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Qualification et compétence : deux sœurs jumelles ?

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(1)Qualification et compétence : deux sœurs jumelles ? Ewan Oiry. To cite this version: Ewan Oiry. Qualification et compétence : deux sœurs jumelles ?. Lavoisier, 2005, 31 (158), pp.13-34. �halshs-00133161�. Revue Française de Gestion,. HAL Id: halshs-00133161 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00133161 Submitted on 23 Feb 2007. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Manuscrit auteur, publié dans "Revue Française de Gestion 31, 158 (2005) 13-34".  .

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