';::~"', ~or._l!I '~n~1'~:us.~~~port .o~' ;,t,h~S , ~ heS,ls "'~:' ",Pt:~Vl~~ng t~e,_; ,-, ~,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

".; R

^ee

~~~I~:~~:;: . • t:;:~.::~::i:~P1~::~i:0~O:::{::.~d') ^.

.

';::~"', ~or._l!I '~n~1'~:us.~~~port .o~' ;,t,h~S , ~ heS,ls "'~:' ",Pt:~Vl~~ng t~e,_; ,-, ~,

^"

',:-:.,<'

.

... .• ::,.:.~::';. ·/.;~.'D:::;(fP':~:~~.~:.::t;!~:t~;;i;;,: • . ^!;a1 ^· ^':t ^"

^ee

'. ~t"·· ^.. ^..., ^:. ^" ^,

, . "

~' Spec ial 'thank8~ a~e ,d~l'

^t^o

~r. CO l1n~Banfleld (~eographY

⁽^,:

~ '. :'"

^I ^'

~ Dep~t~ent l M;,morla1 I Un1V~.~61ty

^of

N ef

^{rliila nd)}^fpr

^h~8tadviei ^. ^~

I'\.. .' enthu81aetlc aselatan eein

~h~ ~le1l1

and ont1mled.w;ra1.11ng;

< "~",~

^t

::.? (j:<, ~.~~.~.~.?~;_:'" ~~~j:'~llp,~~_~;~~\::i;,~-:_i: '~.~~f~o' - ; .. ~.~on·.:~

; ~~~~ l llilllli~f~"~.

';,.'

';,(Atmospherlo-.EnvlrC?nment.: Servl:c1ti',,:Qpper:IAlr,Stat1on, .~

^:,.\)::.

1

^~

. - .

^~;'~~1.'3'""'-'f^I/:',::,;'L'--",\."""'.:~.'.'- '.l ."';:'::t'Ii~';';~~'~b;~~~;,:'i:'-'

;,

~ ~

i

"'-'.-",.

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

...-&.- . ,

,.r

~-~ /'-:;'

•

Figure 2.1 The instrumentationmast

21

(41)

(42)

(43)

Figure 2.2 Wind velocity and temperature sensors near the ice surface

(44)

(45)

:'."'

: .

" ~%i~~~f¥~

- " , \~.'-."~ -(,« ,::.,: ~;" '-- :'.- ~'-" ':':" " ~:6> '-:>\--:""

, ',> "~:c,,~ :.,:;0' \ ; ":,':'\

: :: .::b:~~~::; '::~l\:t::::r~:,t!,::::::;t~:~o::r:::.:~:,\~,;::~

:~ t~eet Udt:::_.> '

'.' .. i,..._."\-.

~:

^.:^'; ^;

'2

. : :;~: :;=~;:.1.:o:~

^- ^' ^.^" ^- ^'-

^.OO

^{" .}

^L;.,: ^"

,

^, ^.L

.'

".~el . ⁰ ^; ^' ^?'

In.abov ethe,1e~'surtaee;'.~.^by·.an<ane;~gr'aPh:.-.;The.anem~~;aPh

"., , ;~:;;::';:1:;::f;;~;:n:i:::::~::t~;(::;.\\ ·'1~'

^•.•

~~'

^"

~ , ' '!',< ,

t?~lt.iii~~ ;t;:2~ ,; '· .

':.:-'m/ ~~)~ :: ~?: r~:,~~~~~'}irui~l :·,·~~.: ~nt~".a f~u!:nt~~~~:·:: ..: ":."

)\ ·J:~:;~r:~~:;'::,i::·~;tt:~~~:=,!;~:~~;f;:; ';:::~;::' :' -.

'..~."'~~: ^..^used

. :0

.powe~:~e e~s~~~s_.we.re^__·ho.us~~d..-j,~^a.c~"feredB,le~^{-r aiBed'} ^'..\^:

!:.,.-.:.':" ; ...-.. :'.,',.

(46)

Figure 2.3 Instrumentation mast and shelter 27

(47)

...'"

a~

¹⁵^.j^"

abC!~e\t~~

^\^ICI!

5urra.c·~: (F~g.

^'^L^{1 p}^',^,,^'^{) .} ,," .' '\

·•

St.~ve~_aon lI~r\ ~e~: ~~.~ta1ned.. m~~"-and ~ntJIIUIII t~ermolllet.er_~

^-.

·(~e~d.-at09.: 0 0.M".D;.s.'l", .an d2J,.?OM. D.S.':,.dally)\anda ' . . \: -

• -Cas e l

" ....

la-th e rlllObl'gro gr^'^,^'

^" ^.

^':a ph. ^,Dur ing^'^{. .} pro f ileruns. ai r

.

^'.^,.";

tempera ture. relatIv ehumi dI ty . baromet ricpre ee ur e ten- ::

de~~';: .·clo~d

^.

c~~~~/ an~' t:'.~~'. -dur~t'l~n. a~~

^_

~ype .Q.~ p~~Cl~:lt'~-

t1.~,~^.•er~r~c~rt^{hour ly.'},~~1s.1~rormat~on.~a~.~S,~_d.~^..t.~.h. ".','

1 .': .

synopt io',chart s and ra dI o sonde data,(frolll nearbyst ations)

.,' " ,,/.. ''.", '.: ' ,- . '- .- _ . - . \ "1

to.:.detlne 9,)nOP~ lC~c~teg~rle S,1~'l.at ~r'!1na~Ylll,!l"_..(<:ha~te7) . La.cal,radio..weat he r't,orlllcs ilo ts andpe rsonalobs~rv,ations we~e

~

^-.

', r~r. ·p~10r. ~~~'ri1:~g.,·O,f· h~'~;~' ~t,o,rlDS' whl~h Co~l~~d~'a·g~:· t~'e' .,pror~i~, '~n~t~ume~tat'10n: mi~ 'ai, ~,lnd1c'atlo,~'I:Of, '

t:he'

pre~a~'l1~ ~.

^\^•.

'.", .: , ."., ',.\::',." .'-. "...'.'

'.

and'an tie1pa t ed 81n op Uc"patt er ns. ,'. , ..-'.. . . t.' : \~i~

2.6. "Sampl1ngde's"1!n

/ .,

^. ^{. "} ^{. '}

_' _~"'\

.

'.:.:..::\^<:..' :^.'.::.I··.·:.•...

'~

.•..:.:\.·..

~

^.•.

^: ^.I.: ^,, 1;~

^,:·^b~t;een.'l

: ~t!~t.£:~~2Ii

^~nd^/I^'• ^.;^Di~an;

^houri;

^{va l ue s}'we~e ~ai.ct11tit·edw:

:: . : ^,1

.,'

c01Te8pon~ Wl~~ w;n~;~elocltY' ~ata ,

^- ^,'^,".'.

' ~ . '

^v^,

r .\" '

~.:: . ':. •.•·• . :iit;~t:!j~J~E ~~:E~;:1;:::1I~~~~ ~:::::;r::::~:::!~ .:

::g"t::: i ;:; ; i;~; \i~lii~ iii; ., ~t: 'L~_~, ~-J0·~

(48)

\'\ The lengthot e~nt~~uOU8'^asapl1rig ^. ^_ ^."b~'^tbf ^..

"needtoreehargetlleslt.1l!,oobattertes,available.tQr powering

·t. h:e ~y~~~~: ;. S~Pl~n~~a;; g~n:;~l:i~ ~~l~d \OU~ ~ver. ·a." 6 1 · ·' \ ·

. :::: ::::~::.;:::::~ . .. :er"lo~~r::~;l: orup; :o,:.' h I .

~amPl1n~',,,as"carr1e~out.be~w:.e en,6t.h,.rUl Y,a~d,,7,th"AuaU8~,•.

:97~,,::,~

^{',Th e:}

b~glntli~g,'

^»t^':

t~~,'f1,:l~\· 8,e~8,~ ,~as.\d~.~ay ue, to " .. ,,~,

8,low:I:tr eat,orfthe',tran s i e nt'snow:l1ne,,,',j,The:mast C?Ul d,Ih~t ',..:'

be'

.~re'~.t'7'd:,.un~_·'~, ~.lt~ " Cr;e~.· '!,~S, ~e;:.e~:',·,o:r_ ~n~~;

^"^,

"'j: ~

tI

(49)

(50)

S~Jt,,~.UbJ?t1ve'we"'a,thel",~ ype6

~e~s~,.,:Guif,:~( ·Ala9·ka,.~,:hiC~ Q~ey U~~d ,:~,~,_~tratl~Y" CO~Btat,

'wi nd s'unde r:s,t rong,or,ograpll.t ctni'1~ence.':~U,tlJ ect:lve,synopt1c

\n~~y,s'1~invo±v,e~ ass~gn1~,,~dal1y\we~ther ma~s

^to ^diffe;erit

oate gOr1e ;, .,w1th-'

re~(jgni't~o~

, ',' ,

, o~

^the

underly"1~s- llI~teordl~g~'c'al

,p:r,oces ses;

' ~he' ~arl~tion:.. of m1cr~",,:s¢aie ' \1ii~at1o parame~~~~

..',,', , : ' , : "" " ,'-" ,,: ' ,',, 1

~~~_then,,~e,eX~,i~ed "~:t~~n,t h e,t"r am,ewor k 0,£a',rna,ero-~cal e: syno p ti c·classificati on; Analternat ivelappr oach"Is'to

'. ' ' ',,' C" , .," , , ' " , ,

exami neass oc i a t'ed,gr oups,of,local-cl 1jniuc'da~aandrelat,e j

,\',

dift~;~;~t

^groupa',

t'i:,~;~hnc~' ~yno~t'1c , ~~-t~g6~1~:S

^{{'e' ; g ;}

crane~'

~" ~.. ' \' ^"

1979 ) .,'Crane us e d clus teranalysis togr oup daysofsimilar ., "

;' '-' ',.~ ': ''',' .." '>,,',,'""',:, ' ,. "...., :,"" ,,".: »:

:t~rbulent ':lux. , ~ha~~ct~d~t~~.6" ~,n

^a

' ,S~,U,dY::O~."the ,6,y,~0~t1C

^/ ^.::

c~ntrole ~f'the,\~~e~gy~:Ud~et',:,over an,,:ah~atin"g,ra~:t~,+q~/..-'·^\.^'^:

'sur~a~e. , , ~~ys

^,"wi t hin'a'

parbcu~ar g~~'up,'wer,~ qh~;erlzed

\ .. . . " " '.-" v:.. ": ,' ", ---:...: '. "

,.'by,:br oad l ys1mll a r,pr e~s ure" ,pa,tt ~~~B· -a~d:;d lre c tlonsof,ai r

(51)

. 'It iss~gg~.stedth at Significant,'d1fr~bences1n miero,

,..'scal e

cl1trt~tl~'

pa'ramet'ers,ot:

t~e

kat,a,?atlc\a yer·1ma; tie'

\ ^' ^"

, ' "

"

physica llyeXPlalned,b :>\var1atl0?S lns y.noptlcsue aeweather

'condit.~ons.

^'^I^t,:'!s

lmp~rt·a.nt' l,;o b-e

^:b^le^{'t o}

P~~dlct ,

^the^{,na t}^'ure

" '

profi~e"·s.,

^/{f',wl.nd· arid.'uemperaeur-e

'W~t.,J::lltl

^the..^boynda,E'Y

'~nd

.,.1';\ \' ,, '. ' " . . :..i"

katab~ti:c la~~rs,(andthe i r ' impl1catioqsfor heat.ruux

.D,lagn1tude ),.1'r,omlarge-sc~le^_^.morer,eadi,lY·',aVal1~ble.^synOPtiC

I

..';

', '

^" ^,

. , " ,

^" , , '

\

SUJllJller'\feather"condi t ions'inthe PeytoGlacier'region

.;D~rln~'

th'e :

~uTiuner _.zo~al1'~~wand'c!cloni ca ctl vlt ).'reach' J.

. _ ~a ~i~im~~~ o~.~r ~est~r~'ca~ada:l(BFr's,6n 'a:i,d ~Hare., 19711) , .

^Pac,ifiC^'

1

cycion~~

are,mO.s,tact i v.e,o.vet:

th~ .ecir O~.·~l~,S~~_, tJ:1~, A~e:~t1ans

andinland Alaska•.'Sou t her n'Bri t ishColumbi a,and Alber ta

, I

11e'~outh" :t~~.mal?disturbance

(52)

.. .

.

,

... .

^: "',

.,,, -,: : .-

.:

.. -, ./ -

^-

, ''"--:' .,

^-'.

. .Ttleorlg1~slof themajor alrmasses_.1nflu encl ng-:acu t b er-n \.',\.

\B~;~~8h 'C9; um~ ~a'.~ri~ ^'. ~'~~~rt~, ~Ur1~g~:t_he~u~~~'

^"^:

-O~,l~

^.•,

.3~,1),: ,, ' ~

:':

l;. :, ' ,~~r~d~~ , Ar\~;lC,:

^,\wea t er l Y.

,Wl~:dS' mo'{~ngov~\r t.~e: C?ol~

no:r t h..ea at ernport10n~.otthe recr rrceceanarriveon

t!Je ' . .

weat ccaet. with,a ~ear;';m015t'adlab~~'lc^{,l a ps e}:r~te'.^{and wi th}

high

humldltv

to '~

'QOnslde r a ti'le'dePth..(BrYSOn'ahd

"ke":1'971l)'.

.

^\ ^.^.^" ^" ^, ^'^. ^' '. , [ ' .

"2,. Ma r ft'lm.e'POl'sr:"W~ 8 t er ly,Wind,S"from warmer!"mor,e .

sou~hein ·~?rt~~~~.,: ~r. h~ ~~r~h1.,.lnc·" a_.slde:,.r~om \~ , .'

.tr.?'plcsl ant1~yc~~neandmo v e-dl~e~tly,eaB,tw~d t~tt coa~t.

~lr~l11' domlnai~ ?~'~r"the st~dy .a~ri,:~\eri~

,ub-trop1'~1^h11'h^.1'^·

"ell

~~·s.t·a~.l1.she~,.?~,r,o.r\Ov~r

(53)

(54)

.' ..

^~::'-

__ ^.

;\\. .

. ,,', .' .

.' :,' , '

^. ^' ^'^.^' ^.

cy:~.on.1~,d~~tu.~banc:emaY.8,150\~rri~:,as~Old ',~rontale~t,ent eacne rrom,.,SUb-pO~arlOws''over"the':N~rt h-:~e s t Ter~it,?r1"esand

" . ' , -'

..

":,,: ^, ^.^:

~Y~lo,niq''dep~,es~io~s, tnf,~uenCl~g:th~"ai-e~:be g1 n,~s'wa,ves

"~n;the'P91~r\t'r,ontbetween>t :r;oopics land'mar itime po'!J.ar,aIr;'

" " , -,', '

, \

" , ',

, . " , ,'

of i ta.mois tureon the:w i ndward,sl opes?f,theCoastalRange

~f Brit1,Sh .C~iumb~a . -~'nd ratlg~s fur~he~' ~as~ .,,' A'd~a~a.i~c

^•

wSr~i~g..0:c.ur5.9-~~lngdesce nt'o~,t~eeas te i%~ideof t~e

\ moun t ains:,(o~cas1on8i~ycausi ngch'ln~ok$onwes t erneectloml

: ~f '~~~'

prai ries):;

' Inte~ve~lr;g

^\

spei'i~'

^of conu nentai'trtlpical'

.' ,,- ',

^'

''-.

--\'.

'---. ," ..'

^" ,, : . ,. ' , -:.' ,-.

a.l~I.,ar~,chara~t e.rizedby;~lgh 't~mperaturesa~cllow.,te l'aq ve.

humidity . and are.re sP<?~8'ible,for. theho~test,s unune rw~ather

.,,', .." ".-':,' ... ,.', "" .,:'

deVell?P ln~,r~pidly(~n~o clo~'eddepr,eS5:iOnS whiC,h1D0venor t h-

e~st~ar~:t.~w~?·s Br1t'i~h '

^{COlumbia :}^"',^SOlli^e^{,ma y}

"~'ermin~te .~ff

,.'

~'

^..

~'~e\ .coast 'lo_ther~

^follow

':~he'~,coas~ "',~Or{hWa,~S

^'"^and

· 5~",e . ~.:"

',c?,nr~uee.a.s,t,:overS~lJt herna~1tls~,.CO~U~bi.~.~nd'c~o s,~the

"Rocky Mount ain s IntR Alberta.br1n g i ng'frol;}t a l syst~ms'with_

:' , ,', ,, ' ,. , :. , .'" ".,: .

accompany i ngclOud and pr e c i pitati on t,oPeyto Gl a Ci e r:

'oro~~aptiic _: _.: _,' _, _', _{' ' .} 'de~;~e~1~ils _,.,,' _" _' o/ _. _. 'Aib~rta ~:bw~ _' "" ,-;,", ", ," ' m~y, ' .' ~~i'm <.' . ov~;'

^t;e

mou nt ainsaa.er-esm.eof.tur-buIencecand unstab l econddt rcne •

(55)

"

.

^{' , '}^"

' " ,

^. ^'

,\,~.,:~e,'p~e_S 8~r,e:_pa.tt,e~nsas ob served;on,twi cei3.~~lY

Sy~"Opt1C.Charts (OOOO~.1200 2 ) at t-he 700 rob'level.~ 700,mb chart.swer~-,.usepinp~e.fer~nce"to850'mb,Ch~rts .'a eth e700mb:

-le v e l (app~o~~~te:altltude:' 3000 rna.m.8.1.) -is:'th~.'lowe5t ..

. ',

, "

',' , - ".

{/ ,e,vte.i.1n',!~1~,~smooth ~l~~'maY:'beaSSU~~d\(Wal~~~'.\19 61 ) ."_Th e 700'mb.~,ev~l:\waa:co~81d.ered·mo s t.:r ~pre,8entat~ve:Of. 'lCree-air' pond,ltlon s.

aboveth~

^purelY'

loc~ilZ~d

disturb'ing'

~nfluence or':~~~'t,l!!o~ntalr: ri"dg~s·.

^. ^\ ^; ^'.^'¹^{' ,} ^; ^': ^.".\

.

..

z ,

.TWl~e-<:latly (~OOOZ..12~OZ)_~Y-bUlb_,t empe r a tur e rea d.ln gsat-the100mb (approx.'30,00m) l.and5'1)0mb'<,a ppro x o

-, .. ,'i, .', :" .,.\, , -,:- ,..' :,' ,' " "

5550 m)'1~v\F1S. fro~V,er ?Qnra11108.~~l1e stat1ont~40krn~outh':.

w:est'oi Pe'y~oGJ:.&cier.•Flg.:·'Ll:p ,','4 ). .

' " , ! ' ; '. " , .. ..

3..

, ce"'1iy.\ ,(O~,:?~ ; , 12q.O~),

^r^elative

hum~di~Y. ~t t"h~

700mb and500 mb.le

v

ej.e;obtaine dfromdr y-bul b·anddew- poInt.

'depreq~lon 'data"f~om ve~non radl~'~~ri~e .'iitllt~on .·<

,."-., ,' . " . \I, ' .

.~. .The,upper

f

^a~rt~~p,erat,~re,'i~p,se rat ~.-,betiween7.00.mb'

~tJ<!.:..~.q"o"mb ,.'tr omVer n onda ta ).. \ f,

."

(56)

it~;;.~,~~~" ' ~" " ;

v: ; -\

t: ,37

(57)

-.:."

"

""",'.

'-.O';?}.

.. .. -

:5 :9 _. ^"-. ⁴ ^':'2

^26.9

. '

^{-r-'; .}^.

~5. 61'~ ".13 ~8

:'; 3.2 ·:-1.~ ;9 lO.~'

"

³² ^'^1.7

- .';iSoo

_":

..

275 °',,"-

'I'

^B

.' ^r.s

^,2.6,^_

).1.3 .~i· O.,6/j_.3.1

26:'

..

~.

-lQ.5

"25'0 °"'," -

···· e;3

:.:';

..

_:::44:

-:, ;"

:280 , °

2;2.'.;:;;i~·5:'.;·:

-i5 ' .3

·.·~

..

'-16~1'·

. -66·

.2600

n d'-:. : . "".

1'l. '-;':; : :~ 6 .;: ~ '

^.1:

6:0 " ~~,

" i;,

,~,.-.:~.":.:":..-.~~--PActP;C_

~' J:~f CYCLONIe

.-C~C;LONIClLOCAL"

~'::f;7~

. .PRONOAN'1'lC:YCLONI CUNCE» .:

~:.;:~"?!.':

IlEAXArryI CYCLONIC WEZcmAL.:S1'ERLY

.

"RATIO',

,:T'

", :.-".

:~9'")r

,sIGNI PI C[iNCg-. _ ,_.' ._; ~-:>: ~

.~_, ~;~

^'P^o:

jl,

^.:^\^..•.••

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

lap se.r~te

^{(0 .7}^{2 OC}^{per 100}

_;,,)~

^{ahd 10v}

~elative

^_

h umidity ..

^{- t ;}

( 1I'5i~at too .b).• ''''ean' Cl~~d

^cover

·w~·~ '~)lti (~a~~~ Ac ~

^S:^•.

,C1 .:"Cu)wit hno prec'ip1ta~lonrec~rded: " ^".; ^.. ^' ^:

.-\ ' ., \' . . , -

'··Sl.ri~Pt1C

^t^{ype 1}

_(~cionlc. p·~eltl~; l~'~a~~ped,~bY

^:":

~ ~--

....

- . . ,

.

~-".' "

' .

"- . '" -

slightlywarmer airt!J:Jllperatures'than.ty p e.2.('LOca l'.

. -, , -:":, . ".'- ". ,- " , ;..1,.. . .__, ,- . .'

Cy clonic).tile 701)-mb and5CO-1IlI)mean"drybulbtemperature s

. · ':.: 'n o ^, \,°°.' ,,\, -15 0 . 3 0 n e; pe ctiv e ,;< ~'t;" tv~perat;;;"

⁰^'⁰ ^,

la.~,3'~-:rate

^'or:

~.

680,C',

p.~r, lO~,

^Ill^.^-

Th~

^air^,!^!,,"

QUlt_e 'mo~at

(Tnean 'r,e~at.l~,~ _' ~UIllMit; o~,_~6'~.~t· t,he',1oo' leV) 'wl~h ^: ^-: ^\

a

me~" c~oUd ~o~er'o~ ';/l~~.

^(cu^and^."Si:

'·predoml~~te.) .\

:

'p~ee~'Pltatlo~ ~lIh-'~'hl~tY~/~cLrred, . j.·n.'- ~a1-1' Q~" '~le~t

~~th_-~c~a~~~~a.~.~'<1er _Sh~~'~.

^{'-' -:.} ^{" ::}

':" ~'> . . -. ~: . - " .:..\ '

\ · ·. ~y~Op~~C

"t ype 5

(v~st erl/;or1al) '~~ UP~lr ~ellipe~':':

^'.

~t~;e's'-l~t; ~~ late b~t.een, ~~tl~';e~on~c -:'(t1~e~ '3~

^II)^.,:

:'~.

.

~~>j?1~n1~\

^(t;Pes.

~- ~' 2.~. ~;~~ ·7~O n:~'.~<1·56 0_'J!lb ~ean "'

^.

:_drytlil.lb:.te.mPe~ature~·:or_" .20c.'and-12 .90C~eep·eClt1vhy

... ~:pi:n::rt:::P:: ;::::~,:::;r;::a~t~~;::::.;:::::t:):t .. . .-

. '."61%'at.70'O.Plb).:_" _.wit ha'mean el oud Clover_.

-

ot'5/l0

'

'{cu~_--c1:^- ^- ^ACl.^,

I i

:

o·

;{

~::.: ~;

~. ~~

$' t,

io..

.0

~ ^}

~.

::::

~}

(66)

(67)

(68)

-.\

\. I-

\\1.-. .

'

..

^:

(69)

--, ." •I, ',', • ,." •

rr'ollltheglac:1~r,t'all:"Une..,"

1 .

1. . 'g l' s c1er. kataha.t l~ w:i.-n~•.

D~~~~ < ,tti~·~~~r.:'r:i.e~d,':'~~a~on ?t:19~9

^,^"L?^,S£,e'rl{

upperJ.1rwl'r1ds,(as,'~c~I)\,ite~,ir6m tWic'e'~daliy'^700,

'mb

flynopt:1c

Ch~~~8) preV~lled

^'at

,"p~'yto 'ia acIe ; . "

Morethari .

,~~~ or.

wInds <it"the '

'70'O ,,~b' "l~,~eil:,~;;r~

^{'t rom}^{2 7S}^D

." :~, ~h~re,'-

':\.. .

.. . . ^,. ^. ^{. .} ^. ^{. ,} ..

~~re,relat~ve~y ,~ew cas'~s,\l ri':Jh :(1lb"the!,u.pper ,wln~ was,:".1~

"a

down-g;aCI"e~dlre~tl~n

^.(I'.e. 'f r O«

207o-){F:1~. 4 .1;;

^The

U:p~er 'a~'rw1"nd 'ro;~ "S'h~WS\'

^•

p~:ou~ced',c~~.ckwlse devla~1~n"

. '.>

.. ' " '.; ";', "', ,', . " , '.",'C '," , "

:ee:obs er,,;,eda t. theglacI er,llIet ~ o~olog :1 c al·8 ~t e .de monstrates \. a_{. ,'}

pre'd~tnJ:nant'l~

_'

'd~~-~laC

_,1," _, _"

1er

^'d1r_',,'_',^ec't1on_', _',' _'. ^(Fig._" ^{'4.1 )':..}_.' ^There ^'

is.'ade:t:l n1te cl oekw1s edeviationor thelIe~a\,lrt:aee w:1nd .

d:1reet1o~i6~ 'tA~' gla~I~~ :r~1l';'1'1~~

^.^..

'w~'ieh 'cD1nei~~a"wfim'-

"c ,/.' ~;.'::'" .:i "'-. " \.. . , ." ,:: ,,':.'".'

..~~e,-7,~O:~mb. ?~~u~~,e~"d~~t.r~bu~10n~",O~~,~~J,',~ r" ~,?e,-"r,~e,ord;d~

~~.urly,m,~an:W:1nddl~ecl~,10~5':r,all, .q~t~:1 de,~,he...qUadrant180,~

1 °,- :;.7~~",:'''~t~ ,D~~,!' ,2,(),;

^',or'

.Ob8~l:"v~d ~ln~8 , bel·ng·~r~~.

^205?

an~

~i~

^D^Ve;

'20% ,~o~ ·

^2250:^.. ^. ^< ^,

. .

~.,

" ,\

(70)

'.;-.\ ..

^.:.,'.,.:;''';' . ~>

(71)

(72)

(73)

(74)

(75)

(76)

(77)

(78)

(79)

(80)

.:"" : .•..; ' 1 ; .\ . ' .,~,, ~. :, .,' :

i'.: " .:- ."

" "g~aClert'al~,-,:~ne(PIg: .4__10~ ~ausnthe'-lo~'lev el ~~, ..eebe ilI111111arlyde fle cted under·synopl:Iceategor-Lee1.2 and·..-,

\ ..:. 5

JPIg~. : " .2

Md

,,:,,>. .

^{')lo, e}

~pronounCe·d '...gi!OI~h 'co~t~ol

^.'

. .I I . _:::~r: . . _~:::.:~::: . . u::::O:::;,'::::':ott::e::::;::: ~). '. l~.

~liii'may

_._'_,. ' ^be

Chll.racte~l'~·ed

,

.

^.^by

~~

^{" '}

~~-glac1e·r·

^, ^" ^{. :."}

n~~ :: (Obgerv'e~ ~nlY

^.. " ',..

,

^,.'^.^.

..1,:tr eQue nj'lY).·,o r:,rrlore,CO_ori1.y,mo d 1t'l~dto.,n ow roughly,'

"pe~pendicular

-i'o

't'~e ta~l-l1~e-., Figu~es

^4.⁵^{an d·,}^'

"~ 9

^{de m}^,:, ^{"' : ,}

O~B t~a:~e,. th~.~ ~nder .bO~h 8Yno~.~lc c'aterl\ 'and ' 5i~eh;-: - '.',

~llJl1J.ar geo8trop~lc ·: c'ontr~l;'Of' \h~ ~laci~'r ~i~d ,di~e~~lon.

Whl Ch;;~B 'derlect~J' ~.~ ~ " C16~klfl~e '~lr~'ctlo~ ;~O-: '~:h~" ra'l;~il'ne:

.', ',Under an ti c y clonic'inn uenc e; w'lthwl!la k'l5ynoPU c· pre.5I' u;e- -·-.

\

~~enh

_{. '}

./tm! surf~oe ~ln~- dlrect~~n' l~

.1 1ttll'l·'

a~foecied: . "

^-v ^:

'

.

..'.:,," ».

^the'^{,70 0}

^m ^b

^dIreqt^lon(F.lg~,11·.3'and:II.~O).~d::now-~'eon:",

~ t.~ , s1st;entl~ dO:n '~he' gla~lej. 'f~ll-l1n~. " ~lth 4ev l~tlOns· ·or

-t:

J"

~l~~lf"3't~an

^,1,^25? ^"

.Vlth,~ , d~lnan~' ~lgh ~rell~ure_ '~l~ge

^.

_~e':'.t!he P~yt~· .~~ae~e~ ~e\f ,(:~)'no!t~lC ca~egorY. 3)... :~,OJ ,~~

\the.,Ob Be~...ed IIUrt;'acewIndswere-r ro .;205°. I,e.directl,· --',\ .

'~down-'gliLcler

^{(PI g.}

4 :;'. ;' ,'FI~~r~'

^,'-.-1,

'rQrth~r-'"~~~ha;lze~

⁾^.

· . . ·'.\he

"

~;

'

..n...

••' ,

Qt

:

·con~

"<,

rolb:'

• .' .

uP;'~

,.

~,;';;. · under

\ .

~tlc'ClOL

.. . . •

. .. . ' .,.

'C~ndlt10nl'J,~Whe n"a!,U~tl~.an~l clo,c,kwllJ.edevht:10n:o,~. , .

" the' ~r~je' w1~ ·o~curll· ~n sev~~~ l:'oc~u~~nB "

^{Wit h}^a^l(eak^'

~lt~

_·_,C_"

~~:'s~4;e

_. _{' , . '}

:'rld;:'

_,' _,

ove~',

_{', '}

p~yt/a~~o~'er.·(synopt;~c~cat~goi·Y:

_, _.•.'. _'" _" _",,'_',_"_{, '}_'. _' _" _."⁴⁾^.

~

^,

(81)

(82)

(83)

(84)

"

ai~c~~;rwere exami~ed 'for

katabatic-or'

\.~",ot, ;i"t1,.urid~r · t'h~' d1ft~re~1;'

^{sy.no pt1c}

categorl~a:

^,:

, ,,', ,I",' '" ' . ' .-'.- , •

.tn·th~ory.an.t1cyclon1cconl;l.ltions1n's ulIIlIIe r ~hould~

, . ' ,

f'avour a5trOng'near-8urf~cetemp,l!rat~ure,i nve.rs ~on

ab' ?"e

glacIer .'wIt h"&l~~,'level,wirid ' ve!oc H y,maximum and::

".-:-Wi t h',h.1gh;1';-COm1ng ,radlil.tio~and'~nlY8catteredclo~ds•.

, •'t'hetemperatu~e',contr~st'b'etll'e~~^the^{'i c"}1!.ec r -re ce arid

"•''".-',~'", .,.. ,- " ''I,,'" "~ " ,',, '.'. ,~

'.8urr,~U~d~ng,~ce~fre,e:~re a8.-i8",~t- ,a'm~x~~um.,,~nd~ir"~dv~,c~et'._

ove r the glac iertiasarel~t1vely'high ambient temperature .'

.': f . . . • . ' .

Atnlg.h~'1str.~ngnear,:",SUrtfaCeInverS 10ns,.-may",b~m~~nta~ne~

due,t o,si g n1 t' l ca n.tly~armerairt emper-abur-esass ?clat~d

w'1th'antlc'y'c'lon1 ccond1tio'J s 'an d strQn gsurf'ace"

~OOl1~:"

^'

· ~Tab~e ·'3 \ ·p~ '38" )., ~ticY?lOn~\ Sy~Pt ~c '~o~J~'t't~ns'~'

~ ," ~ ,' ',' " ,..,'I .

"Wh~.Ch, ~avoursear-eeve.icceekatl~bat,ie"flow,(Fig."4~l2"¥'I,d

.:Ta ble',4.1). thus,r e s u:ltina'

h~~her.

^fr e qu en c y oflow, i e; el'

: ~

^{'W'I nd}

y'elo,~l~;, ~rB..d.lt· re,veal;.

^:

~:U~de~:'c,Yc,l~niC ,~~d, z,cin~l ~

condit10n:B,h?,W:ever. smallBtrength,

l~ver,Bio~s ~nd>urbUle~t

^,

s: dond1tlona '~e'ad

^to

'lnf~lquent'

^low,l \i!Vel'wt nd-'

veloc~tY

^::'

'gra~le~t ;re~;rsah ' ~~" pciorlY: deV~loped'k·Btab~t:1·~,\i5t,~~ ·;

^{'; .}

'I · . ... • . '.. ... . : .

~

-." " .

~'/ 'rlJ'iSt.'( s ee:APpendlx'S):ahowed'ca;ve r y:alg ni f1cant

.d~#,~rence :./a\,~,~,~, '-p~ OOl' l~,vei)-.i~" ;he: ~~ber, .,~fl l~w,,~e<~l:.

,:wind,ve locity'maxi ma,obserye dundereach'Bynopt ;lc,t yp e .,aa.

'ar,":tt~T~'x.~~~~,e~ ifre~:u~'~.C)/(T~·l~,-:,~,~~:, >, ~' ; ":'' .

(85)

(86)

.:

... :

....~'

..

.'-~.

(87)

(88)

(89)

(90)

(91)

(92)

(93)

(94)

(95)

(96)

:i

. •

'. -, Th~' '~lrel

ot,!,he,:700,

1lI~'

'wi r;id(above'th e

Infl~llnell'

~t.~he,:~laC1e·r) h'~S b.P,o~~~~t 1Il1P/l~:t1~.rt3 tor.

^t^he

Bt~in;;t;y

otthe,neaio-g1a¢l ~

·aft:....

fayer.··Under,~yclonle.c·ondl t:1o,l)ll. ' .

~pp~~,~ ~~~.:~t-i;~'''n~ ~~~~~.

^an

lc~~s.l~pe' enhane~ ,~nt~~r~acla~

s.bearand~ayp lay, .~dominant.ro ~e~ndeeeralni ngwhetll.er or not a true.k&taba t:1ctlow,IspreB~nt(Manj,I].B and Savrord,

' - " ", : ~. ^"^.^..^' ^.^' ^.^,', ^;^{' " j}^.^. ^,,":-- ^.^'

:-l!l7.9 l.~ ^At..~elto·" U_P~~~.~ s Uo~lngperpen~lCUlar.to.t he .

.glae.ter,t a 11 711ne'.cauBe,c0n81derab~eturbu lence'Intheglac:!"er

£iu in. ~~su~t1n@: I n dl~t~r,~lo~'ot t~~ tell1per~tur/~ '~

^.

"

'r1~ld8"

^In'

~t~e" n~'ar'-aUr~ac'ellayer·;·.:'~U~;'J". ,th~8 e . ;;o~1~·:1'cni a

. ' . ' ' " ,.'. " • l· " . '"

thekat'abat1elayer _ j.

" e~l~de

^'th:

etr~~~

^ot,

~~e~s10n ~~r!ngth~'. ^)1eJds

^.,1.

~t1:" .~ .

.~,~~c~rr_e.J.at1o~.e~~~~e~ent.~algn:U'lcant'at'0•.001."'Ihepos1.t1ll!~,.

.·'~orr.el!l~l~ e~t~l clant~~e~~en'RI B>.n~·,.lnvel'S:1~~··'~t~~ngt~.,. ^•

(~l:~lU41~,the ert"e c:: tB'.~r_v1nd.Ye+OCl~ij.'.18also·.Bigri.1t~~e.nt.-;

.

....

^{' ,} ^{' ,} ,'.'""

.. -

..

.•~,._ ._^•^{.. :..: :.}^,^'^{k ' ,'}^;,.'^{'.;::..: .} ~>;.

..

I" '::

-, . _{~ ~:::.'} . >

(97)

(98)

(99)

(100)

(101)

(102)

(103)

(104)

(105)

»:

·1

:\

" ~B~: _':6'_ ~~ATrO';· OP ~isION;S~ENG~H

VITH· < ·'"

.:.-

~LO~~ cm~ '~~co~r;,-d ~ ·~Y~~;ic CAm~O~!

^.^.-

it f;"\;\';if'Yi'U';'!!";:'~~~1:i:~,";it~]:~?i7:7~'~~:r:~i'~;'j;~:-'~ii~1f :;At~t \.:t {~5i':

~. ~ " _:::~\ 01~~r~I$ _: _. _':'- _~ _.- \t~~~~~~~_~.~ c~.~!tn.8,:::~.e):: ~lf~~j; '. ;~.:_~ ':

(106)

(107)

.. :i

I',

I:..

'j';

"; \. :

., ;

..

:

. '

^"

...

^: ^{' .} ^{' , '}

^, ^. ^,.-

Wlt.~'~at~r,_8til~1 ;L it!.(RiE>·~",35l.a.nd..II~ro.ng~empef,~- errerer er eru. eQon d lt1o~HI

"

.nUllbe~ Ri~~' ~,c1.

" "

:hO.Ur~1,"8~~c1: ;i':t1~ri ~·r.~:terat:·

1··:[:t~:t::~;:f:::\::Di~~~::::::::~:~::::

.

^.,:'':'....'^" ^{, "} ^,..,' '~" ,,, '"

:,

^' ^,^" ^,

' .

I'~'.value..-with~lncre a81 ng. 8 t ab l 11't7''ot-t. ti ~!.rlear-::llurra·ee'i.1r

. i .i '., ' (~: ;: ,.i;r~:~:~er~a~';~~lo ~o ;j; ., · . . .• ... •... :. .. . .

.. ,'{\'Unc1.:r the

le a~~ st~bie ~~~dit~O~1I e;nco~ter~d· !RlB<O' ~5~ :<

.:; " " ^' . :..'

'.

^'." .

.

^. ^.

..

~:. "^'.

.the,~e;^..1I~,ta.;e.~ayef.Wll~:,^w^e^l.\~xec1^by^,~~r~ng}~~.~.t~,.lC.:^..' " "

level'winds,I ./Ilaxlmua,velocity,wl t bl n't heflr,st.7'mwas

~en~~~~l~'~~~ea~,;~ · ~han,', ~ _ .0 m~:",1 .

-...

T'h reih ;tn ' W~ak

',,:'

(108)

(109)

(110)

(111)

(112)

(113)

(114)

(115)

(116)

"S:,

.: v

· . . '.' ... '-: ' . ,. _/ _.. _{:, . \} _:~rf:i:~7 _·>

ll :o.eCw:rl~g. :m~e,r_, .w~~ ~ \tlC:O.C CO~dl.t.~O~~.· .I!lc~a~.n.g-:o~ ;·

^:::\'

.- lev e l'w1nd ve loc ities tollow1rJ,g tbe.pre-sunriselUllll.bpear."

.

'. ^. ^' ^.

^.^. ^. ^{. .} ^.^\^,. ^.^' ^.

^,

^{. .}

,\" to...~e,·a8.80c1ate~.:~~~h.'_l.~.~~easlng'.~~l'~~g~~,:.o:

_ _

~be. _~earsur f ace.:'·

1n. e1'8 10n asthe.al:r::temPer~ture't:1aes.~A.siIll11ar,'lui. l.was: .'.' \

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

- \ 1 .\

The only categoryto shpwa significantposit ivecor relat ion

," • ." ,,',",\' .'" ', '':','-c"', ' -0-..

betwe,e~'g lacier_l~~~dve~o,e.ity~an~'inv~r s.ion,st r.engt~:,was

~,yPt1C , cegory \~' (W~8t~~~Y Zon.~ tl~~)

^•^.

Th~ , s~e,~.~~ .~wlnd,

and.temperatu re,conditions expe r -Ie n ced wit hthis'synoptic

,.;.' .. :.. : ' , .,1'~'r: , "",':

. ,>. . , ..'

~a~;e,gorY,:a~~'^been~~:~~~~81Y^..no~ed"~seli~~~~,4.1~? ~s.

may,account.for'the"str onger re1at1'onsflip.cbtadned betwee n

'~·,'/:,1~.~·:~:e,~e.~,

^{.wi nd,}

~ei~,~~ty ^f

^and

'1nv.~.r.~~;~· .~t:~n.g.t~ : U~d~~: ^- 8Y~OP~~,~

.-cat.egorY:,5 .·;.The 'gusty,~at ure,o r"thegJ.ac1erkatabaticwind

~;~'~:~:'.~~ti~,~~,lci~iC

^'.

~~~ciit1ons

^In^{,ean s,}^{th at}^',_'

~n'.

^a^"

Sh;~~" tim~'

^.

..: S.C;;~i' , iri~r~~SingW1~d 'Ve~od,t~cau~e;:'de~~~~~ed 'temp;r~tur~'~

^.

~e~':the'to~ o:~th~'katab a~l~'1ay~r~and.-t'hus,'arilnv,:rs.~

.'

r:,f'r~t~~'~td~P :h~;we~n wfnd '~ei6cit.~: arid .1t~~ers10~: str~n~t'h::

SimUar.ly.under strong cyclonicInfluenee'{s yn opticcatego~y

. . ." ,j , " , " , ' . ' :__.', ,.:1 :"

2.,i Loea1',czcacruc ),gusty'wtnd sand.weak',lnve~s,iDnsr-eauLt;'

, .

.~

. . .

^. ^~

\..,In a poor,correlatlon.

(122)

.•, 1.,.:1 ^\ ^::. : ~::o~ ^Th. ^. ^. ,:n::~, r~let1on,",-p ^.. :o::::::,;'~' ^b.tw.;nthe ^:::': ^.:: ^. ^n: ^.. ^r ^. ~,"u";.,nd :~d .~.:.:.W .:.:. ^' ^{::\.' .} ^•• ^,,,it, ^.: ^f.''''',' ^.

~'\\-""'.

^L

wl~,~ln ,

⁷

~

^or,

t~_~. _s~tace an~. r ?nr:slo.n .8t~en.~th~~~s

^{':\ .}

^,"r.

:::, · :Z: ::: .. ,:J:~:~:o:~::;r::::n:O:;'::~:r ;Z! ,'... I i...

\

1I1gnlrlcant)-'WllS'

o~~~.~. Whe·n-ob8ervatl~n3. _~ere_.llutid'lVl~'ed·

^.

. "-.".:,-..\ " _~,oo:,,~~g t o . _"nop u, oategO~1 . : .m~l1n.g';1v;V" U" ~r t~~ . .

:'.

COr~dat1~o~ co~_tt1Cle~~:_~,ere , obta1:~d .'U,~der ~t~~_YCl:n.f:~ ,

^"^{:.1.; ' ,}

-1

condlt lo~BI_(~~~oPtl~.:~at:~~~r.~~~:-~.^and.,.4?,,~~n~_.s~all.,P~.s1t!lye.

' \ ":': v a . ~~ . e~ und . . ..

^r^.,^,er^r^{Cl On}^.

,1? ':.":".~ ' Z~~~.l'.'CP~lU~~8

^..(•.^r..

n . O~U, ^{' J} ^.' ^.

c~~egO~l~B.1,-?,and5?[Tab.~~.1l.S?,,:'~e.l~g~.~tP?Sl~l':r',"

\: ~orrelatlon_

^was,obt ained.

\Inde.r ·synop:~c

^cat.egorr.

5 :.(We~ter~Y

' . \Z~~:::~' ;hl . .. ·part1 ~u;1 ;tu.~, ^" .~·:m~L;on .~;L:~ . ·,

'lo w,.-lev el(4m)~lnd.!eloclt1andthe·et-r.e ngt h

?t

,theeur~~c e

. _~ ~;?'~~:~;~:~:'I..,~;~:-j:

tlJ!1e

_·e~·ale_.'.1ncr~ae e.I": ~lnd,,;lOCj,t 1in the katatlatlc·la,. er.,.

..l

:~

.'

.~'~u,?:o,r.~tie~~~.~emp~r~~ u~e·~ ·.~d

^..

:i~.ra1ori: stre~

^.'.::,.

^?> ^_ ^..:: ^:

" f:(~~:l;:,~:~:::::ei~:~~:w~::~;;,e'~,::u:~n:h~~::::':~'lO" ;Y "' .

..

Ilf.~1u.e.~~ .~.t?,a~lv.elY.-._~~~ " teIIIP~rat~:.~~ _~

.

,:.:~,:,.,;;~,"

. ;...,;

.<.j,?,; • {J( ·O;t :·';, .. ... .. . ,'."': .'. . " .'' .

:,~~, ', . . ·;,l~Jt!::: " ';;?~;f!~(i;;'{i~ ,;'jf£

•. i!~~;~"<:~""'~:~ """.~ ~ .;:"'::" ~ .. ~¥$::-'1AI'~""~¢.;.tV:Ka.

^....

; '.-', t-' ~. ".'

(123)

(124)

(125)

(126)

(127)

(128)

(129)

(130)

Figure 5.1 The western ice-fall depression

III

Figure 5.2

BEDROCK

_ _ ·8 0m_ Post-sunrise warming rates:

depression (oC hr-1) western ice-fall

(131)

(132)

(133)

(134)

(135)

(136)

(137)

(138)

~·\:;i~;<·:,::;;fl;~~>i;- ~t~/~:'~{~:1;)~;:{V"~->~:;~.~~~~~:(~(};~J~~)':~-~<:~J;fii!{~:~~~;~.tfj~i;~ ~:~~;~_tfr~!

t.~f' _~ ,".' , ^I _" "1'·~:(··~ ,·.·5 :i ^• ^• ^.. ^' ^.. ·.~·.·.··· ^' ~ . : ^";:

__ ".

~

^_ ^. ^._^r ^{. .}

a~.lo wa~~.~ . :_.~t1n-(i.9\'~)·~·~~e'8~' ~~~t

~~t~ . · .. m~1~r~:~~10~.

^or

ne~~~c,~,: _~.~l&per~t ~r~ . pr~.t~~l.~a p:'~l~ln~.:~ .,

^_" ^.

.• 5unrl!Se: 'DCCU~1l~~.the1~e 8~rt'ae~ tem.pera.ture)belowtre,edng.~

.+.~;~. dur.l,:.~·h:~' ~,1ght_. d~~ 't \ __ ~?;wave r.rad~.a~}o,~.l, :~.~ t,~,l'n~·-,~·o,,;o.o.~J·,

.At --equ al-:amb1 ent t;emperat Ul'es,there .18"then:rehe a ting'ot' the .

, " _ .~~~~~~'~.~- :~1~:-:_.t~~8: ~h~ '{:_B:t:_ ~'el">~\~' ~) W'~l\\w.a~d-,: ^.

.Tin t . l'.e,s\l1t1f1g'lnasllght d eerease'inInver81c:m'lI ~rl!!! ngt h,•. .

. ·':l.~,t'11' _~~e~i~r e ,\u.1~n'o~.:, ,~ er le'l att'e; ' ^{u ,}

⁵^.,^'

. U~ :~"

^...

' S·. ,.::.,~ , ·. 'u ·O'·ed'~,~r"~~d . te -· ~ , ' ^: ^. ^... ^. ,~·.:~. :A e:·d~' ~ "n 'vt· e ;.}

^.'

~.,· ^- ^, o'n ·.~

^.^•

~'.

^:

' Btreng'th-" ~'

^.

::'< !." ..'

"..1"';,,' ' ."•.

::.',~:'

^.^:

:- .y' . .. . , .. :.::. _.-.~:. ",;,: \ .:.i. "~:_ ::'" ":'~"

." Relativehuml d ltJ"

or

^t^he^.n^eareus-re eeau,la yer decreased

.

p~~

^..

·at. ~:1~:\~t,e\5' to·~~~';i~.·. ·~~.~r1 8:

^(:a^·:f^.ean:

d.:~.~'··a~·:~'~~;.~,-

Lowes ",'post-sunr ise.huml dJ.t 1&s:'wereexper- Leneedat&11:;e,1 ,:'

~:!'o"~~~~~~'~Hh·'Il~b~t·ant:l~llJ ~~~~~er ' t~Jl1'~~a~'~~~."s 'a t ' ~O~h'

(139)

(140)

(141)

(142)

(143)

(144)

(145)

(146)

(147)

(148)

(149)

(150)

COriC~US1~n;f

-'1;-0'

'b' e' 'd~'~wn'

^'from^'

-ioC~I , st~~~~s':: :

',,',,',:: -: "':. ,l ,,,: ',""'\'

,', Alth~~g~t.he",~ast.,~i t~is..,r~p.re 5 ~nt ~t i~e. .~~,,~ond~~~~~5

"'o ver,a:.la:,:,ge·/?or t1 on~f·~theglaciertongue , itis.C;l.,ar'~

;~om, ,thes'~ , ,:i~8 ' ,th~t ~'~nd ~nd ' ;;'eni~·~ra1iu~.e,. p~flle·~ ·~il1 ~'~

\rrfle ct.

;' odal' ~irt~.~ene~,s

^1.⁰

:.~16pe. : as~ect.taI1.d , pro:xl~,t'Y. ·

^{.. '}

~.O'"ic:.~rr:,e', .~~;,a.~'~ ." :':D~;r,e.~~~on~

^.'ⁱⁿ

tt; ,,~ie.rls.~~~.a.:~i~~~

.a atha t beneaththe,we ste :rlf--ic e-fall,,1'ormlo c ali z edar-eas' of,

~oct~rnal' C~l~ ~i/~~oiiri~ ~it'h eati;: ~dit1~

^ari'd

,"' ., " .- .' :', ''' :' '',' ': , . : '.; '-"·',:. 1 :." ' . .:

~~equ~nt.~ystr?~~,t~rrl~~ratur~:i~~ersl~n(.~e~." "..l~e,~W:~ln-.','' ,,More',s t e eply sloping'areae"of'thesnout expe r ienceacce.Ie r-aeed',

i " . . ' " ," , . " ',' " . . .,1.·..

(151)

(152)

(153)

(154)

(155)

(156)

(157)

(158)

(159)

er.. .'.(~

, ,) ':'~'H91 nk'~~->'H> '~9~~'/ ' Gi~ci~L mete.or.olo'~ ^;, ^-"010 ^'

c,~' ,^{:. .}^-tn,-Ge eh '81'c'8.-"'So'11d-Ear' t h"an d'TriterfaCle

',' " ,,\ &~~~S~::i';'::~::teCZ}~:::;, Jar~L. ^;na''.

:,:_:;\.':'Sub-Polar

Tce~c-a'P ,,1n swnmer': "" A.rctI~InstHut!,!Of, .

^'

',;':',~ '. ':.North#lerj.ca.~evonI laand':"E",ped1tion,1,96 1~'19 6.3. - ,:.r.ledde laryde-,.,pr,·107.;,'·: 'Me tedro~ og+8 ka,Instit utionen

,i ~ ~~i~i~¥;~ ,:~, !

" :: ' .',' J;:~ ^'lA ~~

'~' ':'~<),/~-,. ^, ^" ,~~i;:;~:'ii~:;:::i,{;",:,:~:\ ^", ~

,1,,,"

,.,.",

-"""

(160)

(161)

~an~le.

^",^'-;P^,^.'^,

'1977 ~' , ';A'~ote':,~~,:

^t^'ile'

eff'~~t '6f'

^a

gi;aCle~' o~ ·

...;'l;he summe r:the]:"'mal,cl imat e ofan.ice- lI\ar gl na l area. ' 'I"':',:~~t~,c',and AlPi~e",;'R~'s'e'~~~.h~n9::'i '.30::-:3.M,~" .".

Richards,on,L.P;',1920; The,su,ppl y of',ener g yfr om.and.co

." atmospheric,eddles.-'.·'Pro·cee ·dlnp:'s''a fthe'Roy-al"Soc'1ety

:<~:'·'"A9? : :3 54";'313. ::.\," "'* ', '< ' -, . : : ' :

Sands:'. 'n,in; ,1 96 '6 .:.- :A:',e·itu~ii; .6,f' , ;c:lr,e\ilat'1'~n ip"proach ,t,o '. i

-.": ':" ~~~h'O~ lp a;;;m6to:o~: ,'AG~'~~~=pr& JS:~t~:nu~;: e,~/g:~~:;';.

. . ~3<

^pp^.^. ^{. •• ...} ^...^.^.••^.^..•..., .

~ t5edge"' lC~jJ:-K'.·

^1.96'6.

';' ,creom~rpb'Jlo;; 'an~ '~a's~': B~J'get'br "

:'.-Pey to , G1 a c :l"er ; Alberta."l'h,A.,..,T,heI3 1s. Mc.Ma~t e:r__,.'.

,;.:

,·,~.~~et;~::ty .

':

H~~Hon

'.:

O~':'~~P~;.f,~,~~.d:. " "l~,,~

,:

P~.

:',)

Sl ngh..S.,V•• Mooley,:n.A••and--Krlpa1ani .,R.H..,1978.-

. , .~ \ ; : . ' :" ~~~,~,~ct;~:;~~~~s:~v~Ii;:: ',7~~~~1;'~:~her'

-,' :Review. 10~:.':'510 ':-525:,'" , ..

. '::': 'Str~,ten.,N;A::". ,:a l1d. W~'~d~~'~,,· o. " '·,i968. S~~ ',Obse;va't1oM, ~f

"'.: .::Al~:~kan , glae1er"windS,:'inmidSummer.,Aretic. ,21:.:

.98,t~,.\lO:~;." " ,::::", ^{,' ,:}^.':...^,.'.^:,,^:^":'^:.,- ^-,-;

,<:: ·~.~f~e~;~~'I;~:hai<~~~;re1~ril;}:~,~~,G~l, ~~7~i,~'~ ^,

:',\ '~\'.::,:'.ar~t.f,c,@: l a cl e,r .···",'Arc b l v,fU r,M-e t e a r ol og i e ;'G'e0l>liysl1c:und

,'.:':,:,

B,lOkl~t\)~'Og1~,~ :,~~f. ,B,." ,., 22: , ,'3,~\

..

~ 35~,

"/ "::' ,' . :

. \ .: SJ.tc~l1ng.P.,W••andHay.·,'J.E•. 1978;•.Orftheuseafsy na J?t1,c

; ~~.' "' : ' '~:.:' :6~i~:':t~~'~I~w~i/,~i;i1r~d,i;;~~~

^__.

,r~~~,.~s

^',.,

~

.

erp'

^•.^.

H ;'U:-:": ·i9 36. • :- Ttil\~dY'" c,oridbc.t~vhy

»rthe'

air,: ave'r

as~~l),thflno~t1~l~ ':,}·GeOr ys.'~~ lr.;l,~,:;5'- 49',.'.':::":

:';".'~'.~."' '.'.';L'oli~er•.H~:·

' 19 ,31:. > :

,~l~tsl:lh~~~lrl(:le:'i'ii'det1,'.~,~t~~pen~.···M~t;-'a..:

.;:':" :'::.,

'J..8 .::.~" ~t\ ,~}~l : .,·'. , ; :... ''-:'-':',: ;:,'' '< :>,::.">.',;(\.,\ . >:' . ',:,:~':. ~:"".,::

¹^:^':^.':'

>,

",

:,a.e~~

^S

~;~~,. c:~;:}il'~~~~!n~TI~~.~.~~l~:~:o~y ;r

^..,

~~~~~~i~the

^;'

.. :,)':~ . ."' ,:,,~,~,l,\~t:<:.~~~~ - , ;,~P.·~.:.,:'i<-: ,';.; . . , :_',:, : " ":<': ',,>,, '.' "', "

^Co^'. ^•

,:'~

'>:-":,;;;:-':~,'Vl~1l.7~~'

^..

;,~if~ :K:~;~:8GiA~i:;,~~~.7;:;~i~~:;nr9;~::i'~~~~·

^."

') ;r

:,:,;'y,'~::~:':Q~os:afls~a'::IA\~~ler·:·,~',~~ <:39,~',:,~.~5:1'~~,,~V{~:./

: >.; t" ',: "-.

;'(" ;t~~~~~.

;"';:':"..,,"': \ ,L,

\\/}:~:~~:; ~\\;r\.~ \"

^"^'.'j, ^{^;to

~~~~~~~.i ;:?:\.-~\" .. /: ;ri:; : ' if" '><:': '/,:. ,: , : ';~----.> ,~ :~

^;^\^:;

,:7 . " .. ~," ^' ^";,, ^,;;,;' ^i; '~ i;:)~~:»;if~:j~;~%ff~;ii'1}V ,c\~,;'\< .5~~'n 'C j»

(162)

(163)

(164)

. '

^.^i'^._^~

(165)

(166)

(167)

(168)

.o!

(169)

(170)

(171)

(172)

(173)

(174)

(175)

(176)

(177)

(178)

(179)

(180)

(181)

(182)

(183)

(184)

(185)

(186)

(187)

(188)

(189)

(190)

(191)

(192)

(193)

(194)

(195)

(196)

(197)

(198)

(199)

"." -:.--

(200)

';::~"', ~or._~~l!I '~~~n~1'~:us.~~~port .o~' ;,t,h~S , ~ heS,ls "'~:' ",Pt:~Vl~~ng t~e,_; ,-, ~,

".; R

~~~I~:~~:;: . • t:;:~.::~::i:~P1~::~i:0~O:::{::.~d') .