• Aucun résultat trouvé

TASCOPT - A Shape Optimization Plateform for Turbomachinery Applications

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "TASCOPT - A Shape Optimization Plateform for Turbomachinery Applications"

Copied!
73
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)TASCOPT - A Shape Optimization Plateform for Turbomachinery Applications Mugurel Stanciu, Bijan Mohammadi. To cite this version: Mugurel Stanciu, Bijan Mohammadi. TASCOPT - A Shape Optimization Plateform for Turbomachinery Applications. [Research Report] RR-3803, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00072856�. HAL Id: inria-00072856 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072856 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE.  . - A Shape Optimization Plateform for Turbomachinery Applications Mugurel Stanciu Bijan Mohammadi. No 3803 November 1999. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--3803--FR+ENG. ` THEME 4. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4)  .

(5)     !" #%$& (')!*+ ,.-*/! 01"2*43 5  6$&0( !"87. ')!*. 9;:+<=:1>?)@BADCFEHG1I)JK:MLNJPOQEHGR9TSVUWEHXYXMEHZ1J1[ \(]_^&`aBbc d)ef`hg_ikjQlmeonFpal2nrq_lsef`eutmjQlsefnFp v atxwHtxlm^`aytz{nF`qHioa|}ayt ~1sn€salƒ‚„F ƒ† jQqHq‡nrsl v a mayzˆ]_aˆzˆ]_a%pŠ‰)„F‹rŒF„6c BnF}a`ŽVa &FFc ‘FqVjQ’rayt “”•{–y—y˜_™F–)š ›œaq_maytxap}lœ_ž Ÿ¡ £¢ƒ¥¤jp_a¦5q_ikjQlma{§KnFm`¨§Knrtx]©jQqVanrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp«efp¬snrlˆjQl®­ eopH’¯§K°jQ`aytW§Knr±eop²qVjQmlsekz{g_iujyƒjQq_qHioeuz&jQlsefnFpVtƒeop8lmg_sŽVnr`jFzˆ]_eopHasw)³\(]_als]_anrsalmeuzjyiDŽVjFzˆ´}’Fsnrg_p v z{nr`aytµ§KmnF`¶lm]_a e v aj v a)aifionFqVa v jQlƒ·® ±†ƒ·x¸¬§KnFƒjQa&sn v w}pVjQ`¹euzjyiDtx]©jQqVanrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFpD³ Hž ŸD 2¢ƒYj v nFq_l°tBls]Ha gHpVtxlmsgVz{lmg_sa v»º ¸½¼£­¾§Kmaa §K°jQ`a&¦(nFm´¯§Knr±t®]VjQqVaŠjQp v `aytx] v a{§KnFm`j­ lsefnFpVt1¦2]_a&saƒls]_aƒeop}lsa®§¿jFz{a¦2eolm] º ¸±¼¬eut1mayjQifeoªa v jyl¥ls]_a2ÀVpVjyiÁt®lˆjy’Fa±ny§Dls]HaBnrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFpD³\(]_ekt §Kˆjy`a¦nFs´eut1a|}lsap v a v lsnŠÂF¼TjQp v „F¼Ã`g_iolmeÄ­¿Ž_ion}zˆ´ t®lssg©z{lsg_ma v ’Fse v t{³¥¸ƒg_lsnr`jQlmeuz v eÄÅ=asa&pÆlmeuj­ lsefnFplm]_snrg_’F]Ç ƒÈQÉVÊmÊÌËÍÎeutWg©txa v lsnjrzz{aytmt v ektsz{malsa½txa&pVtxeflseo}eolmeoayt1efpsa)a&ˆtxaƒ`n v aϳ1·Ðpj vHv eolmeonFp¡¤ ls]Ha±eopVzÑnF`q_ifalsa’F°j v efapÆlÎjQq_qHsn)jrzÌ]§KnrW§Kg_pVzÑlseonrpVjQiktWŽVjrtxa v nFpŽVnFg_p v jQsw¹eop}lsa’rˆjQiktWap©jQŽ_ifaytµ§Knr j v °jFtxlmeuzhma v gVzÑlseonrp«nQ§ƒlm]_az{nr`q_g_l°jQlmeonFp©jQi2zÑn)txl&³\(]_aqHiujQlma{§KnFm`Òg©txaytrjQmeonrgVt ÓVny¦txnrio)a°t v aqVap v eop_’nFpls]Ha±q_]}w_t®euzBny§ls]_a±qHsnFŽHioa`ˆjyp_’Fefp_’§Ksnr`ÔefpVz{nF`¹q_saytmtxefŽ_ioa2lmn]_eo’r]txqVaa v ÓVny¦ƒtѳ ÕjQmeonFg©t£`efp_eo`¹eĪjQlsefnFp¹jQif’FnFmeolm]_`5ŽVjFt®a v nFp²ioeopHayjQ½jQp v²Ö g©j v °jQlsekz `n v aiutW§KnrBlm]_a §Kg_p©z{lsefnFpVjyi jQma q_sayt®ap}lsa v ³ \(]Haytxaœeop_’rsa v eoap}lˆtjysaœeoifiogVt®lsˆjylsa v lm]_snrg_’F]×jÀV°txlz&jFtsz&j v a.z{nFp}ÀV’Fg_°jQlmeonFp؎_iuj v a«t®]VjQqVa nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpD³¬·Ðp¬j v_v eflseonrpD¤(¦a8q_maytxap}l¹jQpMa&|Æa`¹q_ioany§ ls]HaœjQq_q_ifeuzjylsefnFpMny§ ls]Ha8q_ikjQlsaѧKnFs` eopefp v gVt®lssekjQiDap}}eosnrp_`ap}l1§KnFƒÕ¥¸ Ù=Ú(Û2­®\2‚Üeoplm]_a v aytxef’Fp²nQ§µ„F¼Ýz{n)nrioeopH’ap_’Fefp_a v a}euz{at{³¥·Ðp qVjyslsekz{g_ikjQ¤y¦(aÎtx]_ny¦Y]_ny¦Yls]_aq_iujylsa{§Knrs`%]©jFt+ŽVaapefpÆlmax§¿jrz{a v ¦2efls]lm]_a2z{nr``a°zÌekjQiÓVny¦Çtxnrio)a Hž ŸDÞ1ß1ॠ±áY³\(]_ektha|}lsapVt®eonrpMsa Ö g_efsaytls]Ha v a)aifnFq_qVa`a&pÆl nQ§Št®q‡az{eÄÀ=zeop}lsa®§¿jFz{a²ŽVal®¦(aap Hž ŸDÞ2 2¢ƒ¥¤1_ž Ÿ¡Þ1ß1ॠ±áâjQp vº ¸±¼%lsn)nFiktBgVt®a v ŽÆwÕµ¸ Ù=Ú(Û³ ã8ä)åDæsçèV—yé+•ršÝ¸£a&sn v w}pVjQ`¹euz1d)]VjQqVaμBaytxef’FpD¤)ꃈj v eoap}l‚8alm]_n v t{¤r¸Bg_lmnF`jylsekz1¼BeÄÅ=amap}lseujylsefnFpD¤ ·ÐpVz{nr`q_ioa&lsa t®apVtxeflsefÆeflseoat{¤ º ¸±¼£­K§KsaaŠë©°jQ`a&¦(nFm´Á¤=\Dg_sŽVnF`ìjFzˆ]_eop_a&sw)¤=‚8g_iolmeÄ­¿Ž_ion}zˆ´8d)lmsgVzÑlsg_ma v êƒse v t ífî4ï®ð®ñòï(ó1ôõð®öø÷Ñù úµûÐüký±þˆÿ Kû ¿þ ®ÿ +ÿ Kÿõþ ûÐüký±þˆÿ =ÿ ®þ rþÌýƒýƒþ yÿ +ÿ Kÿõþ   

(6)    . . .  .  . ! ".

(7)  .  .

(8)  #. Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) T´el´ephone : 01 39 63 55 11 - International : +33 1 39 63 55 11.

(9)  .

(10) -"¨#Ø$ (')!* mì& Q7¡  !" ¹¹!*+ B7 !-*¹B7Ý 5$0( !"87Ý,.-*+/!  01"B7.  z{nr}pƕ ÀV ’F

(11) gHˆjQlmeošânrpV BtBnFagVpt2sa&q_q‡y^&txsaayp}t¥lslsnrnFpVgHt2spViujjypÆq_l°ikt£jQlsaaÑl2§KnFa&sp6`¹q©a jQvslm eunrz{q_gHlsioefeo`a&(eutmiojQat2lmeonFjQpq_q_v ifeua zjy§KnrlssefnF`pVayt(tlmg_sŽVnF`ìjFzˆ¬]_eop_qVanFt{g_³ ƒº ioaa&lt nFgHlseoi¥g_lmeoifeutxaifayt y txgHiolˆjylˆt v amayzˆ]_aˆzˆ]_aŠjQ`nrpÆl ap}lsmaq_sekt 6  i  ·® ±†ƒ·®¸ v aqHg_eut v ahpHnF`Ž_sag©txayt jQpHp! aytѳ Hž ŸDÞ2 2¢ƒYsaqHsap v i  apƍ}eomnFp_pHa`ha&pÆl º ¸±¼£­K§Ksa&aqVnFg_½iuj’Fayt®lseonrp v ayt v { §Knrs`jylseonrpVt v aikj §KnFm`a2al v g`ìjQeoifiujy’FaƒtsjypVtµ§¿jyeoma±jyq_qVai"  g_p_a±qVjyˆjy`alsmeutmjQlsefnFp º ¸±Û¬qVap v jypÆli  nFq_lmeo`ektsjQlmeonrpD¤ lsnrg_lap q‡a&s`almlˆjypÆlVg_psalmnFg_t®g_+ikj º ¸ Û.ap±ÀVpVjyioa)³ º almlsajQq_qHsn}zˆ]_a¥aytxlD’#p!°jQioekt$a¥qVnFgH v at `jyeoioikjQ’raytÁt®lssg©z{lsg_y tD`hg_iflseõ­ÐŽ_ifn}z+alp_nFp}­®t®lssg©z{lsg_y t1Âr¼Mal„F¼³}Ù=j v eÄÅ% map}lseujylsefnFpjQg_lmnF`jylse Ö g_a qVjyh ƒÈQÉ©ÊsʈË̓aytxl2g_lmeoifeut$ƒ qVnFg_ ifaƒzjQikz{g_i v ayt1t®apVt®eoŽ_efioeoly tDap`n v aeop})aˆt®a)³D~1jy(jyeoifioag_°t{¤yg_p_aƒjyq_q_sny|}eo`jylsefnFp v ayt’Fˆj v eoa&pÆl°t v jypVtBioaŠzjFt v ayt£§KnrpVz{lsefnFp_pHaioifayt(eop}lsa’rˆjyioayt v aŽVnr v q‡a&s`al2gHp_a v gVz{lmeonrp v az{n#_& l v azjQikz{g_i txef’Fp_eõÀ=zjylseo)aϳ Ù=jq_iujylsa{§Knrs`a g_lmeoioektxa v eo)a°t2txnrio)ag_2ÓVg_e v at®g_eorjypÆl±ikj¯qH]ÆwHtxe Ö g_a v gq_mnFŽ_if^`a jQifiujypÆl v ai  efpVz{nF`¹q_saytmtxefŽ_ioa½jQg'y zÑnFg_ifa`ap}lˆt¯  ’rˆjQp v aÆeflsaytmtxa)³ƒ~1iog©txeoa&g_ˆt2`  lm]_n v ayt v a`¹eop_eõ­ `ektsjQlmeonrpŽVjFt( ayt2t®g_ v ayt2jQq_qHsny|Æef`jQlmeonrpVtWifeop!y jyeomaytWal Ö g©j v °jQlse Ö gHayt v a iuj §KnrpVz{lsefnFp_pHaioifa z{n)H& l txnrpÆlƒg_lmeoioekt$at{³ º atq‡nreop}lˆttxnrpÆleoifiogVt®ls* ttxgHg_p_a²z{nFp}ÀV’Fg_°jQlmeonFp v a8z&jFtsz&j v a v aqVjyioa v a)ap}lseoikjQlmag_ n)+ p_nrlˆjQ`¹`ap}lhifaœzÌ]_nreo| v gØz{meols^&sa v nFq_lmeo`ektsjQlmeonrp¬aytxl v ektsz{g_l)³¶~ jQjyeoifioag_°t{¤ƒp_nFgVtq_*txapÆ­ lsnrpVtg_pYa|}a`q_ifa v jQq_qHioeuz&jQlsefnFp v a6ikj6q_ikjQlma{§KnFm`aha&p«ap}ÆefsnFpHp_a`ap}l±efp v gVt®lssefai¥qVnFg_  Õ¥¸£­ Ù=Ú(Û \(]_a&s`e Ö g_aƒ‚8nrlsagH  a&pz{nFp©z{aq_lmeonFp v a txwHtxlm^`ayt v a½sa{§KmnFe v eutst®a`ap}l`nFlmag_¤}jyeopVt®e Ö g_a i  j v jyq_lˆjylsefnFp v a(ikj qHiujQlma{§KnFm`ajQgionr’FeuzÑeoai)efp v gVt®lssefai_ž Ÿ¡Þ1ß1ॠ±áY³ º almlsaÎjQq_q_ifeuzjylsefnFpj±a|}eo’) ioa v & )aionrq_qVa`ap}l v eop}lsa®§¿jFz{ayt=txqy z{eõÀ Ö g_aytÁap}lsma±_ž ŸDÞ2 2¢B¥¤VHž ŸDÞ1ß1ॠ±áalDifaytÁnFg_lmeoikt º ¸ Û g_lmeoioekt$y tzÌ]Haª±Õ¥¸ Ù=Ú(Û³ ,lsekjQè_lmeo–ynF•{p 戙.¸B-/Y g_lmš nF`ۃjylsq_e lsÖ efg_`a)eu¤¥tmjQêƒlmˆeonFj pv eoav p}a¹lë©·ÐnrpVsz{`nF`¹atBq_¸0ioa l&s¤¥n ~1v jQwÆ°pVjQjy` `& e lsÖ sg_ektsa)jy¤=ls‚1eonrp lm]_º n ¸±v ¼£a ­ v ë_asaêƒaϤ(ˆj \Dv g_eoasp}ŽVlnr¤`¼BjFeõzˆÅ]_& eospHaaypÆt{­ ¤. ‚jQefioikjQ’Fat2‚8g_iolmeÄ­¿Ž_ion}zt2d)lsmgVz{lmg_*ytѳ.

(12) „.  .

(13) ˜¥äD–/

(14) )˜Æ–KèmèV— –yä}˜_éDå0-¾è)ç•. F³f з pÆlmsn v g©z{lsefnFp%³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³  ƒÛ q_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp¹~1snFŽHioa` ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ „ ë_ˆ jy`a¦(nrs´³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ „Ƴf º n)txl2§Kg_pVzÑlseonrp v a{ÀVp_eflsefnFp ³ ³³ ³³ F³ „Ƴ  êBa&nF`almsekzjQi=z{nrpVtxlmˆjQefpÆl°t ³ ³³ ³³ F³ „Ƴ „ d)lˆjylsazÑnFpVt®lsˆjyeop}lˆt ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ „ƳPb d)`n)nFlm]_eopH’hnrq‡a&ˆjQlmnF½³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ „Æ!³  ‚8aytx] v a{§Knrs`jylsefnFpœ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ „Ƴ ‘ ÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpjyio’rnFsefls]_` ³³ ³³ ³³ F³Pb ꃈj v eoap}lƒz{nr`q_g_l°jQlsefnFp ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³Pb_³f ¸Bg_lsnr`jQlmeuz v eÄÅ=asa&pÆlmeujQlmeonrp8³ ³³ ³³ F³Pb_³  · p©z{nF`qHioalma±t®apVtxeflsefÆeflseoat³³ ³³ ³³ F!³  ۃq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp`alm]_n v t ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F!³ Ƴf d)lsaa&q‡atxl v aytmz{ap}l2`alm]_n v ³ ³³ ³³ F!³ Ƴ  "BayjÆw)­¿ŽVjQifiÁ`alm]_n v ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F!³ Ƴ „ #2ëµê d`alm]_n v ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ ‘ \Dg_sŽVnF`ìjFzˆ]_eop_a&sw¹ë+iony¦ƒt%³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ ‘Ƴf #(iuj v az&jFtsz&j v aس³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ ‘Ƴ  ÂF¼ z&jFtxa ³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ ‘Ƴ „ ë‡jyp8&a %ìz{efapVz{wâ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ F³ ‘ƳPb ë‡jyp8nrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFp¹z{seflsameujM³ ³³ ³³. ()( +*-,&.0/0, . ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³. ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³. ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³. . ³³ ³  ³³ ³ ‘ ³³ ³ ‘ ³³ ³ ‘ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³  ³³ ³ÜŒ ³³ ³Ü ³³ ³Ü ³³ ³Ü ³³ ³Ü„ ³³ ³Ü„ ³³ ³Ü„ ³³ ³Ü{b ³³ ³Ü{b ³³ ³Ü$  ³³ ³Ü$  ³³ ³Ü‘ ³³ ³Ü' ³³ ³Ü'.

(15) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. b. “  è ç  )K—yè

(16) Yä ‡– ÂƳf ƒê ap_a°jQi v atsz{meoq_lmeonFp ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ  \¸ d º ÓVny¦ zjyqVjQŽHeoioeflsefayt ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ ÂƳf êBny)amp_eopH’a Ö g©jQlsefnFpVt ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ ÂƳ  ¼Beutmz{salmeoªyjylsefnFp ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ ÂƳ „ #(nFg_p v jQsw²z{nrp v eflseonrpVt¶³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ „ ¼BeõÅÁa&sap}l2`ayt®]_aytWg©txa v eop   

(17) 5³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ „Ƴf ‚8nFp_ny­ÐŽ_ifn}zÌ´’rse v t ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÂƳ „Ƴ  ‚8g_iolmeÄ­¿Ž_ion}zˆ´h’rse v t£¦2efls]nFpHa ŽHion}zˆ´jQmnFg_p v ls]_a q_mnQÀVifa ³ ³³ ÂƳ „Ƴ „ ‚8g_iolmeÄ­¿Ž_ion}zˆ´h’rse v t£¦2efls]²txa&)aˆjyiÁŽ_ifn}zÌ´Ht2jQmnFg_p v ls]_a q_mnQÀVifaT³ . D–

(18) )˜Æ–Kè. Dè é+ä'  

(19)  „Ƴf º n v a v aytszÑseoqHlseonrp ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „ƳfF³f ~µma}eonFg©t()aˆt®eonFp©t ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „ƳfF³  ¸Bz{lmgVjQi=)aˆt®eonrpY³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „ƳfF³ „ d)]_aifi    ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „ƳfF³Pb ÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpzÑn v a   "!$#%'&)(+*,.-0/ -»³ Ƅ ³  ·Ðp_q_g_lƒjyp v nrg_lsqHg_l£À©ioayt ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „Ƴ ÂƳf · pHq_g_l(ÀVifa ³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ „Ƴ ÂƳ  ÛBgHlsq_g_l2ÀVifayt%³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ . . 1

(20) YäƗK™)˜!- ä}• -ø–y•. . ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³. ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³. ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³. ³³ ³Ü ³³ ³5ÂFŒ ³³ ³5ÂFŒ ³³ ³5ÂQb ³³ ³5  ³³ ³5ÂF ³³ ³5„FŒ ³³ ³5„ ³³ ³¶b)Œ . ³³ ³¶b)‘ ³³ ³¶b)‘ ³³ ³¶b)‘ ³³ ³¶b ³³ ³¶b) ³³ ³ Ə ³³ ³ Ə ³³ ³  . 2 . 1. b_³f ± ¸ º ¸%‘ ­®Œ}Œ¶³³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ b_³ Â ë º FŒ Œ} ³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³ ³³ ³ ³ ³5‘FÂ. . .  .  31 5476 98 31. ä mä}—Qä ™)äƕ. :2. b. ;.

(21) .         

(22)   

(23)  +           "*!. ¹-0W!". Bny¦2j v jw_tѤ¥tx]VjyqVa8nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpeopÇjQa&sn v w}pVjQ`¹euzt±eutt®lsefioi¥p_nFlg©txa v nFpÇj8ikjQs’ra²tszjyioaefp«eopÆ­ v gVt®lsmeujQi apƍ}eomnFp_`¹apÆl°t{¤ v g_alsn¹`hg_iflsefq_ioa±`ìjQls]Ha`jQlmeuzjyiDjyp v zÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQiq_snrŽ_ioa&`t{³½\(]_a nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp jQif’Fnrseolm]_`%q_maytxa&pÆlma v ]_asa¥ektÁŽVjFt®a v nrpj(§KayjFt®eoŽ_ifa)¤yjFzzÑaq_lˆjyŽ_iow jFzz{gHˆjQlmajQq_q_mn)jrzÌ] §KnFƒt®w_t®lsa`ìjQlsekzBeop v gVtxlmsekjQijQqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp¡³ ›œa v a)aionrqVa v jhpHa¦ z{n v a§Knr±t®]VjQqVanFq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonrpeop²lsg_mŽ‡nr`jFzˆ]_efp_aswϳ2\+¸ d º Û½~W\%¦ÎjFt ls]Hasayt®g_iolƒnQ§ls]Haz{nFifiujQŽVnrˆjQlmeonrpÕ¥¸ Ù=ÚÎÛ×\2‚Ò­£·x ½†B·®¸ †£n}z Ö g_a&pVz{nFgHsl jyp v zÑnFpVt®eutxlma v nQ§lm]_a jQqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFpny§=ls]_a2lm]_anFmalsekzjQi}satxayjyˆzˆ]_ayt+nrphnrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFp nFŽ_l°jQefp_a v jQp v rjQife v jylsa v jyl·x ½†B·®¸ eop²jyp6efp v gVt®lsmeujQi=ap}ÆefsnFpH`ap}l¤Q§Knr2ls]_atxqVayzÑeÄÀ=zBqHsnFŽHioa`t¥nQ§ Õ¥¸ Ù=Ú(ÛØ\2‚«³V\(]_eut2zÑn v a eut(gVt®a v §KnF lm]_ahnrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp²nQ§2lm]_aap_’Fefp_az{n)nrioeopH’6§¿jQp.txwHtxlma`¤=jQp v eolˆt±q_gHsqVn)t®ahekt lmnnFŽ_l°jQeop.p_a¦ z{n)nrioeopH’¯§¿jypVt(¦2eolm]8ŽValslma(0a %z{efapVz{wjyp v ifaytst(pHnFeut®a)³ ›œa gVtxa v lm]_a jyq_q_snÏjFzˆ]6§Knrƒtx]Vjyq‡a nrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFpefpjQamn v w}pVjQ`ekztWqHsnFŽHioa`t v a&)aionrq‡a v ŽÆw ~1sny§m³¥‚8nF]Vjy``j v eгD›a½q_sayt®ap}l(eop¹ls]_ektWsa&q‡nrsl2lm]_a±`jyeopeop_’rsa v efap}lˆt1nQ§ ls]_ekt(jyq_q_snÏjFzˆ]D³\(]_a g_pVt®lsmgVz{lsgHsa vMº ¸±¼£­K§Ksa&aì§K°jQ`a&¦(nFm´ §Knrtx]VjyqVajQp v `ayt®] v a{§Knrs`jylsefnFpVt ¦2jFta|}lsap v a v lm]_a j º ¸½¼£­¾§Kmaah§K°jQ`a¦nFm´lsn8`g_iflseÄ­¿Ž_ifn}zÌ´²txlmsgVzÑlsg_ma v ’Fme v tjQp v eflˆt lmayzˆ]_p_e Ö g_aytƒ¦(amaz{nrg_q_ifa v ¦2eolm]ls]_aƒzÑnF``a&ˆz{ekjQiQÓ©nQ¦ txnrio)a !B³2d)qVayz{eõÀ=zWefpÆlmax§¿jrz{ayt+¦asa v a)aifnFqVa v ŽVal®¦(a&aplm]_a nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpz{n v ajyp v ls]HaÓVny¦txnFif)a±efpnF v almsayjyl±ls]_a º ¸±¼ v aytmz{sefq_lsefnFpVtBg©txa v jyl Õ¥¸£­ Ù=Ú(Û\2‚«³=\(]_ajQg_lmnF`jylsekz v eõÅÁa&sap}lsekjQlsefnFp²nQ§2qHsnF’rˆjy`t£§KnF z{nF`qHg_lsefp_’hlm]_a v ektsz{malsaŠj v €snreop}l nFqVa°jQlmnF jyp v ls]_a’F°j v efapÆl½jQqHq_sny|}eo`jylseonrpŽVjFt®a v nFp²ion}zjyi1eopƧKnrs`jylsefnFpVt(nrpls]_aŠtx]Vjyq‡a¦asa eo`¹q_ioa`ap}l®a v efpls]_az{n v aϳ(¼BgHa lmnhlm]_ayt®ajyq_q_mnQ|}eo`ìjQlsefnFpVtѤÆlm]_a ’Fˆj v eoa&pÆlƒz{nr`q_g_l°jQlmeonFp¦2]_ekzÌ] ŽVayz{nr`ayt §¿jFt®lha&p_nFg_’r]¬lsn.jQifiony¦¶ls]Ha8qVn)tmtxeoŽHeoioefl®wny§zÑnF`q_ifa|œtx]©jQqVanFq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonrpVt{³¬d)a)a°jQi nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrph’rˆj v eoap}l2`alm]_n v t(ŽVjrtxa v nrp8ioefp_ayjy2jQp v6Ö gVj v ˆjylseuz jyq_q_sny|}eo`jylsefnFpVt¥nQ§¥lm]_az{n)t®l §Kg_pVzÑlseonrpÇjQsa²gVtxa v ³M\(]Ha8nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpYjQif’Fnrseolm]_` ektŽVjFt®a v nrp¬jq_snr’Fsatstxef)a8nrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFp lsazÌ]_pHe Ö g_a)¤D`ayjyp_eop_’¹ls]Vjyla)asw²eop}lsam`a v ekjQlmatxnriog_lmeonrp«eut±p_nrl§Kg_ioifwœz{nFp})as’ra v ¤DeopœnF v alsn sa v gVz{a ls]HazÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQiDlmeo`a)³ \(]_eutƒjQqHq_snÏjFzˆ]¦2jFt2¦2e v aiowlsayt®lsa v efp8eop}­Ð}eutmz{e v efpVz{nr`q_sat ­ txefŽ_ioaìjQp v z{nr`q_satstxefŽ_ioaÓ©nQ¦nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpq_snrŽ_ioa&`t jQp v eolq_sny)a v lsnŽVaj8qVny¦(a®§Kg_i(lmn)nFi ¦2]_ekzÌ]²zjyp6lmsayjyl2sayjyioektxlsekz±zjrtxayt2jyp v zjyp8ifayj v lsn§KgHlsg_mat®w_t®lsa`ìjQlsekz£efp v gVt®lsmeujQijyq_q_ifeuzjylseonrpVt{³. ()( +*-,&.0/0, .

(24) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e ‘. › aq_satxap}l]_ama6lm]_a`jQlm]_a`jylsekzjQi+§Knrs`g_iujylsefnFpD¤1lm]_anFq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonFp jQio’rnFmeols]H`¤¥jQp v eol°t œ jQqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t §KnF lm]_atxlmg v wny§½j8ÂF¼Ô§¿jyp«Ž_iuj v aq_snyÀVioals]_a¹zÌ]HnFeuzÑanQ§ƒnFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpœz{seflsameuj jQp v ls]HazÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQi=q_sn}z{a v g_saϳ \(]Haq_satxap}lsa v ÂF¼sayt®g_iol°ttxa&s)a¹jFtjŽVjFt®eut §Knrls]Ha¯§Kg_mls]_a&nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpnQ§½„r¼ÔŽ_iuj v aytѳ ë_g_lsgHsaƒeo`q_mny)a`ha&pÆl°t4ny§  ÇjQsa½q_iujyp_p_a v ³ Ba¦¬`atx] v a{§Knrs`jylsefnFplsayzˆ]_p_e Ö g_at+gVtxefp_’ ]}wÆqVamŽ‡nrioekzìnrqVaˆjylsnF°tjQp v j #2ëµê d`a&ls]_n v gVt®eop_’œeopVzÑnF`q_ifalsa "BaytmtxekjQpVtjysa8gHp v at®lsg v wϳ \(]_aioef`eolma v „F¼¶zjyqVjQŽHeoioeflsefaytBnQ§ %¦2efioi1ŽVaa|Ælmap v a v lsn6§KgHioi¥„r¼ v aytmz{sefq_lsefnFpnQ§§¿jQp Ž_ikj v aytѳ. . Ô ( !" #Ø*!/$2. ›œazÑnFpVt®e v a2lm]_a±§KnFifiony¦2eop_’qHsnFŽHioa` 

(25) !"#$%  & '#"(#*),+  -/.102+ -435#102+ 6 97  6. 6. r³o87. ¦2]_ama  jQmaBlm]_a±zÑnFp}lssnriVq‡nreop}lˆt lm]_aƒŽ_iuj v a±t®]VjQqVa °¤ lm]_a2ÓVny¦MrjQmeujQŽHioayt 6 )a&ion}z{eflxwϤQq_maytst®g_saϤ lsgHsŽ_g_ifap}lDap_am’Fw)¤yalˆzr³:7ˆ¤&Çls]_aÎtxlˆjylsa2a Ö gVjylseonrpVt †2awÆpHnFi v t ­ j)a&ˆjQ’ra v ½j}eoa&x­md)lsnr´)aytÁa Ö gVjQlmeonFp©t jQp v j6lmg_sŽ_gHioapVzÑa`n v ai;7ˆ¤ -/. lm]_a’Fanr`alsmeuzjyi¥z{nrpVtxlmˆjQefpÆl°t{¤ -43 ls]_a¹txl°jQlmaz{nrpVtxlmˆjyeop}lˆtjyp v  ls]HazÑn)txl(§KgHpVz{lsefnFp²txgHŽ}€sayz{l2lsn`efp_eo`eoª&jQlmeonFp¡³. %< *. >=Ý!*@?. ›œa ]©j)a zÌ]_nÏtxaplm]VjQl2efp6nrg_ƒzjrtxa ls]_az{nrpÆlmsnriÁrjQmeujQŽHioayt2z{nrsmaytxqVnFp v lsnlm]_a `ayt®]¦2jyioiÁpHn v ayt 6 º ¸½¼£­¾§KmaajQq_qHsn)jrzÌ]A7 $CBDFE ³¥\(]Ha nrp_iow¹’Fanr`alsmeuzjyiÁap}lsefl®wjrjyeoiujyŽ_ioa v gHseopH’ls]_a nFqHlseo`¹eÄ­ ªyjylseonrpektÁls]_a`aytx]¡³D¸±tDjB’rˆj v eoap}lD`alm]_n v eutÁgVt®a v efpls]HaWnrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp±qHsn}z{a v g_sa)¤y¦(a¥p_a&a v lsn z{nr`q_g_lma2ls]_a±’rˆj v eoap}l¥nQ§lm]_a z{nÏtxl2jyp v lm]_a±zÑnFpVt®lsˆjyeop}lˆt¥¦2eols]¹sayt®q‡az{l¥lsnlm]_a z{nrpÆlmsnri‡rjyseujyŽ_ioat   6G FH G    G - . H G    G - 3 H G   7ˆ³ #(wl°jQ´}eop_’efpÆlmnjFz&z{nFg_p}l±lm]_az{nrpVtxlmˆjyeop}lˆt 6 a)³ ’H³±ioeħKl&¤‡)nriog_`¹9a 7 jFt¥qVapVjQifl®wlsam`t{¤rj p_a&¦¬z{nÏtxlW§KgHpVz{lsefnFJ p I8ekt v a{ÀVp_a v jrtWj ¦(aef’F]}lsa v ifeop_ajQz{nF`Ž_efpVjQlmeonFpnQ§lm]_a nFmeo’reopVjyiz{n)t®l£§Kg_p©z{lsefnFp  jyp v lm]_az{nFpVt®ls°jQeop}lˆt - . jQp v - 3 ³ KMLONPL%K. QRMSUTWVXZYZ[TF\RMY^]Z_a`bYZ\Tc\RCY. )d efpVz{als]_a’rˆj v eoap}ljyq_q_mnQ|}eo`ìjQlsefnFpœeut±ŽVjrtxa v nFp.ls]_ahÓ©nQ¦ txnriog_lmeonrp«nFp«lm]_at®]VjQqVa²jQp v t®eopVz{a ls]Haz{nr`q_g_lma v ’F°j v efap}lBekt(p_nFl t®apVt®eolsef)a±lsnls]Haz{nr`q_ioa&lsa v nF`jyeopD¤_lm]_azÑn)txl2§Kg_pVzÑlseonrp²tx]_nrg_i v v aqVap v nrp_iow¹nFp8lm]_a eopƧKnrs`jylsefnFpVt¥nFp8lm]_a q_snyÀVioaϳ d½txgVjyioiowlm]_aƒnFq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonFpzÑseolmasekj±jQma±ŽVjrtxa v nrpls]Ha jQamn v w}pVjQ`ekz2z{n)a&%ìz{eoa&pÆl°t{¤Fe¿³ a)³nFplm]_a ŽVnFg_p v jQmwhefpÆlma’F°jQiut¥zjyiuz{gHiujQlma v nFp¹ls]_aƒq_snyÀVioaϳ1\(]_a½jQamn v w}pVjQ`ekzBzÑn)a&%zÑeoap}lˆtCe1f¤$e1g_jyp v eMh jQma ‘.

(26)  . ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t. 3.    

(27)   3. e1g ).  G. ¦2efls] ls]Ha Ó©nQ¦.  G.  3.  !  

(28)  3     G eMh ) "   . 

(29)  # 3  ($% '  &

(30)  3"  3 ls]_' aBÓ©nQ¦ v efsayz{lmeonrpjQp v ls]_a )*),+.-W0/ / "   ¤¥ 2  1   v eomayz{lsefnFpD¤ # ls]Ha  qHsnQÀ©io#ajQmayjhjyp v ls]_a q_mnQÀVifazˆ]_nr v ioapH ’F]}l³ e f ). 54 62_ R87 _aT29F\[;:8<. KMLONPL. 29=:. [aRMYZST. r³ Â7 6. v eosaz{lsefnFpp_nrs`jyiVlsn. \Y>TFS. \(]_a ’Fa&nF`almsekzjQi=z{nrpVtxlmˆjQefpÆl°tBjysa nQ§µlx¦nl®wÆqVayt. >. ifn}zjQi¥nFpHayt 6 )a ³ ’H³lx¦nioeo`¹eolsefp_’¹txg_®§¿jFz{ayt±§KnFls]_a v a{§Knrs`jylseonrpa7ˆ¤Dl°jQ´)apœeop}lsn²jFz&z{nFg_p}l ŽÆw q_mny€sayz{lmeonrp. ? .$%>0A@ $C0 ? 3'. >. r ³ „7 \(]_a±ÀVp©jQiq_snyÀVioazjyp8ls]Hap²tsjQlmeutЧKw6lm]_a ’Fef)aptxqVayzÑeÄÀ=zjylsefnFpVtWa)³P’_³1`efp_eo`ìjQi_nrB`jy|Æef`jQi lm]_euzˆ´ÆpHaytstѤÆg_pVzˆ]Vjyp_’Fa v ifayj v efp_’nFƒls°jQefioeopH’a v ’ra)¤_al°zF³o³ ’rionFŽ©jQinFp_ayt 6 a)³ ’H³(zÑnFpVt®asrjQlmeonrp8nQ§µj’Feo)a&p)nFifg_`9a 7°¤ l°jQ´)apefpÆlmnjFzz{nrg_p}l2ŽÆwqVap©jQiol®wefp lm]_az{n)t®l(§Kg_pVz{lmeonFp¡¤Æ§KnF2a|HjQ`qHioa. AB e1f D# C FE - E.G H E.G. 6. r³ b/7 6. I C) KMLONPLON. H>T2:CTc_2[aRMYZST29=:. \Y>TFS. \(]_atxl°jQlmazÑnFpVt®lsˆjyeop}lˆt2jysa lˆjy´)apeop}lsnŠjFzzÑnFg_p}l2ŽÆwqVapVjyiol®weop¹ls]_az{nÏtxl(§Kg_pVzÑlseonrpD¤Æaϳ ’_³¥j’reo)ap ioeõ§Kl(w}eoai v t'. IB e1f *# J  e1g - e g G  H e g G v. I  ). 6. r³ 7. ¸Ýt®qVayz{eujyi¥z{nrpVtxlmˆjQefpÆlƒ§KnF ls]_az&jFtxany§Îj¹§¿jypŽHiuj aeutBlm]_aeop_ifalx­¿nFgHlsioa&lBq_maytst®g_sa v eÄÅ=asa&pVz{a)³ )d efpVz{a ls]_a ’rˆj v eoap}lBekt2txg_eflˆjyŽ_ioa€sgVt®l£§Knr±z{nÏtxl2§Kg_pVz{lmeonrpVt v a{ÀVp_a v Ž}w²txg_®§¿jFz{a eop}lsa&’Fˆjyiut(ny)a2lm]_a tx]©jQqVa)¤V¦(a±]Vj)a lsna&|Æq_maytst(lm]_eut2zÑnFpVt®lsˆjyeop}lBefph§Kg_pVzÑlseonrpnQ§¥lm]_ajQamn v wÆp©jQ`ekz±z{n)a&%ìz{eoa&pÆl°t{³.

(31) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e ‹. Γout. Γp. np. n out. C2 Γw. C1. Γin. Γp. n in np. ëeo’FgHsaF³f9\(]_az{nF`qHg_lˆjylseonrpVjQi v nF`ìjQeop ë_nr±ls]_azÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQi v nF`jyeop ]VjÆefp_’ jFt±ŽVnF v atx]_ny¦2peopœëeo’_³¹F³o¦(azjyp¦2seolma ls]Ha ¹ ` nF`ap}lsgH`Ýz{nrpVtxamrjQlsefnFp²a Ö g©jQlsefnFp§KnFƒjtxl°jQlmeonFp©jQswÓVny¦T¦2eolm]6pHnha|}lsa&spVjyi‡§KnF°z{ayt. nr. G    ). - ) G #  0/ # /    #  1  G G    G  " #  ,. ). r³ ‘7. 6. r³. +. 6. 7. › azjypYp_a’Fifayz{l ls]HaÆektsz{nrgVt aÑÅÁaz{lˆt nFpYls]_a¹eop_ifaljQp v nFgHlsioa&lŽVnFg_p v jQmeoaytѳ dÏeopVz{anFpYlm]_a œ qVasefn v euz¥ŽVnFg_p v jQsefayt1jyioi)ls]HaWÓVny¦«rjQmeujyŽ_ioaytjQma(qVameon v ekzWjyp v ls]Ha(p_nrs`jyi}zÌ]Vjyp_’Fat4lm]_atxeo’rpD¤Flm]_a txgH`Ôny§ls]_aƒeop}lsa’rˆjyiut1nFplm]_a±qVameon v ekz£ŽVnFgHp v jQmeoayt¥eut¥ªasnH³Wۃplm]_aBnrls]_a&(]Vjyp v ¤Ælm]_a j v )ayz{lmeonFp lsa&s`t2jysaªamnhnrpls]_aqHsnQÀ©ioaŽVayz&jQgVt®als]_a)aion}z{efl®weut2ªamnjyl±ls]_a¦ÎjQifi 6 p_nQ­ txifeoqzÑnFp v eflsefnFpa7°³ \(]_ap_nFm`jQikt£nrpls]_aeop_ifal2ŽVnFg_p v jQswœjyp v ls]HanFgHlsioa&lBŽVnFgHp v jQmwjysals]Hatsjy`a ¦2eolm]8ls]Hatxeo’rp zˆ]VjQp_’ra v ¤_lm]_asaѧKnFsa½¦(a ]Vj)a G G  

(32)  G    G ) ) E G

(33)    .  #     #  .  #     #   . ›œaz{nFp©txe v a2ls]_aj)a°jQ’Fa Ö gVjQp}lseflsefayt 

(34) ¤  ¤ )

(35) ¤ )      . ‹. ),+. 6. r³ ‹7.

(36)  . ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t. . - 

(37)   

(38)     

(39)                -!)

(40)   

(41)  )        e . e 3       3 (' ) + # # # # 6 r³ 7 ¦2]HasaPe . jQp v e 3 jQsals]_a¥)ayzÑlsnFmeujyiFjyasn v wÆpVjy`euz z{n)a&ì % z{eoap}lˆtVeop ls]HaW]HnFsefªnFp}lˆjyi}jQp v )aslmeuzjyi . . . . v efsayz{lmeonrpVt{³¥d)eopVzÑa ¦a jQmaefpÆlmasayt®lsa v nFp_ifweoplm]_a ]_nFmeoªnrpÆl°jQiz{nr`qVnFp_a&pÆl°t{¤Æ¦azjQp²¦2seolma. - 

(42)      3

(43)          3   - )

(44) 

(45)  )      # # # #. \(]Hasa{§Knrsa±§KnF

(46). e . . .       3 . '. r³o&ŒU7 6. ¦(a nFŽHlˆjQefp.     6 r³or7 )() )    - )

(47)  )  

(48)      3 2-          3 - e .      3  '

(49)  \(]Ha(eopHioal¡jQp v nFg_lmioalD)aifn}z{eolmeoayt=jQma2z{nrpVtxl°jQp}l¤yls]_ama{§KnFma¥ls]_a¥eopHioal®­Ðnrg_lsifalÁq_maytst®g_sa v eÄÅ=amapVz{a v aqVap v t±nFp_ifwnFp«lm]_ah]HnFsefªnFp}lˆjyijQamn v wÆp©jQ`ekzz{n)a&ì % z{eoap}l³Š· pœls]Heut±¦2jwls]Haz{nrpVtxlmˆjyeop}lˆt±nFp ). . . . ls]Ha efp_ioa&lx­¿nFg_lmioalq_saytmtxg_mazjQp²Ž‡a efpÆlmsn v gVzÑa v eopls]_az{nÏtxl(§Kg_p©z{lsefnFpD³. H7. KMLONPL. RPRCT Z\Y ,R

(50) #_. 92:CTFR89. \(]_agVtsjy’FanQ§µ¦2jQifiDp_n v ayt½z{n)nF v eopVjylsayt½jFt±z{nrpÆlmsnriDqVjQ°jQ`almaˆtѤ_eopVt®lsayj v ny§2t®q_ioefp_aytѤVzjQifiutW§KnF½j tx`¹n)nFls]Heop_’ny§tx]VjyqVa v a{§Knrs`jylsefnFpVtѳ1\(]_ekt£ekt v nFp_a ¦2efls]ls]_at®`n)nFlm]_eop_’nFqVa°jQlmnF5 . . +-. @.    @). @ C)A@9@),+ . @ $. ¦2]_ap»z{nFp©txls°jQefp_a v. 6. r³o&ÂU7. ¦2]_ama. > @ $ ekt(ls]_atx`¹n)nFls]Ha v . >. tx]Vjyq‡arjQsekjQlmeonFp. ue tƒls]_a}eutmz{n)t®eol®wz{n)a&%ìz{efapÆlƒeop²ls]_at®`n)nFlm]_eopH’q_sn}zÑaytstѤ4¦2]Heuzˆ]8eutƒlˆjQ´)a&pq_snrq‡nrslmeonFp©jQi lmn«ls]_apHnFs` ny§ls]Hatxaz{nFp v¬v asefFjylsef)aytnQ§ls]Ha v a{§KnFm`jQlmeonrpD¤(eopÇnF v almn«`jQ´)alm]_a t®`n)nFlm]_eop_’ifn}zjQi 6 ls]_at®]VjQqVaifn}zjQifiowt®`n)nFlm]sa`jyeopVt¥g_pVzˆ]VjQpH’Fa v 7°³ . \(]Hat®`n)nFlm]_eopH’t®w_t®lsa`eut2t®nFio)a v ¦2efls])jFzÑnFŽ_eD`a&ls]_n v eolmaˆjylsefnFpVt 6 xt aa†2a{§m³ ‘O7°³ .

(51) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. Œ 0.18. Initial shape Projected shape Smoothed shape. 0.16. 0.14 0.12. 0.1 0.08. 0.06. 0.04 0.02. 0. -0.02 -0.02. KMLONPL. _ S . ë+eo’rg_saF³  2d)]Vjyq‡at®`n)nFlm]_eop_’. 0. 0.02. 0.04. 0.06. 0.08. 0.1. 0.12. 0.14. 8927 :CTc\RMY. ]Z_aVR . ë_nF¥ls]Ha2p_a¦MqHsnQÀ©ioaƒ’Fap_a&ˆjQlma v ¦2eolm]hlm]_a2’F°j v efap}lW`¹als]_n v ¦a2]Vj)a2lsnz{nrpVtxlmsgVz{lj±p_a¦Ç`ayt®]D³ ›œagVtxaìjQp«nrq‡a&ˆjQlmnF¦2efls]Yj8’reo)ap v a{§Knrs`jylseonrpnrp«ls]Haq_snyÀVioaϤ+¦2]_ekzÌ] v n)aytxp  lzˆ]VjQpH’Falm]_a `ayt®]lsmeujyp_’Fifayt(nFmeoap}lˆjylseonrpD¤_jyp v ´)a&aqVtWlm]_atsjy`a `aytx] Ö gVjyioeflxw 6 txaa†2a{§m³  O7°³ \(]Ha v a{§KnFm`jQlmeonFpny§¥j`ayt®]p_n v a eut(’reo)apŽ}aw  . . 0@

(52) B

(53) B 

(54) 0@ 

(55) @  h )A@  nFp  E .   h  ) . . . . . . 6. . . r³o&„U7. ¦2]Hasa. > @  hÇeut(lm]_a `aytx]¹FjysekjQlsefnFp > ekt2j¦(aef’F]}l2z{n)a0% z{efap}lµ§Knr2ayjFzˆ]p_n v a . Á¤ v aqVap v efp_’nFp²ls]_a½p_aeo’r]ƎVnrg_sefp_’txa’r`ap}lˆt. if ap_’Flm] . . > B

(56) )   - 

(57)  ¦2eols] jyp²jQsŽHeols°jQmw6q©jQˆjy`alma C > B

(58) ) B

(59) eut2jp_nrs`jyioektsjQlmeonrp6q©jQˆjy`alma³   Œ . .  . . . . . . . 6. gVtxgVjyioifw. C ). . 7 .

(60)  . ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t. F. ƒ¸ p_nFlm]_a1`atx] v a{§KnFm`jQlmeonFplsayzˆ]_p_e Ö gHaWekt+lsnt®nFio)aÎjB)nFifg_`ekzµa&iujFt®lsekz{eol®w t®w_t®lsa`×nQ§=ls]_aƒtmjQ`a §KnFm`5jFt2ls]Hat®`n)nFlm]_eopH’nFqVaˆjylsnr5. +.h -  @9 h ) @ nF  ph  @  h )A@  eop E.   . @ . . . 6. . ),+. r³oÑb 7. ¦2]_ama. > @  hÇeut(lm]_a `aytx]¹FjysekjQlsefnFp > ekt lm]_aÆektsz{nÏtxeol®w»z{n)a&ì% z{eoap}lƒeopœls]_a`ayt®] . v {a §KnFm`jQlmeonrpq_sn}z{atst{¤¦2]_euzˆ]eut±l°jQ´)apœq_sny­ qVnFmlsefnFpVjyi1lsnlm]_aifn}zjQi aioa`¹apÆlt®eoªa)¤Veop²nF v aƒlsnj)nFe v `atx] v a’rap_a°jQlsefnFp 6 ls]_a`aytx] q_°jFz{lmeuzjyioifw v n)at£p_nrlƒzÌ]©jQp_’ra §¿jQƒj¦Îjw§KsnF` ls]_a q_mnQÀVifa97ˆ³. ¸B’ÏjQeop¡¤_ls]_ekt(eut(`j v a±¦2eolm])jFz{nrŽ_eDeolmaˆjylseonrpVt{³ \(]HaÀVˆt®l±jyq_q_snÏjFzˆ]qHsny)a v lsnŽVa`nrsa snrŽ_gVt®l±eoplmsayjylseopH’¯ÀVpHa`ayt®]_aytѤ_ls]_ama{§KnFmaeflB¦ÎjFt gVt®a v eop²jQifiDls]_a nFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpz&jFtxat{³ 0.18 Initial mesh C-lines Deformed mesh C-lines 0.16. 0.14 0.12. 0.1 0.08. 0.06. 0.04 0.02. 0. -0.02 -0.02. 0. ë+ef’Fg_maF³ „/¥‚8aytx] v Ña §KnFs`ìjQlsefnFp 0.02. 0.04. 0.06. F. 0.08. 0.1. 0.12. 0.14.

(61)  KMLONPL .

(62). ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. 7 \ ;:CTF\RCY : < MR 9c\T (7. Tc\. . . ›œaƒzjQp¹z{nFp©z{iog v a2ls]Vjyl1’FapHaˆjyioiowϤFls]_a2nrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFpŠz{n v a2eut1ŽVjrtxa v nFpls]Ha(§KnFioifny¦2eop_’ jyio’rnFsefls]_` 6 t®aa†£aѧm ³  ϤV‹_¤_‘ ;7 ۃq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonFpion)nrq F³ º ]_n)nÏtxaefp_eolmeujQi=t®]VjQqVa. G. jQp v txnrio)a±lm]_a±ÓVny¦.  . ÂƳ º nr`q_g_lma±ls]_a ’rˆj v eoap}l. G I   G . . G  G  . . Ƅ ³ º nr`q_g_lma±ls]_at®]VjQqVa v a{§KnFm`jQlmeonFp @ $ ¦2eols]²j’F°j v efapÆl2`¹als]_n v  b_³±d)`¹n)nFls]lm]_a v a{§KnFm`jQlmeonrpVt @9  @     Ƴƒ¼BaѧKnFs` ls]_a `ayt®]Ž}wz{nF`¹q_g_lsefp_’ @  h ‘Ƴƒz{nr`q_g_lma±ls]Ha pHa¦%t®lˆjylsa # txgVzˆ]ls]Vjyl & '#"(  #$C),+ )³2eõ§1lm]_a ’Fˆj v eoa&pÆl2ekt2z{nFp})as’ra v G . I   G .  . . t®lsnrqD¤‡a&iutxa½’FnFlmnt®lsaq»ÂƳ.  .    . Úµp v ny§¥ls]Ha nrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFpion)nrq. .

(63). . * ¹2"0(! - !". \(]_a ’F°j v efap}l2nQ§¥lm]_az{n)t®l(§Kg_pVz{lmeonFp¦2efls]sayt®qVayz{l2lsnls]HazÑnFp}lssnriDrjQsekjQŽ_ifayt(eut v a{ÀVp_a v jrt' G I G . ) . I . #.  . I .  .  . #. . . . I . .  .  .  $.  6. r³o-U7. ¦2]_amalm]_aœeop v a&|«saqHsayt®apÆl°tjQifi ls]_aœ’Fanr`almseuz&jQi Ö gVjypÆlmeolmeoayt 6  ` ayt®]Tz{n)nF v eopVjylsaytѤt®]VjQqVa p_nrs`jyiut{¤}alˆzr³:7ˆ³ KML L%K. 2X. 87 :CTc\[W]Z\ #_ 9F_ Y>Tc\ :CTc\%R. TFR. . Y. ë_nF2lm]_a z{nr`q_g_l°jQlsefnFpny§1lm]_a ’F°j v efapÆl v a{ÀVpHa v jFt(eop 6 F³o-U7¥¦a±gVtxajyg_lsnr`jQlmeuz v eõÅ=asap}lsekjQlmeonFp 6 ¸½¼ 7 6 t®aa†£a{§m³   O7ˆ³ ¸ƒg_lsnr`jQlmeuz v eÄÅ=amap}lseujylsefnFp8ekt±jhlmayzÌ]Hp_e Ö g_a ¦2]_euzˆ]arjQifgVjQlmayt2ls]_a v a&seorjylseo)at£ny§2t®nF`ag_pVzÌ­ lsefnFpVt v a{ÀVp_a v Ž}whp}g_`a&seuz&jQiVz{n v ayt£¦2efls]maytxqVayzÑl2lsntxnr`a±efp_q_g_l2rjQmeujyŽ_ioaytѳ¥\(]_a eop})aˆt®a±jyg_lsny­ `jylseuz v eõÅÁa&sap}lsekjQlsefnFp²zjyp6ŽVatxa&ap²jFtƒjQpj v €snFefpÆl2`¹als]_n v gVt®a v eopnFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrphqHsnFŽHioa`tѳ Â.

(64)  . ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t. „. з pYls]HeutjQqHq_snÏjFzˆ]D¤(ls]Ha8q_mnF’F°jQ` ioefp_ayt v a{ÀVp_efp_’œls]_anFgHlsq_g_lrjQmeujQŽHioaytrjQmeujylseonrp¬jyp v lm]_a z{nÏtxl(§Kg_pVzÑlseonrpD¤)eopVzÑiog v efp_’lm]_a±`atx]¹jQp v ls]Ha txl°jQlsa½a Ö g©jQlsefnFpVt2jysa zÑnFpVt®e v ama v z{nrpVtxlmˆjyeop}lˆt{³¥ë_nr ayjrzÌ]œnQ§ƒlm]_a` Ù=jQ’rˆjyp_’Fa`g_iolmeoq_ifeoaшt ) jQmajFtmtxn}z{ekjQlma v jQp v jQpYjyg_’F`¹apÆlma v Ù=jQ’F°jQp_’reujypTekt z{nrpVtxlmsgVz{lma v 6 r³o&U ‘7 ) I ) & # \(]Ha±rjQiogHayt ) jQsa½nFŽ_l°jQeopHa v Ž}whef`qVn)txefp_’ ls]Vjyl(lm]_aBÀV°txl(nr v a&(rjQmeujQlmeonrpVtWny§ ¦2efls]maytxqVayzÑl lsnls]Ha efpÆlmas`¹a v efjQlmaBrjQmeujyŽ_ioayt2jysa ªamFn I 6 r³o 97 )  ) & ) +  . #. . . ۃpVzÑa lm]_a `hgHiolsefq_ioeõa°t ) jQsa arjyiogVjylsa v ¤_lm]_a ’F°j v efapÆl2ny§Yz&jQpŽVaayjrtxeoifwzÑnF`q_gHlsa v . . . & ) G    #  $ ë_nFƒls]_ekt(nFqVa°jQlsefnFp²¦(ag©txa ls]_ajyg_lsnr`jQlmeuz v eÄÅ=amap}lseujylsnr2lsn)nFi)( ( )G I. I. r ³o&‹U7    v a)aifnFqVa v jyl±·® ±†ƒ·®¸³ §Kg_pV)zÑ( ls( eo)nr- pv jQeÄp Å=v am§KanFpƵlmjeujyiflseuayt®tDl1q_nQs§=nreo’Fp °v jQa`qVatDp ¦2v sa&efpÆlslsl a&jQpp eovp v a qV

(65) a

(66) p &v ap} l1D§rKjQnFs¥ekjQjƒŽ_ë_ifaynFt1slmj ˆjyë_pnFmq_lssˆn}jyz{pa z{v n g_v saƒa euv t+ay’rtsz{amp_eoaŽ_°efjQp_lm’ƒa vj ¦2]_ekzÌ]arjQiog©jQlsat4lm]_a v a&seorjylseo)atÁnQ§=ls]_a v aqVap v apÆlrjQmeujQŽHioaytD¦2eolm]sayt®q‡az{l+lmn±ls]Ha(eop v aqVap v a&pÆl rjQmeujQŽHioaytѳ. 54 9YZ[AR 7 .<_aTc_. KML L.

(67). ). . ). . 6. .  \T/\_ S 6 )( ('-)-¹¸±¼Ôlsn)nriO7 ¦ajQpVjyiow}ªa v. S/_ YZS \%TF\. ±t®eop_’»jQg_lmnF`jylseuz v eõÅÁa&sap}lsekjQlsefnFp ls]_aìz{nFp}lsmeoŽ_g_lmeonrp«nQ§ƒlm]_a v eõÅÁa&sap}ltxap©txeolmeo}eolmeoaytVlsnƒls]_a’Fˆj v eoa&pÆl&³+·ÐpqVjQmlseuzÑg_iujy¤y¦(a¥p_nFlmeuz{a v ls]©jQl¦2]_aplm]_a2zÑn)txlD§Kg_pVzÑlseonrp eutŽVjrtxa v nrp¬eopƧKnrs`jylseonrpVtnFpMlm]_aœtx]©jQqVals]_mnFg_’r]¬ŽVnFg_p v jQsw¬efpÆlma’F°jQikt 6 a)³ ’H³Ãjyasn v wÆpVjy`euz z{n)&a %ìz{efapÆl°t 7°¤‡lm]_a v nF`¹eopVjypÆl±q©jQsl efpls]_a’rˆj v eoap}lz{nF`atΧKmnF`Üt®apVt®eolsefÆeflsefayt£¦2efls]maytxqVayz{l½lsn ls]Ha’Fa&nF`almsekzjQi Ö gVjypÆlmeolmeoayt2jyp v p_nFl½lsnls]_aŠtxlˆjylsa)³ƒ\(]_ektB`ayjypVt(ls]©jQl±lm]_a iujFt®l±lsa&s`¶efp 6 r³o- U7 zjyp6ŽVa v snrq_qVa v G I I I   6 r³o&U 7    G   #   \(]_ekt j)nre v tBlm]_a¹zjQikz{g_iujylsefnFpnQ§£jQp.j v €snreop}l txlˆjylsa¹ jQp vœ v ayzÑsayjrtxayt±t®eo’rp_eÄÀ=z&jQp}lsiow²ls]_azÑnF`q_gHlˆj­ lsefnFpVjyiz{n)t®l 6 txaa †£a{§m³  ‘ƤV‹ O7ˆ³ d.   KMLPL%K. Ô ( !"  (6! 7. H>TF_ _ #_ SUT

(68). ] _ S [A_ Y>T. 7. _aT  RP]. ›œa g©txajtxlmaaqVayt®l v atsz{ap}l(`¹als]_n v ¦2efls]6À©|Æa v t®lsaq»txeoª&a tx]©jQqVa 6 txaa†2a{§m³o&ÂO7". @9  ) 2-.B . „. G I. .  G    . B . §KnFƒls]_aŠz{nF`qHg_lˆjylseonrpnQ§µls]_ap_a¦ 6. r³ ÂrŒU7.

(69) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. {b. ¦2]_ama  ekt4lm]_a2q_sn€sayz{lsefnFpnFqVaˆjylsnrWnrpls]_aƒj v `ektstxefŽ_ioaµtxqVjrz{a)¤)gVtxa v lsn l°jQ´)a(efpÆlmn±jrzz{nrg_pÆl ion}zjyi ’Fa&nF`almsekzjQi}z{nrpVtxlmˆjyeop}lˆt 6 l®¦(n±ifeo`eflsefp_’2t®g_x§¿jrz{ayt+nr¥z{g_m)ayt¡§Knr1ls]Ha2tx]©jQqVaBrjyseujylsefnFpVt+nr1nFmeo’reopVjyi q_ikjQpƧKnrs`Ü´)aq_l½g_pVzˆ]VjQp_’ra v 7°³h\(]Haz{nrpVtxl°jQp}ltxlsa&q«t®eoªaektBgVtxa v ŽVayzjygVtxa§KnF lm]_ajypVjQifwƪ&a v „F¼ q_mnFŽ_ifa`tWlm]_a ioefp_a jQif’Fnrseolm]_`5t®ayjQ°zÌ]ŽVayz{nr`aytWlmn)nha&|ÆqVapVt®eo)a)³. 54. KMLPL. _. : (:8< < 7. _aT Z  RP]. (\ ]_aƒ]_ayj}wŽVjQifi‡`¹als]_n v eut1gVt®a v lmnjFz&z{aytst v eõÅ=asap}l¥`eopHeo`¹j£ny§ls]_aƒq_snrŽ_ioa&`¤Q§KnFÎtxqVayz{eõÀ=zƒz{n)t®l §Kg_pVzÑlseonrpVt{³¥\(]Heut2lseo`¹a±t®]VjQqVarjyseujylsefnFpeut2z{nr`q_g_lma v jrt' . @. .  9  . @. f.   -(B ). B. G I. .  G      f  9   . B # 0@ #  B # @  eutƒjQlƒioayjrtxlƒjypnF v aBny§¥`jy’Fp_eflsg v at®`jQifioals]Vjyp8ls]Hatxlmaqt®eoªa  . . ) . 

(70). (\ ]Haz{n)a&%ìz{efapÆl. ls]Heut(`alm]_n v ls]_az{nrpƍ)a&s’Fa&pVz{aƒeutW§¿jFt®lsa(§KnrBnÏtsz{efioikjQlsefp_’z{nÏtxl(§Kg_pVzÑlseonrpVt{³ KMLPLON. 6. H 7. r³ Â}7 6. .. . B. ³(›¬eolm]. _aT Z  RP]. ë_g_slm]_anFp¡¤±¦(aeop})ayt®lseo’ÏjQlma v ls]_a.jQqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFpTnQ§¯jQp%nrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFp jQio’rnFmeols]H` ŽVjFt®a v nFpØj #2ë1ê d`a&ls]_n v §KnF½„F¼Ýjyasn v wÆpVjy`euz&jQiDt®]VjQqVa v atxeo’rp8q_mnFŽ_ifa`tѳ¥\(]_eut2`alm]_n v eut2ŽVjFt®a v nrpj Ö gVj v °jQlmeuzjQqHq_sny|}eo`jylseonrp8ny§(lm]_anFŽ}€saz{lsef)a §KgHpVz{lsefnFpD¤=¦2]_euzˆ]eut2`nFmaa{Å=ayzÑlseo)a lm]VjQp.jioeopHayjQ jQqHq_sny|}eo`jylseonrp 6 t®aa†£aѧm³ oF O7°³ \(]Hat®ayjQ°zÌ] v efsayzÑlseonrph§KnFƒnFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpt®lsaq a. @ $ )  2-(B  . G I. .  6.  G    . . r³ ÂrÂU7. eut v aÑÀVp_a v Ž}w v aÑÓVayz{lmeop_’ls]Ha’Fˆj v eoa&pÆl )ayz{lmnF±¦2efls]œjyp«jyq_q_sny|}eo`jylsefnFpnQ§Îls]_aeop})a°txany§2lm]_a "BaytmtxekjQpœ`jQlmseo| nQ§Îls]_anFŽ}€saz{lsef)a §Kg_pVzÑlseonrpD³\(]_ekt jQq_q_mny|Æef`jQlmeonFp  eut±zÑnFpVt®lssg©z{lsa v ¦2eolm] ls]Ha8’F°j v efap}lhrjQmeujylseonrpVtharjyiogVjylsa vÇv g_sefp_’œls]_a²nFq_lmeo`efªyjQlmeonFp.q_sn}z{atst{¤2gVt®eop_’œls]Ha #(snyw v apÆ­ ë+ifalˆzˆ]_a®­sêƒnFi v §¿jQmŽÆ­md)]VjQpHp_n 6 #2ëµê Fd 7 g_q v jQlmeop_’§KnFm`hgHiuj    . ). .      @ @ @ 6 r³ Âr„U7  J@  J  @  -  J @# J @   # # J J J G I G I . jyp v ) G     - G    ³   J E  ekt zÑnFpVt®lssg©z{lsa v lsn8ŽVa¹txw}``almsekz jyp v qVn)t®eolmeo)a v a{ÀVp_eflsa)¤ jQpYjyp_’Fifa . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    ¦2]_ama @  )    . -W  Ú1)apœeħÎls]_a¹`jQlmseo| z{nrp v eolmeonrp]VjFt(lmnŽVa tmjQlsekt ÀVa v ŽVal®¦(aapls]Ha txayjyˆzˆ] v efsayz{lmeonrpjyp v ls]Ha±’F°j v efapÆleopnF v a2lsneopÆ­ z{mayjFt®a2ls]_aƒ&a %ìz{eoap©z{w eopls]HaBnrŽ}€sayz{lsef)aW§Kg_p©z{lsefnFp v aytmz{ap}l³ ¸Bpeop_a&|_jrz{l1ioefp_aƒtxajQˆzˆ]eut1a`¹q_ionyw)a v ¤. {b.

(71)  . $. ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t. ¦2eolm]ls]_at®lsaqœt®eoªa B  qHsnFqVnrslsefnFpVjyi(lmnls]_a’rˆj v eoap}l±`n v g_iogVtѤDjQp v jzÑnFp}lseop}g_efp_’g_q v jylsanQ§ ls]Ha ]Haytst®eujQpekt£nrq‡a&ˆjQlma v ³ ¸ƒiols]HnFg_’r] lm]_a’rionFŽ©jQi2zÑnFp})as’rapVz{anQ§ txgVzˆ]YjtmzÌ]_a&`asa Ö g_efsayt txlmsefp_’Fap}lzÑnFp v eflsefnFpVtjQp v ls]Hasa{§Knrsals]Ha v ayz{sajFtxefp_’œnQ§ lm]_anFŽ}€sayz{lmeo)ah§KgHpVz{lsefnFpYeutpHnFl¹jq_sefnFme2’FgVjyˆjQp}lsa&a v ¤(lm]_aion}zjyi z{nrpƍ)am’Fap©z{a±ˆjylsa eut(ny§Klsap²jrtxw}`q_lsnrlsekzjQifiowtxgHq‡a&sioefp_ayjy³ ,«-*/! 01"2*D3 Y  $!. . . KMLPL%K. D< :M]Z_2[. =. 7. : S/[;:M]Z_. ›œa(zÑnFpVt®e v a¡jBzÑnF`q_ifalsazÑnFpÆÀV’rg_ˆjylsefnFpny§VjypapH’FeopHa¥z{n)nFifeop_’½jQ|}eujyiQ§¿jypD³1ë_nFt®eo`qHioeuzÑeol®w¥sayjrtxnFp©t{¤ ¦(a ma v gVz{a½ls]_a„F¼×zjFt®ajQl½jht®eo`q_ifa¥Âr¼ zjrtxa)³ \(]Ha6`¹n)txl’FapHaˆjyiW§¿jQp v jylˆjœjQmals]_a’ranF`a&lsswœjyp v ls]_aefp_ioal±ÓVny¦ zÌ]©jQˆjrz{lsa&seut®lsekztB§KnFj ’Fef)apœnFqVaˆjylsefp_’8qVnFefpÆl&³›a¹txgHq_qVn)txalm]VjQlls]_a§¿jQp«ekt v aÑÀVp_a v ŽÆwlm]_aŽ_iuj v ahp}g_`ŽVa ¤ŽÆw ls]Halsefq°j v efgVtPh

(72) jQp«lm]_ah]}g_Ž«°j v efgVt h  ¤1jyp v ŽÆwlm]_aŽ_ikj v a’Fanr`almsw 6 q_snyÀVioaϤ+l®¦2eut®l jQpH’FioaϤÁzˆ]_nF v ¤Vioayj v eop_ ’a v ’Fa)¤Vls°jQefioeopH’ha v ’F9a 7°³2\(]_a Ó©nQ¦Øeut v a{ÀVp_a v Ž}w6lm]_a±ÓVny¦ ˆjQlm a  jQp v ŽÆw ls]Ha mnFl°jQlsefnFpVjyi+)a&ion}z{eflxw ±³ #(azjQgVt®als]_a§¿jQp jQ|}eujQit®wÆ``¹als®wjyp v ls]HahmnFlˆjylsefnFpVjyiWÓVny¦Ýzˆ]VjyˆjFzÑlsameutxlmeuztѤÁls]Ha¯ÓVny¦zjyp ŽVajFtmtxg_`¹a v lmn8ŽValm]_atmjQ`a§KnFŠjQifiWlm]_aŽ_iuj v aytjyp v lmn8ŽVaqVasefn v euzeopœls]Haz{eo°z{g_`h§Ka&sap)lmeujQi v efsayz{lmeonrpD³ º nrpVtxe v asefp_’jls]Hsaa{­ v ef`apVt®eonFp©jQiVz{w}ioefp v meuzjyiVz{nF`¹q_g_lˆjylsefnFpVjyi v nr`jQefph§KnF2lm]_aB§¿jQp¡¤ ¦(a²zˆ]_n)n)t®a²jzˆ]VjQ°jFz{lmasektxlmeuztxayz{lmeonrp §Knrls]_al®¦(ny­ v eo`ap©txeonrpVjQiÎz{nF`¹q_g_lˆjylsefnFpYjylj8°j v efgV. t  ³ ›œa nrŽ_lˆjyeop»jÂF¼ ŽHiuj v az&jFtsz&j v a 6 ÀV’H³2F³ b/7ˆ¤_¦2]_ekzÌ]ekt(sa v g©z{a v jyl±jtxefp_’Fifa v nF`ìjQeop²jysnFgHp v lm]_a q_mnQÀVifa ŽVayz&jQgVt®a ny§¥ls]Hajyp_’FgHiujQƒqVasefn v euzÑeol®w)³. Ω t. U. U. R. „F¼%Ž_iuj v a. ë+ef’Fg_mahr³ bc (# ikj v a z&jFtsz&j v a $. z&jFtsz&j v a.

(73) ‘. ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. 54 4 ;[ :MS _. KMLPL. \(]_a±qHeolˆzˆ]efpls]_a jQp_’rg_iujy v eomayz{lsefnFpny§ls]_az{nr`q_g_l°jQlmeonFp©jQi v nF`ìjQeop¹eutWef`qVn)t®a v Ž}wls]_a±°j v efgVt Tjyp v lm]_aƒŽ_iuj v aBp}g_`ŽVa  3 )   ³¥\(]_a½jQ|}eujyi v ef`apVt®eonFp`gVt®l+ŽVaƒŽ_eo’ap_nFgH’F]lsntmjQlmeut §Kw jQlŽVayt®lls]_ag_pHeħKnFm` Ó©nQ¦ z{nrp v eolmeonrpVtjQllm]_aeop_ifaljQp v jQlls]HanFg_lmioal 6 v e %ìz{g_ifl v g_alsnlm]_a ¦2jy´)9a 7ˆ³ \(]HaB’ranF`a&lsswnQ§lm]_a±zÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQi v nF`jyeop 6 ÀV’H³2F³ 71ekt v a{ÀVp_a v Ž}wls]_aƒqVjQ°jQ`a&lsa°t 6 t®aa †2a{§m³  bH¤_ O7". > > > > > >. lm]_azÌ]_nr v ioa&p_’F]}l ' jQp v ls]Ha l°jQp_’rap}lseujyitxqVjrz{eopH’Ž‡a&lx¦aapŽ_ikj v ayt 6 q_eol°zÌ]A7 ' lm]_atxnFife v efl®w  ) 3  lm]_a lx¦2ektxlƒjyp_’FifaŽVal®¦aaplm]_azÌ]_nr v jQp v ls]Hajy|Æekt  lm]_ajQp_’rioayt . ¤ 3 ¤  ŽVal®¦(aap¹ls]_a±ÓVny¦ v efsayzÑlseonrpVt(jyp v lm]_ajQ|}eut  lm]_ajQp_’rioa nQC §¥efpVCz{e v aC pVz{a B ) . -   lm]_a v a{ÓVa|}eonrpjQpH’Fioa  ) 3 - C . ³. 3 . C C. β2. λ. β1. ëeo’FgHsar³  ~1snyÀVioa ’Fa&nF`almsw \(]Ha efp_ioa&l2z{nrp v eolmeonrpVtBjysa ’Fef)apŽ}wls]Ha Ó©nQ¦ØˆjQlmajQp v ls]_a±§¿jQpmnFlˆjylsefnFpVjyi+)aifn}z{eol®wA  . .   ) . ).  .  . h3  . . . h3.

(74)  . \(]Hajyasn v wÆpVjy`euz½z{n)a&%ìz{eoap}lˆtjQma v a{À©p_a v nrp8ls]Ha Ó©nQ¦ v eomayz{lsefnFpjylBlm]_a eopÆÀ©p_eol®w)³ ‘. 6. r³ Âyb 7.

(75)  . '. ­2¸ d)]VjQqVaÛBqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrp~1ikjQlsaѧKnFs`§KnF½\4g_mŽVnF`jrzÌ]_efp_amw¸BqHq_ioekzjQlmeonFp©t U1 CL. Ut. U inf CD. U2. β inf. ë+ef’Fg_mahr³ ‘/WÕ¥aifn}z{eol®w)ayz{lmnF°t ,:MY _. KMLPLON. [a\_ YZ[. Ux. . \(]_a±§¿jQp²a&%ìz{eoap©z{weut v aÑÀVp_a v jFt (). . ). . . 6. r³  U7. ¦2]Hasa. > ). ekt(ls]_a eopHioal®­Ðnrg_lsifal(q_maytst®g_sa v eõÅ=asap©z{a. >. eut(ls]Ha lmnF Ö g_a maytxektxlˆjypVz{a±`¹nF`ap}lsgH`8³. . KMLPL. . ,:MY R.

(76). . 7 \ : Tc\%RMY ;[ 9F\%TF_ 9F\:. TF\. . ë_nF±lm]_asajQi¥zjrtxany§ƒj„r¼ §¿jyp«z{nrpÆÀV’rg_ˆjylseonrp¦ajQmaeop}lsamaytxlma v fe p8eop©z{sayjrtxefp_’ls]Haa&%zÑeoapVzÑw   ) )  ¤‡¦2]Heuzˆ]8`ayjypVt2lsneopVz{mayjFt®alm]_aefp_ioal®­Ðnrg_lsifal2q_maytst®g_sa v õe Å=asap©z{a  ) jyp vv ayz{mayjFt®a ls]Ha lmnF Ö g_a maytxektxlˆjypVz{a `nr`ap}lsg_ `  ³ '.

(77) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. ‹. T. A CD T. R. A CL. α. U. β. β. Âr¼ F„ ¼ ëeo’FgHsaF³ ¥¸2asn v w}pVjy`euz(§KnF°z{ayt(nFp²ls]_a Ž_ikj v a 6. \(]HaeopHioal®­Ðnrg_lsifal(q_maytst®g_sa v eõÅ=asap©z{a v aqVap v t2nFp²ls]_a ]_nrsefªnFp}lˆjyijQamn v wÆp©jQ`ekz±z{n)a&%ìz{eoa&pÆl t®aa2„}³ bH³ ÂU7 jyp v ls]_a2lmnF Ö g_asayt®eut®lˆjQp©z{a2`nF`¹apÆlmg_` v aqVap v t+nFpls]Ha(lˆjyp_’Fa&pÆlmeujQi}§KnFˆzÑa 6 À©’_³2F³ 97". . . . ). ). ' C C #. e g 1 e1g . '. e f  1 e1f. C. C 6. r³ Âr‘U7. \(]_ama{§KnFma8lm]_az{nÏtxl§Kg_pVz{lmeonrpTtx]_nrg_i v ‡Ž a $% )  ³Ø¸ txef`q_ifajQpVjyiowHtxekt¯ny§lm]_eut§Kg_pVzÑlseonrp tx]HnQ¦ƒtlm]VjQleflˆt `eop_ef`g_` z{nFmsayt®qVnFp v tml nj e1f H e1gW`efp_eo`g_`²³ º nrpVtxa Ö g_a&pÆlmiow)¤D¦(aìz{nFpVt®e v a& ls]Ha §KnrioifnQ¦2efp_’z{nÏtxl(§Kg_pVzÑlseonrp e1f 6 r³  97 *) e g. ‹.

(78) .       . .    .     . 2"2*$¹B7¡0(*!". ·Ðplm]_a(`nÏtxlD’rap_a°jQi}lsam`t{¤lm]_a2t®lˆjQp v jQ v q_]VjFt®ayt+ny§=txnrio}eop_’½j º ë1¼Yq_snrŽ_ioa` efpls]Ha(\¸ d º Ó©nQ¦ ap}Æefsnrp_`ap}l¥jQmalm]_a±§KnFioifny¦2eop_’c F³ì—'Ké ìä ä}—Q˜}–¾èM ë+efˆt®l¤Ælm]_a z{mayjQlmeonrpnQ§ ls]_a z{nF`qHg_lˆjylseonrpVjQiV’rse v ny)a¥¦2]_ekzÌ]lm]_a jypVjQifw_t®eutW¦2efioi=Ž‡a½q‡a&x§KnF®­ `a v ³\(]_eut+qH]VjFt®aBekt+qVax§Knrs`a v gVtxefp_’ q_snr’F°jQ`t+gHp v a¥¸ƒq_q_ioekzjQlmeonrpVt{¤)t®gVzˆ]jFt

(79) !  nr  

(80) h¤1nFls]_a¹gVtxaŠzjQpYmayj v efp«`ayt®]_ayt£§KmnF` `jQp}wnFlm]_aŠtxnFgHˆz{aytѤ¥txgVzˆ]Yjrt º ¸±¼ qVjrzÌ´rjy’Faytѳ ÂƳ  —yä æ  —QèD™)ä}•$• @ Ba&|Ælektls]_a²q_sa{­¿q_mn}z{aytst®eop_’ txlˆjy’Fa²q‡a&x§KnFm`a v Ž}w  œls]©jQlefpVz{iog v ayttxqVayzÑeħKw}eop_’ lm]_a8ŽVnFgHp v jQmw¬z{nrp v eflseonrpVtnQ§ lm]_a8q_mnFŽ_ifa`¤¥ls]_aq_mnFqVamlseoat¯ny§lm]_a8`ìjQlsa&seujyi(¦2]_ekzÌ]Yekt `n v aioifa v ¤_jyp v ls]Haq_]}w_t®euzjyiDªnFpHayt£ny§¥ls]Ha`n v a&i 6 a)³P’_³2¦2]VjQlƒqVjyslˆt½jQsaŠtxl°jQlsefnFpVjysw»jQp v ¦2]VjylBq©jQsl°tBjysa eopmnFlˆjylsefp_’hma{§KamapVz{a2§Kˆjy`ayt 7°³ „Ƴ è - ) \(]_a&pD¤Ælm]_a±t®nFif)a   7 ektµg©txa v lmnz{nr`q_g_lmaBlm]_a2ÓVny¦¬¦2eols]Heopls]_a zÑnF`q_gHlˆjQlmeonrpVjQi v nr`jQefpD³œ\(]_euteop©z{iog v ayt txalmlseopH’g_qYls]_a²txnrio)aŠz{nFp}lsmnFi2qVjyˆjy`alsa&ˆt lm]VjQljysagVt®a v lsn v meo)a±lm]_az{nFp})am’FapVzÑaBlmnjtxl°jQlsefnFpVjysw²txnriog_lmeonrpD³ b_³ ƒèV•{–æ  —yèD™)ä}•$•  ¸£§Klma±’ralslmeop_’»jìÓVny¦Ýt®nFifg_lsefnFpD¤ls]_asayt®g_iol°tjysaa|_jy`eopHa v ¦2efls]    ³ #(nFlm] Ó©nQ¦ }eut®gVjQifeoªyjylseonrpD¤Æe¿³ a)³’F°jQq_]_ekzjQiDmaq_maytxap}lˆjylsefnFpny§1lm]_a±ÓVg_e v ÓVny¦ ¤Vjyp v8Ö gVjQp}lseflˆjylseo)a½zjyiuz{gÆ­ ikjQlsefnFp²txg©zÌ]²jFt2a&%ìz{eoa&pVz{wny)a(lm]_a ¦2]_nFifa v nF`jyeop²zjyp6ŽVaq‡a&x§KnFm`a v ³ Ƴ , èD)é  ™)˜Æ– Kè . ()( +*-,&.0/0, .

(81) ‚«³ÁdÏlˆjQp©z{eogD¤#±³H‚8nF]Vjy``j v e. ÂFŒ. =Ù jrtxlsifw)¤jQp v gVt®gVjQifiowYj§Klsaq‡nÏtxl®­Ðq_mn}z{aytmtxeopH’«ls]_amaytxg_iflˆtѤ¥txnF`¹ajFt®q‡az{lnQ§½ls]_a¹q_snrŽ_ioa` ’ranF`a&lsswϤ‡’rse v ¤ÁŽVnFg_p v jQswœzÑnFp v eflsefnFpVtѤDtxnrio)a±q©jQˆjy`almaˆtѤ‡al°zF³o¤V¦2eoifi+ŽVa¹j v €sg©txlsa v jQp v lm]_a º ë1¼%sg_p²eut(sa&q‡ajQlsa v gHpÆlmeoiÁlm]_a v ayt®eosa v jrzz{g_°jFz{weutƒjFzˆ]_efa)a v ³ ë_mnF` ls]_a2qVnreop}l+ny§Á}eoa&¦«nQ§=gVt®eop_’±lm]_a(nrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFpz{n v aeoplm]_a2\¸ d º ÓVny¦Yap}Æefsnrp_`ap}l‡§Knr `ayt®]8’rap_a°jQlsefnFp.jQp v ÓVny¦ maytxnriog_lmeonrpD¤Á¦(az&jQp.txaalm]VjQl ls]Ha’Fse v ’rap_a°jQlmeonFp 6 g©txeopH’\+¸ d º ­ ’Fme v jQp v v eÄÅ=asa&pÆllsa`qHiujQlmayt 7ÎeutgVt®a v nFpHiow«efp«ls]_aefp_eolmeujQi¥q_]©jFtxany§±lm]_anFqHlseo`¹eoªyjylseonrpifn)nFq 6 gHp_ioaytmt¦(a v np_nFlqVa®§KnFs`â`aytx]œsa&’Fap_a&ˆjQlmeonrpMjylayjFzˆ]«nrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFpœeolsa&ˆjQlmeonrp«eopVt®lsayj v nQ§ `ayt®] v a{§Knrs`jylseonrap 7ˆ³¸£§Klmas¦ÎjQ v t{¤)jrtW¦a2]Vj)aƒtxaapq_maÆefnFgVt®ioweopls]HaBnrq_lsef`eoªyjylsefnFpjyio’rnFsefls]_` 6 r³ „}³ U ‘ 7°¤)ls]_a±nrq_lsef`eoªjQlsefnFpŠz{n v a   

Références

Documents relatifs

Dans chaque ville et pour toutes les lignes de tramway considérées, il faudrait disposer des trafics avant et après ouverture d’une ligne et de plusieurs projections d’évolution

Le fait d’écrire à partir d’une oeuvre d’art visuelle ressemble à une forme de contrainte; nous croyons par ailleurs que cette pratique a eu un effet durable sur l’écriture

variables d'ordre psychologique: soit f.amiliale ou personnelle, soit so- ciale, soit professionnelle, soit une combinaison de ces facteurs. Ce patient a récupéré

For the two coolest objects in Figure 3.6, HD 4539 and PG 1716+426, both at Ta &lt; 27, 000 K, there is a good match between the predicted synthetic spectra and the FUSE data: the

lui inculquer le registre li'lquistioue, les l1abitudes alimen- taires et vestimentaires ainsi que le comportement des bour- geois de Québec. Pierrette Paul doit

La conciliation emploi-famille : des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail Tableau 4 : Les dispositions favorisant la conciliation travailfamille dans les

Figure 2.4 Predicted (continuous lines) and observed values (filled circles: stands aged from trees with root collar; open circles: stands aged from trees without root collar)

Cette posture permet de dégager deux idées centrales : le poids des milieux professionnels locaux dans l’intermédiation et le transit des idées, modèles et pratiques