Droit de vote : de l'exclusion des indigènes colonisés à celle des immigrés [Asylon(s) 2008]

Texte intégral

(1)Droit de vote : de l’exclusion des indigènes colonisés à celle des immigrés [Asylon(s) 2008] http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article733.html Hervé Andres. To cite this version: Hervé Andres. Droit de vote : de l’exclusion des indigènes colonisés à celle des immigrés [Asylon(s) 2008] http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article733.html. Asylon(s), réseau scientifique TERRA (Travaux, Études, Recherches sur les Réfugiés et l’Asile), 2008, pp.7. �halshs-00281063�. HAL Id: halshs-00281063 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00281063 Submitted on 20 May 2008. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Droit de vote : de l’exclusion des indigènes colonisés à celle des immigrés

(3) !"$#&%(')*++-,./'0/1"#32 4'6547 8:9;"#0<="<>#;?+49@';#BA05*CD =+"#; ('.C*>E')<('F"C"D!G0/HI<,J,.K@:5L(M+*#./N0:9"%('0"#J('F"C;D;&0C1;G5:/#"0*O6#01:'0(D :-+,.DC*!P=:+/;K,.*#+"#B20;=(;+"#;QI9 :!*++1C9>"#0"(,.*#$R+*,.*#/9;+5-P"8(+=4/8%(' #;SQ"#;DC5&TU= /"V0*##0O/59;=;QI/WEPWE;:I9'XY#04Q"#0<*#$RCG2 C#;=Z2;14(' 0*CZ#0:/5H:!5*,.;=C*L([\(K ';#015:E';GA0+R/+%(')1;G5470*C49"I6#0"/,. ]C' C+;Q%'<O;62 C4%(')620;Q R+%(')<;+:#PX0=(^' C1; =DC@V0*#;#0:C5->C$#@?(+4-8Y20Z';20EUI<Z#0;K0_*#0<=;+@#@+5I-`Q#0,J,.*#"C9;PY2@E;.ab(cb9"(8":<%' + /'0>>/;HdY' #0Z0S:4eBWf, ":=*'0+K#gWf;*0*#;"DC94#J,.54/(2);QI9=+5HQ5*0D,JS/+(#.;I</5*0,.6208D/+%(') /'0==(I:>CG;-8ihU#;=(=;+@#0+*j!!/'):=2/Z70+1;:#0":=",J2/HQ";+%(')G;-;+:=CK,.#;S+@#.@#$ "#B2)'/(';0*!I&5S=$A0;<(#0<+<;5*70*C<=(#$/*,J2/Z#)G/';!-/;D;-0C-;G5:C$# S:1k #;SE' +:SQ#BTU:Z,.+S+@#3TUZ#C5*;/S"#09@@/1+"=T0C&#@*+"#;(K9 :=+4:Q"# ('.=(R2)<5+*=4C"/ *# ;>>C5*:*#C<=;++_* I49 È#;jC=(",B20SZ7+DC5-;1lQ+4(,m$0S=1=D/"V0*#;#0:/5>C$#;?+49n'0C(205*#06T#0@#W n'0/(205*#049;"/;D;-0C&ToESE'p20*O:@## K9"C;DC<=K0+%"'06TU"C;DC<=K@QK9;5*;Q /5I&/;DC6ToÈZ#;jC5*;+D/5 ;-="#0 R+"#0496qsrJC-;5*,JC=*A H=@#+/P1,."#/S6=",J,F*#1#;SQ"#;+D/5Gt4u;vt= R"V0*#;#0:/5HI #0" _*#0<IRC9;*#JhU/#;=9;"#06';# H=(SEZ#0-,./' C9;1,JS/=1;/+X0=Z'):Q"#.;G5:C$# S:<; =DC@V0*#;#0:C5&u0wBv0x;yz1#;S"#;(+DC5"L {3*/05G|# :_

(4) E#;05*# +4' ~}!rJi "=4/4'06*#g:=(+*#;=]/'0/8+%(')G:f20;DCQ%' 1#0D/5;-:S=$A0S/=A0Gdi,.;C*"#0<O!;=+5:/5He"9;1-[\

(5) :)9';#0Z0*O /5~r8=( 2 A0WQ|i#$/Z2)"++:j A0*0"L #0":4 '0#0=(L > 0(T;(T0 b HJoC:+ OpZipOJ*C4( U*CG;*/UO""!UJ;o/O+fG"$U:4O"U J(¡U$~¢ ZOEoJ"£¤4""J$(UBU¥¡)4$U¦¢U(§¨f(¢ oEG¢ !4$U*")I©@ª + J/O¨/U U ¢ @.C«":+o"Ü"fC¡!/O(;:+ J¬U JGªGO$4@¥f(IC+¤U(:))¨f~(::K(4 Jp "$O+oBU$C+U ZOi®~"ZO §"U$O¨f ¯C Jo/C+ J"U(4$O+JoU)C~¢4""Ü(U "" J°¢OQ)"Q¢UJ)p(4"+U$O © ªH"±/±O$OÜ¯KU²O(¨ /o±C±/4Uio(* ³ <¢U +´"µ ·¶"·"¨ BU OY0¬p·iU 4Z$EO(« ´ UB¢U*4(¸;/$U"; B¢4+"+¢ C ¨ ´J J±CfQU/C/o"O $C§ ¡U o"¨f 4 U4"QUOJ°¢UU¢ ¹ ¯/ Jp§)" ¢U( "o GU)p(:) fZOE·" U*GU U(4";44¨ ¢U( B¡U"R& B4(¢4(;O$C+Ü)·¢U(C+"¢o" 4;$O(¥@;$¦·""4+fU &"p);(:";S©@º»@ (·¶"°iO ¢6¨ B¢4+"+¢UJ4 U(@+U$OJ;/U ¢4+"+¢UJJ"" U¢U(UJ B¢ "$O"Ügp O(C:ZO4J$ B¢U¢ $O+«o°"+U ©0¼1«"oiªOI4 U(4"+°J"pU/OZo/U<UJO(:OZOp84 "±/+U+Ü"f·Jp:UES$C+ ¢U ZO+¤J¯KoB¢U¢ (C+"±/+UE0©@ªH±C@Ô¨ B¢4+"+¢UJ 4 U4"QUOJ/UF¢:+"+¢UJ6¯E+U !4+fG¯$¦p ~4+ÜU"f4COB¢U)U(«"oiªO* ´ "" U¢U( B¢U¢ $O+«o°"+UJ(f¦·$O(U:+ 3¹ G*p/C*S"4JIªGO* ³ /U!U ¢ " ½ U4+po¹ G¢U(S4O(" B:+ ZOJ ¯KªO$(oCC+ ¸$ )&$C43¹ $C4 U(* ³ (±CQU(U$OU"·"O¨/U<U ¢ " ½ U4+p o¹ G¢U(S4 U<¾U¿BÀUÁ@ÂQ¿(¾Ã¾oÂÄ1ÃÅ :+ ZOJ ¯ª-O*(oCC+ ¸©0Æg¨ B¢4@);J¯E$C( U(S1/U iO(:OZOp84J¯KoªGO$¤¢4 .

(6) ¢4 ¡ "·B¢U ZOoJ¯Ko""/!UR µ:´"µ UU J"U(4$CKo¹ $C4 U(*H4 )¡p "·"4 U$U¦ fJ"$ªGO*O)p(4"+°4"f¢U)ppG¢U/C+"+¢U( ´g $U (¡pp4C+p)¨ (4"Z µ Jo:§ ¡U o@·"OÜ·±C"Z U$¦o <4Kp\C±C±/(Uio(S4 © Q4¨f±C"·"O "·"O¨ Jo /C+ 4ZiUOJ*( U(S4Ü)p¨p±C: "J$C4""O¨ ¯E¢¢(CO((UJ$C4 U(* ´g JfUOB¢ ^:o ³ ·$·¢U$U¢ )p(4"+¸G¢U¤ ¢4 ¡ "·J J"U(4CEJ J"" 4J·¢4+"+¢J)p(4"+$O ©"ªG¤p ¢U ~¶"· "f4(4"p·iU 4(p $OU ³ ¢U(:U!¯E$C:¸0 ¯(¢ oS@·"oC«":+oJf "U(4$C+oJU(:) O© HG¡p QUUo¢4"""G¥p;C4(o J!;/C+ 4ZiUOJ*( U(SGU 4U4"Z¶$4J¡U4"O)! 4$ @0 J¢4)¡ @$C+o G¢UO" p © U<U ¢ @ C«p:Ko"¨f + J/"fC¡!/O(;C + J$f JGªGO$4"f4ICK!U(:) 4Ü(f "" J°¢OQ)"Q¢UJ)p(4"+U$O © <U ¢ " ¢U +C+o"¨ Jo/O+°4B¢U4J(UiC4 U¥¡)4$U¦ ªOI4f Jp)"Üo + Jo4UZ UG«RCOp84B4O¢U"$CoiU µ:´"µ U " E R4· ³ ¯) (p(¸©@HB¢O ¡ "°J;/$¡U¬f ")@" G¢ o*@U " E $U4¢U"(0U4Ü( <ªOI4E*C< ¯E $O"";G;" ¢f8*;$U4¢U"(U4Ü( ()@"U E;"°""+UG±""+U 4¨f¥@H$!S4" 4J$(Æ.""( ©"H<O(4; $¡p$~¢U$U"!p(4+(":"·"¯KoªGO$ ´B ¯EC4 © 6¯ C6)4"U~¯E"£¤4";"Ü(f J$¡o$ ¢U ^:o"¨ B¢4)¡ @·J 4ZiUO3*C4( U*C ´ " o ¯EE·°+4$CKp ¢URO + "Ü"B!¯E C<¢U;G±Cp""" J" (&¯$C4¢U$§I© Q4¨f )¯fZ~¢U&J"pU4+(4o Jo;/O+p· OpZipOB*C4(0U(*1 °ZO ´ UB¢)¡ "·$O+oB¢U/O 0© º " g±C"Zo Jo/O+¾U¿BÅ ¿ Â+¿Ä1ÃÅ ´ "*EOi¢)¡ "·$O+o"¨ g±C"ZB4"p0

(7) QC4Jo ¢4 ¡ "·J/¯UJ"(CO@+)g±C p ¢ !GU"( ¨ J$·4(+·B¢U ZOoJ( UQ oU4¨fp)Z µ ¢U UG$0O( ´ o +±:(G¢U($p@UiC OJ(¢¢Of«B¢URO p J·¢4)¡ @· $ µ p "f4(4<Ã-Ä !o B¢UJ" p i£!4"U"JC4(U"±/±O$41CU B¢)¡ "·J"$o 4ZiUO3*C4( U* f J"«"¢·G4@«)(4"«;1/U ¯E(¦¢U"J" J i£!4""J-G«)(4ZO(U¯ /~¢U ""@·o@·"C/o*U4Jp·J(¯$C4¢U$§ ³ Ä Å Â ¾ QÃ UÅ Â À ¿(Å3$!Å ÃÂQ!¿ *¾ Å"Â À E¿(ÅI¸4Ü"J(«"¢·J$OJ +·@;OB4"""·"~¢U( il4G)p ¡)4$U¦ C4$p$¦ #Up;:¡0! ´J ³ 4 µ ¸4")p(/OJ¢US4J" "f1Jpo(4ZOJ~(fH4J"fF¢ (¦UZO"Ü$~"·@)" ´ 4() 4J" ¢ OJ"±C±:4¯Q«)(4ZO(UJ"f (¡p$4"O(F¢Up4Q¨p))O ·"(U oCC+p ; ´J ¯Q·°+4$O+Ü$·4"(4·J$$¦·ES(4+°+U$O+fI© ÆJ4/O ´B J±CfE ´ U ¡U o f)@·"1C4$U¦¬4""OQ±C!;" g·$O(4J$ ´ U)B4"(·(OU(U"J$!U 4(±C4 :+J";o/O+f"U J(¡U<¢ ¡ ;¨fU¢UG Q ( ½ ~4~¯ ´ ¯E+/C/o"O S$O+p¥g"US"$UO4(O;G¢UU O;G+"OZO"4% $I©@HB4 U"$ &')( *,+.-(0/,+213/,450621)67!+8,9;:<71=6>/"*?(0-@ ACBD.EF!GHI J0KL)M<NPO Q,RM L3S O!RTL)M L%UWV=RTNYX Z=[\L]NÛ`_V%R,XaRMaL%UWbcQ,L0d%eL0Rf=O ZM!L]ghL]ZRTU RTiV0O NYQcj!daL%UPJ<k( lY/"( +29Y/m!1)62l%*,1Y-l%1=6an27+2*cm!*,:<71=6o1Y/p( 8,*T/?*,:<71=6`J!62(07\6o8?9Cm!*T+21%lY/"*,(=-ma13qsr1;to41%r*T8,8c*,1%+ûvC1P-m +21%9]7J w -*yx1%+^6z*T/|{~}.9%+*"6o')uk1]-!*"6kh*,m!1]+2(0/ J<! aJ a! p!9=a1=6^J<4 /,/cp@ Tc/"1%8I 9]+2lP4a*yx1=6û(07 x\1%+/"1=6I +T/|1]8|u !Y a!aI }.9%+r*82y9Y( -ma9%- /"1~p!+2( m 7lY/"*?( -ma1;l%106ma1%+-!*,5%+21=69%-!-{%1=6`J0x( *?+-(0/"9%rr1Y- /@03BF!WIyJ<aBED}I 1Y/ ')F E.FGIyJ0KX3CVda!bcQ,jad!L30O!b,O0ZQ,X b,L=J<}\9%+2*"6^J<A)8 *T-q*,lY41%8"J a ¡ 0¢B£\F I J<3!B\E\D}I 1Y/\¤F ¥)\¦TE\F)§\I ¨|© m6zª>J]KX\f0NYX!%R,d NYL;]O!b,O Z!Q,X!bTL=«0KX)UYO!%Q,V0RcVaf0NPX Z!¬0X!QTUYL;XadNYQTU^g)L;MaL;b^ iV]N^Q?R,X][\L;0O b,O ZQTX!b,J }\9%+2*"6`J0¤9~k{%l%(07!x1%+/"1=Ja!a! k)®¯%°.¦T±²§\I 1Y/.³´F ¦cW}I ¨|© m62ª2J%K; L%UY%b,X0SX][.LY_b,X0O b?O<Z!QTUPX!R,QTO ZµL0RX2NY¶%UY«c«y« }9%+2*"62J } w £Ja a <.F EE°q·I J]KLCbcQTS=NYL3ZO QTN M!d%Oab,O Z!Q,X!bTQcU`gL.¸²¹0ºPL0» ¸¸~ºPL~UPQT¶=0bcL)¼M L;b^ LYeaRcL]N^gQTZX R,Q,O0Z½bcXNYL"L]ZR,X0Z]LJ}.9%+*|6`J0¾3(=1]+/\¤9% >( -a/|Jaa <¤F;tW°®.E vCEBD¥)\¦"GY°\B¿IyJÀO!b,O Z!QTUPL]N^«=Áoe R,L%N`gQTZ!L%NY« Âd<NÃb,X3[d L%N`NPLCL=Rb Ä Á~R?X R0O!b,O0ZQ,X b"J0}9%+*"6`J0.9YÅ!90+2m!Ja! qsBF E°BÆvI J Ç X NYQ,X Z!Z!LCL0RbTL%UW=Oab,O0ZQ,L%UWÈ.d<ZLCQyZRcNYO!Mad =RTQ?O<Zµ½bz iQTU^R,O!QTN^LC=Oab,O0Z!Q?XabcL)M LCb,X;ÉoNPX<Z0L=J<}\9%+2*"62J ¤9~k{%l%(07!x1%+/"1=Jaa I to {%a9=8,1%r1]- /\8,93+21^xa71)ÊCV]Z¶]UPL]UPJ - 7r{Y+2(µa J!ma{%l%1%r+21;a!!!J<Ë²§=7Yn^1Y/6om.ÍÌÃrp*c+21CÎ!J 1Y/.8T93+21^xa71ÃÏWOab?Q,R,Q e¼¢3F EÐ!EBD¾)I 1Y/§a.\D Ì;IyJ!Ë ¤ÃÑ Ì/"9Y/.l%( 8,( -*c908ÎJ]ÏWO!bcQ,RTQ eaJ=x( 8I.Y!J0-\Òo!!Ja a!I Ó')( *,+p9%+1]Ô!1%rp!8,1=J<9%7m!{â7a/.m!1C82y9%-a-{]1;a! J<8c9Cp( 8?{]r*c:<71C9Y7!/"(07+ma1;82y9]p!p1%8?J<Ë²Õ(07\6W62( rr1068,1=6*c-m!*,a5P-1=6oma1 8,93¾3{Ypa78,*,: 71Ö|Õ^J!ACp p1%8p(07!+m!106A6`62*"62106ma1382c9]- /"*"u"l%( 8,( -*c908c*"6zr13p(!6/u l%( 8,( -*,908Î!J×¢O!d×0ÁU>Á[X d=e «ÍZL%R"JYn`9%- x*,1%+.

(8) 4"«(4"«))¢U¤CO( E ¯l/~¢U1$ "°";G+ ¢opO(¤¢ U B4"" U(/OJ¯UB¢U/C U"$ O"J ¯E«COp ³ i£!4"(¸4Ü ¯(¦¢U(4""." p B¢U)UO4(Z(¢¢U(<

(9) +C4J(·iU (¢U¢U«"f¥@UJ¦U C+o ©"3¯E+O(4¶GJG4"«(4"«))~C o(«J(U "·" ´ "Jo ¯l¦)¢U(4+"U" " E B4(U B¢U U ¯E«/O4J J°C:¢ "¨¢UU ¯E«/O4JG(f+· G¢U ^:o ±4" ""©0Æg¥B¢ ¬C4(+f4o"f ¡U@ ¯@¢USJ" p ±/4"£ ""R&$O"Z(o ¤4RO "fCCZC+±< (¢ f¡ o I©(ªGG0¯EC ´ UB(± (¦U+f ¡U /U -¥f :+ ZOJ$ J"ZO §"U$OJf J"" g·$CO ¢U ZO"+¨/U "C" +$O+-+;O(:;$ U B¢U ^:+ µ½ U4+!J±4( ""4ÜoiU4J 4J"o/CKpU"·"/U ¯(¦¢o(4+";J" E :ZiUO ³ ¯¦p ~4+f¥¬ OZiUO¸G++U@) " pSI© 3¯)¡ ½ $ B¢4;4"OJ"COK¡0C+/J 4;*4<UO$¡ "$ ¯(¦¢U(4""J E iU µ:´µ U 4ZiUOB; Q)p+U" ¥@±C+·4J"·@)("fo + g· /UJ"$EOJ¦¢U(4+" ¢U(4$¯" "+4( ( ½ (f¦·$o $¡U-CU . :ZiUOJ&IC4 U(*&(£!4")""Ü$ C U:)(.

(10) <:K © ¯(f^GB¢4(;O(<¡4+(o"·"OÜ(f $UU(S4ZOJ$ $U" ¢ (¦UZO"¨ G4 ½ UKpo 4¨ G¢4$C+o;G¢U ZO+!;4Ü$ ;$¡o$4f ¯E"¢f+4J ±4" ""4¨ "±/+J·$J( (4 "±C±:$4&¯E«(4ZOUJ@U J¡U$"$o ¢© ( ¯E«(4ZOUB /U¢¢U4B¢U;G±Cp"""!UC4(U4±C(/ 4$B: 4ÜB¢4*C+o4ÜJ"$OU :+ ¬3"" 4; "QU/C4CQ±4©"3¯E«)(4ZO(UB¢U$(U "·"((:" G(¢4(O$CKp¨ E·(U+U"So (U*4";GC4(±Cf"U &¡p$4G¢U Z:K!I© ÆJ"«(4"«)g" ´ "C:¡ o<)J(U$U4 S$O+ E"U"C4Jo ! C+p ±Cf)@·"O $¡p$/U J pZipOJ*O( U(S ³ $O+ ZO¨f"ZO §)@)$O"¨ U4 $:Kp)¨fS4E· $O+p)¨)p)O U" $!UOBC+p) ¨4"4+":¢ ;$O " Q±C±O(4"4 + (U 4Ü :ZiUOJ*OI0!¢U(*p0 Ü :Z4KU¤$ Op^4(U 4Ü(U ÔJ 4Z4* ³ ¸( ZOJJ"ZO+4¨ z¸© H/O ~ +)po" G(U ¯"¢f+4J" ±/4 ""!¯EC~¢U<" ;°¢U B( ¢ ¡ "Ü"R ¯p°S"Z(FU@)(4 ¯E !¯Q§¥ ½ "·@H$B4" Q J(U ZO ½ UoJ$~¢ ^:o (;C4 " p4;$ " pU) G*pC*4";4 gC4p¢) © ¼B!¯/~¢U~U :¢U@+±:"ZOJ±4" ""4J$~ p U" 4"Z@U OJ B¢OU""( ´ U)J( §o4J"U ¢U(4"J; Q±C±O(4"O&$¦¢o(4+"U"" J·$:K(4 © ¡U "·@;O¨f pSo Q)p+U"UO@K@;( U()(4 !a]\J 4 /,/,p.@ ,c/"(07!/"1=6z1%!9]7ÔI +21%1<I + "9%+"/"*,l%8,1 I p!4 p¢Y*,m !9%+/,*,l%8,1<!1Y/\l%1]8?8,1C9%7 /"(07+m!1C8c9 J Ë)¤( *-\Ò`! !uY% m 7C{^x+2*,1%+ !a p(0+/?9]-!/+21%l%( -a-90*"6^69%-l%1Cm!1C8,93)9]/|*,(0-1Y/\l%( -a/?+*ya7!/"*,( --9Y/"*c( -908,1;1Y-9Yx1Y7+om!1=6\+29%-!Y9=*"6+9]p!9%/,+*,{=6oÎJ#"!O!d<N^ZX!b O"f,f Qc0QcL0b?J<-Òo!!Jaa){^x+2*,1%+a!09Jp\I<\$aI % ')( *,+3B£F !J 3aB£ED1Y/.')F E.F!G]J=KX;CV"da!bTQ?jad L;0O!bTO0ZQ,X!bTL)O2«a%Q,Rc« &¤9)l%9Y/"{%a( +2*,1;ma13Ë67Pn`1Y/.Î621%+9=*Í/£69%-\6om!(07a/|1~p!8T7¢6ol%( ++21%lY/"1=J67!+7-p!8,9%-Wn27!+2*,m *,: 71=J :<71Cl%1%8,8,1;mcÎ *T-m *?a5%-13ÎJ<: 7!* +21%8,5^x1~p8T7¢6om<7µË)9=*T/\Î62( l%*,( 8,( !*,: 71 I0qs9%*"6l]( rr1C8?1~-(0/"1WÌCI §!909=m 9 J 1%-p!+9%/,*,: 710J l%1=6oma1Y7Ôl%9]/"{%!( +2*,1=6W62( -</ *c-a/"1Y+2l%4!9]-a1%9Y8?106YI!toÎa§!.D)Ì;IyJaË w -1~-!9]/?*,( -!908,*y/"{3p!9]+m!1%a+2{) l%*yx*?8,*T/"{;1/¢l]*c/"(%Å1%-a-1Y/"{;1%-6z*c/T79Y/"*,( -l%( 8,( -*?9]8?1CÎ!J QTZ k)®¯%°.¦T±²§\I 1Y/.³´F ¦cW}I ¨|© m62ª2J%K; L%UY%b,X0SX][.LY_b,X0O b?O<Z!QTUPX!R,QTO ZµL0RX2NY¶%UY«c«y« }9%+2*"62J } w £Ja a!Jp\I¢'!!u ! ¨ p\I=a)1/ 67*yxI ªÌ¿C-p!+2{Y5%+21]+9)l3*,l%*ap8c7 /)(0/.8T9)l%9Y/"{%a( +2*?1Cm\TÎ!*c-am!*,!5Y-1CÎ ¨ 629%-\6\x(078,( *?+p!+2(0p90!1Y+Ã69)l]( -!-(0/"9Y/"*?(0-p{"n^( +29]/?*yx1%ª2J</|(07a/ 62*,rp8,1Pr¡1%- /\p!9]+2l%1;:<71Cl!T1=6/.8,1W/"1Y+2r138,1~p8Í7¢6W62(07 x1%-a/\7!/,*?8T*"62{~p9%+8T9)m!( lY/,+2*c-1.nz7!+2*cma*?:<71Cl%( 8,( -*c908?1<I=')( *c+~§!\¦c tWF EE¦0q·IyJ!Ë"-m *,!5Y-1=6o1Y/.l%*Í/|(0Å1%-\6o(078,Ñ *crp(!6^6z*y8?1~7-a*yx1=+^6z9%8,*|69]/"*,(=-m 7Æ6>7!"+290!1~ÎJY3L]S d L!f0NPX<Z!¬=XaQTU^L)M L;M<NPO!Q,R 0O Z!UYR,QcR,d R,Q?O<Z!Z!L0b?J0-\Òo!!Ja( lY/"(%+21C!!aJp.I=a.%u !a ¨ p\I !a!ªo %x( *?+9]7¢6`62*aH)F!G=GYF}I u+*%IyJ!ËtW*y/"(0Å!1%--1Y/"{C1Y/\*c-m *,!{%-a9%/\Î!J QTZ , °®-\¦ vI ¨|© mI ª>J'.L;bTX0Q,RcO0/L%ZaZ!L=R,V=J}.9%+*|6`J<¤*y/"1%l=J a!Jp\I au" <« 1 tW1%+ /"9%*c-\69%"*?+2r¡1P-a/\: 7138,93\+29%-l%10J 9]7-( r m!1C8c9Cp( 8,*Í/|*,:071;(0*,l%*,1%8,8,1;mc9 6^6z*cr*T8?9/|*,( -J 9]7!+90*y/.{/|{~8?9)62178,13pa7!*"6^629]-l]1 l%( 8"( -*,9%8,13239=l]l%( +2m!1%+^J<m!1~94!%( -1%Ô</?+65%r1Yr1]- /\+2{%m 7!*T/"1C1Y/\m!*"62lY+2*cr¡*c-!9]/"( *c+21=J<: 71%8,: 7106m +2( *T/6p( 8,*c/,*,: 7106-!9]/?*,( -9Y7Ô9]7Ô *c-ma*?a5Y-106l]( 8?( -*"62{06YI ')( *c+p!9%+1%Ô!1]rp8,1~°EF !IyJ!Ë 9Y/"*,(=-a9=8,*y/"{C1Y/.l%*Í/"(=Åa1%--1/|{CÎ!J QTZtW°. GkIyJ0ÌW¥;F E¦ tCI 1Y/ 78 -FaE-FaE9*]I ¨,© m62ª2J!ÀoQ,R,O6/.L]Z ZL]R?VCL%RZX R,Q?O0ZX!bTQ?RTV%_ ÏWL%NÙ?oL%=R,QÍS=L%U3LYZÉoNYX Z]L;L0RX!d9:CdaV%!L]J}.9%+*|6`J0} w £J.YJ<p\I !!u ! ¨ p\I !a!ª1Y/\H)F!G%G]F!J!ËtW*T/"(%Å1%-!-1Y/"{C1Y/\*c-m!*T!{%-a9%/\Î ¨ p.I a ªÎ0q 9=*"62J 9]7µr¡( *c-\6o1P-"-ma1=J 8,1=63+*T/,9%-!-*,:071=6o9Yx9=*,1Y-a/ *c-\6>/|9]7!+2{Wp!+2( a+21=6^6z* x1]r1%-a/\m!1=6( +2r106ma1h6>7!"+29=a1;l%1]-¢6*T/,9=*T+21;1Y/\9%*T-\62*"J07!-1Wp1Y/"*c/"13r*T-( +2*Í/"{;my*c-m!*T!5%-1=6p 7!+21%-</.{%8T*c+21 8,1Y7+^6+21p!+2{=621%-a/"9%-</ 69%7-*yx1%9]7µ8,( l%908 ¨ 0aª>Jp!7!*"6+2{]!*,(=-9%8 ¨ ;< ªÌA~p!+25=67!-13+2{Y( +2r¡1;1%-' !!J<1Y-x*,+2(0- `=< m!138,9 p(0pa78,9]/|*,(0-*c-m *,1%-!-1 ¨ m!( -</¢8,1=61]rr1=6zª9Px90*,1P-a/\8,1;m +2( *T/\m!1Wx(0/"1 I ')( *,+>*^\¯%¯0EF °.Ð)tCIyJ!Ë"-m!1CÎ!J QTZ}F EE¦ÍB£Fa\®}I 1Y/ ¾3F 8 B¦,FWkI ¨,© m6zª>J'.Qc0RcQ,O ZaZX QTNPLCM!d SO R,L=J<}\9%+2*"62J<} w J!a!.]J0p\I%auaI w -1Cl%( rp9%+9]*|6z( -Æ6"Å6/"{%r¡9%/"*,: 71h6z1P+29]*c/.6z9%-\6 m!(07a/"1?2Cr1%-1Y+Î.

(11) 4"p0!i¾ÃoÂ" ¾ÃlÂQÁJ±4"£"4¨f !¯$O"+"~¢U~4"" ;!"f·²lÂ !¿(¾Å@©@HJp)pZO+ U()(4 JQU+U" " RS;-o¯E ½ "°"$O B¢ "+UJ"(¢U""ZO ½ UKpo"Ü$~¢ U "o(4¨p g±C E ¯QU¢U@)f")"J U"f¦ ªGO4-)p(4"+f ©. La matrice de l’esclavage et le moment charnière de 1848 3¯E«/O4J B£!4"J$4 p 1I¯$O():UG¢ !4E(U*H4E ¨fG0p)"¨/UG¢ !4$U* ±C¥)&B4(UQ·B¢U Z:o ©0¼p· J±C"Z¼i«0C:+" 3/!"«"f~)J$o/U B)$O+p) ZO ( J 4Z" E ¨p " U"J /C+ ¤($¦¢UKfH/o"" S4Ko ¨f"C4:¢U )¡p "·" ´ $¦·" ¢U+4 Ef¦·±4" @E±O±:(@;4©"HB¢4((4B¢U(4+UJ"°")"J$ ;4+" J$!U ½ !4¯ ´J ¯E(¡p Z:Kf ¯ (U ³

(12) ;¸S©"HB¢4((" ¢f+4J / " ¢U4JJ" E;&U" $USG¢Up¢ $CKp¯:UQUJ<¢UU¢ ¯ (p)+¢UpCO( O(;~oB"+°¯ Jf)4J(4" ©"HJ$¦U"·B¢U(4EUJ$¡0OB(

(13) F$4B¢ U*CUZ ½ !G¯$U¦ +U(¢U""U" ³ "" ¸©@HJ¦UE"·J"¢fSJ" ±C4" ""4Ü" ¢f+4iÅSÃ¾fÅi4 (U 4¨ $¡0OJ$U"

(14) ³ )O(°";GU" J"o¶$OJ ¯ U(4J@U B¢@(4Jf^:+J F 4" (¸$4J$p p¢¢UJpU4+(4(¡ "°";-)! ;;4 (¢ ¡ o ³ ±C+ ¨f$¡0 F(¸© ;/ E¢UROi4¢¢U ( ""C4J (U(oJ$( pK 4°J(4Ü¯KoJ"/O(+J±: "p)¨f¶"· 4 Jf¦U"·J@F¢f+4J" p /!U" ¢U4iÅSÃ¾fÅ3;4 p 4¨ ¯ 4 (U(UJ / J·$C:+J " E R4·J±4" ""©"HgU"(«(44Z¤g+)@(¡ "°";G

(15) 0¨ o¨¯UB¢U/O¨ ¯ (o(UJC(±/+UZOKo"·"$¡p ¨fG¯$l4B¢U(C¨ /o±/±C4(U Uo(4 ³ 4$ +0¸/ +/OZoJ($Cp¢) ³ 4Jo oG4C U*(::(4(¸ © RpU$!S4U!J"Jf¥@; («)(4E4J" "J$o" J(¡ J±C/OJ$¦ Of4p¥<O::ZO4&" $f¦p¨fJUU@«)" U "f4(4(¡ "·@; p0" o";CZO$CU ·¢4¡ "· "!© U" p C+±4" ""4J #$ %¨ J¼U& +a P¨p¢04(¢U(B¢U(G¼ ¡o(/*!¢: oB¢U( H UR' ( $ (.4( BUEJ;4 (o" )*";G°¢))pp8o4 OO $U* ·

(16) QC4G ¯KªO$~" o© UQ¢ g·$U¡ "¨ " ) 4 USiUUZ((<C O¢U(*Op0U Ô ½ U4+po # ©"HJ¼fB)p8@±C+Z B4f+·J ¯"±/±C4""«4"·"O¨¢U( "o U ¯l4 (oJ$U@; «U · K¡U"¨f0¯E / µO´"µ 4¨p4E "¨/ ½ $ 3Ufi£!(U" ©"H"±C±/4")@«1p;/C4Q;4 ´ "(CO(+ Q)"(¢o""ZOo4(¢¢U ";G + ;$U¡U"+$U¢4"±/+ U4";G + ;" 4 ! $ © HB4 +f+U"$C«) oJ / J"ZO+p ¢U4$CoJ J@Ô)§)"U$O I© HJoC:+ B4(¢4"OC+p¥" E 1B¢Uf4B¢U(CC+$ (4"·" ´ ¢U(C B¢U(4+U 4$p C+U"4"¨ " p~U "!¡U"±:"E¯KoUB4(¢4;4(;O$C+ ¢4¢RC+ U + ´ ¯"f@ ¡ J B¢U¢ $O+p)¨f;4 p"U ¢4R¨)R)0~("(/O(; 4 (U&¬ pZJ(Ô 6*© HB¢U U. )¡¡§· E ¢U(4·$4(U CJJp ¢( 4B¢U U4pp J@Ô)§)"U$O G«)f·)&J") $U/~4( ;oJ@ #3 ¨f &o ¯ 4 (U(UJ!¯E;/$¡U U¯@ #* 3 © H;S (U;"°")@+¢U 1p;6ÀU%¿ + Ã ; Â JO(;!(·(4UJ UB¢U Z:o © GK(:4 4( p f ,tWF ¥;¦T ¦,F E¢uvCF0BD.E\Fa\®q·I J-d gX<ZQcR,VCL%RUYO!d0S L%NYX QcZL%R,V%U2_L%UÙPXaQUPd<NÃb,X\f O Z!0RcQ,O<ZµM!dM NYO!QcRQTZRTL%N`ZXaRcQ,O ZX b|J}.9%+*"6^J0¤9 k{%l0(07!x1%+/"1=J; ! ¨ pI|Y ª"« . 3E®£GY¦!tCI JaË ¤93-9Y/"*?( -a9=8T*T/|{~m!9%-\68,1Cm +2( *T/¢l]( 8?( -*,9%8ÎJ]ÏoNPOa=¶]U2_.ÀX<iQTL%NÙMCÄ X<Z!X!b /\UYL.oO!bcQ,R,Qcjad!LCL%R0/ d NPQ,M Q,j!d L J0-\Ò) J uP' Jp.I0$!u+!!J04</,/?p.@ ,2 1131I 7-!*"621/>I l%9]?-!9]/cÅ c+7\62l%4*"I 4</"r r¡9%*\! I 4 ')( *,+¾3°£G]6 B 5\! °B}I J0KLCUYX %NYL;Mad%Q,R,O6/.L]Zµ

(17) È -QTUPR,O QTNPLCM!d UPd"fTf0NPX%[L;d<ZQÍSL]NÛ^L0bL%Z)ÉoNPX Z=L0J0}.9%+*"6^JavC9=8T8?*Tr9%+m)¾ÃJ I 8& 7 ºPaQ?M « ¨ p\I !a!ª2I &&o§!\!u,qs°!¦yBG¤3I J0KL)ÀWO!M L~ZOaQTNÃO!db,L3=XabyS X!QTN^L)M L)ÀWX ZX!X ZJ}.9%+2*"6^J} w £J 9C79%m +2*,!10J !a \I & HhF!G0GYF!JaËtW*y/"(=Åa1%--1Y/"{;1/¢*T-m *?a{%-!9]/\Î ¨ p\I a!ª2I & Ó E¢®£GY.¦,JaO^«a=QTR,«cJ ¨ p.I 0aª« &+% v~®.¦c a\®¥)F)§\IyJ!ËtW*y/"(0Å1%-!-1Y/"{C1Y/.l%( 8,( -*"629Y/"*,(=-¡Î!J QTZtW° .G£kIÍJÌÃ¥CF E¦tCI 1Y/ 78 -F E-F!E=*%I ¨,© m6zª>JaÀQ,R,O6/L%Z ZL=RTV L0R!ZX!RTQ?O<ZX b,Q,RcVY_!ÏWL]NÛ,L%0RcQTS=L]UÃL]ZhÉoNYX Z0LCL%R\X d :Cd V= L0=J<}\9%+2*"6^J} w £J.]J0p\I.Y!auP] ¨ p\I|<ª2I &+&ºPaQ?M «cJ ¨ pI|! ªÌ &+1E¢®£GY.¦,JaO^«a=QTR,«cJ ¨ p.I 0aªÎ.

(18) 4 +f) ¯"(/(C ¾"¿!*Å*ÃQÅ= ¿¿ $ Á;Â""¿(¾Ã"¿ÄSÃoÂ ¿ ´ """4( 4ZiUO ´ U .ÃÅ*ÅI¿ !Á"¿+¾(Ã4Ä1ÃÃE¿ 3 ©@H&$¡U$44$U :Kp)@8*;1/U J"ZOp§)"$O ;4 p $(±C±4""«G¢4"±:+ U4 (¡U$4~ O:$U*1CU" Q J&" 4 $ ¢4(¢U4(!U) <Ä¿(¾ÅÁ¿ +À ¿ + Ã ÅSÅÁ"¿ 3 0¯EC µ:´"µ 4J4(4+°+U$O40©@HB¢U(4+U """+¢C:+"JC!¡4(U¨f$ B$O$¡ 4"·@; ¯ 4 (U(U ³ G ¼iU :¸G¢U °(¢U "(

(19) % ·(4oiUJ+ o(*4+U U+oB4(U C+p)"QJ$ B4$R)U ´ U pU+oBU(U4 ¯/ ½ $CE*S"·"S©"3¯E+fCO$U4$C+¼fJKU "

(20) %* UÜU"±:+Z Jo ZOJ £!@£ "" (;G4(¢¢UR4&B OpZ~¢:p ³ ¢4Q)"Q¢U "·@;O¨f0B±/ $O+ ¸4Ü$~UU±C"ZJ"$OBo Ô "ZO+p¥ ½ S4"U"J pZ4&@U ¨f""UB¢U$ ´ ¢U$ ´ ()(« S4( J@Ô)§)"$OJ o ZOJi£!4" @ 0© ¢4 CO$U4$C+¨ U fo

(21) +/O$U4 ¯(U ZOJ; 4Z4"U $~¢ ZO+o G¢U)U G«U · GU ¡U4 ¬±/±4")@«"U " )I© ¼$O ¯E(¢¢ o ´ ¯"f@ ¡ J" p ±4" ""4 4¨ ´ 4Uf3¹ f"+ µ ~(:4 µ $ µ º Ko f¨ ;: + 4¨ J+¨ Bf§)""Ü$! O(4+U4"°";O¨ 4ICO:¢U"$Cô@·"^ # ! ¨ ´ +¯ µ U"+O µ º»(4 ³ iº "U4":¸4Ü$¦ "+$O$¡ R"°";4 +¯ :)fJ ´ o$J(¥o U()(U ©

(22) .¬±C"Z\/o±C±4(oJ""f4ZO"S"¨ C4¢U$·& *1p;G $O$U*~ +f¡ B¢UUf;" p!¯EC~¢U""; # © HJRCC+U$C+ ±CU"·@;O J B¢U(4+fJU"

(23) F/" Q J"CJ4 (U;$~«° ¡)*;© ¯E+/O(JJUUB¢ ¬¶4p;C4B¢U(( U*$\/ ½ $OpZ )0~(« UJ"

(24) U© U OJG±C"· % #Y#4¨ ¢U$~(±C±CQ4·(o JoC:+UOJ;G+QU"))&" pS ¢U4i@+·"~¯ ´ ¢U(RC8¬f¥@;~ /o±/±C4(oiUo(*4 ·)$ +·/~+/OZoJ(£¤4(U""¨ $~ .C !+(U@;!U "$O$UG¢)O(CK #Y$©"3¯Q+CO$U4$C+\/o±C±*UiUKo*S $ ¯(¡U ZO+ ¯ 4 (U(UiC4f4±C¥@;(o ¤f (*¯ 4 (U ("ZO§" ¢U U/ ! Op^GipO©"º ¶i)g±CUR&""oR ¢:+"+¢U \/o±/±(iUo(S4 G ¯(¡U ZO+ ¯ 4 (U(U"¨ +Opµ f*« "«(Z!¡UO( E (G¢U U<+¢U¤( pOJ "±/±@U"«% # ©"HB4(¢¢)p~B±C4"J!¡C O "·@;~f+±/"¨¢4 UUo( ¯QUo$oJ © ·"(f+¨f"f ")@" E;4¨ J±C"¡ 4J B¢U(/CK@+¢U$O+ ·fS ´g U ¢U ^:oB¢U(4$!ÀU%¿ + Ã ; Â UJ;*4+° :+ ¢44S:o ©"HB4"" )"R"U"J 4Z4 ¢U ^:o;""@&4 (U $ $US4@)f41I¯Q§·C3 Q¾ Å ! Â+¿BÀÃ¾Å E¿Ä "¿(ÅÅ Å !Á(¾UaÁ S Ã f À ¿ )ÂQ¿(¾Å ¾À À ÂÀU¿B Å 0+"+*Ã !¿ .# © ( UiR)0G (·@;(f " )±C:·"( O" J ´ + ;1S"f (o ³ U(4E¨ :)"3¨ f(U ¨ z¸© ¯")@" o(J±C"·@;O @;C4J p $~«°; ¡U4 UCo;""(<U U$ o"UJ(CJ@Ô)§)"f<+)p+U" ©

(25) ¥B±C@Ô¨f §·B¡U"° U 4+° Zo&@ Jp)pZO+!¯E+±:(4+4ZOJ;4 p $G++U" RS; ³ ¢4U$O+) 4CC:+$O+ pZ4¨C4$p@ ±Cp""¨ z¸ # ©"º ( B¢4¡ "·J\/O$0~(U $~¢U Z:K!J &8, ¾°G]B65.! °BJaOô«!%Q,RT« ¨ p.I a! ªÌ &8. E¢®£GY.¦,JaO^«a=QTR,«cJ ¨ p.I <ªÎ &84')( *?+³´F ¦c}I J:Cd£ L%UYR?»%LCj!d d<ZhÉoNPX<Z¬0X QTU$-QTUPRcOaQTNPLCM L;b,XZ!X!R,QcO<ZXab?QTR,V!f0NPX<Z!¬=X QTUYL;MaLod QcUWb,X3;VSO b,d!RTQ,O ZJ<}.9%+*"6^J vC+96`621Y/Ja !a\I 07 E¢®£GY.¦,JaO^«a=QTR,«cJ ¨ p.I !<ªÎ 2& v~®.¦c a\®¥)F!JaËµtW*T/"(%Å1%-!-1Y/"{C1Y/.l%( 8,( -*"629Y/"*,(0-ÎO`«!0QcR,« ypI|!!ªzI ')( *?+')F E ,®GAIyJ0K L ,0LYZ!U3M LCb,X\f X gQTb?bTL ,« KL%U f0L%g)gL]UÃL%Rb,L~SO R, L "!!» $#"!J }\9%+2*"6`J031%8,*c-\J a! I Ó }.(07+ol%13+9%pap!+2( l%41%r1Y-a/|Ja1Y/7!-1;l%( -</"1%Ô /,79]8?*"69]/"*?(0-x*"629]- /2;{`x*c/"1%+8,1=6ol%( -ma9%r-!9]/?*,( -\69%-a9=l%4a+2(=-*,: 71=6^J]x( *,+ ¿)¯%¯0F E F3q·I JaË k1;8,Ñ 9%7 /,+21;l'(0/|{Cm!1067+-1=62J<\+9%-!%9=*"62J<\+9]-$!]9=*"621%6`J!*T-!ma*?a5Y-106h' auP'! Î!J QTZ. 5\EF~}I J<H) 8 % \ED *%I 1Y/§aF ¥CF ¦?' &I ¨|© m62ª2J%ÁWRTNPLo[.Oad0SL]N^Z!V0«%Á3R,daM L%UWL%Zbz iO<Z ZL0d NWM!L "!L=X<ZhKL0%XJ0}.9%+*"6^J}¢+2106^62106ma1§al%*,1%-l%1=6}.(!Ja!a!Jp.I au <O`«!]Q?RT« % §!.°F .FaE)'I J0ÁWU^0b,X0SX][\L;L0R=O b,O Z!QTUYX!R,QcO<Z¢J0}9%+*"6`J0} w £J< (Tl%*T/"{Wp9]+kF!GY\* ¥ )=GkI JaË w -1;l]*c/"(%Å1%--1Y/"{ m!*T"2{%+2{%1@ l%1]-¢6l%*yx*,: 71C1Y/\9 6^62*,r*,8c9]/"*?(0-m!1=6o*T-m *,a5%-1=6ma9%-\68,1=6{/|9Y8,*"6^621]r1%-a/6+29%-!Y90*|6m!1C82c"-am!1CÎ!JYCLYSdaL!f0NYX Z!¬0X QcUYL M!LCU^0Q,LYZ]LO!b,QcR,Q,j d!L=J0x( 8I J0-\Ò)YJ<{^x+2*,1%+; !Jp.I=!u, ¨ p.I ª +Î &¾°G]6 B 5.! °BJaOô«!%Q,RT« ¨ p.I a !ªÌ 1E¢®£GY.¦,JaO^«a=QTR,«cJ ¨ p.I !<ªÎ.

(26) " RS;/~¢U4J¯UJ±C" 4())o "J$ °";O ;(¡U$4 ½ U4+o)&$~¢ ^:+¤ ¢U()@;~¢ !&J""(fI©@HU* 4Z4G¢) ZOo) 4!¢4*C+o"·" ½ @·"(U$U¦ ´ "¦ $Cp¢) ZO"+$ ´ "$¦ " f© ¼$EOJZ:Kp ¯E++"J S"Ü/C4Q; ´ 4f+·J4 ! µ "ZO §)"$O"¨ U4JB)p µ "ZO §")$O"¨C ( ¡U""±:""? B$O+ ^4B±4"£ "4J"U14 O¢U"$4Jp;C4(+O ³ ))O(·"O¨ 4/UJ ZO"S(¸/!¡U+"p0¤B p¡U "·@;O¨p)O(·@;$ C4$p(* ¯(¦U"¢ J o(4+" #4ÜUU/(4oJ¯" ¡ "B¢U( J4(/CJ ¯E(¦p¢ C+pU ZO ³ oU $p@+GU"4 S(¡ (¸©"ª1¥@±C±C$OÜ¯KU)B¢U(/O¨ J¼/CZCKp

(27) .¢Of "°J G¢4+"+¢U Uo(* G""4iUJ(U ZOJ& 4p^4$~& $pf*G¢U U6R)! "ZOp§)"f±4"£ "©"ª Q ¢4U "·J$!4U"14 ¢4@ ¡0 J~¯ I¿(ÅÄ3\¿ ;ÂQ ¿ ¿(Å1¾Ão"Â ¾Ã lÂQÁ(ÅYÁ;|Â SÃ¾ a¿(Å W F¿J¿ ¿ ¿(¾oÂ+¿(¾À + Ã ² ¿ I¿(ÅÄ¿ ;ÂQa¿ QÃ Å ¿(¾¾U ¿ 6¾ ¿¾o|Â ¿Ä ¿(¾ÀÃ ¾U¿ 3a¿ =¿BÀÃ¾Å1ÀU¿Å ¿(Å1ÀU ¿ ¾ ;ÂQ ¿ o¿;Â ¾ a¿ < Ä E¿ ;Ã Ã +Å1Å¿(Å + "¿(Å ¾o|Â I ¿ QÃ > ¿aÂ+ÁBÀ Ã ! ¾Ä¿ :Ä E¿ o©@º»@ E J"±/+UZ$!*4Ü¯E$C ¢U(/R¨f; À QÅ8 Ä Å l Â ¾Å)Ä1Ã Â a¿Å ¹ E¿.Â+a¿ 0"Â ¿BÀU ¿

(28) !!Á E¿J¿@ÂpÀU¿(Å ¾ E¿(ÅY¿(ÅÂpÀUÁ QÃ IÁ ÂQ!¿ 0 l Â "¿ +*Ã¾ Ã QÅ o¿;ÂpÅIa¿ *s Ã IÁ 3*Ä1Ã 1ÀU¿(Å QÅ)Ä1Ã Â a¿Å Å "¿ ¾U ¿ fÅ8ÄÁ +Ã E ¿ E¿Å ÄQÃ ¿B Å Å ² ¿ Á 3" ¿BÀU ¿ +Ã-Ä IÁ(Å¿¾oÂQ ¿ ¾Å"Â Â U"Â . ¾ ³ RC+ ¸©

(29) ¥(14B@± (¦U+f°CU & ·$O+" · ¾UÃ UÂQÁBÀU¿Å "Â !¿(¾Å )¨

(30) ¥ +Uo f«U(¢¢U( o E±CE ¯(¦U"¢ :+ U(4@)J ¾Å|Â pÅ Â+Á +À ¿ # © ¼J¯/~¢ UG Q ¯E(¦¢)S4+f ¯)J"p;C4" +:+±Cp)"°";O J(;C4 B¢4 ½ $( ¨f±Cp)fJ+C:+"o"°";-CU ¯E+U"U ZO"Ü$ G¢4+"+¢U G)$O+p&@¥f($C+ o4¨ ¡U;1/U ¯EU ZOJiC ! ·"¥¡U f"+O © ·"(¥f+f4Ü B¢U$p0±:+U( ¯(¦¢U(4(U"J Jf¦··(:U& U J:+ "U(4$O+o"Ü( B4f/CJ ¯(¦U"¢ :+ ZO"¨4"f1¯Q;O(:4U(/U U µ ·¶"·"¨4"fop+"p·"(U B4 ZO¨ G4(U+·1/o;";4Q±4~¢ ½ !/O+±:( ½ U4+po"·"$~¢ Z:Ko@·"1O + Uf/CCo¤OZO o© ÆJ ¢U$~O(U "·"o "fCC/oICKp¯o 4Z" p O¢U""E±C!"Ü($O(4JJ(Ô)§)"U$O"Ü("ZO"OJ$p" J"f/CCo$C+ BU$C+U ZOJf°J$O(U:+ ½ U4++¤"¨¢U ZO+oJ$" +fCC4$CU"¨ "ZO+pFU""@+4B¢U U ¯""; ´J J"ZOp§)"OB±/4 ""S # © ff O¢ U:4(Z µ Uf8 ($EOJp)" Ô@);iU4E¢ J" """"¨·"R¨f" *@; iO$¡ "$ *C "·"4G:¢U":+±4 BU$C+U ZOJ·$COp¢) Z"Q)J$ J"ZOp§)"$OJ ¨f$6( U§";G ¢U(/C+ E B² ½ oB¢U( ;;4 (¢ ¡ oJ"f$OJ(fCC/o*C+p)¨f ¢))UC4"Z4 ""("Uo E g¥)CU4 ¯"C4¢:4J" E B44"Z~¢U"fCf¡o/O(;:+ J¬U :+ 4(¢ ¡ E;"+©"º ¶"·4$Oi)$C+ ZO °@U"ZOp§)"$O ¥/(;O(:+$U ´g ;4 (¢ U¡ o"Ü°¶"·4 f/C ³ 4 ¯E(¦¢)S4+f

(31) ¥ +Uo f«U(¢¢U(:¸Go¯E /~¢U ´ ¢4¢ 4°";<¢U (<U)J(4"$UB4(¢ ¡ ""QU¨f C!+O(4"ippp·" J¢ f¡ ! ( ¢U/C+$ (1¯"/""pU""Ü$~¶"·"¨ ¯lJ(C4O(U4(;!¢4oiU°4+; ©