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HAL Id: inria-00123945

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00123945v2

Submitted on 11 Jan 2007

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A locally nameless solution to the POPLmark challenge

Xavier Leroy

To cite this version:

Xavier Leroy. A locally nameless solution to the POPLmark challenge. [Research Report] RR-6098,

INRIA. 2007, pp.54. �inria-00123945v2�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

ISRN INRIA/RR--6098--FR+ENG

Thème SYM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A locally nameless solution to the POPLmark challenge

Xavier Leroy

N° 6098

Janvier 2007

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