a J N O J O E F Bd E A N @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A A E F G V ^B ^J ]
A G [ M N O J @ BF K F @ M N BL ` BN O BA W i W Z F @ A C J E M
V ü [ D @ A I BL K ?E L BA C E A V ! l [ ^
j J @ K N BE A L @ F J @ S S ?BJ I BA N O J O E F Bd E A N @ ? S ?@ A J
` O B?J @ BF K F @ M N @ F J L J S @ F @ N J I D @ A I P J F N BK @ ??U BM N O J U
?E E L J L J S @ F @ N BE A ^
Ä Å" # Ï ö È Ó Ñ Í Ñ È É Ê Ë Ð ÒÎ ÷ É Ñ ÒÓ Ï Í Ï ú Ò Ï Í
X O J K E F J E M N O J m > W Z L U L N J G BL @ A J A \ F E Q N J N F @ M \
b K L BG Q ?@ N BE A J A C BA J ^ N BL a @ L J I E A @ I BL K F J N J D
b _ J I N BG J L ?BK J J _ J K Q N BE A G E I J ?] N O J S E L BN BE A
I J
Q
P
Fpq = repulsive + sliding force Fqp
alpha
V
BC Q F J · ] Y E I J ? ME F W i W Z ?E C BK
@ A I P J ?E K BN BJ L E M @ BF K F @ MN @ F J K E G S Q N J I @ N b _ J I
N BG J L N J S L D Q L Q @ ??U J P J F U E F l L J K E A I L ^
W BF K F @ MN S J F M E F G @ A K J L @ F J BA N @ a Q ?@ N J I ME F G
I J L K F Ba BA C C F E Q A I L S J J I D P J F N BK @ ? L S J J I D @ A I M Q J ?
a Q F A @ L @ M Q A K N BE A E M @ ?N BN Q I J D @ BF K F @ MN N U S J @ A I
BC O N L J C G J A N VK F Q BL J D K ?BG a E F I J L K J A N ^[ X ` E
G @ BA I @ N @ L J N L ME F @ BF K F @ MN BC O N S J F ME F G @ A K J @ F J
Q L J I ]
½ i W ¬ X j W º R h W i @ BF K F @ M N S J FM E F G @ A K J N @ \
a ?J L D J _ N F @ K N J I M F E G N O J F J A K O BC O N I @ N @
S F E K J L L BA C L U L N J G ¾
½ $ @ L J E M @ BF K F @ MN I @ N @ V$ W µ W [ S J F ME F G @ A K J
L Q G G @ F U N @ a ?J L I J F BP J I M F E G N O J N E N @ ? J A \
J F C U G E I J ? E M R ¬ j m i m h X j m ^ I Bf J F \
J A N @ BF K F @ MN N U S J L @ F J I J L K F Ba J I ^ Z U A E A U G
@ BF K F @ M N @ F J Q L J I N E G E I J ? N O J F J L N E M N O J
J J N ^ X O J W BF a Q L W k l V R W k [ BL Q L J I @ L
I J M@ Q ?N @ BF K F @ M N ^
W BF K F @ MN Q L J I Bf J F J A N A @ P BC @ N BE A G E I J L ] N O J U
K @ A U I BF J K N F E Q N J L N E N O J BF I J L N BA @ N BE A D E F ME ?\
?E ` N O J L J e Q J A K J E M A @ P BC @ N BE A @ BI L I J L K F Ba J I
BA N O J BF BC O N S ?@ A ^ W A Q S K E G BA C b ?N J F ` B??
@ ??E ` @ BF K F @ MN N E Q L J E S N BG Bd J I F E Q N J L N E @ P E BI
K E A C J L N J I @ F J @ L @ A I G BA BG Bd J I J ?@ U L ^ W ?N O E Q C O
N O J F J BL A E F E Q N J E F BJ A N @ N BE A L K O J G J J _ S ?BK BN ?U
I J b A J I ME F N O J @ BF N F @ T K A J N ` E F H D @ BF K F @ M N G @ U
Q L J E A J ?J P J ? E Q N E M N ` E a @ L J I E A BN L O J @ I \
BA C V A E F N O º L E Q N O E F J @ L N º ` J L N F E Q N J E F BJ A N @ N BE A [ ^
R P J F U M E Q F ?J P J ?L K @ A a J @ ?L E Q L J I a @ L J I E A N O J
·
Vh R DZ R DZ c Dh c [ @ BF K F @ M N ¼L E F BJ A N @ N BE A Ve Q @ I F Q \
S ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J [ ^
c O J A @ P @ B?@ a ?J D E S J F @ N BE A @ ? K E A L N F @ BA N L L Q K O
@ L N O J ME F K J I S F E b ?J L E M N O J R ¬ j m \ h W Z > W i
L BG Q ?@ N BE A L U L N J G @ F J @ ?L E N @ H J A BA N E @ K K E Q A N ^
X O J L J BA K ?Q I J K ?BG a D I J L K J A N D E F K F Q BL J ?BG BN @ \
N BE A L @ N L S J K Bb K b _ J L D ME F S @ F N BK Q ?@ F N F @ T K E ` L ^
% = ; 7 = 9 6 9 ; 7 ; 7 6 : ± ³ ´
& 9 8 ' 9 : = 6 : (
¬ A I E Q a N J I ?U D @ BF N F @ T K K E A N F E ??J F ` E F H ?E @ I D I J \
?@ U L D @ BF K F @ M N E S J F @ N E F K E L N L D @ BF K F @ M N L @ M J N U D @ A I
E P J F @ ?? W X Y L U L N J G K @ S @ K BN U @ F J N O J K E F A J F L N E A J
E M J A \ F E Q N J L BG Q ?@ N BE A L ` BN O m > W Z ^ X O J L BG Q ?@ \
N BE A L U L N J G F J K E F I L @ A I K E G S Q N J L N O J ME ??E ` BA C
E Q N S Q N P @ F B@ a ?J L ]
½ BA L N @ A N @ A J E Q L @ BF K F @ M N K E Q A N S J F L J K N E F ¾
½ @ BF K F @ MN E ` F @ N J L N F E Q C O L J K N E F L ¾
½ @ BF a E F A J L J S @ F @ N BE A @ A I K E ??BL BE A @ P E BI @ A K J
L U L N J G L N @ N BL N BK L VA Q G a J F D I Q F @ N BE A D N U S J E M
G @ A J Q P J F L [ ¾
½ K E A BK N L N @ N BL N BK L VC J E G J N F U D @ BF K F @ MN G @ A J Q \
P J F L D I Q F @ N BE A D J N K [ ¾
½ L N @ N BL N BK L MF E G E N O J F b ?N J F L L Q K O @ L C F E Q A I
I J ?@ U L D F Q A ` @ U K @ S @ K BN U Q N B?Bd @ N BE A @ F J @ ?L E
@ P @ B?@ a ?J ^
E F J _ @ G S ?J D K E A N F E ??J F ` E F H ?E @ I BA I BK @ N E F L
@ F J Q L J I N E K O @ F @ K N J F Bd J @ S @ BF E M K E A BK N BA C @ BF \
K F @ MN D a @ L J I E A N O J F J ?@ N BP J @ A C ?J E M N O J K E A BK N D
N O J F J ?@ N BP J O E F Bd E A N @ ? L S J J I E M N O J @ BF K F @ MN D N O J
F J ?@ N BP J P J F N BK @ ? L S J J I E M N O J @ BF K F @ M N D @ A I N O J
I Q F @ N BE A E M N O J K E A BK N ^
i E A N F E ??J F ` E F H ?E @ I @ A I K @ S @ K BN U @ A @ ?U L BL
@ F J K @ F F BJ I E Q N ` BN O @ L BG S ?J G E I J ?D a @ L J I E A
` J BC O N J I L Q G E M N O J L J BA I BK @ N E F L D ` O BK O K @ A a J
G J @ L Q F J I a U L BG Q ?@ N BE A ^ X O BL G E I J ?BA C L N F @ N \
J C U BL G Q K O BA N O J L S BF BN E M N O J K ?@ L L BK @ ? Y $ $
E F µ m j W E S J F @ N E F G E I J ?L V Z S @ k D X E M [ D E F
E M N O J R Q F E K E A N F E ? @ BF L S @ K J G E I J ? @ A I K @ S @ K BN U
@ A @ ?U d J F ^ Z Q a g J K N BP J J ?J G J A N L F J ?@ N J I N E L N F J L L D
S L U K O E ?E C BK @ ? ` E F H ?E @ I D @ F J A E N K E A L BI J F J I J _ \
S ?BK BN ?U ^ : ; 8
X O BL L J K N BE A I J L K F Ba J L S F J ?BG BA @ F U F J L Q ?N L M E F @ L \
L J L L BA C N O J BA N F E I Q K N BE A E M F J I Q K J I P J F N BK @ ? L J S \
@ F @ N BE A G BA BG @ S F E K J I Q F J L V A N k [ BA K E A N BA J A \
N @ ? @ BF L S @ K J @ a E P J BC O N ?J P J ? k l ^ c J Q L J N O J
m > W Z L BG Q ?@ N BE A a @ L J I S ?@ A A J F N E L N Q I U N O F J J
G @ BA j , Z Y @ BF L S @ K J E F C @ A Bd @ N BE A L D ` BN O N O J S F B\
G @ F U E a g J K N BP J E M J L N BG @ N BA C S E N J A N B@ ? a J A J b N L
E A K E A BK N ` E F H ?E @ I D @ A I @ L J K E A I @ F U E a g J K N BP J
E M K E G S @ F BA C N O J L J @ ?N J F A @ N BP J E F C @ A Bd @ N BE A L @ K \
K E F I BA C N E N O J I J A L BN U E M S E N J A N B@ ? K E A BK N L ^
" Å Æ - Ë Í Ï É È Ò Ó Ì Í Ð Ë È Ò Ñ Ò Ó Ï
c BN O K Q F F J A N i W m P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A G BA BG @ D
@ BF K F @ MN G Q L N a J L J S @ F @ N J I a U @ N ?J @ L N k Dl l l M J J N
@ a E P J ^ Q F N O J F G E F J D @ BF K F @ M N K F Q BL J @ N
?J P J ?L N O @ N @ F J K E G S @ N Ba ?J ` BN O N O J E F BJ A N @ N BE A
E M N O J F E Q N J A J N ` E F H ] BA L S J K Bb K @ BF L S @ K J @ F J @ L D
@ BF K F @ MN U BA C A E F N O G Q L N U @ N E I I ?J P J ?L D @ A I
@ BF K F @ MN U BA C L E Q N O G Q L N U @ N J P J A ?J P J ?L ^ ¬ A \
I J F i W m F Q ?J L D k l BL E I I D @ A I @ ?? ?J P J ?L
@ a E P J @ ?N J F A @ N J ] l BL J P J A D l BL E I I D
l BL J P J A D J N K ^ X O BL N U S J E M BC O N ?J P J ? E F B\
J A N @ N BE A L K O J G J V m Z [ D ` O BK O G @ U K E F F J L S E A I
N E J BN O J F J @ L N \ ` J L N E F BJ A N @ N BE A D E F A E F N O \ L E Q N O
E F BJ A N @ N BE A D BL @ I @ S N J I a U J @ K O @ BF N F @ T K K E A \
N F E ? K J A N J F VW i i [ D @ A I N O Q L A E N J A ME F K J I @ L BL ¯
N O F E Q C O E Q N N O J R i W i @ F J @ ^ J N N J F L E M @ C F J J \
G J A N a J N ` J J A W i i L L S J K BM U N O J J A N F U @ A I J _ BN
K E A I BN BE A L ME F BC O N L N O @ N @ F J O @ A I J I E P J F a J \
N ` J J A N O J G ^
E Q F E F C @ A Bd @ N BE A L @ F J L BG Q ?@ N J I D ` O BK O I BM\
MJ F a U N O J P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A G BA BG @ Q L J I @ a E P J
k l D @ A I N O J BC O N ?J P J ? E F BJ A N @ N BE A L K O J G J L
L J ?J K N J I ]
X O J F J MJ F J A K J L K J A @ F BE Q L J k Dl l l M J J N L J S @ F @ \
N BE A @ A I L N @ A I @ F I i W m BC O N ?J P J ? E F BJ A N @ N BE A
L K O J G J ^ X O J C J E C F @ S O BK @ ? @ F J @ E M N O J L BG Q ?@ \
N BE A K E P J F L N O J N O J F J A K O W i i L ^ X O J L BG \
Q ?@ N J I N F @ T K L @ G S ?J BL J _ N F @ K N J I MF E G F J A K O
N F @ T K @ F K O BP J L D @ A I K E G S F BL J L D· ¹ b ??J I @ A I
@ K N Q @ ? BC O N S ?@ A L E M Z J S N J G a J F V BC Q F J [ ^
W BF L S @ K J E S J F @ N BE A @ ? K E A L N F @ BA N L ` J F J A E N N @ H J A
BA N E @ K K E Q A N I Q J N E N O J BF Q A @ P @ B?@ a B?BN U @ N N O J
j J MJ F J A K J i W m j , Z Y j
j k l º j l
j k l º j
j k l º j l
j k l º j
j ! k l º j l
j ! k l º j \ l
j ! k l ¹ º j
BC Q F J ] Y E I J ?BA C I E Q a ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J N F @ T K
j J MJ F J A K J i W m j , Z Y j
j k l º j k l
j k l k º j
E I I V j [ º ¹ j k l
E I I V j [ º ¹ j \ k l
E I I V j [ k º ¹ j
J P J A V j [ º k j \ l
J P J A V j [ º k j l
BC Q F J l ] Y E I J ?BA C L BA C ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J N F @ T K
N BG J E M N O J L N Q I U ^ j , Z Y L K J A @ F BE L Q L J Dl l l
M J J N E M P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A L G BA BG @ D @ L ME ??E ` L ]
^ i W m \ Dl l l M J J N a J ?E ` D k Dl l l MJ J N
@ a E P J ME F P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A L ¾
k ^ j , Z Y \ L BA C ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J ] @ ?? ?J P J ?L @ F J E I I
E F J P J A a @ L J I E A N O J L J K E A I I BC BN E M N O J
?J P J ? ] B^J l BL E I I D k l BL J P J A ^
^ j , Z Y \ I E Q a ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J ] i W m ?J P J ?L H J J S
N O J BF E F BJ A N @ N BE A L D A J ` BA N J F G J I B@ N J ?J P J ?L
O @ P J N O J L @ G J E F BJ A N @ N BE A E M N O J i W m ?J P J ?
BG G J I B@ N J ?U O BC O J F ^
¹ ^ j , Z Y \ e Q @ I F Q S ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J ] E A J E Q N E M M E Q F
?J P J ?L BL Q L J I @ K K E F I BA C N E N O J A E F N O \ J @ L N D
A E F N O \ ` J L N D L E Q N O \ ` J L N E F L E Q N O \J @ L N E F BJ A \
N @ N BE A E M N O J F E Q N J ^
X E G E I J ? @ A j , Z Y N F @ T K I J G @ A I D ` J F J \
I BL N F Ba Q N J N O J BC O N S ?@ A L ¼ F J e Q J L N J I BC O N ?J P \
J ?L Vj [ ^ ¸ BP J A @ BC O N ¼L j BA N O J F J MJ F J A K J
N F @ T K D ` J C BP J N O J S F E a @ a B?BN U E M N O J BC O N N E
Q L J @ A E N O J F ?J P J ? ME F N O J I E Q a ?J @ A I N O J L BA C ?J
@ ?N J F A @ N J L K J A @ F BE BA V BC Q F J L D l [ ^ j J MJ F J A K J i W m j , Z Y j
j k l º k j
j k l º ¹ j l
j k l º ¹ j l
j k l º j \ l
j k l º j
j k l º j l
j k l º j k l
j ! k l º j \ k l
j ! k l º ¹ j \ l
j ! k l º ¹ j
j ! k l º ¹ j l
j ! k l º j k l
BC Q F J ] j Q ?J L ME F e Q @ I F Q S ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J
h @ G J j J M Z BA C ?J µ E Q a ?J . Q @ I ^
¸ k k ^ · k ^ k k ^· k ^ l
¸ ¹ ^· k k ^ · l ^ l k ^
BC Q F J k ] W P J F @ C J F @ N J E M N F @ T K S J F O E Q F ME F
S J @ H O E Q F L E M Z J S N J G a J F
X E G E I J ? e Q @ I F Q S ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J N F @ T K D ` J @ S \
S ?U @ L BG B?@ F F Q ?J N E J L N BG @ N J N O J BC O N ¼L E S N B\
G Q G ?J P J ?L V BC Q F J [ D @ A I N O J A L J ?J K N N O J K ?E L \
J L N ?J P J ? ` BN O @ K E F F J K N F E Q N J E F BJ A N @ N BE A ^
" Å ô / Í Ð ÷Ñ Ð
X E J P @ ?Q @ N J N O J P @ F BE Q L E S N BE A L E M N O J L K J A @ F BE D
` J L BG Q ?@ N J I G E F J N O @ A G B??BE A L BC O N L ] l
I @ U L E M N F @ T K 0 k N F @ T K I J G @ A I N U S J L Vb ??J I @ A I
@ K N Q @ ? BC O N S ?@ A L [ 0 Dl l l BC O N S ?@ A L S J F I @ U
0 ¹ E S N BE A L ^ X O J L J L BG Q ?@ N BE A L ` J F J S J F ME F G J I
E P J F A BC O N BA l O E Q F L E M K E G S Q N BA C N BG J E A N O J
` E F H L N @ N BE A K ?Q L N J F @ N i R h W D ` BN O l G @ K O BA J L ^
c J @ A @ ?U d J a J ?E ` N O J L N @ N BL N BK L E Q N S Q N M F E G N O J
L BG Q ?@ N BE A L a E N O @ N N O J L J K N E F ?J P J ? ` BN O L J K N E F L
¸ k @ A I ¸ E M W B_ \ J A \ > F E P J A K J W i i D @ A I @ N N O J
E P J F @ ?? @ BF L S @ K J L U L N J G ?J P J ? ^
" Åû Ç È É Ê Ë ù Ó È 1 ÷ Ó É Ì
W N N O J L J K N E F ?J P J ? D ` J M E K Q L E A L J K N E F L ¸ k
@ A I ¸ D ` O BK O @ F J I J b A J I F J L S J K N BP J ?U a J N ` J J A
k · \ k l D @ A I k l \ l l ^ X O J @ P J F @ C J
F @ N J E M N F @ T K E ` S @ L N N O J L J L J K N E F L I Q F BA C S J @ H
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G2 Throughput
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J ] N O F E Q C O S Q N E M L J K N E F ¸ k VO E Q F ?U F @ N J
E M N F @ T K E ` [
S J F BE I L E M N O J G E A N O V X O Q F L I @ U L @ A I F BI @ U L ]
· D ¹ BC O N L S ?@ A L [ BL C BP J A BA BC Q F J k ^
X O J @ A @ ?U L BL E M L J K N E F N O F E Q C O S Q N V BC \
Q F J D ¹ [ @ A I ` E F H ?E @ I VBA L N @ A N @ A J E Q L @ BF K F @ M N
K E Q A N D BC Q F J L D [ L O E ` @ N F @ A L MJ F E M N F @ T K
Vk l [ a J N ` J J A ¸ @ A I ¸ k ` BN O N O J j , Z Y L BA C ?J
@ ?N J F A @ N J ^ A E N O J F ` E F I L D ` BN O j , Z Y D N O J N F @ M \
b K BL A E ?E A C J F J e Q BN @ a ?U S @ F N BN BE A J I a J N ` J J A N O J
N ` E L J K N E F L ^ X O J U G BC O N O @ P J N E a J F J \ I J L BC A J I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G3Throughput
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J ¹ ] N O F E Q C O S Q N E M L J K N E F ¸ V O E Q F ?U F @ N J
E M N F @ T K E ` [
l
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G2 Workload
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J ] ` E F H ?E @ I E M L J K N E F ¸ k V G @ _ BG Q G
BA L N @ A N @ A J E Q L A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN [
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G3Workload
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J ] ` E F H ?E @ I E M L J K N E F ¸ V G @ _ BG Q G
BA L N @ A N @ A J E Q L A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN [
P J F N BK @ ??U ^
" ÅÄ Ó Ï ø ÒË Ñ ù Ó È 1 ÷Ó É Ì
c J I J b A J K E A BK N ` E F H ?E @ I 2 @ L N O J @ P J F @ C J
A Q G a J F E M L J S @ F @ N BE A G BA BG @ BA MF BA C J G J A N L S J F
L J K N E F ^ E F L J K N E F L ¸ k @ A I ¸ D BN BL I J L K F Ba J I
BA BC Q F J D ME F S J @ H O E Q F L E M Z J S N J G a J F ^
3 4 v p || { v t5 p t |p 6v t7 8 w v æ } v w p | t5 v z sr q p q uut7 r 6
ç r u|ur } z vs 5 r s r 6 9 u 5 t 8 u| } r t p : v ç t v w q 7 t5 v u} tsr w ç ;
t ur } r 6 < = ê é í ê p 6v t7 u|| v | p sv p w w s v || v w > ut5 |z v ç uæ ç
p } p 7 tuç p { r w v | ë?@} tA B Cì í @} w v v w 8 ut u| u} 5 v s v } t7 w uD ;
ç t tr v |tu{ p tv q 7 |u{ p tur } t5 v w u|ts uq tur } r 6 { uw ;p us
ç r u|ur } | 8 w v tr t5 vus 5 u 5 u{ z s r q p q uut7 í 4 v w r { v p ;
| s v 5 r > v v s t5 v s u|E r 6 ç r } 9 uç t p | p ç r } ts r v s > r sE r p w
u} w uç p tr s í
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G2 Conflicts
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J · ] A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L S J F O E Q F ME F L J K N E F
¸ k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 9601020108011401200126013201380 G3Conflicts
ICAO SINGLE ALTERNATE
BC Q F J ] A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L S J F O E Q F ME F L J K N E F
¸ Z J K N E F j J M Z BA C ?J µ E Q a ?J . Q @ I ^
¸ k ¹ ^l ¹ k ^k k k ^ ^ k
¸ ¹ ^ ¹ ^ k k ^l ¹ k ^l ¹
BC Q F J ] W P J F @ C J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L S J F O E Q F
K E G S Q N J I ME F S J @ H O E Q F L E M Z J S N J G a J F
B??J I l ^¹ l ^k ¹ l ^k · l ^k
W K N Q @ ? l ^¹ ¹ ¹ l ^k ¹ · l ^k ¹ l l ^k
BC Q F J k l ] i E A BK N F BL H ?J P J ?L ME F S F E S E L J I
j , Z Y E F C @ A Bd @ N BE A L @ A I BG S @ K N E M N F @ T K E `
F J C Q ?@ N BE A X F @ T K j BL H , @ F B@ N BE A
l ^¹
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N BL I J S BK N J I @ ?E A C N O J I @ U BA V BC Q F J L · D [ ^
c BN O j , Z Y D K E A BK N F @ N J L @ F J F J I Q K J I BA @ P J F \
@ C J a U l ^ µ J L S BN J N F @ T K E ` BA K F J @ L J L BA ¸ k D
N O J K E A BK N F @ N J BL F J I Q K J I a U ¹ l ^ m N O J F K E A \
BK N F J ?@ N J I BA I BK N @ N E F L @ F J BA L BG B?@ F S ?BC O N ^
W N N O J L U L N J G ?J P J ? D ` J J L N BG @ N J V BC Q F J k l [
N O J BG S @ K N E M j , Z Y E F C @ A Bd @ N BE A L E A K E A BK N
I J A L BN U ` BN O @ K E A BK N F BL H BA I BK @ N E F ] N O J A Q G \
a J F E M K E A BK N S J F O E Q F E M BC O N D M E F @ ?? K E A BK N L
@ a E P J l l D @ A I ME F @ ?? N O J L BG Q ?@ N J I N F @ T K
L @ G S ?J V D· ¹ BC O N S ?@ A L [ ^
X O J E P J F @ ?? BG S @ K N E M j , Z Y E A K E A BK N ` E F H
?E @ I BL K ?J @ F ?U L BC A Bb K @ A N D G Q K O O BC O J F N O @ A N O J
BG S @ K N E M N F @ T K E ` F J C Q ?@ N BE A ^ Q F N O J F G E F J D
N O J F J BL A E K ?J @ F a J A J b N L a J N ` J J A N O J S F E S E L J I
j , Z Y E S N BE A L VL BA C ?J E F I E Q a ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J [ ^ $ B@ L
I Q J N E N F @ T K L @ G S ?J J L N BG @ N BE A S F E K J I Q F J L A J J I
N E a J MQ F N O J F @ A @ ?U d J I ^ W N N O BL S E BA N D E S J F @ \
N BE A @ ? K E A L BI J F @ N BE A L L Q K O @ L N F @ A L BN BE A L N J S L S F J \
P @ B? E P J F N O J K O E BK J E M J BN O J F j , Z Y E S N BE A L ^
" Å Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Ï Ð Ò Ñ F
c J J L N BG @ N J I N O J BG S @ K N E M N F @ T K I J A L BN U E A
N O J E P J F @ ?? F BL H ?J P J ? a U N @ H BA C N O J L @ G J N F @ T K
L @ G S ?J @ A I K E G S F J L L BA C N O J BC O N L ¼ J A N F U N BG J
BA N O J L BG Q ?@ N BE A VI BP BI J I a U N ` E N E I E Q a ?J N O J
I J A L BN U [ ^ Z N @ A I @ F I @ BF F E Q N J A J N ` E F H @ A I P J F N B\
K @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A G BA BG @ ` @ L Q L J I ^ V BC Q F J k [ µ j R i X i W m l ^k · l
W i W Z i W m l ^
W i W Z Z h ¸ R l ¹ ^
BC Q F J k k ] G S @ K N E M j , Z Y E A F J J ?BC O N X F @ M\
b K X F @ T K W i W Z
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k l ^k l
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BA @ ??U D ` J @ A @ ?U d J I N O J BG S @ K N E M j , Z Y @ A I
I J A L BN U M @ K N E F L ` BN O @ O U S E N O J N BK @ ? MF J J \ BC O N
L K J A @ F BE ] @ ?? G B?BN @ F U F J L N F BK N J I @ F J @ L @ F J BA @ K \
N BP J D @ ?? @ BF K F @ MN @ F J J e Q BS S J I ` BN O W Z W Z N U S J
L U L N J G L D @ A I U @ ?G E L N I BF J K N \ E F N O E I F E G BK \
F E Q N J L N E N O J BF I J L N BA @ N BE A L ^
c J I J b A J @ L W i W Z ` E F H ?E @ I ME F @ A @ BF K F @ MN
N O J ¦ ¤ ¨ þ £ ý ¤ ¥ ¦ ¤ ¨ BA L J K E A I L A J J I J I N E S J F \
ME F G J P @ L BP J G @ A J Q P J F L BA E F I J F N E S F J P J A N K E A \
BK N L ^ M @ BF K F @ M N W BL BA BA N J F @ K N BE A ` BN O $ Di D @ A I
µ D I Q F BA C E A J L J K E A I D N O BL K E Q A N L @ L L J K E A I L
E M W i W Z ` E F H ?E @ I M E F W ^ h E N J N O @ N @ ?? K E A BK N L
` J F J F J L E ?P J I ` BN O N O J S F E S E L J I W i W Z G E I J ?^
BC Q F J k k L O E ` L N O @ N N O J Q L J E M I BF J K N F E Q N J L
V A E G B?BN @ F U @ F J @ L [ @ A I L N @ A I @ F I P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ \
N BE A L U BJ ?I L N O J L @ G J E P J F @ ?? K E A BK N F BL H ?J P J ?L
@ L N O J L N @ A I @ F I F E Q N J A J N ` E F H @ A I j , Z Y P J F N B\
K @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A L ^ Q F N O J F G E F J D N O J @ P J F @ C J W i W Z
` E F H ?E @ I BL F J I Q K J I a U O @ ?M ` BN O j , Z Y ] e Q @ ?B\
N @ N BP J ?U D N O J BG S @ K N E M j , Z Y E A M F J J \ BC O N N F @ T K
BL L BC A Bb K @ A N ^
c J K @ A @ ?L E G J @ L Q F J N O @ N BA O BC O I J A L BN U
N F @ T K @ F J @ L L Q K O BA F @ A K J D BN a J K E G J L G E F J
@ A I G E F J I BT K Q ?N N E F J L E ?P J K E A BK N L ` BN O E A ?U
W i W Z N U S J L U L N J G L ] N O J @ P J F @ C J W i W Z ` E F H
?E @ I S J F @ BF K F @ MN BA K F J @ L J L G Q K O O BC O J F N O @ A N O J
I J A L BN U M @ K N E F V BC Q F J k [ ^
k
X O J L BG Q ?@ N E F O @ L a J J A Q L J I N E L N Q I U P @ F B\
E Q L C ?E a @ ? N F @ T K S @ F @ G J N J F L ^ X O J N F @ T K L @ G \
S ?J Q L J I M E F L BG Q ?@ N BE A BA K ?Q I J L @ ?? K E A N F E ??J I
BC O N L BA N O J F J A K O @ BF L S @ K J M E F @ S @ F N BK Q ?@ F
I @ U ^ Y E L N N J L N L Q L J I @ L @ G S ?J MF E G µ J K J G a J F
D k V F BI @ U [ ^ X O J BC O N L K @ A M E ??E ` N O J BF
L K O J I Q ?J I F E Q N J D E F U I BF J K N ?U N E N O J BF I J L N BA @ \
N BE A ^ X O J L BG Q ?@ N E F S F E P BI J L F J @ ?BL N BK K E A N F E ?\
M F J J BC O N S F E b ?J L ^
W N F @ T K BA K F J @ L J K @ A a J L BG Q ?@ N J I a U I BP BI BA C
@ ?? N @ H J \ E f N BG J L a U @ K E A L N @ A N M@ K N E F V@ L @ L BI J
J f J K N D N O J I Q F @ N BE A E M N O J I @ U BL I BP BI J I a U N O J
L @ G J M@ K N E F [ ^ µ Q F BA C N BG J S J F BE I L ` O J F J N F @ T K
BL L N @ a ?J D N O J F J BL @ P J F U L N F BK N K E F F J ?@ N BE A a J \
N ` J J A N O J A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN BA BC O N @ A I N O @ N
M @ K N E F D ` O BK O N O J F J ME F J F J S F J L J A N L C ?E a @ ? N F @ T K
I J A L BN U VN O J I J A L BN U E M N O J E F BC BA @ ? L @ G S ?J a J BA C
J e Q @ ? N E [ ^ ?BC O N ?J P J ?L K @ A a J F @ A I E G ?U F J @ ??E \
K @ N J I BA E F I J F N E BA K F J @ L J N O J A Q G a J F E M @ P @ B?@ a ?J
?J P J ?L ` O J A P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A BL @ ?N J F J I ^
c J Q L J I N O J L BG Q ?@ N E F BA E F I J F N E J P @ ?Q @ N J N O J
BA Q J A K J E M P @ F BE Q L S @ F @ G J N J F L E A N O J A Q G a J F
E M K E A BK N L @ A I K ?Q L N J F L ^ X O J P @ ?Q J L Q L J I M E F N O J
S @ F @ G J N J F L ` J F J ]
½ O E F Bd E A N @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A L Vh Y [ ] D k D ¹ D D D
l
½ P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A L VMN [ ] l l D l l D l l D
l l l D l l D l l D l l D k l l l V A E BA K F J @ L J
@ a E P J k [
½ N BG J K E G S F J L L BE A ] D ^k D ^ D ^· D k D k ^ D
¹
X O J K E F F J L S E A I BA C L BG Q ?@ N BE A L ` J F J S J F ME F G J I
` BN O L N @ A I @ F I F E Q N J L D L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L ` BN O E Q N
F J L E ?Q N BE A D @ A I L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L ` BN O F J L E ?Q N BE A ^
Y E F J E P J F D BA E F I J F N E L N Q I U N O J BA Q J A K J E M
N O J N BG J O E F Bd E A D ` J Q L J I @ P @ F B@ a ?J \?J A C N O N BG J
` BA I E ` V F @ A C BA C a J N ` J J A l @ A I l G A [ ^
BC Q F J k ¹ L O E ` L N O J I BL N F Ba Q N BE A E M BC O N L a U
BC O N ?J P J ?D ` BN O N O J E F BC BA @ ? L @ G S ?J D ` BN O j , Z Y
VL BA C ?J @ ?N J F A @ N J [ D @ A I ` BN O l l MN P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ \
F @ N BE A ^ L Å Æ / Í Ð ÷Ñ Ð
X O J F J L Q ?N L E a L J F P J I BA L N @ A I @ F I @ A I L N F @ BC O N
VM F J J [ F E Q N J L @ F J S F J L J A N J I BA N @ a ?J L VK Q F F J A N
N F @ T K [ @ A I k VN F @ T K BA K F J @ L J I a U l [ ^ X O J
?@ L N N ` E K E ?Q G A L C BP J N O J I Bf J F J A K J VBA S J F K J A N \
@ C J [ a J N ` J J A A E F G @ ? @ A I L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L ^ j J \
C @ F I BA C L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L D N O J ME ??E ` BA C S E BA N L K @ A
a J E a L J F P J I ]
½ X F @ T K I J A L BN U I J K F J @ L J L a U E F · D a J \
K @ Q L J E M N O J BA I Q K J I F J I Q K N BE A E M BC O N N BG J L
V D¹ E A @ P J F @ C J [ ^
½ X O J A Q G a J F L E M K E A BK N L @ A I K ?Q L N J F L I J \
K F J @ L J I F @ G @ N BK @ ??U ^
½ X O J L Bd J E M K ?Q L N J F L V A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN @ A I
A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L [ I J K F J @ L J L ^
N BL C J A J F @ ??U @ I G BN N J I N O @ N L N F Q K N Q F J I N F @ M\
b K VME ??E ` BA C @ F E Q N J A J N ` E F H D ` BN O L J G B\K BF K Q ?@ F
F Q ?J [ F J I Q K J L N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L ^ Z E G J @ I \
I BN BE A @ ? F J L Q ?N L F J C @ F I BA C L J G B\K BF K Q ?@ F F Q ?J @ F J
C BP J A a J ?E ` ^ A N O J S F J L J A N K @ L J D E A J G Q L N K E A \
L BI J F N O @ N ` BN O L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L N O J ` O E ?J MF J A K O
@ BF L S @ K J K @ A a J Q L J I ^ R P J A N O E Q C O L E G J @ F J @ L
@ F J L N B?? O J @ P B?U ?E @ I J I D N O J E P J F @ ?? N F @ T K I J A L BN U
BL F J I Q K J I D ` O BK O BL S F E a @ a ?U E A J E M N O J G @ BA
K @ Q L J L E M N O J F J I Q K N BE A E M N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A \
BK N L ^
X O J F J I Q K N BE A E M N O J A Q G a J F E M BC O N L BA N O J
` BA I E ` BA I Q K J I a U j , Z Y K @ A a J J _ S ?@ BA J I a U
N O J ` @ U BC O N ?J P J ?L @ F J F J @ ??E K @ N J I BA N O J L BG Q \
?@ N BE A ] E A @ P J F @ C J A J ` ?J P J ?L @ F J L ?BC O N ?U ?E ` J F
N O @ A BA BN B@ ? E A J L ^ X O J F J ME F J K ?BG a @ A I I J L K J A N
S O @ L J L D I Q F BA C ` O BK O L S J J I BL ?E ` J F N O @ N K F Q BL J
L S J J I D @ F J F J I Q K J I D ` O BK O BA I Q K J L @ L ?BC O N F J \
I Q K N BE A E M BC O N N BG J L D @ A I N O J F J ME F J @ F J I Q K \
N BE A E M N O J A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN L BG Q ?N @ A J E Q L ?U BA
BC O N ^ X O BL S O J A E G J A E A BL A E N L BC A Bb K @ A N ^ m A
N O J E N O J F O @ A I D N O J F J BL @ L BC A Bb K @ A N F J I Q K N BE A
E M N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L a J K @ Q L J N O J a Q L BJ L N
BC O N ?J P J ?L @ F J @ a E P J k V K M ^ b C Q F J k ¹ [ ^ W L
E A J K E Q ?I J _ S J K N D N O BL F J I Q K N BE A G @ BA ?U K E A K J F A L
K F Q BL J BC O N L ^
î × Ö Ö Û ß á á ïÜ Õ Ü ó á ß à ïM ð ïÛ ð × Þâ Û Û × Þß Ù Z E G J
L BG Q ?@ N BE A L O @ P J a J J A G @ I J ` BN O E Q N N @ H BA C BA N E
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Number of aircraft
Flight levels
standard RVSM 500ft
BC Q F J k ¹ ] X F @ T K I BL N F Ba Q N BE A
N O P Q R S S Q T S Q U V WX Y Q T WZ [\ ]
^ R UQ W_ V ` S R a V U V Q WO b c d e N ^ c f c d e N ^ c f c d e N ^ c f
g h O i j WX Y Q Wb QY R k Wb T O k l l m l n o l m o l m m p q rs p t rm
g h O i _ `P S QR U S u s u l v o l s pl t p v v
g h O i _ O b j W_ Q S t t q n u v v l pu u p u s
l V w _ `R x R ` l m q n o u pl o p v v
n V w _ `R x R ` v s v t l m l m pu t p u q
m V w _ `R x R ` n y n s s s po s p o q
z x X b h O i _ O b j W_ Q S a R U _ `P S Q R U n rq m n ru o n rl v n rn u pl v p l n
f V { b h O i _ O b j W_ QS a R U _ `P S Q R U u u v v | |
z x X b h O i V WU_ U V iQ a R U _ `P S Q R U l ro l l rv s l rn t l rn n p n u p n n
f V { b h O i V WU _ U V iQ a R U _ `P SQ R U o o v v | |
X @ a ?J ] i Q F F J A N N F @ T K ^
N O P Q R S S Q T S Q U V WX Y Q T WZ [\ ]
^ R UQ W_ V ` S R a V U V Q WO b c d e N ^ c f c d e N ^ c f c d e N ^ c f
g h O i j WX Y Q Wb QY R k Wb T O k o o t o u o o l l o n n p q rv p q rl
g h O i _ `P S QR U S l n y l m m n t q n o m pl m p l o
g h O i _ O b j W_ Q S o m m u m y v n u l u v pv t p u m
l `R x R ` n q m q t y n v o pu v p u s
n `R x R ` l n q l n v n m v n m o po l p u n
b O b R `R x R ` n l u n l y n l m n m v pv p l m
z x X b h O i _ O b j W_ Q S a R U _ `P S Q R U l rl s l rm o n rt s n rq l pl l p l n
f V { b h O i _ O b j W_ QS a R U _ `P S Q R U v t l v n s n v po n p u v
z x X b h O i V WU_ U V iQ a R U _ `P S Q R U v rm t l rs y l rq s l ro v p n v p n l
f V { b h O i V WU _ U V iQ a R U _ `P SQ R U v v n y n y n m pu l p u t
X @ a ?J k ] l BA K F J @ L J ^
¹
C @ Q L L B@ A A E BL J ` BN O L N @ A I @ F I I J P B@ N BE A l l MN BL
@ I I J I N E N O J F J e Q J L N J I BC O N ?J P J ?D @ A I N O J F J L Q ?N
BL N O J A N F Q A K @ N J I N E N O J ?J P J ? BG G J I B@ N J ?U a J ?E ` D
` O @ N J P J F BN L S @ F BN U G @ U a J ^ Z BG Q ?@ N BE A L O @ P J
a J J A G @ I J ` BN O j , Z Y BA L N @ A I @ F I @ A I I BF J K N
F E Q N J L D ` BN O K Q F F J A N @ A I BA K F J @ L J I N F @ T K ^ j J \
L Q ?N L E a L J F P J I I Q F BA C N O J ` O E ?J I @ U @ F J C BP J A BA
N @ a ?J D N O E L J E a L J F P J I BA N O J Q L Q @ ? N BG J ` BA I E `
@ F J BA N @ a ?J ¹ VN O J L J ?@ L N F J L Q ?N L K E A K J F A ?BG BN J I
A Q G a J F L E M K E A BK N L D N O J F J M E F J N O J Q A K J F N @ BA N U BL
O BC O J F [ ^
N @ S S J @ F L N O @ N L J G B\K BF K Q ?@ F F Q ?J @ ??E ` L @
L BC A Bb K @ A N I J K F J @ L J E M N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L ^
Y E F J E P J F D L BA K J BN J ?BG BA @ N J L E S S E L BN J J A K E Q A \
N J F L D BN BA K F J @ L J L N O J N BG J @ P @ B?@ a ?J ME F N O J K E A \
N F E ??J F N E F J @ K N ^ m A N O J E N O J F O @ A I D BN @ ?L E BA \
K F J @ L J L N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L ` BN O L G @ ?? @ A C ?J D
` O BK O @ F J G E F J K E L N ?U F J C @ F I BA C N O J I Q F @ N BE A E M
N O J G @ A J Q P J F L @ A I N O J BC O N N BG J E F I BL N @ A K J
V µ Q F [ ^
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A @ ?? K @ L J L VA E F G @ ? E F L N F @ BC O N F E Q N J L D ` BN O
E F ` BN O E Q N F J L E ?Q N BE A [ D N O J K E F F J ?@ N BE A a J N ` J J A
N BG J K E G S F J L L BE A @ A I N O J A Q G a J F E M @ BF K F @ MN BA
BC O N K E F F J L S E A I N E N O J S F J I BK N BE A ]
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M @ K N E F ^ X O J J F F E F E A N O J P @ ?Q J E M BL @ S S F E _ \
BG @ N J ?U D @ A I N O J K E F F J ?@ N BE A K E J T K BJ A N BL
^ ^ X O J F J ME F J N O J L Bd J E M N O J N BG J ` BA I E ` O @ L
A E BA K BI J A K J E A N O J @ P J F @ C J N F @ T K D ` O BK O G J @ A L
N O @ N N O J N F @ T K I J A L BN U F J G @ BA L L N @ a ?J N O F E Q C O \
E Q N N O J N BG J ` BA I E ` D J P J A ME F ?@ F C J ` BA I E ` L
` BN O O BC O K E G S F J L L BE A M@ K N E F ^
~ Ü Õ ïð Ø á â Õ ñ ð Þ× á Ø ß Û á
c J E a L J F P J N O @ N N O J S @ F @ G J N J F L VL J S @ F @ N BE A L D
N BG J K E G S F J L L BE A @ A I ` BA I E ` ?J A C N O [ @ F J BA I J \
S J A I J A N ^ c J K @ A J _ S J K N N O @ N N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A \
BK N L ` B?? BA K F J @ L J ` BN O J @ K O E M N O J G D @ A I ` B?? a J N F U N E G E I J ? N O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L @ L ME ??E ` L ]
` O J F J BL N O J N BG J K E G S F J L L BE A M @ K N E F D N O J
O E F Bd E A N @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A D N O J P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A D
@ A I N O J L Bd J E M N O J N BG J ` BA I E ` ^
î Ø â Õ ñ â Û ñ Û Ü × Ø ß á Ù X O J F J L Q ?N L @ F J S F J L J A N J I
BA N @ a ?J ^ X O J A Q G a J F E M K E A BK N L BL @ S S F E _ B\
G @ N J ?U S F E S E F N BE A @ ? N E N O J L e Q @ F J E M N F @ T K I J A \
L BN U D N E O E F Bd E A N @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A D @ A I N E N O J L Bd J E M
N O J N BG J ` BA I E ` ^
j J C @ F I BA C P J F N BK @ ? L J S @ F @ N BE A D G E I J ?L V W ?J · l D
$ E L ¹ [ S F J I BK N N O @ N N O J BA K F J @ L J BL S F E S E F N BE A @ ?
N E N O J L J S @ F @ N BE A D E F N E N O J BA P J F L J E M N O J A Q G \
a J F E M @ P @ B?@ a ?J BC O N ?J P J ?L D ` O BK O BL E a L J F P J I
O J F J ME F K E A BK N L a J N ` J J A K F Q BL BA C @ BF K F @ MN ^ » E ` \
J P J F D @ ?@ F C J F L J S @ F @ N BE A F J I Q K J L N O J A Q G a J F E M
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