Etude de la rhéologie des loess du Nord de la France - Application à l'évaluation de leur risque de liquéfaction

Texte intégral

(1)Etude de la rhéologie des loess du Nord de la France Application à l’évaluation de leur risque de liquéfaction Jean-Paul Karam. To cite this version: Jean-Paul Karam. Etude de la rhéologie des loess du Nord de la France - Application à l’évaluation de leur risque de liquéfaction. Planète et Univers [physics]. Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2006. Français. �NNT : 2006ENPC0618�. �pastel-00002185�. HAL Id: pastel-00002185 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002185 Submitted on 1 Sep 2010. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) 123425 67252 89 9

(3) . !"#$"%&$%'("%%)% #%#*#$+,)($#- 8 ./ . /9 8

(4) 0 1 8. 2"$&"34546 789:9;1

(5) 8<<= 6 . >"()?#%%%!"@"$ 4**#"#$A)B""#$#%-#-)C"#$ DEFGHIGJFKLGKIMNOGKPK QR2$'ST U V 4WUW1 9/5X:6X4X3Y:X 4WU4 Z72[32X[ 4W3\] 7X^X_3Y2772 4WU4 \623a232X[ 4WU1X:b[. 3889 . 3889 . 2`1 . 2`1 . 2`1 .

(6). 0121345121678. 1 75168 7

(7) 7

(8) 3 312134513 51

(9) 3 1 4

(10) 31 5 2

(11) 66 56 1

(12)

(13) 53 5653 41 735. 68 571 218 3121345121678 8318813

(14) 67 2

(15) 6 531471 3 1 81 !

(16) 6851 3 " 6 #$%

(17) 3

(18) 53 535 418 31413418 14 1 4

(19) 1 35 1 3 1 4

(20) 2716418 3

(21) 1885

(22) 66118 17 1 751641 !1345 12167 !

(23) 6851 3 16 #6

(24)

(25) 3 8

(26) 6 8 55 17 818 4

(27) 68158. 1 8

(28) 571 318813 2 3757 1 !

(29) 6851 3 16 !34 13131 17 7

(30) 7 1 138

(31) 661 1 &'#( 17 0(( 5

(32) 67 375458 8

(33) 7516 5664513 17

(34) 758812167 1 41 735. $61 3

(35)

(36) 61 1681 7

(37) 71 2 251 5 2 13258 1 35813 41771 36 71 1 2 51 3 1 3 8

(38) 7516 1326167 17 1 3 2

(39) 3 56565. 1 1681 218 4

(40) 18 1 735 17 218 7 5678 1 ). 1 75168 5612167 312134513 7

(41) 8 18 212318 #0!& 3754 5312167 51 71465 1 5 4

(42) 6735 1 2

(43) 3275

(44) 6 1*3521671 . 1 3

(45) 571 1

(46) 4485

(47) 6

(48) 3 8 13 18 41341 38 17 18

(49) 47

(50) 3678 1 +5 4,7

(51) -13 #0!& 17 51 38 1667 31 1 41771 781 !1345 7

(52) 8 41 * 5 2

(53) 67 5

(54) 8

(55) 716 61 26531

(56) 61 731. 16 . . / 01 4

(57) 31 1

(58) 771 1 4187 11

(59) 81 7

(60) 213 68 1 8137 2 2 3. 0

(61) 4&1.

(62) 34556789. 1.

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66) . !"!#$%&'(')$*+,'-./%$'0*%-12/-%$%$'0*03-/04**%5/06(*.'05*""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7 !"89/-/4%1-$6/%$'06)1'%*4&0$:;*65;('*665*<*;)0=%-*"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""> !"?@-'2-$1%165A*,,'05-*.*0%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""B !"C@-'2-$1%165A*05'../)*.*0%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""D !"7@-'2-$1%165*($:;1,/4%$'0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!? !">E1%&'5*62';-5*%*-.$0*-(*.'5;(*5*4$6/$((*.*0%5A;06'(*02*%$%*6*%)-/05*6FFF" 51,'-./%$'06"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!C !"B#/51)-/5/%$'05;.'5;(*5*4$6/$((*.*0%2*05/0%;04&/-)*.*0%6%/%$:;**%4G4($:;*"""!> !"H@-16*0%/%$'05*:;*(:;*6*66/$6$06$%;""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!H !"D#*6.1%&'5*65A*I/(;/%$'05;-$6:;*5*($:;1,/4%$'0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8J !"D"!K22-'4&*2/-4'0%-/$0%*64G4($:;*6LM**5*%N5-$66+!DB!O""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8! !"D"83/4%*;-5A14&*((*5A/.2($%;5*"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8? !"D"?#*-/22'-%5*(/-16$6%/04*/;4$6/$((*.*0%4G4($:;*+P4-""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8C !"D"CQI/(;/%$'05*(/($:;1,/4%$'02/-(*6.1%&'5*65*(A*66/$M@R"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8> !"D"7#/0'-./($6/%$'05*64'0%-/$0%*6""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8> !"D"7"!E1%&'5*/22-'S$./%$I*5*<(/T*L!DDDO"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8H !"D">QI/(;/%$'05*($:;1,/4%$'02/-(/.1%&'5*5*(U*66/$9@R""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?C !"D">"!E1%&'5*5*P'V*-%6'0*%W-$5*L!DDHO""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?C !"D">"8E1%&'5*5AX(6*0*%/("L!DDBO""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?D !"D">"?E1%&'5*5*Y;/0)*%/("L8JJ?O"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""?D !"D">"CE1%&'5*9&$0'$6*"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""CJ !"D"BQI/(;/%$'05*($:;1,/4%$'02/-(*6.1%&'5*65*.*6;-*5*I$%*66*5*4$6/$((*.*0%C! !"D"B"!#*6/I/0%/)*65/06(A;%$($6/%$'05*Z6""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""C8 !"D"B"8P16$6%/04*[(/($:;1,/4%$'0*%I$%*66*5*4$6/$((*.*0%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""C? !"D"B"?#*65$,,1-*0%*6-*(/%$'062-'2'61*6*0%-*P4-*%Z6""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""C7 !"!JQI/(;/%$'05*(/($:;*,/4%$'0[2/-%$-5A*66/$6/;5$(/%'.*%-*5*E/-4&*%%$L\ERO""""""""7! !"!J"!E1%&'5*/22-'S$./%$I*5*E/-4&**%%$L!DH8O""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""78 !"!J"8E1%&'5*5*P'V*-%6'0*%9/.2/0*((/L!DH>O"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""78 !"!J"?E1%&'5*5*P*G0/*%9&/.*/;L!DD!O""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7C !"!J"CE1%&'5*5*E'0/4'*%E/-4&*%%$L8JJ7O""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""77 !"!J"79'04(;6$'0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7B !"!!E'51($6/%$'00;.*-$:;*5;4'.2'-%*.*0%.14/0$:;*""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7H !"!!"!N0%-'5;4%$'0""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7H !"!!"8#*.'5](*5*6;-,/4*5*,-'0%$]-*L@/6%'-*%/("+!DH7O"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7D !"!!"?#*.'5](*5*2(/6%$4$%1)101-/($61*L@/6%'-*%/("+!DDJO""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">! !"!!"CE'5](*1(/6%'2(/6%$:;*/I*4*05'../)*.*0%L^*06*%_'I/+!DD?O"""""""""""""""""">? !"!!"C"!Q,,*%5*(/4$.*0%/%$'06;-(*5'./$0*1(/6%$:;*$0$%$/(""""""""""""""""""""""""""">C !"!!"C"8\1)-/5/%$'05*6($/0%6*%(A1I'(;%$'05*(/6;-,/4*5*4&/-)*"""""""""""""""""">7 !"!!"79'04(;6$'0""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""">B.

(67) 11 3456789 77

(68) 58 975 8 7. 8 8 347 6 97

(69) 85 !"#"$!$%&'()!)'$!'&$*******************+, -#'. & $!!#&/)'01 23#%!'3!'0 )4##%($!)'( 3'0 ..%5)!#)'23#%3#" 673!#8' 9:)7);) <26:=0 3-#&'3!5!$>;&)'78'0 ?3>8'% @"$( !)7%A$!)7#) !"#!#3#7&/%%)%**********0B 6!'& )'"##%(C!9( 3'0B )D)"#3$&'&/%%)%0B .D)7;#">7%)!#0B 3D &%"#%!E@"$( !)70F 6%%)%& 78'$E)3!#)'!)@)73;378' 9E).7E$8'3 0F )D)"#3$&'&/%%)%0+ G6%%)%& 78'$E)3!#")$3)%( !& "#%0, G)D)"#3$&'&/%%)%0, G.6!)7#) &'3)"!'&EE$!7H B6%%)%&/&#(()( !9)&%E$8'3%HF B)D)"#3$&'&/%%)%HF F: &7( !H0 F)I!#&'3!#H0 F.J %3"!#& 7/$8'"( !HH F3D%%#'3%&/'%&)%7%( %'%,1 F&2$!>#&%"#'&$!(7!("%&/)5$ & 7/#& K%,F FJ$!()!# @"$( !)7& 7)E$8'3 & $%#)3 &'%;%!C( 377'7L .&7( !1 G4$"))!#&/$3>)!77#%************************1H GM4#3$&'&/%%)%1H 3456789 777 3N

(70) 6N98

(71) 8 7 O5387N 8 P N

(72)

(73) 5Q

(74) 8RRS GI!#&'3!#1 G2% 5&3 & 7)78'E)3!#%!)!8' &%7T%%1 GG6%%)% 3>)( !!)@)73;378' )' E).7E8'3 & 1U1F>VG GB-#'.%& %%!)3 )7)78'E)3!#B GF6!)!E)7&% 3>)!77#%F G+6!'& & 78'E)3!#")3)%( !& "#%+ G06%%)&/&#(()( !)'(!%G0 GH6EE!& 7)E8'3B0 G,6EE!& 7)!' )'%'7)3#("%%.7!BH G16EE!& 7/&#(()( !%'7)(3#%!'3!'BH G14$%!)!#&%$%'7!)!%B, G-#37'%#FG 3456789 7W 8 9

(75) 7587N 6 97

(76) 85 5 W78 N . 3757

(77) 8RXX. BI!#&'3!#FF B6EE!&'&$& %)!')!# !& 7)"%%#& 3#E( !FF BG6EE!&%E% !& 7)3( !)!#%'7)5!%% & 3%)77( !F+ BF6EE!&'&))FH B+-#$7)!# !K% !7%&EE!%E)3!'%$!'&$%F, B0Y""73)!#%+F BH-#37'%#+H.

(78) 111 3456789

(79)

(80) 66 8 84

(81) 5587 97 . 7 5387. !"#$%&!'#() *+,-.%-!'# $/01/!2#$/0/3'0!-!/04#"!-!0%"./"'05%/$/.'5%/6-&!'# 74-"!'"$/0 1/0%"/0'0'!%89 *+,-.%-!'# 4-".-1:!2#$/;<=89 **+,-.%-!'# 4-".-1:!2#$/><=8? *@+,-.%-!'# 4-".-1:!2#$/A0B* @>#&.%0'# B8 ?C:,/.#44/1/!$D%/1/!2#$/4/"1/!!-!$D/,-.%/"./"'05%/$/.'5%/6-&!'# 74-"!'" $D/00-'0'0'!%0%"0#.0 # 0-!%":0BB ?!"#$%&!'#BB ?*E:!2#$/4"#4#0:/B) F44.'&-!'# $/.-1/!2#$/)B F44.'&-!'# -%0'!/$/G/%HI!"/JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ)B *F44.'&-!'# -%0'!/$%K1B)*9 @F44.'&-!'# -%0'!/$%K1@@*98 ?F44.'&-!'# -%0'!/$%K1@8*9 (>#&.%0'# *@. 3456789

(82) 7

(83) 66 8 3698 8 58L 6587 5

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

(85) 12 4564789 56

(86) 6 7 66 . 64 9 7 5

(87) 8 9.

(88) 012345672841.

(89)

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`#$&+).$##1/CFFA&G1 `3a)$#1#CFFb $##'$&(%#!4#--!$#%#!#"#)))0!#) "!)#)!#-&#!#))(".##!#-&###$##1;#-)/'#)# ,#4-$!4#4#)'))##")#!4##--!$#%#c#$,-"#.

(91) 012345672841.

(92)

(93)

(94) !"" "

(95) #$

(96)

(97) % &

(98) ' ( )

(99) *++, ! !

(100)

(101)

(102)

(103) " -. "

(104)

(105) '/'*+0*'*+0,'1+2'3+ " 4#5

(106)

(107) &4

(108) "

(109) " "

(110) "

(111)

(112) #6 '" &

(113)

(114) 4 #) ' 4 "

(115)

(116) 4

(117) "

(118)

(119) 4 774

(120) "

(121) 4

(122) "

(123) &

(124)

(125)

(126)

(127)

(128) "8#)"'& 4 9'

(129)

(130)

(131) & ' &

(132)

(133)

(134)

(135)

(136) " #6 '

(137) &: %4

(138) "" 4" !" ! '!

(139) %'"

(140) "

(141)

(142)

(143)

(144)

(145) 4"%

(146) ! %

(147) %

(148)

(149) "& "

(150) %

(151)

(152) # ;<=>?@A?<BCDE@A? )""

(153) 4 !" '" %

(154) "& &

(155) " !" ! %"

(156)

(157) #5

(158) !"

(159) # F" 5'

(160) "

(161)

(162) $

(163) "

(164) 4

(165)

(166) #G '

(167) " "

(168) "

(169) '

(170) "

(171) "

(172) # H !

(173) 4

(174)

(175) & IJK'LJK'MNK4 OP# Q '

(176) "

(177) %

(178) %R$

(179) #' /3S1T'" R$

(180) #'/33+T

(181) %

(182) " 4

(183) RUV'*++,T# F" 55'"

(184) !"

(185) 4

(186) ""W"

(187)

(188)

(189)

(190) ! '-Q&'

(191)

(192) '"

(193)

(194)

(195)

(196) "(XY/++Z["

(197)

(198)

(199) 4 &

(200) " #$

(201) .

(202) 012345672841.

(203)

(204)

(205)

(206)

(207)

(208)

(209) !"

(210) # $

(211) " ! %%% !

(212)

(213)

(214)

(215) &

(216)

(217)

(218)

(219)

(220) "

(221) !

(222) !

(223)

(224) '()*+(()*+,-)* ./)*

(225) ! 0 *

(226) &"1

(227)

(228) *! * &

(229)

(230)

(231) !

(232)

(233)

(234)

(235)

(236)

(237) *

(238)

(239) (()*

(240) *

(241)

(242)

(243) #2

(244)

(245)

(246)

(247) &

(248)

(249)

(250) "

(251) *

(252)

(253) * !"

(254) !

(255)

(256) 3 # 2 " ! %4

(257)

(258) *! * ** 3 *

(259)

(260)

(261)

(262) 3

(263)

(264) #2

(265)

(266)

(267)

(268)

(269)

(270)

(271)

(272)

(273)

(274) !

(275)

(276) 567

(277) !

(278)

(279)

(280) *

(281)

(282)

(283) ** 3 *

(284) #2

(285)

(286)

(287) * ** 3 * ** 0

(288) *

(289) 0 * &

(290)

(291) !

(292) *!

(293) 0 #8 0

(294) ! *9* ':!

(295) '()* );:!

(296) ,-)*#<0 3* *!

(297) *

(298)

(299) * 3* 31 * #2 !

(300)

(301) 3

(302) ! 3

(303)

(304)

(305)

(306)

(307)

(308)

(309) *

(310)

(311) 0

(312)

(313)

(314)

(315)

(316) * 0

(317)

(318)

(319)

(320)

(321)

(322)

(323)

(324) *

(325) !

(326)

(327) !

(328) #2 " ! * ! !!

(329) =>

(330)

(331) ! *1

(332) # 2 1* !

(333)

(334) *

(335) #$

(336) " ! 4 !!

(337) *"

(338) 0

(339)

(340)

(341) !

(342)

(343)

(344) !

(345) ! 7?8@

(346) !

(347) #2

(348)

(349)

(350) *

(351) !0

(352)

(353)

(354) *"

(355)

(356) 8A6

(357) "

(358) ! 0

(359)

(360) "

(361)

(362) *

(363) 0 "

(364) 0

(365) *!

(366)

(367) * *

(368) *"

(369) ! !

(370)

(371) * !

(372)

(373) 3

(374)

(375)

(376)

(377)

(378)

(379)

(380) # B!

(381) !

(382) 0 !! * 0 *"

(383)

(384)

(385) *

(386)

(387) 0

(388)

(389)

(390) *

(391)

(392)

(393)

(394) *

(395)

(396) " ! %%% 0

(397) !!

(398)

(399)

(400) #2 !!

(401)

(402) " ! !

(403)

(404)

(405)

(406) *"

(407)

(408)

(409)

(410) 0

(411)

(412)

(413) *

(414) #.

(415) 012345672841.

(416)

(417)

(418)

(419)

(420)

(421) !"

(422) #$" "%

(423) "

(424) &'(()*"!!

(425) +

(426) "#, -&./01*"!23"" #!4

(427) -&.//(*"! "

(428) -5 #$

(429) "6

(430) #

(431) $ 6

(432)

(433) "7, !

(434)

(435) 89

(436) "

(437) "

(438) !

(439) +

(440) 8"+

(441) :3"3"

(442) "

(443) :3"9!"-;

(444)

(445) #" #" "!"

(446) " 3"

(447) - .

(448) 012345679 7

(449)

(450)

(451) 6245

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

(453) 1R@8JB5<@=B39<8JI6897;5D B=2665JT/]=;:52D>5<<?6=^:=;2>8C8D;5B48D^8>;=2D5>C8D5>5;272>8C=>D68DC?@_3D 76=B2=2;8D968658DD8D3:5;38<8>3DJDB8@32I68Z6N?;5D25>CJ`8>3/a8DC?@_3DD5>3C8`8>JD 3;bD@;5:5>CD9KJDMJNZcd<C8@;5:5>C8J;C=>D68D;?725>DC86=a42>883KJDMJNZed<C=>D 68DI6J::DC8658DD6865>7C8D:68J`8DCJf2DD2DD2@@283C8f2DD5J;2=JSW3=3Dg>2D/ 186XDD8D3:5;<?@;2>B2@=68<8>3C8D262B8OMJ=;3hC?3;232MJ8P83C8B=;I5>=38C8B=6B2J< Oa=aieP/Q6D8B=;=B3?;2D8@=;J>3;bDI5>3;27;=>J65<?3;2MJ8CjZD5>5;272>8?5628>>89 =`8B8DD8>328668<8>3C8D7;=2>DB5<@;2D8>3;8.d83kdl</[2>D2=J>2`8=J7;=>J65<?3;2MJ8 686XDD8D3J>62<5>/Q6B5>328>398>@;5@5;325><52>C;89C8DD=I68D83C8D=;7268DOB8D C8;>2b;8D@5J`=>3m3;8D=7765<?;?8D83:5;<8;C8D7;=2>DC862<5>:2>P/Q68D345<57b>89 D=>DD3;=32:2B=325>D<=2D=`8BJ>83;bD:5;38@5;5D23?;?DJ63=>3C83;=B8DC8;=B2>8D83CnJ>8 B2<8>3=325>B=;I5>=3?8C8D7;=2>D/Q6;?DJ6389=JB5J;DCJ]6?2D35Bb>89C86N=BBJ<J6=325>9 D5JDB62<=3:;52C83D8B9C862<5>D3;=>D@5;3?D@=;68`8>3C8@J2DC8Dh5>8DD5J;B8D O=66J`25>D9C?@_3D:6J`25o76=B2=2;8D9D?C2<8>3B_328;D838D3J=;28>D9h5>8D=;2C8DPD5J<2D8DZ J>8C?:6=325>?5628>>8/g>8C?;2`87;=>J65<?3;2MJ8`8;D68DD=I68DO6XDDRD=I68JSTP@8J3 m3;8CJ8Z6=@;5S2<23?C86=h5>8D5J;B86XDD83C5>BZJ>3;2?5628><52>D@5JDD?O]28;;8 [>352>89pddpP/ 1=;?@=;32325>D@=32=68CJ6XDD8D362?8=JSB5>C2325>DC8C?@_3D98><=;78C8D2>6=>CD2D B5>32>8>3=JS83C8DC?D8;3D76=B2=2;8D/186XDD8D3@;?D8>3=JS6=323JC8D<5V8>>8DC8 6N4?<2D@4b;8>5;C98>3;8edq83rdqOWJ;5@89s3=3Dog>2D9a42>8PDJ;8>`2;5>.dtC86= DJ;:=B838;;8D3;8/u8DC?@_3DC86XDD8S2D38>39C=>D6N4?<2D@4b;8DJC98>[;78>32>8836=v8w x?6=>C8/1N?@=2DD8J;C8DD?C2<8>3D6XDD2MJ8D@8J3C?@=DD8;@6JD28J;DC2h=2>8DC8<b3;8D/.

(454) 012345679 7

(455)

(456)

(457) 6245

(458) 676365775 !"#$"%&'""$"$()$ *#""+$$"$,!$-..% !/$%!"$"$0&$#"#12/+!34356. 789:;<=>?>@=ABCD;E8E8FG=H:=IF<JJ=J:;=I<J=K8GL=KFGE8G<GEJ=MNODGJ=<E=P<II<;Q=RSSTU=. . V$W!#$0X!0,!$!%%#Y%Z$00)%[[\"!%Z&#!# #1]"/!&%#!"0%Z#!+X%0"%0#0#!6^!,$"%# %&/#"$%#"&!#1+#0#![#"!$#!60#0#!"%$!/#0#! #1%Z$/"!#"$_"%&0#0/&"!$%$%)6`$a$ #!"0\!$"#//0"&"#a$%b0#!%"&$"!b#!"6 36-c(#!#0"&!#"$+&"0)$[%%d+$e"! !&"#"%#0##+$%!0$$##$0%!&#&!$"fd+$e"! $" $"!&#!&$0% $%&0!&#"[X$+&$&!#$$#"!&" 0#!#0"&!&#!$/!"!"&2%g!%!%hij5X#!$/#k%$"&\0)23Xlm4 3Xnno+pl5X"#!#!&$0%g$0$"#"$0#!k$#"&2(#( l5,#!#$"%njf 3nj,#$"#!/$%!6#+!#$&"!%0//0"&!%!&\,$" !&#&![#"!!/$%!%//&!$"X3X-.]-X-.]lXn."hXm.!0",$" $"![0 $%0!#!!$0#!!&$"$"$/!#0"$#!+2q-r5 ,#!#$"$"!3sj"-.j2W+!34-56%+!&%#"!#"$,#!$"!nlj"i-j6# 00$$"##&"&!&#!#&")%%#!/"!",#!$"!-.tb#"lh tb#6 .

(459) 012345679 7

(460)

(461)

(462) 6245

(463) 676365775 2&3&4&! 2&3&4&! 2&3&546&! 2&3&47&!. / !0 #&-1.. . . . . !"#$%&'()* +%,#&-!!.. . 89:;<=>>?@AB>CD;<E=F>:<GH;IDJKL<9M;=F>N=F>M;GL<=>FDIF>OPG<Q9GI>=L>C;9R>ASSTU>. . VWXYZ[\]^_`_WabYc\W^__d\Yefd\dghbi^fd^jY_g`bWd]bYi_k_gZlggm]_gjY_ ^k_Wd^jY_gno_Yek_X_Y[Wpd]_qk_Wg^dfgros_t\ûZ_vw`xynw`z{[|ocx}`YW_t\ûZ_d_W_Y] _W_\YW\dY]_ZZ_vwz~}`t\ûZ_^Wkô_k_mZ\gdô^dfv`znw}`wn{~k_t^W_g_dYW mbY]o_Wd\[_k_o\]ubW\d_v\x}\gg_fZ_ifvw`x{n{{`z~}vWdbWbi`{x} _g m]bm]^fdfg[fbd_osW^jY_gkYZlgggbWd[fWf]\Z_c_Wdd]rgkfm_Wk\Wd_gk_g\obcmbg^d^bW_d k_g\gd]YodY]_ _g_tt_dgZ^fg\Yem]buZrc_gk_gZb_gggbWd^cmb]d\Wd_ggY]Z^Wt]\gd]YodY]_`Z_g kfi_Zbmm_c_WdgY]u\^Wg_d]Y]\Ye_Ws^W__dZVY]bm_k_ZVgd \]_e_cmZ_`_Ws^W_k\Wg Z\i^ZZ_k_^W^W[`YW^cc_YuZ_k_d]b^gfd\[_g\fdfobcmZrd_c_Wdkfd]Y^d\m]rg Z_ttbWk]_c_WdkYgbZg^dYfgbYgZ_gtbWk\d^bWgknZ\Y[c_Wd\d^bWk_Z\W\mm_ms]f\d^jY_ v^\W_d\Z `wy}_Wû_`bW\^k_Wd^t^fYW\tt\^gg_c_Wdk_w`n{ckYWu\]]\[_k_ xcnzcgY]YWkfmdk_Zb_ggk_cn{cò_jY^\obWkY^dnk_gd]\^d_c_Wdgmfo^\Ye kYgbZ\i\WdZ\obWgd]Yod^bWk\WgZ_gYW^bWggbi^fd^jY_gw~kYd_]]^db^]_obWo_]W_Z_g Zlgg`Z_ggbZggY]Z_gjY_Zg]_mbg\^_Wdx~k_gobWgd]Yod^bWg]f\Z^gf_g_Wd]_wy_dwy w x]bm]^fdfgk_ttbWk]_c_Wd \]o^\Z_dY^v{x}bWd]f\Z^gfYW_fdYk_k_jY\Wd^tô\d^bWk_gmsfWbcrW_g k_ttbWk]_c_Wd_dk_Wkbcc\[_c_Wdk_o_ggbZgZb_gg^jY_gk_X_Y[Wpd]_ ZgbWdcbWd]fn d]\i_]gk_g_gg\^gk_Z\ub]\db^]_jY_o_ggbZggbWdgYgo_mdûZ_gk_g_ttbWk]_]gbYgk_g gbZZô^d\d^bWgcfo\W^jY_gvobWd]\^Wd_gd\d^jY_}`sk]^jY_gvsYc^k^df}_dooZ^jY_g bWd]\^]_c_Wd\YmsfWbcrW_k_ttbWk]_c_WdZ^fnZ\Y[c_Wd\d^bWk_Z\d_W_Y]_W_\YgbYg .

(464) 012345679 7

(465)

(466)

(467) 6245

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

(469) 012345679 7

(470)

(471)

(472) 6245

(473) 676365775 . . !"##$%&'(%)$)%*'+,(*)&$$&$(-)'.+$+/0012&3$%)',%) 45'3,)6,./0078. %'%498 <= >B >D >E D E. "##$%&'(%)498 :$$&$(-)' >?@@ =?CC D?=@ C?E= F?D= @?EA. "##$%&'(%)498 ;,(*$&$(-)' >?A@ =?<< D?CC A?@E C?BC F?FA. GHIJKILMNONIPJKIHQNKIOLNORMHOL>S>?TUQNJHQNLQHOLVTHQNONWUQXHMYHZZUQXJHTHQNO[H\MO XWTWQLNWUQXHMONHQHLJHQHOLHN]LHMO[OMHLJXHMYHZZUQXJHTHQNURNHQLHO[H\MHIXHL^ TKN_UXHIHINPJHI]LHWXHQNW]LH` >`DaGHIPJUPJWKNKIXYHQXUTTOVHTHQN GYHQXUTTOVHTHQNXHIIUMI\WTHQNKIHINXKZWQW\UTTHMYK[UMLNWUQXHIXKZUJTONWUQI [UMLTW]LHIXLHIOL^\_OJVHTHQNITK\OQW]LHI`bULJMHMcIIXHbW\OJXWH?LQXHI P_KQUTdQHIHQVHQXJOQNMYHZZUQXJHTHQNHINMYHQXUTTOVHTHQNXeOL^\WJ\LMONWUQIJKPKNKHI XLfghìLMORUJONUWJH?\HP_KQUTdQHOKNKKNLXWKOLNJWO^WOMIULIZOWRMHZJK]LHQ\HHNILJ MOPJHIIHjfkUlMOZJK]LHQ\HXL\_OJVHTHQNOPPMW]LKPHLNOMMHJmLI]LYnDEop`GHIHIIOWI XYHQXUTTOVHTHQNTHILJKIOLNJWO^WOM\q\MW]LHIULILQXK[WONHLJXH<ErbOJKOMWIKIILJXHI K\_OQNWMMUQIQUQIONLJKIUQNTUQNJK]LHMOJLPNLJHQYHINmOTOWIONNHWQNH]LHM]LHIUWNMO NHQHLJHQHOLì[H\MYOLVTHQNONWUQXLXK[WONHLJPOJPOMWHJXH>ErbO?MHIJKILMNONIUQN TUQNJK]LHMO\_OJVHnMOJLPNLJHHINZUJNHTHQNXKPHQXOQNHXHMONHQHLJHQHOLsZWVLJH>SDt` uMqOXYOLNOQNTUWQIXHQUTRJHXHPOMWHJIXH\_OJVH]LHMONHQHLJHQHOLHINKMH[KH? TUQNJOQNLQHXWTWQLNWUQXHMOJKIWINOQ\HXLIUMO[H\MYOLVTHQNONWUQXHMONHQHLJHQHOL` vH\WHIN\UTPONWRMHO[H\MHIJKILMNONI\MOIIW]LHIXHIIUMIQUQIONLJKI`wHPMLI?MH \UTPUJNHTHQNXLIUMn\_O]LHPOMWHJIHTRMHXKPHQXJHXHMYOTPMWNLXHXLXK[WONHLJ`xQHZZHN? PMLIMYOTPMWNLXHXLXK[WONHLJHINVJOQXH?PMLIMOXKZUJTONWUQHINVKQKJOMHTHQNWTPUJNOQNHy TOWI\H\WnMYH^\HPNWUQXHMYHIIOWnz{>E|Ul\HP_KQUTdQHQYHINPOIURIHJ[K` .

(474) 012345679 7

(475)

(476)

(477) 6245

(478) 676365775 . #$%&'()%&*+*'&),(-*./0(1 ! !!. ! " ! " ! " !. !!!. 234$'5(&)$%+$-65)76*.1. 8(&6'39$69/0( 8(&6'3:!!/0( ;*%*6'*%*(6,$%9&(%&*. . <. .(1 =>5. KLMNOM. *5. !>C !>B !>A !>@ !>" !>? !> !> !> ! !>!!. . H44$%I'3 J%&(,&. !>!. !> D(E$%,(F)--()'*376)+(-*%&.G51. PQQRLSTU !. . VWXY Z[\]^_YàbcYde_fgh_Yij_kklmi^_f_mnYi]Yhl_ooYpYqrqsfYVtXYt]Yo[fgh_Y_nYil]Wh_Yl_ilfun^_YVWXYv]Yo_hlmYhtY n_wxm[y]_Yi]Ygl^lo[fun^_YpYf_^w]^_YVzt^w[thrYqssbXY. . .

(479) 012345679 7

(480)

(481)

(482) 6245