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Elderly monitoring system in a smart city environment using LoRa and MQTT

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to the repository administrator:

tech-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr

This is an author’s version published in:

http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/26287

To cite this version: Lachtar, Abdelfatteh and Val, Thierry and

Kachouri, Abdennaceur Elderly monitoring system in a smart city

environment using LoRa and MQTT. (2020) IET Wireless Sensor Systems,

10 (2). 70-77. ISSN 2043-6386

Official URL:

https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-wss.2019.0121

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OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse

researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible

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