• Aucun résultat trouvé

Lire avec un livre électronique : un nouveau contrat de lecture ?

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Lire avec un livre électronique : un nouveau contrat de lecture ?"

Copied!
12
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: sic_00000422

https://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00000422

Submitted on 12 May 2003

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Lire avec un livre électronique : un nouveau contrat de

lecture ?

Claire Bélisle

To cite this version:

Claire Bélisle. Lire avec un livre électronique : un nouveau contrat de lecture ?. Les défis de la publication sur le web, May 2003. �sic_00000422�

(2)

! " #" #$ $# " %& '( ( ) * * # + $,# " --. $ $ $ " & # " / " + $# % * $" /$* */ * %# " * * #/# " * *" 0# " ,# * * /$% # 1 " * & * " 2 " /* # " * #$# *" * & # " + $# /$# %" $ /#/ # * $* / #" & * $ " 3 " # " " $ " * $ + $, " , * 4$ " * % " * & $ $ " # 5+ * # $, " " & * " " 4 "# * 6$ " #$ $ / # * $# $" " $# * " "#$ "" # " " *, # * # * # */ %& & ,*" $ 7 " #" $ " 8 #4" $$ " /$ " & *,"#4$" " $ " " # " " #" "# " $ " $* " * #$* $* / * // * * */ *#4$* / & *,"#4$** *" " #" $ $ " & #$$# "! $ " # " " %% " $ #// " # 1$ * " $* * ,#// / #" *" 1" *9 # " #" $ " #$$# "! $* "" /$# + /# " " : $, * $$ " $ % " $ " "# " / * /" /# # */ *" %9 # %$1 / / * *,#// # * $* * $"#"* , 1/ "#" & *,*" $ # * $# 6 !;$/ * # / * *" << / 2"* 44$ " & $ * $ " & * ( 4 0 # * %"=# # # ! $ #" 4 0 *# " # 0 " --. " # 4 #$ % / = " $$ " #$ " /#" =# * ;" " *# " #$# *" * # # * / / " > " %" / " 4 0 # % # " # " * *" %" % # #$$ #" *"#0 9 # / # " * $/ = " /$ " ? # " # "*@= % #$ " * # **# / * // *" * % *"#4$* #" *" " * 4 "= " 1"* # * # # " * 4 0* = " " ? *4$@ "#$% #" $ #"$ /* " " * " * # %# $* " " #$ $ %4 0* = *" $" # * " ) 4 0* % # " %% " =# * % #" # " " 1"*9 A $$# = # " # " = " " * #" * " #" %% # #4$" " * * % $ 4$" ' / "#4$" # / * #$ % " 9 3 * ** *= $$4 # ** " " * $"* %# " * = " / 4$ $4 # * * % 4 0* " !;$/* " %*" * *" % <<

(3)

7 * %% $" */ / * / *" & $, # #" %" *" " 5 * / # "

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

"#$ # # " & $& * " " * # # " *" & * $ ( *"#4$" $# "

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

(4)

L

$$* # # " *" & * & ,$* / * "# " " $* % " #$" * & ,$* / ""# " */ # "! $$*+ $,#"" " " # 14 * * *$ " *9

# %$1 * # " *,#// * 1/ "#" & *,*" $ # * $

# , / 5" ) " " $ 7 " #"* $ " 8L # * & $ *$ " * " / / " # * $ 44$ " & /#$ * $ * $ " & * * $*& $* # # "

" # * * S * & * $"" #" #$ $*,# **# " ,1/ " # / * / 4$ * *" "* $,*# $ * $ " & * & # " # 1 " * $ # /"#4$" " + $ " #" # * * " #"*! 1*"# "* # 1! $ "

!

$ $ " & *,$* $# ** #//# " *# * %# $ " $ *& , / # *#//# $* $ " & * " $ N << " $ N << & ,"# " $ 4 0 * 4$ # **"6" * // " / *& + $# $ " " * 4$ % * & * " * *" ,1/$ "#" " $ $ $ " # " # *+ *S * $$*! 2 ** *% % * & *M

)# * $* / #" & * & " * $ * + $, % #" & $# $ " + $, # *"

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

(5)

M X * # # "# $ $ $ " & 4 % * 4 * * # # * # * $# " $ * # * * $" /# ** " ! $# # " / * " " # $ $ $ " & $ " 1" , / /$*# # & " $# " "#$" $, # # * ! " $* # & * $# " / #/ / $ % " $,S $ " $# $*4$" */ *" %/ / * /$* $$*% " #$" */ / *# 1* // "* & *& " / "" $ " # /$% ( **** " * # # " * "* # * $ " 1" * # * * % $ * / " 1" $* " " # * " * 4# %$ " */# * " ; ** *"! $ #//# 5 1 , # * " " #" / ""# " 7 $" 8 $* * $ " " */ *" % $* 44$ " & * / ""# " $ / * # /# *$ " *& # / ,# # " # 1/ $# $ " * ** // "* *

"

#!

$

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

$$* #$" *# 1& $$* # *$ $ $ " & ,*" "" # " $#" & # %# " $,45" * *" #" * )# * "" 1/ "#" $*,# **# " $ " $ * " " " ,*# / %** $ # # & $ * $ " & * ,# #$* * * $"#"* # * $* *"# " * * # " * > $* $ " *( $# " $ $ $ " & # * " $# # #5 " * " $*#" *B$* " #// $ " ! $# # $# # #4$" " $# / "#4$" $# / **4$" ,#5*" + $ " $# "# $$ * # # " * $ " # " " $# # #/# " *" 0# B " $* " " " * 1 /# " / + 1/ "#" # " #$* # * $ # $ 44$ " & " " & *, / * # * $,1/ "#" #$* ,*" $,1" 2 / "# / $ /$# * $ $# * % " 1" " , $ "

(6)

% # 1 > * ,#"" " * $ " * ; $ $ $ " & $, # * 4$ /$* 2" 4*"# $ + $# $ " $ * " /$# * * $ " * * " & & # /#* Y*" $ " 1" $ " $ $YS Z Y$*Y# ** Y $ $ " & /#/ $ /$# * $ " *" $ 2 Y#""# " # " # " 1" # 1 "*C 1*" " 5 *[ "# *" " 2 & $# $ " *" # ** # #4$ /$* % "#4$ # * $,# *# " 1" /$*%# $ " /$* #/ / # " $Y# /" * % #"* " * * / * "#" * " /#* %# $ $* #" "* " / " " #$" * */ *" % # " ; * "# * $ " * * * " " /$* # #/# " + * " " ! $# # / " /# 1 /$ $ $, # % " * # "* $ # 4# " " /$* * $ " * " %# " "#" $ /$# * $ # $" # *$Y4* " *# * # $ 5 " & # " + $ 6" # # $// " $Y#//# $ " & / #& S # " % " * $ " * " * & $# / * Y 4 " # " # % #" * * * " *# 1 * Y# " # " /#*$ / * $ $ " & "# " *# #/# " *" 0# ; * / $* $ " * * % #" * * $Y# " * $ " 1" $Y # 44$ #/ /$" * # " * #" "* $ #4$* / $Y1/$ "#" %% # */ *" % # / **4$" " /$* * # * + $# % * # $ " + * Y1/$ " $* # * # * # ** " * # " * #// $#4$*+ $# # "# 4 % * * 4**" # * & # " + $,# /"#" $ $ " & * // " $ " 1/ "#" $$! 4 & $ " " "" " $, / "# #// " F"U% " #$" * * / * * " * # " & / $ / 1 # " < " M < \' $,#//# $ # " # "# " / **4$" * & , # # $ " & ,*"!+! * " " + %% "* % #"* " 1" * " / ** & # $, * 4$ * # " $, #" / * $ R / " + *"# * " / % " #$" * *" / / #" $* / " " % #" " *,$ # % " * # * & * $ 1 % " #$" * * " " $* * ,*" $ / / $, # " " $ / 1 , $ /#/ " $ , $ $ " & & " 2" 5*" % K / " / * # * + $# $ $# " # ** */ "# $# * " * ,# #* / * $* $ " & * " $,# #" $ * & */ *#//# $* #$ *& $, # *" # %*" " " */ " " " ,%% # % " $ " ) 2 $* / * * " * * " # * & $ F" %#4 #" *$ * & * # $,#4* F" /#/ " %%* #//# " *# * %# * " " #T 4# ** / 1 ,# & *" $# #" " F" * "#4$"" * *" " / $ " * 4$ /#*# /"#4$ /# $ / 4$ # *$# 5 " # " $$ / 4$ F" $ " # " * # 1 $# 4#"" " $,# " *" # " $$ " 5 " / $ " 1/$& / /# " $ %# 4$ # * " * #$ " 2" " " *#* $/ $,45" , " / #4$" * $* *,# # ** / " " & ( $* $ " * $ " *" # * #//# $$ / ""# " * $ " " $ # $ * $ * & * # * # ** / 2" $ * $ * % * + * # * + ,# " * 4 * $ %# $$ N *F / "# " *" $ / *" " * " *$ # / 4$ $# *" * "* * # " * * " * * " #$" * " "* + $# ** *"#$$ $ *S * * *% % * & ** *#//# $* "* ,%%# " # # # " " $ / #"# ,%% " #$ ,*" /#* $$ # ** *# * * $* 1 *$ " * * *"#" * * " *$ " " / $ " $,%% $, "# " " # " " " /# E# *! 4 " ]# ** / /" %# " & , S $"" # * / * " /#* # " #4* $ * **# " # * * " , % #" # * & ,$$ " >$ / 4$ "# 4 ,#"" " *$ *+ $ 1/ $ "

(7)

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

/ *& * *" & * " $ & * $# / " 2" $ #* # $ $

$ " & /# # & / #" & *^ 4 / * * H # # " $$ " "

$ " " /$* & S * * $ & 9 ^ /# # & " 1"

*" & ^ $ $ $ " & ,# %# " /# " ,# * ** $# + 5 #$ *& $

$ /#/ # " / * " ^ " /# # & ,1/ / * $$ # / $#" " " "

$

/ #" & $ " * $ " 5 * # * " 1" * ! $" $& *,*" 5+ *" " " #" $ " " "# " % " " " #" $ " / " % # % " $*# " * " $*$ " * $ *" # & * /# $, " *#" * $# " * " 1" $$* # 1& $$* * " % " * $* * * 1/ * $ " ( */ *" * # " # " 4#$* $ " #" $ " *" " #" /$ " ,#"" " * "* " * * // * * " $$ " /# "# * $ *" */ *" %& * $ " /#* + * /#/ " + * * $ " * " " * / * Y * * # 1 % * /$ " * 1/$ " * # # " *" & *%# $ *& */ " + $ > Y#"" " * ; * $# %# $# " # $# * /# *" $ " ** " $ " #" $ " N 0# " " % $ /# & $ 2 " #" $*4$" * $$ *" / / * /# $# " / #/ # /" " $* $ "* / " 1" / / * *( /# /# * /# # #/ * / * #4* # & ' * * /# * * " " * # "* * $ 5*" % " *# 1 * * # % $ # /" " * # $ $ /#/ # / " * "#" * /$"6" %# #4$* Y# 4$** " $Y45" $ " & # $ " # **,*" $ / **4$ " # #4$ / #5 " $ " * R$* * " * $ $,# # "# / / " # 1*# * 4 " /$* *$ * " ,$# # * $, "# $ * $ 1 " " /* / **4$* $ " ; # " * / * * $* $ " * " * # " # ** & Y# " * " / * Y # * * " / / * * $* # $* * $# * $* "* " & * $* " 1" * *"# * $* $/ * "# * "# * / *# " 2 & $# * & * "* # " # #/" $# * /# # * $"#" " " *Y$ * # * / " /* * $* *# # $ $ /#/ #% %# $" $Y "#" *$ " * ,*" "" S * / " *$ *+ $# $# & $, # & " + " # * $# % #" * $# " & $, $// # * , " # " * 4#$* # *

(8)

D / /#$ " /# $# / #" & $# $ " K / " *" & #" " # " /" & * $ $*# " * * / " *# " *# /" *$ " %% " * * & #" / " * **# * # 1 $ " * # 1 * 5"* /# $# "* * " $* * # " *B '$# / " $ *" & " " " /# *0 */ # 1 * *" $* 1/$ " * # ** #// $ # # & $ $ " !# " # # & * 7 " * 8 # * * #// " **# " & # " $ $* %% " * / *# " * $# $# ( $1 #$ * "#1& / * & *" $*" & " / $ & B ' $# / "

$/ & */ # #*" * , % #" * * 4$ *# * "

# * * *" * / * "#" * , " / "#" * " , #$#" * & "

/ "" $# / * /# % " " /# " * $ " *" 4$* $ *

" # # $ $ " B L' $# / " $ & / $* # * "* " /

* $$ *" & $* % * $* / #" * $ & #" $$ B M' $# / "

" & !/ # #" & * * *" " $, * 4$ * *# * & , * 5" /# $# "

/ ** * $ % " " * / / * * *%* * #/" " + #T" * $* $*

,*# $# $# # *$# *" **" #" *

# $ " * /#/ *" # 5 , / #" & *"#4$* # * $#& $$

* 5" / " * % #" * * # **# * " # " # * // " " 1" $

4$*# " * * # **# */ #$#4$* % " *4 "*& ,$/ * " " 1" "" / #" & *" " "# " & ,7 # " /$1 & *,$#4 + /$* * # 1(

$ $# # **# * * * $ $# / /" " #/ & " $ " # " / " & "* $# * % * "#1& $, " % #" * *# # $# / #* " " 1" 8 ]# " --.' * * / ** * " * # " * "# " * $# $#" $,# " " $ " " $# * /$# *" #" * # #/" * * " # ** " 4 "# * * * // "* 45"* # $*& $* " # " $ $ " ; * $ " # $ / ,S $ * $ " " # " $ $# /# $ 4#$# # # #$ $# %% #" $# #** * # # " * " " * *# " ** " % " " " # " */# $ " / * // " + /# " & $* %# " $# $ " $# * %# $$! 2 /#/ # # * # ** $# */ *" $# * /# $# /# " " *" 1" * " *4$# * $# 5*" % #" $# *" * * * # * & $, $# # $ " #*" $# "# $$ * # # " * $,*/# " $# $ *$ * 3 * *%# " * %$ " %% " " $ / /" " + $# * # # " * // " ,: / **4$ / ** 2 * "#" %% $" # * # ** $4 " /$# * *#" *%# " *& , *# " & $# / * " $# *#" * " / / " $$* + $# " ** $ "

/ & , # * // " & " $,# " #" *#" */ ** */ & % " * $"#" ; ** $# $ " * # " " / "# " 5+ * # # " *" & * */ %& * / " 2" * / #" & *"#4$* " * * " */ 1& $," " / $*$ " * 1! 2 *

% $

&

'

; * $# $ " **" #T" * */ %& * / *# "* $# $# # * / 4 *# * $* 5 1 $# $ " & $ *" **# * $# $ " /#* & " # * *# */ % " $ *" & # * # " " # *" " ),#4 $# $ " *" # " " # ,*"!+! " " $$ " " # /$ /# * * 5"* ""# " S * *" #" * / #"" * 4 "* /# * / #" * "" #// # $, " 2" , " $,# #$* $# "_ # * * / *# " * & * " $* 4 "* $* * " # " * $* * // "* & * " $* $ * * * % * / /#$ " + $# / * "#" * / " *& %# " #" P 4 #"! # * ; # $ -.

(9)

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

& *" " & #%%$ $ *& # $# E ** -- ' ** $* " * %" *

$,# " " *" " * # **# *( 7 ; $,# $* 4$ $ , # # /$* # * # 2" * " 1" * " /$* % " * /*" $ & * %1 * " $* * /$ * * $ " * * & *" " * * , " #" " * "* " *8 J * *" "#$ , " $( $,# " %# " & ,*" $ $ " & / " * " # *% "#4$ " $ $ " & *,$ # #// / #" $,# " %# " /# $," $*#" /$* / * " * $," $*#" # / $#4 * * * / * $* ,*# #4# $' * /" /# " / * /# #4# $ -- ' *" $# *" " + " *$*# " * * 5" " #"" *" $, # " * * ! " $,# " # #/"#" $# * % & / & $,# " %# " 7 $ $ " & 8

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

"* * $ "* * "#1& * * # " & * $ & " $*

$ "* " % * $ * // " " $ " / , " $ " " 1" " $, * 4$ * % #" ** # " & *

,# 5 " , $ " $+ "" # " " % **# " $ $ "

$Y# " # * *" " $ " " $*" # # 1* $ " # # $# * " $* Y// *" & %# " #4# $ -- ' " $,# " %# " $,45" " & # * *% #$" *' " $, *" " $,# " %# " *" #" * " # * *# # * #// " *" "#$

(10)

-+ $,# " " * 5"'/ " *# * & *" 5 # * $Y *" "#" Y # " " $ ( $# "#4$"" $ " & "# " & */ *" %" & / "

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

)

#

Z ,$ # " /$# / 4 # / ,# $ #" * # *$* * *# " $$* $ * $ " & * %# " " / / * * * $* 1/ * $ " 4* * * " #// $ * + $ # $ $// " # 1 */ *" %* R# " $, % #" $$ & "" 1/ "#" # * ,*" $# / **4$" , $$ 1/ /$# * $ " * # / 4 1 $ " * " $ $ # * * " * , * $$ 7 ; /$* * $ * " + $ B $# ,# / * "" + $# $ " B /$* $" # B / " " " " # * $# / B/ " 2" /# " " B $$ " , / " & #" &$ *8 $# #5 " * $ " * *,# / / * & $ $ $ " & # * $// " + 4 $# # " $ $* * " # ** " * 4 1 + / * & $# / # " /* /$* * # * *# * " $* " # # "# $* 4*"# $*

" & *& * " + $ / & $ / " + 2" " $* $*& $& *! *

/ * " $ / 4$ * #4" * " $// " # 1 *# * *" 1" * "

*$ *

# $, / "# " & *" & / * $ & ,*" /#* $$ $,#

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

(11)

< $ $ " & " # " & , / " $* " * , 4 " " $$*# " * "#$*& " $,# " " $ " "#4$ 5 $ $ " & # ! $+ $# * " / % " " * $* * "#4$"" * ,*" $ *# #/# " + " " / *% #" */ #" & * $ " % **# " * " $*/ ""# " , # "# " $# $ " / % & $# $ " * %# $# $ " $/ & & $# $ "

, # / #" & * $# / ** $# $ " % " $$ & $# $ " $ * " $ $ $ " & / " " # *% / % " $ * / #" & * $ " # * $" # & * $ " * " %# " $,1/ # $* $ * $ " & * $ " /# #// " + $# $ " #4" $$ * # , #" _ + " 1" 1/ * " + $, # _ + # # $ " _ + $# / "#4$" " # #4$" $# "#4$"" #

& *" & * / * *" $$ *"_ * / * *" 1" *& $ & #

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

(

; $ ; "" J 5# ; 5E# * N 4 K,E# # P " I $$ ;4 # $ --.' 7 ; ) # " %A 0! $#" # ( ) * /$ #" *% ) "#$ # ) *8 ; " * E -. *; $* N " # ; ! # N * # " R ** " $# R #" E # ! # $$N 4$ " & " R / N 0 "* --M' ! 3 H#" % # # $ " ; N *" ( H#4 I H#4 N $$# ` $# R#**# N "" I N# J *! * --.' a */ #$ $# " # $ aM # " --D' $ R# * ` 3 1" $ # # J # --D' % & ' ` " * "> R# * $ " ] --D' 7 ,# " $ $ " & ( * /$ " # *" 9 8 /# # * ( )*+ , - R# * ` " * "> * " -.L' R " . '/ # 4 *" R ** /# # 1` " * # ) " R# * --H 4 I # " E ! - .' ( R# * ;$4 $ J "" J -.D' " ` " * $ J ]# 0 -D-' ) R# *( ` " * "

(12)

]# " ` --.'7 " $* *! *9 8 /# # *" a. ]# ** E -D.' & R# * J#$$ # # R <<<'7 " * " $ * $ " & *8 /# # * 0 1 " M a // M!L # " E !] -..'2 R# * 4 # # # & R # " E !] <<<' R# * ` " * $ $# 4 # K$* )# --M' 3 ) 3 # 4 P '( # 4 *" R ** K A #$" ] -. '* '4 ') 5 6 "$ #4# $ R -- ' 2 ! R# * ; $ " ]H --D'7 $ " %# + $, / " 1" 8 ] I J " $$ * *$# " ' ( #)*+ , - R# *( ` "> O# / --D' 7) $# " 1" #$" & , / " 1" " $# $ 8 ."," $ D a ! !L / D ! . ---'7 ' 8 ' " #$N #$U R# * # ) " D /

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to