• Aucun résultat trouvé

Parallel Evaluation of Relational Queries on a Network of Workstations

N/A
N/A
Info
Télécharger
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Parallel Evaluation of Relational Queries on a Network of Workstations"

Copied!
20
0
0

Chargement.... (Voir le texte intégral maintenant)

Texte intégral

(1)Parallel Evaluation of Relational Queries on a Network of Workstations Lionel Brunie, Matthieu Exbrayat, Andre Flory. To cite this version: Lionel Brunie, Matthieu Exbrayat, Andre Flory. Parallel Evaluation of Relational Queries on a Network of Workstations. [Research Report] RR-3638, LIP RR-1999-22, INRIA, LIP. 1999. �inria00073036�. HAL Id: inria-00073036 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073036 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Parallel Evaluation of Relational Queries on a Network of Workstations Lionel Brunie LISI, INSA Lyon. Matthieu Exbrayat LIP, ENS Lyon. Andr´e Flory LISI, INSA Lyon. No 3638 mars 1999 ` THEME 1. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4)  

(5)       !" #$ &%   '( #*)+$, . - $,/%01 % 42 36587$9;:=<?>A@$7B3C9ED 3C9;@YX=Z$[B> N ] L7$`B>Uacb&:658> N$D 2&FHGBFAIJFHK"GML 2JNO587 PRQT2&SUFHSW^=V IJXK"GR2_N8Q 587 Q\S 2&FHGBFAIJFHK"GML 2JN85O7 d e\fUgihkjml n=o pqhArtsEuh v=pxw;pyvzfUgihUp {}|q~Wxh vmn=hA€rƒ‚ n„rƒ‚ ‚8~†|yv&‡\h|qh ˆ‰e\hU|xˆ‰e\h‹Š?ŒŽƒ††‘l g’rƒ|xpj”“†“†“l j”•‚Trƒ–ƒhUp. ™— ˜Bš›”œWTžƒ›ŽŸ!  Škvqe\¡¢p$‚Trƒ‚£hU|¤_h ‚\|q~ƒ‚8~†pxh rƒŠk¡¢Š Š\~”¥ƒr¦vz¡§¥ƒh#rƒ‚ ‚\|q~Žrtˆ‰ekvq~eTrƒŠ\‡ ¨¢hª©«|qhUrƒ‡E¬«gi~†pyvx­_‡Trtvzr®Trƒpqh pU¯ d e\¡¢p$rƒ‚\‚ |q~Žrƒˆ‰e¡¢p®TrtpqhU‡~†Šr&‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢h ¨†hu;vzh Š\pq¡§~†Š0°tˆArƒ¨§¨¢hU‡m± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´·³z¶´¸²ƒ¹»º½¼¦¾£²ƒ´;¿UÀT¶³HÁ¶¦²ƒ´ÃÀ ²ƒ¹Ä¼¦³H°W¤4~ƒ|qÅ·¡¢Š\– ~”¥†hU|ÆrŠ\h v«¤_~†|xÅc~ƒÇ ¤_~†|xÅ;pyv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š pU°¡§ŠÈrˆ ~†s\‚\¨§hU‡Ègi~E‡ hi¤&¡¸vzeÉrpqhUÊ·s\h ŠŽvz¡Ërt¨#Ìrtvzrƒ®Trƒpxh€rƒŠ\rƒ–†hUgihUŠŽv Í w;pxvqhUgÏÎ6ÌÐ € Í Ñ ¯8Òch?‚ |qhUpxhUŠŽvr/‡ h v‰rt¡¢¨¢h ‡rt|qˆ‰e\¡¸vzhUˆvzs\|xhÆ~ƒÇvqe\h?‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢h ¨MÊ;s hU|xwÓh ¥trƒ¨§sTrtvq~†|mrtŠ\‡ÇC~;ˆUs\p ~†ŠÉvze\h"g’rƒŠTrt–†hUgihUŠŽv•~ƒÇ=‡Tr¦v‰rԇ\s\|x¡¢Š\–ÕhHu h ˆUs vq¡¢~†Š pkrƒŠ\‡Évz|qrƒŠ\pqgi¡¢pxpq¡§~†Š\pU°}h pq‚£hUˆ ¡Ërƒ¨§¨§wÖvze\|x~†s\–†e×g’rƒˆU|x~t¬ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–\¯0ÒchJvqe\hUŠ‚\|qh pqh Š·vØ}Š\Å·¡¢‡\s0°¦vze\hJ‚\|x~ƒvz~ƒv«w;‚£hJvqeTrtv$rƒp1®8h hUŠ®\s\¡¢¨§‡rƒˆUˆ ~†|q‡\¡§Š\–&vz~=~†s\|ˆU~†Š ˆUhU‚EvzpU¯ ÒÙh&ÚTŠTrt¨¢¨§w?huE‚£~†pqhmrpxh v_~ƒÇ0gihArƒpxs\|qh g’h ŠŽvzpU°;ˆU~ƒŠ\‡\s\ˆvzhU‡/~W¥ƒhU|4تŠ Å;¡§‡\s0°·e\¡§–†e\¨¢¡§–†eŽvz¡§Š\–®£~ƒvzeivze\h&pq‚£hUˆ ¡§ÚTˆ ‚8h |xÇC~†|xg/rtŠ\ˆUh p=~tÇBg’rƒˆU|x~t¬«‚ ¡¢‚£hU¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š –?rƒŠ ‡vqe\h–†¨¢~†®\rƒ¨O~†Š hUp&~ƒÇBتŠ Å;¡§‡\s0¯ ÛÓ܎ÝOÞxßÆà œ¦á$štŸ n&hU¨Ër¦vz¡¢~ƒŠTrƒ¨tÌrtv‰rt®Trƒpqht°WÊ;s hU|xw‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢h ¨¢¡¢pxgÓ°Š\hv«¤4~†|xÅ~ƒÇ·¤_~†|qÅ·pxvzrtvz¡§~†Š\p °tg’rƒˆU|x~t¬«‚ ¡¢‚£hU¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š –\¯ âäã1åÄæ«ç”è#åªé$ê§æ«ëCìUí 0î ïWðªñ·òµó"ñ;ôõtö ÷½ôHø»ö ÷»ù#úüû\ýCöúÿþUø ÿù=û tö ÷6ø½ð „õAù „ñ;ùö þ môþ =ò Mò ñEñEðxôHôHþ õƒõƒWööð ÷ ÷ ô‰ô‰ø»ø½ö öú *úÿ÷½÷»ð úÿð þ¦”û6ð ø»ðxòµþú þòµþ yäþWöúÿ÷ ðy ÷½ú ô‰ð ø»ú ”ðxWû ð úAù”ªð û6WøóT÷»ôHõt4÷ ôHôðqþWû þWð úüûòµ8þ#ð ä”ðö ÷ð yôHö¦ø»ÿðúÿ÷½öôþ 1þ †Äöðòµ÷ þ¦#û6ø»ô ú #ø ð ”ôø ú $ô‰yø»÷½úÿú öð þtWô÷»ð ””ð8ðxû ñ;ùöyúþ ðxþ Äðqû yð ÿú òËø ôxðxÿú û ð ”ð#ñ·ùö þ ñ;ùöþ 8ð Wð W÷ ôHþ Äð ôú . *. ;%<. +-, .#/. >= m. ? 1+(.   JI. 0. . 1. @BAC!%D#! ;EF 99 . n

(6) N, 54. <?u @. i3. 7 %(6 f3. a8' o. 23. .

(7) . , 54. 3.  . . G H JI-@. "9L/ 3. #p

(8) 7 % o. .   .  +. 7 #(K

(9) 3 i3. "6. 1 57. "!#!%$'&)(. 7.  98'/. :. . LNMPO#Q#R STHU%VXWXY6ZN['T"R U'\^]PT`_ZaU#WLbV S?Z9c?dHefRXTHgihHjkV ckST?W lCZ. %  ?q/. . o. BHr'!ss99/ o,. LNMsvGhHwCw)x%R U"[5W9y#z'{"Z|hkchHweKU"T}gjV ckST5W lCZ. Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rhˆone-Alpes 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN (France) T´el´ephone : 04 76 61 52 00 - International: +33 4 76 61 52 00 T´el´ecopie : 04 76 61 52 52 - International: +33 4 76 61 52 52. " #"@BAC!%D#t%!%r.

(10)  ?    ($ ’# &% $ U?"   &% %1™ &%M &  %01%  h™‡\~;ˆUs\gihUŠŽv‚\|q~†‚£~†pxh/s\Š\h™rƒ‚\‚\|x~Eˆ‰e\h’¡¢Š\Š ~W¥trƒŠŽvqh/‡\h’–†hUpyvz¡¢~ƒŠÙ‡\h pÆ®TrƒpxhUp?‡ h™‡\~†Š\Š oUhUp

(11) š

(12) Ÿ ©Äg’rWx~†|x¡§v‰rt¡¢|qh g’h ŠŽvhUŠc¨¢hUˆvzs\|xh­z°$ˆ  h pxvx¬ ¦¬«‡ ¡¢|qhi‚£~†s\|¨¢h pqÊ·s\hU¨§¨¢h p¨ ÿrƒˆ ˆUf ph ŠÙ¨¢h ˆ vqs\|qhihUpyv?vz|xfUpŠ\h vxvzh g’h Š·v ‡\~†gi¡¢ŠTrtŠ·v}¥;¡§py¬ W¬ ¥;¡¢p‡ h„¨ ÿrƒˆ ˆUf pJh Š’o ˆU|x¡§vzs |qhƒ¯  rƒ‚\‚ |q~;ˆ‰e\h„‚ |q~†‚£~†pqo h&pqh&ÇC~†Š\‡\h&pqs |J¨  s pzrƒ–†h&‡  s\Š\h&hHuEvqhUŠE¬ pq¡§~†Š‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢f ¨¢hƒ°Wrt‚\‚8h ¨¢o h ¦²ƒ´ÃÀ ²ƒ¹«¶ÀE³J³z¶´¸²ƒ¹»º½¼¦¾T¾O¶´U± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´ ´¢¶°”ÇC~†Š\ˆvz¡¢~ƒŠ\ŠTrƒŠŽv1pqs\|1s\Š|qo pqhArts?‡\hJpxvzrtvz¡§~†Š\pU°¦hUŠ ˆU~†s ‚\¨Ërƒ–ƒh4rA¥†h ˆ s\Š Í wEpyvzf g’h#‡ "h !hUpxvq¡¢~†Š‡\h#Ð4rƒpqh p‡\h#̄~†Š\Š\o hUp=Î Í !Ð#Ì Ñ pxoUÊ·s\hUŠŽvq¡¢hU¨»$¯ #„~ƒs\pB‚\|xoUpxhUŠŽvz~†Š p ¡¢ˆ ¡E¨ ÿrƒ|xˆ‰e\¡§vqhUˆvzs\|xh_‡\ov‰rƒ¡§¨¢¨§oUhª‡\h4ˆ h vBo ¥trƒ¨¢s\rtvzh s\|$‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢f ¨¢hƒ¯ #=~†s\pB¡§Š\pq¡§pxvq~†Š\p1‚Trƒ|xvq¡¢ˆ s\¨¢¡§fU|qh g’h ŠŽv$pxs\|B¨¢r„–†h py¬ vz¡§~†Š/‡\h p4‡\~ƒŠ\Š\oUh p4‡\s |zrƒŠŽv#¨§hUpªvz|qrƒŠ\pxÇCh |xvqp4h v4¨¢h p_¡§Š·vqhU|x|q~†–Žr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\pU°Žh Š™o vqs\‡\¡ËrtŠ·v_Š\~ƒvzrƒgig’h Š·vJ¨  s vq¡¢¨§¡¢pzr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ ‡\s/g’rƒˆ |q~t¬ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–\%¯ #„~ƒs\p_¡§ŠŽvz|q~;‡\s\¡§pq~†Š p}hUŠ\pxs\¡§vqh„Š\~tvz|qh=¡¢gi‚\¨§oUgihUŠŽv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š?‡\h„¨  o¥trƒ¨¢sTr¦vzhUs |}‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢f ¨¢ht° ¨¢h’‚\|q~ƒvq~ƒv«w;‚8h/Ø}Š\Å·¡¢‡\s0&¯ #„~†s p?‚\|xoUpqh ŠŽvz~†Š\p•h Š ÚTŠÉ‡\¡¸¥†h |qp?vqhUpxvqpÆh v?g’h pqs\|xhUpÆ|xoArƒ¨§¡¢pxoUppqs\|¨¢h/‚ |q~ƒvq~ƒv«w;‚8h Ø}Š\Å·¡¢‡\sih vJgih vqvzrƒŠŽvªhUŠirA¥trƒŠŽvA°·Š\~†Šipqh s\¨¢h g’h Š·vª¨§hUpª‚£hU|xÇC~ƒ|qg’rƒŠ\ˆUh p}–†¨¢~ƒ®Trƒ¨¢h p‡\sk‚\|x~ƒvz~ƒv«w;‚£hƒ°·g’rƒ¡¢po –Žrƒ¨§h¬ g’h ŠŽv„ˆ hU¨§¨¢hUp ‚ ¨¢s\p px‚8o ˆU¡§Ú\Ê;s hUpm¨§¡¢o hUp&rƒsg’rƒˆU|x~t¬«‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š\– ¯ ž (

(13) Ÿ Ð#rtpqh‡\hӇ ~†Š\Š\o hUp/|xhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†Š\Š\h ¨¢¨¢ht°ª‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢o ¨¢¡§pzrtvq¡¢~†Šc‡\h|xhUÊ·+s * vqhUp ° |qoUpxhArƒs.‡\hÓpyv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š pU° ' à ›”š Þ ) g/rtˆU|q~¦¬«‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡¢Š ¡¢Š\–\¯.

(14) k M$ J  €rƒŠŽwÔgi~;‡\hU|xŠÔ‡Trtvzrƒ®Trƒpxhkrƒ‚\‚\¨§¡¢ˆAr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\pU°*pqs ˆ‰eÙrƒpm‡\hUˆ ¡¢pq¡§~†ŠÔpxs\‚\‚£~†|xvU°0‡\~;ˆUs\gihUŠŽv|xh vz|x¡¢h¥ƒrt¨$~†|mg’h ‡\¡¢ˆUrƒ¨ ‡Trtvzrƒ®TrƒpxhUpJeTrA¥†h„vq~Ç6rtˆUh&e·s\–†h„rƒg’~ƒs\ŠŽvzpª~ƒÇ0‡\rtv‰r ¯ mŠ’rtvqvq|zrƒˆvz¡§¥ƒh&pq~†¨§s vz¡§~†Š•vz~eTrƒŠ\‡\¨§h&pqs\ˆ‰e™ˆ ~†Š\pyvz|zrt¡¢ŠŽvzp ˆU~†Š pq¡¢pyvzp=¡¢Šs\px¡¢Š\–i‚Trƒ|qrƒ¨¢¨§hU¨0ÌmÐ € Í pÆλ{ªÌÐ € Í p Ñ °*¤&e\¡§ˆ‰eÓ~ 8hU|&‚£hU|yÇC~†|qg’rƒŠ\ˆ hrtŠ\‡ÓhHu;vzhUŠ pq¡¢® ¡¢¨¢¡¸v«w†¯ „~”¤#¬ h ¥ƒhU|vze\h•‡ ¡ 8s\pq¡§~†ŠÔ~ƒÇJ{ªÌÐ € Í peTrƒp®£hUhUŠÕpyvz|q~ƒŠ\–†¨§wÓ¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzh ‡0°*‡\s\hÆvz~™vqe\hƈ ~†pxv~ƒÇJ‚Trt|zrƒ¨§¨¢hU¨g’rƒˆ‰e\¡§Š\hUp rƒŠ\‡×~ƒÇ=‚Trƒ|qrƒ¨¢¨§hU¨_ÌÐ € Í px~ƒÇµv«¤#rt|qhƒ¯   ŠÉ~†|q‡\h |Ævz~‘¨§¡¢gi¡§vvze\h"¡§g’‚ ¨¢hUgihUŠŽvzrtvz¡§~†Šcˆ ~†pxvU°J¥ƒhUŠ\‡ ~†|qpirƒŠ\‡É|xh¬ pqhUrƒ|qˆ‰e\h |qpeTrA¥†h•|xhUˆ hUŠŽvz¨¸wԂ\|x~†‚8~ƒpqhU‡‘vq~™‚8~ƒ|xvvqe\hÆhuE¡§pxvz¡§Š\–™‚Trt|zrƒ¨§¨¢hU¨1ÌÐ#€ Í ~†Š‘Š\h v«¤_~†|xÅ;p~ƒÇª¤_~†|qÅ·pyv‰r¦¬ vz¡§~†Š\p  Ð#"Ð !€“†E° !hU|z$“ #&%»(¯ '=Š ÇC~†|yvzs\ŠTr¦vzhU¨¸w†°Mrt¨¢¨1~ƒÇªvze\~†pxhÆpxw;pyvzhUgip|qh g/rƒ¡§ŠÔhuE‚£hUŠ\px¡§¥ƒhi®£hUˆUrƒs\pxh•~ƒÇªvze\h ˆU~†gi‚\¨§huE¡§v«w/~ƒÇ$vqe\hU¡§| pq~ƒÇµv«¤4rƒ|xhƒ¯   Š‚\rƒ|xvq¡¢ˆUs ¨Ërƒ| °\{ªÌÐ € Í pm¡¢Š ˆU¨¢s ‡\hˆU~†gi‚\¨§hu™vq|zrƒŠ pzrƒˆvz¡¢~ƒŠTrƒ¨8Ç6rtˆU¡¢¨§¡§vq¡¢hUp ¯ ) Š\h¡§p rƒ¨§¨¢~”¤4h ‡™vz~Ƥ_~†Š\‡\h |&¡§ÇˆU~ƒg’‚\¨§h vqhrƒŠ\‡ˆU~ƒg’‚\¨§hu/‚Trƒ|qrƒ¨¢¨§hU¨8ÌÐ € Í p=rƒ|xhŠ\hUˆ hUpxpzrƒ|yw"vz~•eTrƒŠ ‡\¨¢h vze\hkg’rƒŠŽw‘rƒ‚ ‚\¨¢¡§ˆArtvq¡¢~†Š\p„¡¢Š‘¤&e\¡§ˆ‰eև\rtv‰r"¡¢pgi~†pyvz¨§wrƒˆ ˆUhUpxpqh ‡È¡¢ŠÕr’©Ä|xhArƒ‡;¬«~†Š\¨¸wŽ­Ægi~E‡ hƒ+¯ *T~†|¡§Š\pxvzrƒŠ\ˆ hƒ° ‡\hUˆ ¡¢px¡¢~†ŠÖpqs\‚ ‚8~†|yvrƒ‚\‚\¨§¡¢ˆAr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\ps\pxsTrƒ¨¢¨¸w‘ˆU~ƒŠ\ˆUh |qŠÈrt|qˆ‰e\¡¸¥†hi‡Trtv‰rrƒˆ ˆUh pqpqh ‡É¡¢ŠÖrƒŠÖ~ *¬«¨¢¡§Š\h?Ç6rƒpxe\¡¢~ƒŠ0¯   Š pqs\ˆ‰e/ˆArƒpxhUpU°·vze h=s pqh=~ƒÇ0ˆ ~†e\hU|xhUŠ\ˆw’rƒŠ\‡is\‚8‡\rtvzh ÇCs\Š\ˆvz¡§~†ŠTrƒ¨§¡§vz¡§hUpBrƒ|qh&s\pxhU¨¢h pqp ¯   Škvze h=pqrƒgih&¤4rAw†°;‡\¡¢–ƒ¡§v‰rt¨ ¨¢¡§®\|zrƒ|x¡¢h pkÎ6ht¯ –\¯kgihU‡\¡§ˆArƒ¨B¡¢g’rƒ–†hƇTr¦v‰rƒ®TrtpqhUp °$‡ ~Eˆ s\g’h ŠŽv¨§¡¢®\|qrƒ|xwƒ°MgÆs\¨¸vz¡¢gihU‡ ¡Ër/rt|qˆ‰e\¡¸¥†hUp Ñ rt|qhk®Trƒpx¡¢ˆArt¨¢¨§w s\pqh ‡Õ¡¢ŠÔr’|qhArt‡E¬«~†Š ¨§w"¤4r”wÉÎ6¡»¯ ht¯mgi~E‡\¡¸ÚTˆAr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\p&~Eˆ ˆUs\|mrtvm¥ƒhU|xwÓ¨¢~”¤ |qrtvzh pU°0ht¯ –\¯„~†Š\ˆ h•r/‡TrAwÓ~†|m~†Š ˆUhÆr ¤4h hUÅ Ñ ¯   Šcvze\¡§pˆ ~†ŠŽvzhu;vU°J¡§ŠÙ~†|x‡\hU|vz~Ó®8h/rƒ®\¨¢hivz~ÓeTrƒŠ\‡\¨§h’vqe\h/–†|x~”¤&¡¢Š\–rƒg’~ƒs\ŠŽvÆ~ƒÇ ‡\rtv‰rÓrƒŠÈÊ·s\hU|x¡¢h p?¤4h ‚\|q~ƒ‚8~†pxhivq~ӈ ~†s\‚\¨§h/r‚\|xh¬«hHuE¡¢pxvq¡¢Š\–pqh Ê·s\hUŠŽvz¡¢rƒ¨J|qhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†ŠTrƒ¨BÌÐ € Í ¤&¡§vzecr‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢h ¨Ê·s\hU|ywÖh ¥trƒ¨¢s\rtvz~†| ° ¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e|qs Š\p„~ƒŠÓr•Š\hv«¤4~ƒ|qÅ~ƒÇ1¤4~†|xÅ·pxv‰r¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\pU¯ d e·s\p °M¡¢Švqe\¡¢pm‚Trƒ‚£hU|m¤_h•‚\|q~ƒ‚8~†pxh?vze hÆpq~ƒÇµv«¤4rƒ|xhkrƒ|qˆ‰e\¡¸vzh ˆ vzs |qhÆ~ƒÇJpxs\ˆ‰eÖr™‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢h ¨hu;vzh Š\pq¡§~†Š0,¯ #vx¬ vzh Š·vq¡¢~†ŠÖ¡¢p‚\rƒ|xvq¡¢ˆUs ¨Ërƒ|x¨§wÇC~Eˆ s\pqh ‡Ù~†Š‘vqe\hkg/rƒŠ\rƒ–†hUgihUŠŽv~ƒÇ_ˆU~ƒg’gÆs Š\¡¢ˆUrtvz¡§~†Š\p®Žw‘¡§Š·vq|q~;‡\s\ˆ ¡¢Š\–g’rƒˆU|x~t¬ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–Æe\h s\|q¡§pxvq¡¢ˆUp ¯ ‚\|x~ƒvz~tv«wE‚£h=¡¢gi‚\¨¢h g’h Š·vq¡¢Š\–„vze\h pqh=ˆU~†Š\ˆ hU‚ vqpU°EˆArƒ¨§¨¢hU‡iØ}Š\Å·¡¢‡ s0°·eTrƒpJ®8h hUŠ/‡ h ¥†h ¨¢~†‚£hU‡O¯ªØuE‚£hU|x¡¢gihUŠŽvzp ˆU~†g?®\¡¢Š\¡§Š\–Ø}Š\Å·¡¢‡\s/rƒŠ\‡ ) |zrƒˆ ¨¢.h -eTrA¥†h=®8h hUŠ/|xs\Š0°·pqe ~W¤&¡§Š\–?®£~ƒvqe’r¨¢¡§Š\hArt|pq‚£hUh ‡™s\‚kÇC~†|JتŠ Å;¡§‡\s0°;rƒŠ\‡ vze\h0h /’ˆ ¡¢h Š\ˆ w~ƒÇ1vze hˆ ~†s\‚\¨§¡¢Š\–krt|qˆ‰e\¡¸vzhUˆvzs\|xh   Š’pqh ˆ vz¡§~†2Š 1¤4h„‚\|qh pqhUŠŽv#vqe\hm‡ h v‰rt¡¢¨¢h ‡™rƒ|xˆ‰e\¡§vqhUˆvzs\|xh„~ƒÇ0~†s\|4pyw;pxvzh gÓ¯   Š/pqhUˆvz¡§~†Š™¤4h‡ hUpqˆ |q¡§®8h=vze\h pxvq|qs\ˆvzs\|xh?~ƒÇ$vze\hØ}Š\Å·¡¢‡\sӂ\|q~ƒvq~ƒv«w;‚8ht¯_Òchvqe\hUŠÓ‚\|qh pqh Š·vrƒŠ\‡Ó‡\¡¢pxˆUs\pxpm~†s\|&hHu ‚£hU|x¡¢gihUŠŽvzp=¡¢Špqh ˆ vq¡¢~†Š 3\¯ n=h ¨ËrtvqhU‡É¤_~†|qÅÉ¡§p•ˆU~†gig’h ŠŽvzhU‡ ¡¢Š×pxhUˆ vq¡¢~†4Š #E5¯ *B¡§ŠTrƒ¨§¨§w†°¤_hpqs\gig/rt|q7¡ 6 h/vze ¡¢pk‚Trƒ‚£hU|krƒŠ ‡ ¡§Š·¥ƒhUpyvz¡¢–†rtvzh ÇCs vzs |qh¤4~ƒ|qÅ"¡¢Š"pxhUˆvz¡¢~ƒŠ ¯  ;"H< _1™B ÏR 4?   ÓB  $  ? ’" #> = #@ ? 8 9 :  d e\hi–†~Žrƒ¨}~ƒÇ#rˆ ~†s\‚\¨§hU‡ÖÊ·s\hU|ywch¥trƒ¨¢sTr¦vz~†|ˆ ~†Š\pq¡§pxvqp¡§ŠÖ¡ Ñ hu;vz|qrƒˆ vq¡¢Š\–‡TrtvzrÇC|x~†g ~†Š hi~ƒ|pxh ¥ƒhU|zrt¨_‚\|xh¬ huE¡¢pyvz¡§Š\–Æ|qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Š\rƒ¨£ÌÐ € Í ° ¡¢¡ Ñ ‡\¡§pxvq|q¡¢® s vz¡§Š\–vqe\¡¢p_‡Trtv‰r~†Šr?Š\hv«¤4~†|xř~ƒÇM¤_~†|qÅ·pyv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š\p#rƒŠ\‡"¡¢¡§¡ Ñ s\px¡¢Š\– vze\¡§p_‡ ¡¢pxvq|q¡§®\s vz¡§~†Šk¡¢Ši~†|q‡ hU|_vq~‚ |q~;ˆUhUpxp4‚Trt|zrƒ¨§¨¢hU¨T|xhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†ŠTrƒ¨\Ê·s\h |q¡§hUpU¯   Šivze\¡§p_pxhUˆvz¡¢~ƒŠ’¤_h„ÚT|xpxv#‚ |qhUpxhUŠŽv r –†¨¢~ƒ®Trƒ¨0~”¥†h |x¥;¡¢h¤Y~ƒÇB~†s\| ‚\|x~†‚£~†pzrƒ¨»¯d e\h ŠÓ¤_h¡§Š·vq|q~;‡\s\ˆ hrƒŠ\‡‡\¡¢pxˆUs\pxp„|xhU‡\¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvz¡¢~ƒŠ/vzh ˆ‰e\Š\¡¢Ê·s\h pU¯JÒÙh ÚTŠTrƒ¨§¨§w/‚\|q~†‚£~†pxhrkg’rƒˆU|x~t¬«‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š\–pxvq|zrtvqhU–ƒw™pq‚£hUˆU¡¸ÚTˆArt¨¢¨§w™rƒ‡Trƒ‚EvzhU‡ÇC~†|&‚\|x~Eˆ hUpqpx¡¢Š\–iÊ·s\hU|x¡¢h p=Š h v«¤_~†|qÅ ~ƒÇ1¤4~†|xÅ·pxv‰r¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\pU¯ . A"BDC. . E4FHGIJLKNMOGKNPQFM. Ü Ü œW ( àNZ£Ü œ Z\[CÜ·ß d e\hª~”¥†hU|qrƒ¨¢¨·rt|qˆ‰e\¡¸vzhUˆvzs\|xh. ØBuE®T“†“]%†ˆArƒŠ®8h}‡ ¡§¥;¡¢‡\h ‡¡¢ŠŽvz~#v«¤_~„g’rƒ¡§ŠˆU~†gi‚8~ƒŠ\hUŠŽvzpJÎCpqh hJÚT– ¯†j Ñ0^ vqe\h" ”¶³Hƒ¶³ rƒŠ\‡vze\h`_q²ƒ´7_À;´¸²ƒ¹Ä¼¦³ ¯}d e\hpxhU|x¥ƒhU|„¡¢p#vze hrtˆUˆUh pqp=‚8~ƒ¡¢ŠŽv vz~•vze h¤&e ~†¨¢hpywEpyvzh g ÇC~ƒ| ®8~ƒvqerƒ‡\gi¡¢Š\¡§pxvz|qrtvz~ƒ| þa  RTSUVSWU. s. X NY. %t#!%t#$.

(15) ƒr Š\‡cs\pqh |qpU¯2„¨¢¨v‰rtpqÅ·pÆrƒ|xhkpqs\®\gi¡§vxvzh ‡cvz~ÓrƒŠ\‡Övz|xhArtvqhU‡Ù®ŽwÖ¡§vU¯/d e\¡§p ”¶³Hƒ¶³¡§pˆ ~†Š\Š\h ˆ vqhU‡Ùvq~Ópxh ¥†h |zrƒ¨ _q²ƒ´7_ÀE´¸²ƒ¹«¼¦³ Ƥ&e\¡§ˆ‰e rƒ|xhÓ¡§Š×ˆ‰eTrƒ|q–ƒh~ƒÇmpxvz~ƒ|q¡¢Š –crtŠ\‡.‚\|x~Eˆ hUpxpq¡¢Š –c|xhU‡\¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvzhU‡ ‡Trtvzr ¯.d e\hŠ\hHuEviv«¤_~ pqh ˆ vz¡§~†Š\p&‡\h pqˆU|x¡¢®£hvqe\hUpxhˆU~†gi‚8~ƒŠ\hUŠŽvzp&¡§Š‡ h v‰rt¡¢¨¢p ¯ Queries (classical access to DBMS). Client. Client. Queries (using the extension). Client. Server. DBMS. Access to source data. Client. Distributed data. Calculator. Calculator. Calculator. (parallelization of read-only queries). B¡§–†s\|qh?j ^ ! h Š\hU|qrƒ¨M~”¥†h |x¥;¡¢h¤ *. Ü š Ü œ Z£Ü œ à á ( Ü d e\hpqh |x¥ƒhU| gi~E‡\s ¨¢h?Î6pqh hÚT–†s\|xh,1 Ñ ˆU~†Š\px¡¢pyvzp#~ƒÇ1h ¡¢–†eŽv#ˆ ~†gi‚8~†Š hUŠŽvzp rt¨¢¨¢~”¤&¡§Š\–vqe\h‡\¡§pxvq|q¡¢® s vz¡§~†Š’~tLJTrtv‰r Î6ˆ ¡¢|qˆ s\¡§v  Ñ °Bvze\h/ˆU~†¨§¨¢hUˆvz¡§~†ŠÙ~ƒÇ=ˆUrƒ¨¢ˆ s\¨Ërtvq~†|qp$¨§~Žrƒ‡È¡§Š ÇC~†|xg/rtvq¡¢~†Š.Î6ˆ ¡¢|xˆUs\¡¸v•Ð Ñ rtŠ\‡Évze\h™‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢h ¨_Ê·s\h |xw huEhUˆ s vz¡§~†ŠÙÎ6ˆU¡§|qˆ s\¡§v  Ñ ¯ RTSUVSR. . Users’ and administrator’s access point. A : Data distribution B : Load information C : Query. A1 : Demand of distribution Interface. C7 : Resulting tuples. C1 : SQL query C2 : Raw execution plan. A3 : Distribution information. C3 : optimized PEP. Result Manager. SQL analyser. B2 : Load information Load Manager. Parallel execution Manager. B1 : Calculator’s load. C6 : Resulting tuples. Parallel execution Optimizer. Redistribution Manager Access to existing DBMS. C4 : Elementary operations C5 : State of operations. Communications. A2 : Original data to distribute. Access to calculators. $¡¢–†s\|xh,1 ^ „|qˆ‰e\¡¸vzhUˆvzs\|xh~tÇ$vqe\hpqhU|y¥†h |„gi~E‡ s\¨¢h   ›AÙá [ š›”œ [ ˜ › [6àYÕ¡¢p ‡\~†Š h®Žw"vqe\hrƒ‡\gi¡¢Š\¡§pxvz|qrtvz~ƒ|U¯Bd e ¡¢p&¨Ërtvxvzh |#ˆU~†Š Š\hUˆvzp=¡§vzpxhU¨¸Ç$vq~kvqe\hpxw;pxvqhUg vze\|x~†s\–†e vze\hÖºµ¾T¹«¶³  ² _‰¶¯ „¡¢pk‡\h g/rtŠ\‡.~ƒÇm‡\¡¢pyvz|x¡¢®\s vq¡¢~†Š×¡§pkvqe\hUŠ vz|zrtŠ\pqgi¡§vxvzhU‡×vz~Õvze hc³z¶ ƒ7º ¹6³º UÀ;¹6º½¼¦¾ ò Mò *.   .

(16) ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³iWÎ j Ñ °¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰eوU~†ŠŽv‰rtˆ vzpvze\h/ÌÐ € Í ¡§ŠÙ~†|x‡\hU|vz~hu;vz|qrƒˆ vvze\hi|qh Ê;s hUpxvqhU‡×‡Trtvzr ¯ØBuEvq|zrƒˆvzh ‡ ‡Trtvzr?¡¢pJvze\h Š™vz|zrtŠ\pqgi¡§vxvzhU‡’vz~?vqe\h _‰¼  À;¾Tº _q²ƒ¹»º½¼¦¾g’~;‡\s\¨§hÆÎ  1 Ñ °E¤&e\¡§ˆ‰e"pqhUŠ ‡\p ¡§vJvz~?vqe\hˆUrƒ¨¢ˆ s\¨Ërtvq~†|qp ¯ d e\h³z¶ ƒ7º ¹6³º UÀ;¹6º½¼¦¾ ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³Mrt¨¢pq~„¡¢Š\‡ ¡¢ˆAr¦vzhUpMvqe\h4|xhU‡\¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvz¡¢~ƒŠ‚Trt|zrƒgih vqhU|qpvz~=vze\hª± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´*¶ E¶ _À;¹»º½¼¦¾ ¼‰±£¹»º º ¦¶³WÎ m Ñ ¯  œ à ž Ü šAš à œ ( à Tá [Y à œ ٝ › [C à YÓ¡¢p}|xhU–†s ¨Ërƒ|x¨§w|qh vqs\|qŠ hU‡/®Žw•hUrƒˆ‰eiˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~†|B¡¢Šk~†|q‡ hU|}vz~rƒ¨§¨¢~”¤×vze\h ¡¢gi‚\¨¢h g’h ŠŽv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š’~ƒÇ1¨¢~Žrƒ‡"®\rƒ¨ËrƒŠ ˆU¡¢Š –Æ‚\|q~;ˆUh ‡\s\|xhUpU¯   v&¡¢p_vz|zrtŠ\pqgi¡§vxvzhU‡™vq~ir™´¢¼U² ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³Î6Ðmj Ñ ° ¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e ¡¢Škvzs\|xŠ/vz|qrƒŠ\pxg’¡¸vzp}¡§vªvq~vze h&± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´0¶ E ¶ _ÀE¹6º½¼¦¾Ô¼‰±£¹»º º ¦¶³ λР1 Ñ ¯}Ìm¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvz¡¢~ƒŠ’rtŠ\‡/¨§~Žrƒ‡k¡¢Š ÇC~ƒ|qg’rtvz¡§~†Š ¡¢p s\pxhU‡Ó®·w"vqe\¡¢p ¨¢rtvqvqhU|#¡§Š~†|q‡\h | vz~•ÚTŠ\‡vze\h®£hUpyv„pxs\¡§vqhU‡¨¢~;ˆArtvq¡¢~†Š’ÇC~†| hArƒˆ‰e~†‚£hU|qrtvz¡§~†Š0¯  Ü œ ݋ Ü MÜ )ž › [6à Y ¡§pkvq|q¡§–†–†hU|xhU‡ ®Žw×pqs\®\gi¡§vxvz¡§Š\–Õr Í

(17) Ê;s hU|xw×vqe\|q~†s –†e vqe\hÖºµ¾T¹Ä¶³  ² _‰¶¯ d e\¡¢p Ê·s\hU|yw"¡¢p4vqe\hUŠ"vq|zrƒŠ\pyÇC~†|qgihU‡"¡§Š"rƒŠ¡¢ŠŽvqhU|qŠ\rƒ¨8ÇC~†|xg/r¦v4®Žw™vqe\h > .²ƒ¾£²ƒ´ÃÁ ¦¶³mÎ  j Ñ ¯}d e h|qrA¤hHuEhUˆUsEvz¡¢~ƒŠ ‚\¨ËrtŠÈ~†® vzrƒ¡¢Š\h ‡È¡¢pvze\h ŠÉ¡¢gi‚\|q~”¥ƒhU‡É®Žwcvqe\h’± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´#¶ E ¶ _ÀE¹6º½¼¦¾¼‰±£¹»º º ¦¶³’Î  1 Ñ °B¤&e\¡§ˆ‰eׂ\|q~;‡\s\ˆ hUp•rƒŠ ~†‚ vq¡¢gi7¡ 6Uh ‡‚Trƒ|qrƒ¨¢¨§hU¨¦huEhUˆ s vz¡§~†Š‚ ¨ËrƒŠ’λ{ªØª{ Ñ ¯”d e\¡§pM‚\¨ËrtŠ/Î   Ñ ˆU~ƒŠ\pq¡§pxvzp~ƒÇE®Trƒpx¡¢ˆ=ÎChU¨¢h g’h ŠŽv‰rƒ|yw Ñ ~ƒ‚8h |zrtvq~†|qp ˆU~†Š Š\hUˆvzhU‡•®Žw T~”¤&pB~tÇ\‡TrtvzrmrƒŠ ‡?‚\|xh¬0rƒŠ\‡?‚£~†pyvx¬«ˆ ~†Š\‡\¡¸vz¡§~†Š\pU°Wht¯ –\¯$pqˆ‰e\h ‡\s\¨§¡¢Š\–„‡\hUˆ ¡¢pq¡§~†Š\p  Ð !$“ -tN® %»¯Bd e\h ± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´8¶ E ¶ _ÀE¹6º½¼¦¾ ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³$rƒŠTrƒ¨¸w;pqhUp}vqe\h&{ªØJ{cpq~vzeTr¦vªhArƒˆ‰eiˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~ƒ|B~†Š\¨¸w?|xhUˆ hU¡§¥ƒhUpªvze\h ~ƒ‚8h |zrtvq~†|qp ¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e‘vzrƒÅƒh p‚\¨Ërƒˆ hÆ~†Š‘¡¸vkÎ  3 Ñ ¯d e\h?± ²ƒ³x²ƒ´µ´¢¶´ª¶ E ¶ _À;¹»º½¼¦¾ ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³&|qh ˆUhU¡¸¥†h p‚ |q~;ˆUhUpxpq¡§Š\–"¡¢Š ÇC~ƒ|qg’rtvz¡§~†Š ‡\s\|x¡¢Š\–kvze\hhHu h ˆUs vq¡¢~†ŠO°£¡§Š\‡\¡§ˆArtvq¡¢Š\–\°·ÇC~†|&¡¢Š pxv‰rtŠ\ˆUht°\vze\hhUŠ ‡~ƒÇBhArƒˆ‰e~†‚£hU|zr¦vz~†|Î  # Ñ ¯Jn=h pqs\¨¸vz¡§Š\–•vzs\‚\¨§hUp rƒ|qh–†|x~†s\‚£hU‡rƒŠ\‡pxvq~†|qh ‡Ó®Žw"vqe\hk³‰ ¶ À;´Ã¹ ²ƒ¾£² ;¶³Î   Ñ °*rƒŠ ‡vqe\hUŠÓ|qhvzs\|xŠ\hU‡vz~•vze hs pqhU|?Î  - Ñ ¯ á ( Ü RTSUVS  Ü ž† (»)ž (C › à œ  à. d e\h‘ˆArt¨¢ˆUs ¨Ërtvq~†|/gi~E‡ s\¨¢hˆU~†Š pq¡¢pyvzp"~ƒÇÚ\¥ƒh‘ˆU~†gi‚£~†Š\hUŠŽvqpÖÎ6pqh hÔÚT–†s\|xhՍ Ñ ¯ =hU|xhÕrƒ–Žrƒ¡§Š.¤4h‘e\r”¥ƒh‘vze\h _‰¼ ÀE¾Tº _q²ƒ¹6º½¼¦¾g’~;‡\s\¨§hƒ°†¤&e\¡§ˆ‰e/rƒ¨§¨¢~”¤&pªhArƒˆ‰e’ˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~ƒ|Bvz~huEˆ‰eTrƒŠ –†hm‡Tr¦v‰rrƒŠ\‡ig’h pqpzrt–†hUpª¤&¡§vqe’®£~ƒvze vze\h=pqh |x¥ƒhU|#rtŠ\‡ivqe\h=~ƒvze\h |ªˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~†|xpU¯   Š\ˆU~†gi¡¢Š –‡\rtv‰r¡¢pvq|zrƒŠ\pxg’¡¸vqvqhU‡kvz~vze\h ¹«¼¦³q² ;¶g’~;‡\s\¨§h#¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e pxvq~†|qh p„¡¸vA¯   Š ˆU~†gi¡¢Š\–"¡§Š\pxvq|qs\ˆvz¡§~†Š\prƒ|xhi‚ ¨Ërƒˆ hU‡Ö¡¢ŠÖr"Ê;s hUs\ht¯/d e\h Šcvze h wՖ†~"vze |q~†s\–ƒecr _T¶ ƒÀ;´Ãºµ¾ •gi~;‡\s\¨¢ht° rƒŠ\‡rt|qh‚ |qhUpxhUŠŽvzh ‡ vz~Övze\5h _‰¼ ±£ÀE¹½²ƒ¹»º½¼¦¾Ùg’~;‡\s\¨§hÓrtp/Š\h hU‡\h ‡0¯   ŠŽvzh |qgihU‡\¡¢rtvzh|qh pqs\¨¸vzpivzeTrtv’¤&¡¢¨§¨ ®8h s\pqh ‡É¨¢~;ˆArƒ¨§¨§wÔrƒ|qhkvz|qrƒŠ\pqgi¡§vxvzh ‡cvz~vze\2h ¹Ä¼¦³x² ;¶gi~;‡\s\¨¢ht°1¤&e ¡¢¨¢hi~ƒvqe\hU||qhUpxs\¨§vqp?rt|qh/pxhUŠŽvÆvq~Óvze h/~ƒvqe\hU| ˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~ƒ|qp•ÎC¡¢ŠŽvzh |qgihU‡\¡¢rtvzh|qh pqs\¨¸vzp Ñ ~†|„vq~™vze\h•pxhU|x¥ƒhU|iεÚTŠTrƒ¨$|qhUpxs\¨§vqp Ñ ¯?ØBuEhUˆ s vz¡§~†Š‘g’h pqpqrƒ–†hUprt|qh•rƒ¨§pq~ pqh Š·v=vz~•vqe\hpqhU|y¥†h |rtv vqe\hhUŠ\‡~ƒÇ$hArƒˆ‰e~†‚£hU|zr¦vz~†| ¯ *$¡¢ŠTrƒ¨§¨§wƒ°†rƒ‡\gi¡¢Š ¡¢pxvq|zrtvq¡¢~†Š?g’h pqpzrt–†hUpmÎ6pxs\‚\‚\|xhUpqpx¡¢~†Š/~ƒÇMr|qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Š0°Žpxe·s vz‡\~”¤&Š0°Eh vqˆƒ¯ Ñ ˆArƒŠ’®8h=|qh ˆUhU¡¸¥†h ‡ rƒŠ\‡vz|xhArtvqhU‡0°\¤&¡¸vze"vze\h‚£~†pqpx¡¢®\¡§¨¢¡¸v«wivq~’pxhUŠ\‡Órƒˆ‰Å·Š\~”¤&¨¢h ‡\–†gihUŠŽv„g’h pqpzrt–†hUp&®Trƒˆ‰Å*¯   Šc~†|q‡ hU|vz~~ƒ‚ vz¡§g’¡ 6UhÆvze h’s\pxh/~ƒÇ#hArƒˆ‰ecˆArƒ¨§ˆUs\¨¢rtvz~†| °Mvze\h’ˆU~†gi‚\s vzrtvz¡§~†ŠÕg’~;‡\s\¨§hie\rƒp®£hUh ŠÈgÆs\¨¸vz¡ä¬ vze\|xhArƒ‡ hU‡0¯ Í h¥†h |zrƒ¨\ˆ ~†gi‚\s v‰r¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ?vze\|xhArƒ‡ pªrƒ|qh#¤_~†|qÅ·¡§Š\–~†Šk‡\¡ 8hU|xhUŠŽv}~†‚£hU|qrtvz~ƒ|qpU°†¤&¡¸vzekr–†¡¸¥†h Š•‚\|q¡§~†|q¡¸v«w ÇC~†|#hUrƒˆ‰e0¯}d e\¡§p#‚\|q¡§~†|q¡¸v«wi¡¢p4‡ h vzh |qgi¡¢Š\hmrƒˆUˆ ~†|q‡ ¡¢Š\–?vqe\h‚\|xhUˆUh ‡\hUŠ ˆUh~ƒÇÊ·s\hU|yw"rƒŠ ‡"~ƒÇ1~†‚8h |zrtvq~†|qp ¯BÒe\h Š vze\hivze\|xhArƒ‡Ö¤&¡§vqeÖvqe\h’e ¡¢–†e\h pxv‚\|q¡§~†|q¡¸v«wÔ¡§p¤4rƒ¡§vq¡¢Š\–"ÇC~†|Š\h¤ ‡TrtvzrÙÎC¡¢ŠÖˆArƒpxh/~ƒÇ4‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\h ‡Ö~ƒ‚8h |zrtvq~†|qp Ñ ° pqh ˆU~†Š\‡\rƒ|xwc‚\|q¡§~†|q¡¸v«wÔvze |qhArt‡\p?ˆUrƒŠÙpyv‰rƒ|yv¤_~†|qÅ·¡§Š\–\¯Ð_wÕvze ¡¢p¤#rAw†°BŠ\~Ó¤4rƒ¡§vq¡¢Š\–‡\h ¨ËrAwÕ¡¢p¨¢~†pyvA¯™d e |qhArt‡ px¤&¡¸vzˆ‰e\¡§Š\–’¡§p ¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzhU‡’®Žws\pq¡§Š\–irkˆ ~Žrƒ|xpqh–†|zrt¡¢Š~ƒÇ1vz|qhUrtvzgihUŠŽv ^ vzs\‚\¨§hUp=rƒ|xh–†|q~†s ‚8h ‡Ó¡§Š‚\rƒˆ‰ÅƒhvzpU¯ ) Š\ˆUh vze\hvq|qhAr¦vzgihUŠŽv=~ƒÇr•‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh v„¡¢p pyv‰rƒ|yvzh ‡0°\vze\h¤&e\~ƒ¨¢h‚Trƒˆ‰Åth v„¡¢p#vz|xhArtvqhU‡0¯ Ìmrtv‰r T~”¤&p&®£h v«¤_hUhUŠpxvq~†|zrt–†hrƒŠ\‡"ˆ ~†g’‚ s v‰rtvq¡¢~†Š p rƒ|qhmŠ\~ƒv&|qhUrƒ¨¢p T~”¤&pÎ6¡½¯ hƒ¯}‚ ¡¢‚£hUp Ñ ¯ÒÙhs pqhpq~ƒg’h Ê·s\hUs\¡§Š\–Èpyvz|qs ˆ vzs |qhUp/¡¢Š ¤&e ¡¢ˆ‰e ‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqp"rƒ|xh|qhÇChU|xhUŠ\ˆ hU‡0¯Rd$~Ù®8hg’~ƒ|qh‚\|qh ˆU¡¢pxhƒ° hUrƒˆ‰eˆU~†gi‚\s vzrtvz¡§~†Š vze\|xhArƒ‡•e\rƒp¡§vqpB~”¤&Š•pqhv}~ƒÇ*Ê·s\h s\hUp=Î 1„Ê·s\hUs\h p Ñ ¯Òe\hUŠir„vqe\|qhUrƒ‡•|qh ˆUhU¡¸¥†h pªrmŠ\h ¤ ~†‚£hU|qrtvz~ƒ|$vz~mˆU~†gi‚\s vqhƒ° ¡§v4ˆU~†ŠŽv‰rtˆ vzp#vqe\hpxvq~†|zrt–†hg’rƒŠTrƒ–†h |ÎCpqhUhÚ\–†s\|qh 3ÆrƒŠ\‡ # Ñ °;¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e"¡§Š™vzs\|xŠ"|qhÇChU|qh Š\ˆUh ‡vqe\h‡Tr¦v‰rƂTrƒˆ‰Åth vqp ¡¢Š"vze hÊ·s\h s\hUp?Î6ht¯ –\¯ªÚT|xpxv=Ê·s\hUs\hÇC~†| vze h® s\¡¢¨§‡\¡¢Š\–?|qhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†Š0°EpqhUˆ ~†Š\‡ÓÊ;s hUs\hÇC~†|#vze\h‚\|x~†®£h|xhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†Š"¡¢Š ˆArƒpxh~tÇr•eTrƒpxe•x~ƒ¡¢Š Ñ ¯ s. þa. %t#!%t#$.

(18) Communications. Execution messages. Administration messages. Data. Resulting tuples to be sent. Instructions. Analyse of administration messages. Scheduling. Actions related to administration messages. Operations Data to be used. Computation. Local resulting tuples. Storage. B¡§–†s\|xh ^ m |xˆ‰e\¡§vqhUˆ vqs\|qh~ƒÇ1vze hˆUrƒ¨¢ˆ s\¨Ër¦vz~†|#gi~;‡\s\¨¢h *. Fragment. Fragment. Fragment. NULL. Thread. 1/ Referencing of the computation thread. pack 3. pack n. pack 2. pack n-1. pack 1. pack n-2. thread. 2/ Referencing of already. thread. 3/ Referencing of last packet. received packets. B¡§–†s\|qh 3 ^ Ì rtv‰r•‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqpm|xh ÇChU|xhUŠ\ˆ ¡¢Š\–i¡¢Š"Ê·s\h s\hUp *. A"BLA. 4MQJ K FHJ P<KNJ . d e\h=ˆU~†s\‚ ¨¢hU‡kh¥ƒrt¨¢sTrtvq~†|}rƒ¨§¨¢~”¤&p}r‚Trƒ|yvz¡¢rƒ¨ ‡\¡§pxvq|q¡¢® s vz¡§~†ŠÆ®£~ƒvzeirƒgi~†Š\–†pyv}v‰rƒ® ¨¢hUpªrtŠ\‡k¡¢Š\px¡¢‡\h4vzrƒ®\¨§hUpU¯Bd e\¡¢p ÇCs\Š\ˆvz¡¢~ƒŠTrƒ¨¢¡¸v«w¡§p$‡\|x¡§¥ƒhUŠ?®Žwv«¤_~g’rƒ¡¢ŠˆU~ƒŠ\pxvq|zrƒ¡§Š·vqpU¯*B¡¢|xpxvA°Wvze h_h¥ƒrt¨¢sTrtvq~†|M¡¢p1~†|x¡¢hUŠŽvqhU‡vq~”¤#rƒ|x‡?|xhArƒ‡E¬ ~†Š\¨¸w Ê·s\hU|ywE¡§Š\–\¯d e·s\p °Žvze\h#Ê·s\h |xw;¡¢Š –‡\~†g’rƒ¡¢ŠˆArƒŠ•®£hλr¦v¨¢hUrƒpxvB‚Trƒ|yvz¡Ërt¨¢¨§w Ñ ‚\|xh¬«‡ h ÚTŠ\h ‡0°;rƒŠ\‡•hHuEvq|zrƒˆvzh ‡•‡Trtv‰r ˆArƒŠÖ®£hi¨§¡¢gi¡§vqhU‡Óvq~vqe\hkˆU~†Š ˆUhU|xŠ\hU‡c~†Š\ht¯ Í hUˆU~ƒŠ\‡0°vze\hkpxw;pyvzhUg ¡§ppqs\‚ ‚8~†pxhU‡Övz~"¤4~ƒ|qő~†ŠÖrcÎ6‚£~†pqpx¡¢®\¨¸w Š\~ƒvk‡\h ‡\¡¢ˆUrtvzh ‡ Ñ Š\hv«¤4~†|xÅÉ~ƒÇ&¤4~ƒ|qÅ·pxvzrtvz¡§~†Š\pU¯  ˆ ˆU~†|x‡\¡¢Š –Õvq~Ôvze\¡§p•‚8~ƒ¡¢ŠŽv•~ƒÇ=¥;¡¢h ¤°ªpx~†g’h"px‚Trƒˆ h¨§¡¢gi¡§vqp ˆArƒŠÕrt‚\‚8hUrƒ|U°8¡¢Š¤&e\¡¢ˆ‰e‘ˆUrƒpqhkr/ˆ‰e ~†¡¢ˆ hÆrƒgi~†Š\–†pyv‡\¡§pxvq|q¡¢® s vzh ‡Ô‡Trtvzr’gÆs\pyv®£h?‡\~†Š h  Ø !“ - %»¯d e\¡§|q‡0°8¡¢Š ~†s\|vzrƒ|q–†hvrƒ‚\‚ ¨¢¡¢ˆUrtvz¡§~†Š\p?Î6ht¯ –\¯‡\¡¢–ƒ¡§v‰rt¨$¨§¡¢®\|qrƒ|q¡§hUp Ñ °Ortp¡¢Š‘gi~†pxv‡\rtv‰rƒ®\rƒpqhkrƒ‚ ‚\¨¢¡§ˆArtvq¡¢~†Š\p °8gi~†pyvÊ·s\hU|x¡¢hUp ˆU~†Š ˆUhU|xŠÉr|qhUpyvz|x¡¢ˆ vqhU‡Öpqhv?~ƒÇ4‡TrtvzrÙÎCs\pqsTrt¨¢¨§wԈArƒ¨§¨¢hU‡©«e\~ƒv‡Trtvzr¦­ Ñ ¯ Í ~\°Brtpvqe\hi‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢h ¨Bh¥ƒrt¨¢sTrtvq~†|¤&¡¢¨§¨ ®8hmˆU~†s\‚ ¨¢hU‡™¤&¡¸vze"rÆpxhUÊ·s\h Š·vq¡Ërƒ¨OÌÐ € Í °\¡§v_¤4~†s ¨¢‡™Š\~tv g/rtŃhpxhUŠ\pxhvz~Ƈ\s ‚\¨¢¡§ˆArtvqh„vze hm¤&e\~†¨§h‡Trtvzrƒ®Trƒpxhƒ¯ ) Š\¨§w?e\~ƒvª‡TrtvzreTrƒpvz~®£h hu;vz|qrƒˆ vqhU‡kÇC|q~†g vze\h&pxhUÊ·s\hUŠŽvq¡Ërƒ¨*ÌÐ#€ Í rtŠ\‡k‡\¡¢pyvz|q¡§®\s vqhU‡k~”¥†hU|}vqe\h Š\h v«¤_~†|xÅ£¯ Í s\ˆ‰e¨¢¡§g’¡¸v‰rtvq¡¢~†Š\p~ 8hU|’v«¤_~ȇ\¡ Oh |qh Š·v/–Žrƒ¡§Š\pU¯ *B¡¢|xpxvU°4vze\hÓpq‚TrtˆUhÔs vq¡¢¨§7¡ 6Ar¦vz¡¢~ƒŠÉ¡¢p/~ƒ‚ vz¡§g’¡ 6UhU‡O°#rƒŠ\‡ pqh ˆU~†Š\‡O°Bvze\hihu;vq|zrƒˆvz¡¢~ƒŠÙ‡\h ¨ËrAwÕ¡¢p¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzhU‡O¯   Š ‡\hUh ‡0°hu;vq|zrƒˆvz¡¢~ƒŠÙ‡\h ¨ËrAw;pˆUrƒŠÙ®£h/r¨¢¡§g’¡¸vz¡¢Š –’Ç6rƒˆvz~†|¡¢Š ˆArƒpxh~tÇr•®\|x¡¢h Ç$s\pxhƒ¯ ò Mò.   .

(19) Local relations Instructions R3 local Scheduling 1: demande d’opération. 4: Referencing thread queues. R1. Computation Thread. 2: extraction of an instruction. R2. 5: insertion in queues. 3: operation to be executed. a: tuples produced b1 : transmission to distant node. 6: tuples extraction. Regroupement. 7: end of use signal. b2: local storage. Transmission queue. $¡¢–†s\|xh,# ^ ØBuEhUˆUsEvz¡¢~ƒŠÓ~ƒÇBrƒŠ~†‚£hU|qrtvz~†| ) Š\ˆ hkr™‡\¡¢pyvz|x¡¢®\s vq¡¢~†Š¡¢p‡\~ƒŠ\hƒ°0¤_h•gÆs\pyveTrA¥†hir™–†¨ËrtŠ\ˆUh?vq~™vze\hÆÇC|xhUÊ·s\h Š\ˆ w‘~tÇJvqe\h•s\‚£‡Trtvq¡¢Š\–"‚\|x~t¬ ˆUh ‡\s\|qht¯„p„Ç6rƒ|„rƒp„vqe\h?h¥trƒ¨¢sTr¦vz~†|&¡¢p„g’~ƒpxvz¨¸w"ˆU~ƒŠ\ˆUh |qŠ\h ‡Ô¤&¡§vzeÓ~ *¬«¨¢¡§Š\hrƒ‚\‚\¨§¡¢ˆUrtvz¡§~†Š\pU°Ts ‚8‡Tr¦vzhUp„ˆArƒŠ®8h ‡\hU¨¢rAw†hU‡crƒˆ ˆU~†|x‡\¡¢Š\–™vq~r–ƒ¡§¥†h Š‘ÇC|qhUÊ·s\h Š\ˆ w ÎChƒ¯ –\¯?~ƒŠ\ˆUhir"‡TrAw Ñ °0¤&e\¡§ˆ‰ec~ 8hU|xpr"pqs /iˆU¡§hUŠŽv©«ÇC|xhUpqe Š\hUpxpy­ ~ƒÇ ‡Tr¦v‰rrtˆUˆU~ƒ|q‡\¡§Š\–Óvq~Óvze h™rƒ‚\‚ ¨¢¡¢ˆUrtvz¡§~†Š0¯’d e\hUŠÉrpqh ˆU~†Š\‡É‚ |q~†®\¨§hUg(rƒ‚ ‚8hUrƒ|qp ¯d e h™|qhÇC|qhUpxe\¡¢Š –‡\h ¨ËrAw ˆArƒŠ/®8h=¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzhU‡k®Žwis\‚£‡Trtvz¡§Š\–~†Š\¨§w•vqe\hmŠ h ¤~†|Jg’~;‡\¡¸ÚThU‡kvzs\‚ ¨¢hUp °E¡¸Ç0s\‚£‡Trtvqh„vq|zrƒˆ ¡¢Š\–¡¢p_rƒ¨¢¨§~”¤4h ‡’®Žwivze\h ÌÐ € Í ¯ *. A"B. .  K F  PG J  G F 

(20) J MJ J . à Y › Ü › €ÓrƒˆU|x~t¬«‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š\–?eTrƒpm®£hUh ŠÔs\pxhU‡ÇC~†|&px~†g’hw†hUrƒ|qp„¡¢ŠÓ‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢h ¨Mrƒ‚\‚ ¨¢¡¢ˆUrtvz¡§~†Š\p °\g’~ƒpxvz¨¸w¡¢Špqˆ ¡¢hUŠŽvq¡§ÚTˆ ˆU~†gi‚\s vzrtvz¡§~†Š  Ìmh pz“3$%»¯R€rƒˆ |q~t¬ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–‘ˆU~ƒŠ\pq¡§pxvzpi¡¢Š pqh Š\‡\¡¢Š –ÙˆU~†rƒ|qpxh–†|qrƒ¡¢Š\pk~ƒÇ‡Trtv‰rÕ®£h v«¤_hUhUŠr ‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆ hU|?rƒŠ\‡Õvze\h’ˆU~†|x|qhUpx‚8~ƒŠ\‡\¡¢Š –Óˆ ~†Š\pqs g’h |U°$¤&e ¡¢ˆ‰eÙ¡§ŠÖvqe\h/ˆ ~†ŠŽvzhHuEv?~ƒÇ#‡\rtv‰rƒ®\rƒpqh pˆ ~†|q|xhUpq‚£~†Š\‡ pvz~ pqh Š\‡\¡¢Š –?pqh¥†h |zrƒ¨Tvzs ‚\¨¢h p4rtvªvqe\h&pzrƒgih vz¡¢gih ®£h v«¤_hUhUŠ’v«¤4~pqs\ˆ ˆUhUpxpq¡¸¥†h~†‚£hU|qrtvz¡§~†Š\p ¯   v_rƒ‚\‚£hArƒ|xpJvqeTrtv}vqe\¡¢p vzh ˆ‰e\Š\¡¢ˆUrƒ¨O¡§pqpxs\heTrƒp4®8h hUŠ"‚£~E~†|x¨§wkpyvzs\‡\¡§hU‡™ÇC~†|_pqeTrt|qhU‡;¬«Š\~ƒvqe\¡¢Š –Æpxw;pxvqhUgipU¯}ÒchˆArƒŠ™Ú\Š\‡"pq~†gihm® s Oh |qh ‡ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–¡§Š•e\¡¢h |zrƒ|xˆ‰e\¡¢ˆUrƒ¨\pxw;pyvzhUgiQp  "Ð * “†& %½°·~†|}px~†g’h#vqs\‚\¨§h¬«®ŽwŽ¬ vqs\‚\¨§h ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–m¡§ŠipxeTrƒ|xhU‡E¬ Š\~ƒvze ¡¢Š\– rƒ|qˆ‰e ¡§vzh ˆ vqs\|qh p  Ì ! ! 0ƒE° !|zr†“ 3&%»°T®\s v=Š\~khuE‚\¨§¡¢ˆU¡¸v g’rƒˆU|x~t¬«‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š\– ¯ „~”¤_h ¥†h |U°mrcvzs\‚ ¨¢h¬ ®Žw·¬½vzs\‚ ¨¢h¡¢ŠŽvzh |y¬«Š ~E‡\hӂ\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–Õ®\|q¡§Š\–†pi¥†hU|yw.e ¡¢–†e ˆU~†gigÆs\Š\¡§ˆArtvq¡¢~†Š ~”¥†h |qe\hUrƒ‡\pU° ¤&e\¡¢¨§h4r„g/rƒˆ |q~t¬ ‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–#¤_~†s\¨¢‡?®\|q¡§Š\–„¥ƒhU|xw¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzh ‡~ƒŠ\hUp °ŽhUpq‚£hUˆ ¡Ërƒ¨§¨§w~†ŠÆr„Š\hv«¤4~†|xÅ?~ƒÇT¤_~†|xÅ;pyv‰rtvq¡¢~†Š pU¯ "Ü › Ü œ  [WY  › [6à Y×à  cšU › [ š  \žƒ› à œ Ý Tž Ü ›/š [ ŽÜ ×pqrtvz¡§pxÇ6rƒˆvz~†|yw‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vpx7¡ 6 h_ˆUrƒŠ?®£hª‡\h vqhU|qgi¡¢Š hU‡vze\|x~†s\–†evz|zrtŠ\pqgi¡¢pxpq¡¢~ƒŠvqhUpyvzpU°t®\s v$|qh g/rƒ¡§Š\pMpq‚£hUˆ ¡§ÚTˆ vz~‘rԖƒ¡§¥†h ŠÈˆU~ƒŠ ÚT–†s\|qrtvz¡§~†Š0¯ **~ƒ|?¡¢Š pxv‰rtŠ\ˆUht°ÚT–†s\|xhUp•ÔrtŠ\‡ -ÓhuE‚\|xhUpxpkvqe\h/vq|zrƒŠ\pxg’¡§pqpx¡¢~†ŠÖvz¡¢gihi~ƒÇ&~†Š\h ®Žw;vqh•¤&¡§vze|qhUpx‚8h ˆ vvq~"pqh ¥ƒhU|qrƒ¨}pq¡ 6UhUpm~ƒÇJ‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp~”¥†h |rÔj ƒ®Trƒpxh¬ d Øvqe\hU|xŠ\h v O #¯  ~†Š pq¡¢‡ hU|q¡§Š\–/vqe\¡¢p ˆArƒpxhƒ°T¤_hˆUrƒŠÓrƒpqpxs\g’hvqeTrtv=‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vzp=pqe ~†s\¨¢‡®£hrtv&¨¢hUrƒpxv #ÆÅ·¡¢¨¢~ƒ®·w·vqhUp ¨¢~ƒŠ\–\¯  ~ƒŠ\pq¡§‡\hU|x¡¢Š\–vze\¡§p?gi¡¢Š\¡§g/rƒ¨B‚\eŽwEpx¡¢ˆUrƒ¨4px7¡ 6Uht°Bvze h/Š\hHuEvÆpxvzh ‚ɈU~†Š pq¡¢pyvzpÆ¡§ŠÙ‚\|x~†‚£~†pq¡§Š\–‘rÓpqrtvz¡§pxÇ6rƒˆvz~†|yw h 8hUˆvz¡§¥ƒhpx7¡ 6 h‡ hU‚£hUŠ\‡\¡§Š\–•¤&e\h vqe\hU|&v«¤_~’~†‚£hU|qrtvz¡§~†Š\p&rƒ|xh‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\h ‡™~†|&Š\~ƒvU¯ þa . . . .

(21) . . . s. %t#!%t#$.

(22) Time to transfer a byte (micro-seconds). 200. 150. 100. 50. 0. B¡¢–ƒs\|qh ^ d$|qrƒŠ\pxÇCh |=vq¡¢gihkÎ6pxg/rt¨¢¨O‚\rƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp Ñ. 0. 2000 4000 Size of packets (bytes). *. 6000. Time to transfer a byte (micro-seconds). 3.5. 3.0. 2.5. 2.0. B¡¢–†s |qh,- ^ d1|zrƒŠ pxÇChU| vq¡¢gihkÎ6®\¡§–†–†h |#‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vzp Ñ   Š ¨Ërƒˆ‰ÅÉ~tÇ‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡¢Š ¡¢Š\–\°}vqe\hӂ\rƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp™px¡76UhˆArtŠ ®8hÓrƒpi¨Ërƒ|x–†hrƒpiŠ\hUh ‡\hU‡0¯ „Š·w·¤4rAw†°&g’¡§‡\‡\¨§h¬«px¡76 hU‡ ‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vzp¨§¡¢gi¡§v•vze hÔvz|zrtŠ\pxÇCh |/vz¡§g’h~ƒÇvze h‘¨Ërƒpyv™‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vU°rƒŠ\‡.®·w vze\¡§p/¤4r”w.¨¢~”¤_hU|’vqe\hÔvz~tv‰rƒ¨=¨ËrtvqhUŠ\ˆw ®8hv«¤4h hUŠ.v«¤_~ֈU~†Š\pxhUˆ s vz¡¸¥†hpyw;Š\ˆ‰e\|q~ƒŠ\7¡ 6 hU‡.~ƒ‚8h |zrtvq~†|qpÎC¡¢ŠÉvze\¡§p•ˆArƒpxhƒ°J¤4h‡\~Պ\~ƒvis\pxh‚ ¡¢‚£hU¨¢¡§Š\¡¢Š –Ô®\s v ˆU~†gigÆs\Š ¡¢ˆAr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠkˆ ~†gi‚\s v‰r¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ™~”¥†hU|x¨Ërƒ‚ ‚\¡¢Š\– Ñ ¯   Š ˆArƒpxhÔpq~ƒg’h‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–Õrƒ‚\‚£hArt|qpU° vze hÚT|qpyv™pyvzhU‚.ˆU~†Š\px¡¢pyvzp/¡§Š.~†®Ev‰rƒ¡§Š\¡¢Š\–ÖrƒŠ.rƒ‚\‚\|x~Au ¡§g/r¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ ~ƒÇ vze\h/Š;s gÆ®8h |Æ~ƒÇ vqs\‚\¨¢h pƂ\|x~E‡\s ˆUhU‡×®ŽwÙrix~†¡¢Š0¯   ŠÉˆArƒpxh/¤_h"‡\~‘Š\~ƒv?eTrA¥†hrƒŠŽwcpxv‰r¦vz¡¢pyvz¡§ˆUpU°BhuEˆUh ‚ vkvze\h ˆArƒ|x‡\¡¢Š\rƒ¨¢¡¸v«w =rƒŠ ‡ 

(23)  ~tÇM®8~tvze™|xhU¨Ër¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\pU°†¤_hˆArtŠ™huE‚\|xhUpqp_vze\h„Š;s gÆ®8h |4~ƒÇOvzs\‚\¨§hUp ‚\|x~E‡ s\ˆUh ‡ ®Žw"vze\h4x~†¡§Šrƒp=rkˆ ~†gÆ®\¡§ŠTrtvq¡¢~†Š™~tÇBvze hgi¡¢Š ¡¢g’rƒ¨*ˆArƒ|x‡\¡¢ŠTrt¨¢¡§v«w’rƒŠ ‡r„x~†¡§ŠÇ6rtˆ vz~ƒ| Érƒp ^  !""#$ %'& Îyj Ñ d e ¡¢p4h pxvq¡¢g’rtvz¡§~†Š’¡§p4r|qhU¨¢rtvz¡¸¥†h ¨§w•~†‚Evz¡¢gi¡¢pyvz¡§ˆ ~†Š\hƒ°E®\s v4¡§v4rƒ‚\‚£hArƒ|xp4vz~®8h„pqs /iˆU¡§hUŠŽv ¡§Š/vze\h„ˆArƒpxh~ƒÇr ¨¢~”¤pqŃh¤¯ !~†¡§Š\–•rÆpxvqhU‚"ÇC~†|y¤#rƒ|x‡0° ¤_hgÆs\pxv&¡§ŠŽvz|q~;‡\s\ˆ hmvze hÇ6rƒˆ v vqeTrtv ®£~ƒvzeˆ ~†Š\pqs g’h |&rƒŠ\‡‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆ hU| ~†‚£hU|zr¦vz~†|xpiˆUrƒŠ ®8h"‚Trt|zrƒ¨§¨¢hU¨§7¡ 6 hU‡È~”¥†h |’pxh ¥ƒhU|zrt¨=Š ~E‡\h pU¯ Mh v ( vze\hŠ·s\gÆ®£hU|k~ƒÇ„‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆ hU|xp/rƒŠ *‡ )Övze\h Š·s\gÆ®£hU|~ƒÇ_ˆU~†Š\pxs\gihU|qp ¯   ÇJ¤_h/rƒpxpqs\gih•vzeTr¦vvze\hk‡\¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvz¡¢~ƒŠ‘¡¢p®Trƒ¨¢rƒŠ\ˆ hU‡ÕhUŠ\~ƒs\–†e0°vze\hkŠ·s\gÆ®£hU|~ƒÇ vzs\‚ ¨¢hUp +‚\|x~E‡\s ˆUhU‡®ŽwhArƒˆ‰e‚\|x~E‡\s ˆUhU|&ˆUrƒŠÓ®£hhUpyvz¡¢g’rtvqhU‡rƒp ^ + ,-./  ( " #  ( $ &0 (  !""#$ %'& Î1 Ñ d e·s\p °T¡§ÇMvqe\h‡\¡¢pyvz|x¡¢®\s vq¡¢~†Š’~”¥†hU|&ˆ ~†Š\pqs g’h |qp ¡¢p#rƒ¨¢px~Æ®Trƒ¨¢rƒŠ\ˆUh ‡0° vqe\hŠ·s\gÆ®£hU|#~ƒÇvqs\‚\¨¢h p 21=|qh ˆUhU¡¸¥†h ‡ ®ŽwhArƒˆ‰eˆU~†Š pqs\gihU|&¡¢p ^ 1354 67) ""#% $'&  )8  ( ./ !""#$ $'& λ Ñ Mh v 9;:ªvze\h•px7¡ 6Uh?~ƒÇªvze\hÆvq|zrƒŠ\pxg’¡¸vqvqhU‡vqs\‚\¨¢h pU°Ovqe\hUŠ‘vqe\hkrA¥†hU|qrƒ–†hÆ¥ƒ~†¨¢s\gihÆ~ƒÇJ‡Tr¦v‰r’vq|zrƒŠ\pxg’¡¸vqvqhU=‡ <81 ¡¢p ^ ò Mò 1.5. 0. 20. *. 40 60 Size of packets (kilobytes). 80. 100.   .

(24) <813 ;9 :  8)   (  !""#$

(25) '&. WÎ 3 Ñ Òch"ˆArtŠ Š ~ƒvz¡§ˆUh™vze\rtv <81’¡§pÆvze\h"‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh v’pq¡6Uh™vq~‘®8h"s\pxhU‡ ¡§Ç&¤_h‚ ¨ËrƒŠÈvq~ÖpxhUŠ\‡ ~†Š\¨¸wÙ~ƒŠ\h"‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vA¯ *B¡¢Š\rƒ¨¢¨¸w†°\~†Š hgÆs pxv„ˆU~†Š\px¡¢‡\h |=vqe\h‚\|q~†‚£hU|yvz¡§hUp=~ƒÇvze hŠ\hv«¤4~ƒ|qÅ*¯ hv™vqe\h‚ e·w;px¡¢ˆArt¨$gi¡¢Š\¡§g/rt¨Opq¡ 6Uh ‡\hU‚£hUŠ ‡\¡¢Š\–~†ŠÆvqe\h ‚\|x~†‚8h |xvq¡¢hUpB~ƒÇ*vze\h Š\hv«¤4~ƒ|qÅεÇC~†|¡¢Š pxv‰rtŠ\ˆUht° #mÅ;¡§¨¢~†®Žw·vzh p Ñ ¯d e\h huE‚\|xhUpxpq¡¢~ƒŠ’~ƒÇ*‚\rƒˆ‰Åƒhv pq¡6Uh¡¢p#vqe\hUŠ–†¡§¥ƒhUŠ®Žw ^ 9 ,

(26)  9;:  !)  ( ""#$ %'& # ,/ & Î# Ñ d e·s\p ° ,’¤&¡¢¨§¨0®8hs pqhU‡ÇC~†| ‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡¢Š ¡¢Š\–\°·¤&e\¡§¨¢h 98¤&¡¢¨¢¨8®8hs pqhU‡ÇC~†| pxw;Š\ˆ‰e |q~†Š\¡ 6Uh ‡~†‚£hU|qrtvz~†|xpU¯  œ Ü š  à (»á '=pq¡§Š\–?Ú uEhU‡px7¡ 6Uhm‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp=rƒ‚\‚£hArt|qp#Š\~tv#vz~Æ®£h‚£hU|yvz¡¢Š hUŠŽv ¡¢Š/g’~†pyv#ˆUrƒpqh p ~ƒÇ1‚\¡¢‚£hU¨§¡¢Š\¡§Š\–\¯   Š\‡\hUh ‡0°TrƒŠ ¡¢|x|qhU–ƒs\¨Ërƒ|B‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆvz¡¢~ƒŠi|qrtvzh ¡§g’‚ ¨¢¡¢h prƒŠi¡¢|x|qh –†s\¨Ërt|BˆU~ƒŠ\pqs\gi¡¢Š –|qrtvzht°;rƒŠ\‡k®Žw•vze\h ¤4r”wirpx¨¢~”¤#¬«‡\~”¤&Ši~”¥†hU| vze\h¤&e\~†¨¢h?Ê;s hU|xwƒ,¯ *T~†|„vqe\¡¢p„|qhArtpq~†Š0°8¤4h•‚\|x~†‚£~†pqh?vq~™s\pxh•r Ts\pxe\¡¢Š\–’vze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡0°O¡¢ŠÔ~†|x‡\hU|=vz~™¡§g’‚ |q~”¥†h vze\h \s\¡¢‡\¡¸v«w~tÇJvqe\h•‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡¢Š ¡¢Š\–i‡Trtvzr \~W¤¯d e\¡§pvze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡ÕˆU~ƒŠ\pq¡§pxvzp¡§Š‘¨¢¡§g’¡¸vz¡¢Š –kvqe\hƇ\h ¨ËrAwÔ®£h v«¤_hUh Š ˆU~†Š pqhUˆ s vz¡¸¥†h™‚\rƒˆ‰ÅƒhvzpÆ®ŽwÖrƒ¨§¨¢~”¤&¡¢Š\–™vqe\hipxw;pxvqhUg(vz~pxhUŠ\‡c‚Trƒ|yvz¡Ërt¨¢¨§wŽ¬½ÚT¨¢¨§hU‡Ô‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqpU¯d e\hig/rt¡¢ŠÕ‚8~ƒ¡¢ŠŽvzp ˆU~†Š pq¡¢pyv?¡§ŠÕ¡ Ñ ‡\h Ú\Š\¡¢Š\–vze hivqe\|qh pqe\~†¨§‡cs Š\¡§vrƒŠ\‡Ö¡¢¡ Ñ ‚\|x~†‚8~ƒpq¡¢Š –rpzrtvq¡¢pyǵwE¡§Š\–"vze\|xhUpxe\~†¨¢‡O¯  ~†Š\ˆ hU|xŠ\¡¢Š\– vze\hvze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡‘s\Š ¡§vA°£¤4h•‚ |q~†‚£~†pqhvz~™s\pxhÆvze\h?Š;s gÆ®8h |~ƒÇª¡§Š\ˆU~†gi¡¢Š –’‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqprƒ¨¢|xhArƒ‡ wvq|qhAr¦vzhU‡‘®ŽwÓvze\h ~†‚£hU|zr¦vz~†|Æpx¡¢Š\ˆ h"vze\h"¨¢rƒpxv \s\pqe Î6¡»¯ ht¯cvze h"¨Ërƒpyv•‡Trtvzr‘vq|zrƒŠ pxÇChU| Ñ ¯×€~†|qh"‚\|xhUˆ ¡¢pqh ¨§wƒ°_rtpÆÇ6rƒ|krƒp•ˆU¨¢rƒpqpx¡¢ˆUrƒ¨ x~†¡¢Š"pyvz|qrtvzh –†¡¢h pÎ6¡½¯ hƒ¯}Š ~kÇCs ¨¢¨O‚\rƒ|zrƒ¨§¨¢h ¨¢¡¢pxg  Ò * “ #&% Ñ rƒ|xhs\pqh ‡0°*~†Š\¨¸w/‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqpm®£hU¨§~†Š\–†¡§Š\–?vz~Ævqe\h‚\|q~ƒ®8h |qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Šrƒ|xhv‰rƒÅthUŠÓ¡¢ŠŽvz~irƒˆ ˆU~†s\ŠŽvU¯ '=pq¡§Š\–vqe\hmŠ·s\g?®8h |_~ƒÇ8vzs\‚ ¨¢hUp_rƒpJvze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡’s\Š\¡§vª¤_~†s\¨§‡/®£h„gi~†|qh=rƒˆ ˆUs\|qrtvzht°E® s v4vqe\¡¢p}¤_~†s\¨¢‡’¡¢gi‚\¨§w g’~ƒ|qhrtˆUˆU~ƒs\ŠŽvz¡¢Š –¤_~†|qÅ*¯ ) Š"rƒŠ\~ƒvqe\hU|_pq¡§‡\hƒ°;s\pq¡§Š\–Æ‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqp&rƒp#rtˆUˆU~ƒs\ŠŽvz¡¢Š –Æs\Š\¡¸v4|xhUÊ·s\¡¢|xhUp#‡ ¡§¥;¡¢‡\¡§Š\–vze\h ‚\|q~ƒ®\¡¢Š\–’|qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Š¡¢ŠŽvz~’‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vzp ¯d e\¡¢p„pqh hUgipm|qh ¨Ërtvq¡§¥ƒhU¨§whUrƒpxwƒ°0rƒpmrƒ¨¢¨‚\|x~†®\¡§Š\–/|xhU¨Ër¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ\p=rƒ|qh¡¢ŠŽvzh |qgih¬ ‡\¡Ër¦vzh|qh pqs\¨¸vzp ¯ „p=¡¸v&ˆArƒŠ®£hpxhUh Š¡¢Š"ÚT–ƒs\|qh °\h¥†hUŠ¡§Ç1pq~†s |qˆUh|qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Š p rƒ|qhgi~†Š\~†¨§¡§vqe\¡¢ˆÆÎ6¡½¯ hƒ¯ªrt|qhŠ\~ƒv ‡\¡§¥;¡§‡\hU‡k¡¢ŠŽvq~‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp Ñ °·vze\h ÚT|xpxvª~†‚£hU|qrtvz~†|}~tÇOr‚\¡§‚8h ¨¢¡§Š\h#ˆ‰eTrƒ¡§ŠÆ¤&¡¢¨§¨ ‚\|x~E‡\s ˆUh&‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vzp ° rtŠ\‡•vze\h&pqh ˆU~†Š ‡ ~†Š\h¤&¡¢¨§¨8vqe\hUŠ®8hrƒ® ¨¢hvz~irƒ‚ ‚\¨§wrÆvqe\|qh pqe\~†¨§‡0¯ Op 3. Threshold can be applied Packets. Op 2 Packets No threshold Op 1. build R1 (monolithic). probe R2 (monolithic). B¡§–†s\|qh ^ d e\|qh pqe\~†¨§‡\p=rƒŠ\‡pq~†s |qˆUh|qh ¨Ërtvq¡¢~†Š p  ~Ô¤4h™¤&¡§¨¢¨J‡\h ÚTŠ hvqe\h™vze |qhUpxe\~†¨§‡×rƒpÆÇC~†¨¢¨§~”¤&p ^ ’¾Ö± ² _ Ž¶¹ Ó¼/¹ T¶±£³‰¼ Uºµ¾‘³z¶´¸²ƒ¹»º½¼¦¾  ²ƒÂƒ¶ ¶‰¶¾ ¹»³z¶q²ƒ¹«¶ J¹ T¶¾Ö²ƒ´µ´O³‰¶ À;´Ã¹6ºµ¾± ² _ Ž¶¹ ºµ¾/±£³z¼ ƒ³z ¶ ²ƒ³z¶ _À T¶ ƒ¯ ÒchˆU~†s ¨¢‡Órƒ|q–†s hvqeTrtv„ri|xhUpyvz|q¡§ˆ vqhU‡‚\rƒˆ‰Åƒhvpq¡ 6Uh¤_~†s\¨¢‡Ó®8hrk–†~;~E‡Órƒ¨§vqhU|xŠTrtvz¡¸¥†hvq~ivqe\|qh pqe\~†¨§‡0°*®\s v vze\¡§p’¤_~†s\¨§‡ eTrA¥†h‘rÖ¥†hU|yw.‡ ¡ 8hU|qh ŠŽv™gihArƒŠ\¡§Š\–\¯   ŠŽvz|x~E‡\s ˆU¡¢Š –Ércvze |qhUpxe\~†¨§‡.–†sTrt|zrƒŠŽvzh hUp/vqeTrtv/‡Trtv‰rc¡¢p þa  *. s. %t#!%t#$.

(27) pqh Š·vrtv=¨¢hUrƒpxv„rtv„r’–ƒ¡§¥†h ŠÓ|qrtvzh/Î6~tÇ‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vqp Ñ °£®\s v=vze\rtv&vze\h pqh?‚\rƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp|xhArƒˆ‰erƒŠÓh ˆU~†Š ~†g’¡§ˆpq¡76 hƒ°T¤&e\¡§¨¢h |qh ‡\s\ˆU¡§Š\–kvze\h‚Trƒˆ‰Åth v„pq¡ 6Uh¤4~ƒs\¨¢‡|zrt¡¢pqhvqe\hvz|qrƒŠ\pqgi¡¢pxpq¡§~†Š"ˆU~†pyvA¯ š › [ ٝ › [Cà Y×à  ›  Ü ›  œ Ü š  à (6á Ø}pyvz¡¢g’rtvq¡¢Š\–?vqe\hvze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡ÓrƒŠ\‡hUpyvz¡¢g’rtvq¡¢Š\–Ævqe\h‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhvpx7¡ 6UhˆUrƒŠÓ®£h‡\~†Š\hvze hpqrƒgih¤4rAw†¯ !~†¡§Š\– ®Trƒˆ‰Åkvz~hUÊ·sTrtvq¡¢~†Š 3\°·¤4h„ˆArƒŠ™‡ hU‡\s\ˆ hmvze\rtv_vqe\h„r”¥ƒhU|qrƒ–†hmŠ·s\g?®8h |4~ƒÇM‚\rƒˆ‰Åƒhvz3p  1#vz|qrƒŠ\pqgi¡§vxvzh ‡ivq~?hArtˆ‰e ˆU~†Š pqs\gihU|&¡¢p ^ 

(28) 1       9;: . ! ""#$ %'&  1 ;9 :  4   ,   /  )8 (  ,/. »Î  Ñ „p/hHu ‚ ¨Ërƒ¡§Š\hU‡.rƒ®8~”¥ƒhƒ°#vze |qhUpxe\~†¨§‡\p"rƒ|xhÓs\pxhU‡‡\s |q¡¢Š –cvze h‚\|x~†®\¡¢Š –c‚\e\rƒpqhÔ~tÇ_x~†¡¢Š pU¯d e·s\pU° vze h w ‡\hU‚£hUŠ ‡ ~†Š×vze\hŠ·s\gÆ®£hU|i~ƒÇ‚Trtˆ‰Åƒh vqp  •~ƒÇmvqe\hӂ |q~†®\¡§Š\–Ö|qhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†Š0¯×d e\hr”¥ƒhU|qrƒ–†hŠ;s gÆ®8h | Õ~ƒÇ ©Ä‚\|x~†®\¡§Š\–t­m‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhvzp„s\pqh ‡vq~’‚\|x~E‡ s\ˆUhr•|qh pqs\¨¸v&‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhv¡§p#vze\h ŠÓ–†¡¸¥†h Š®Žw ^    !  1   # :  - . / 7 !)8 (   ,"#$ " $'& Î- Ñ d e ¡¢p}hUÊ·sTr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ’hHu ‚ |qhUpxpqh p_vze h„rA¥ƒhU|zrt–†h„|qrtvzh&~ƒÇ8‚\|x~E‡\s ˆ vz¡§~†Š0¯$d e\h vze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢$‡ # gÆs pxvªvze\h Š’®£h&ˆU¨§~†pqh vz~kvze\¡§p#¥trƒ¨¢s\h ^ # &%0' &%0  !  1   %  9;: . / !)8 (   "#$  $'& λ Ñ d e h|zrtvq¡¢!~ ( –†¡¸¥†h p4vze\hÇC|qrƒˆ vq¡¢~†Š’~ƒÇvze\hr”¥ƒhU|qrƒ–†h‚\|x~E‡\s ˆ vz¡§~†Š™|qrtvzhmvqeTrtv ¡§p4s\pxhU‡"ÇC~†|4vqe\hmvqe\|qh pqe\~†¨§‡0¯ Ø}g’‚\¡§|q¡§ˆArƒ¨§¨§w†°·vze 4 |q~†s\–ƒeÓ~†s |#vzhUpyvzp?Î6¨§~W¤ pqÅth ¤ Ñ ¡§v=rƒ‚\‚£hArt|qhU‡vze\rtv&vze\h®£hUpxv=¥trƒ¨¢s hUp#ÇC~†| ( ¤_hU|xh®£h v«¤_hUh Š ¯ #εv«¤&¡¢ˆ hvqe\hrA¥†hU|qrƒ–†h‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆvz¡§~†Š Ñ rƒŠ ‡cj’ÎCvqe\hrA¥†hU|qrƒ–†h‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆvz¡§~†Š Ñ ¯ 4 ) s\|vqhUpyvzp|qh¥†hArt¨¢hU‡Õvze\rtvpqÅth ¤_hU‡È‡Tr¦v‰r"ˆArƒŠÕpxs\‚\‚\|xhUpqpvze\hirƒ‡E¥ƒrtŠ·vzrƒ–†h•~ƒÇ_s\px¡¢Š\–r™vze |qhUpxe\~†¨§‡0¯•d$~ ®8hkgi~†|qh•‚ |qhUˆ ¡¢pxhƒ°¤4hiˆU~†s ¨¢‡ÕpzrAw‘vze\rtvA°M¡§ŠÖ~ƒs\|ˆU~†ŠŽvzhHu;vA°vze\h |qhi¡¢pr’©Ä–†~;~;‡E­•rtŠ\‡Ùr’©«®Trƒ‡E­ÆpqŃh¤¯/d e\h ©Ä–†~;~;‡E­pqÅth ¤+rƒ‚\‚£hArƒ|xp„¤&e\h ŠÕriÇCh¤ vzs\‚\¨§hUp„~ƒÇvze h?®\s\¡§¨¢‡\¡§Š\–i|qhU¨¢rtvz¡§~†Šg/rtvqˆ‰eÓvqe\h?~†Š hUp~ƒÇ}r’‚Trƒˆ‰Åth v~ƒÇ vze\h&‚\|x~†®\¡§Š\–~†Š\hƒ¯   Škvqe\¡¢p}ˆUrƒpqh vqe\h&‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆvz¡¢~ƒŠi¡§p}¨¢¡§g’¡¸vzhU‡O°ƒrƒŠ ‡ivqe\h#vze\|xhUpxe\~†¨¢‡igÆs\pyvª®8h&s\pxhU‡i¡¢Šk~†|x‡\hU| vz~kpqh Š\‡vze\hÇCh¤vqs\‚\¨¢h p ‚\|q~;‡\s\ˆ hU‡0¯ ) Š™vze hˆU~†ŠŽvz|qrƒ|xwƒ°\vze\h„©«®Trƒ‡E­mpqÅth ¤ ~;ˆUˆ s\|qp#¤&e hUŠvze\h‚\|x~E‡ s\ˆ vq¡¢~†Š |zrtvqh&¡¢pªe\¡¢–ƒe0¯   Škvze\¡§pªˆArƒpxh&vqe\h&vze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡i¡¢ŠŽvzh |xÇCh |qhUp}¤&¡¸vzekvze\h4©ÄŠ\rtvzs\|qrƒ¨¸­_vz|qrƒŠ\pxg’¡§pqpq¡§~†Š•~ƒÇ8ÇCs\¨¢¨\‚\rƒˆ‰ÅƒhvzpU¯ d e hUpqhk¡§Š·vqhU|yÇChU|qh Š\ˆUh pˆU~†gihÆÇC|q~†g vze hÆÇ6rƒˆ vvqeTrtvvze hÆvze\|xhUpqe ~†¨¢‡ÔÇC~†|xˆUh pr™s pqhU¨§hUpxp \s\pqeÖ~ƒÇJ‚Trƒˆ‰Åth vA¯ d$~?‚\|qh¥†hUŠŽv vqe\¡¢pJpq¡§‡\hm0h Oh ˆ vA°E¤4h \s\pqe"r‚Trƒˆ‰Åƒhv ¡§ÇMrƒŠ\‡™~†Š ¨§wk¡§Ç0Š\~ƂTrƒˆ‰Åth v e\rƒp#®£hUhUŠ/ŠTrtvzs |zrƒ¨§¨§w•pxhUŠŽv#vz~ vze\hˆ ~†|q|xhUpq‚£~†Š\‡ ¡¢Š\–iˆU~†Š pqs\gihU|&Š\~;‡\hpq¡§Š\ˆUhvqe\h¨Ërƒpyv Ts\pqeO¯ „p¡§v¤&¡¢¨§¨®8hkpxe\~”¤&ŠÈ¡¢Š‘vze h’Š\hHu;v?pxhUˆ vq¡¢~†ŠO°$s\px¡¢Š\–vze ¡¢p¨¢¡§g’¡¸v‰rtvq¡¢~†Š®\|q~ƒs\–†eŽvvqe\hi‚8h |xÇC~†|xg/rƒŠ ˆUhÆvz~ |qh g/rƒ¡§Š"pzrtvq¡¢pyÇ6rƒˆ vq~†|xw"¡§Š"‚\|qh pqh Š\ˆUh~ƒÇr•|xhU¨Ër¦vz¡§¥ƒhU¨¸w™pxvq|q~†Š –ipxŃh¤¯ ) * ;

(29) R",’  YB = ‘ Ð#rƒpxhU‡™~†Škvze hmrƒ|xˆ‰e\¡§vqhUˆvzs\|xhrƒ®£~”¥†hƒ°·¤_hmeTrA¥†h„‡\h ¥ƒhU¨§~†‚8h ‡™rˆU~†gi‚\¨¢hvzh&‚\|x~ƒvz~ƒv«w;‚£hƒ:¯ =ǵvzh |4rÚT|qpyv4¥ƒhU|qpx¡¢~†Š ‚\|q~ƒ–†|zrƒgigihU‡Ô¡§Š  °O¤4hk‡\h ˆU¡§‡\hU‡‘vz~‚£~†|xv¡§vs\Š ‡\hU,| +†rA¥tr °M~”¤&¡¢Š\–™vq~™vze\h•|x~†®\s\pyvzŠ\h pqprƒŠ\‡Õ‚£~†|xvzrƒ®\¡¢¨§¡§v«w ~ƒÇvze\¡§p4¨¢rƒŠ\–†sTrt–†hƒ¯ Í ~†g’hmhu;vzh |qŠTrƒ¨OˆU~†gi‚8~ƒŠ\hUŠŽvzp4¡¢Š  °Epqs\ˆ‰eÓrƒp4vqe\h€{ ) {1¯ÿØ ¯ {$¯\~ƒ‚ vz¡§g’¡ 6UhUQ|  "Ð !“ -ƒr %»° rƒ|qhˆ s\|q|xhUŠŽvz¨¸w"®8h ¡¢Š\–irƒ‡\rƒ‚ vzh ‡vqe\|q~ƒs\–†e"vze\-h +†rA¥tr #„rtvz¡¸¥†h   ŠŽvzh |xÇ6rƒˆ hƒ¯ d e hØ}Š\Å·¡¢‡\s{}|q~tvz~ƒv«w;‚£hˆU~†Š pq¡¢pyvzp#~tÇ1rƒ®8~ƒs v  .+†r”¥tr?ˆ ¨Ërƒpxpqh pU¯JØ}Š\Å·¡¢‡\s™ÚT|xpxv&rt¡¢gipJ¤_hU|xhvze\hm¥trƒ¨§¡¢‡TrW¬ vz¡§~†ŠÓ~tÇvze\hˆU~ƒŠ\ˆUh ‚ v~ƒÇ‚Trƒ|zrt¨¢¨¢h ¨0hu;vqhUŠ\px¡¢~†Š0¯#ÒchÆrt¨¢pq~is\pxhU‡Ô¡¸vmrtpmri‚8h ‡Trƒ–†~†–ƒ¡¢ˆg/r¦vzhU|x¡Ërƒ¨8ÇC~†| vzhArtˆ‰e\¡¢Š\– ‚Trƒ|qrƒ¨¢¨§hU¨O‡\rtv‰rƒ®\rƒpqh p„r¦vmr•‚£~†pxvq–†|zrt‡\sTrtvqh¨¢h ¥ƒhU¨»¯   ŠÔÚ\–†s\|qhƓ/¤4h•ˆUrƒŠ‘pqh hÆvze\hkrƒ‡ g’¡§Š\¡¢pyvz|zr¦vz¡¢~ƒŠ¡§ŠŽvzhU|yÇ6rƒˆUht¯تŠ Å;¡§‡\s‘~ 8hU|xppqh¥†hU|qrƒ¨}‡\¡§pxvz|x¡¢®\sEvz¡¢~ƒŠÔrƒŠ\‡ huEhUˆ s vz¡§~†Špyvz|qrtvzh –†¡¢h pU¯   v=ˆArƒŠ®8hs\pxhU‡¤&¡§vze|xhArƒ¨M‡Tr¦v‰rÎ6‡\~”¤&Š\¨§~Žrƒ‡\h ‡ÇC|x~†g rƒŠhHu ¡§pxvq¡¢Š\–k‡Trtvzrƒ®Trƒpxh Ñ ~†| ò Mò . .   .

Références

Télécharger maintenant ( PDF - 20 Page - 462.16 KB )

Documents relatifs

Le tramway : au coeur des enjeux de gouvernance entre mobilité et territoires

Dans chaque ville et pour toutes les lignes de tramway considérées, il faudrait disposer des trafics avant et après ouverture d’une ligne et de plusieurs projections d’évolution

Deux bols de lait ; suivi de La poésie de Stephanie Bolster

Le fait d’écrire à partir d’une oeuvre d’art visuelle ressemble à une forme de contrainte; nous croyons par ailleurs que cette pratique a eu un effet durable sur l’écriture

Le rôle de l'affectivité dans la recuperation des langues chez les aphasiques polyglottes /

variables d'ordre psychologique: soit f.amiliale ou personnelle, soit so- ciale, soit professionnelle, soit une combinaison de ces facteurs. Ce patient a récupéré

Deux études spectroscopiques d'objets évolués et compacts

For the two coolest objects in Figure 3.6, HD 4539 and PG 1716+426, both at Ta &lt; 27, 000 K, there is a good match between the predicted synthetic spectra and the FUSE data: the

La maison dans les romans et les nouvelles d'Anne Hébert /

lui inculquer le registre li'lquistioue, les l1abitudes alimen- taires et vestimentaires ainsi que le comportement des bour- geois de Québec. Pierrette Paul doit

La conciliation emploi-famille: des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail

La conciliation emploi-famille : des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail Tableau 4 : Les dispositions favorisant la conciliation travailfamille dans les

Effet de l’âge des peuplements sur l’erreur d’âge et l’estimation de la productivité chez l’épinette noire (Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.)

Figure 2.4 Predicted (continuous lines) and observed values (filled circles: stands aged from trees with root collar; open circles: stands aged from trees without root collar)

Expertises nomades au Sud. Eclairages sur la circulation des modèles urbains.

Cette posture permet de dégager deux idées centrales : le poids des milieux professionnels locaux dans l’intermédiation et le transit des idées, modèles et pratiques