A NNALI DELLA
S CUOLA N ORMALE S UPERIORE DI P ISA Classe di Scienze
J OACHIM M ICHEL
A LESSANDRO P EROTTI
C
k-regularity for the ∂-equation on a piecewise smooth union ¯ of strictly pseudoconvex domains in C
nAnnali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Scienze 4
esérie, tome 21, n
o4 (1994), p. 483-495
<http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASNSP_1994_4_21_4_483_0>
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Smooth Union of Strictly Pseudoconvex Domains in
CnJOACHIM MICHEL - ALESSANDRO PEROTTI
Introduction
In 1980
Lieb-Range [3] proved Ck+1/2-estimates
for anintegral
solutionoperator
of theequation
au =f
on a smoothstrictly pseudoconvex
domain(for a-closed C~ (0, q)-forms f ).
Similar results were obtainedby Ai7zenberg-Dautov [1].
In
1973,
onstrictly pseudoconvex piecewise
smoothdomains, Range-Siu [ 11 ] proved
uniform and Holder estimates with again
of1 /2-E,
with Earbitrarily
small. In
[7],
Michel-Perottiproved Ck-f-estimates,
also witharbitrarily
smallE > 0, on a
piecewise strictly pseudoconvex
domain which satisfies a condition of realtransversality.
Under an additional condition for theboundary, involving
the
complex tangent
spaces, the first author showed in[6]
that the same solution operator satisfiesCk+l/2-f-estimates,
forany E
> 0._
In this paper we consider the
equation
au =f, f
E on apiecewise
smooth union of
strictly pseudoconvex
domains of C n, and for any qsufficiently large
we construct a solutionoperator sq
which has someboundary regularity.
We assume D =
D1
U ... UDK,
where the domainsDi
aresmoothly
bounded
strictly pseudoconvex domains,
whose boundaries intersect real-trans-versally (see
Section 1 for exactdefinitions). Suppose
that nomore
than Lamong
these domains intersect. On these domains we can solve thea-equation
for
a-closed
forms of type(0, q),
with q > L(see
Section2).
We prove that
thereexist,
forL q n and
k >(L + 1 )/2,
linear operatorsSq :
nKer a --~
with:(ii)
for any E > 0, there exists a constantCk,n independent
off,
such thatPervenuto alla Redazione il 13 Settembre 1991.
The estimates are
optimal
with theapplied
methods. There are nohints,
ifthe loss of
regularity
isreally
necessary for domains with non-smoothboundary.
If we
drop
thetransversality assumption,
the geometry of theboundary
becomes very
complicated.
Solution operators can be written down in ananalogous
way, but withbig
losses ofregularity. Compare
Peters[14]
for non-transversal intersections ofstrictly pseudoconvex
domains.Another
generalization
can be done forpiecewise
smooth unions ofweakly pseudoconvex
domains that havesupport
functions. In this case the losses ofregularity
would be verylarge.
1. - Preliminaries
( 1.1 )
Let D be the union of K bounded domainsD1, D2,..., DK
ofLet L be the
integer
defined asL
= max m ~ there exists a multi-index I = (i 1, i2, ... , im)
with 1 ii 1 ...
im K
such thatFor any multi-index I =
(il, i2, ... , im),
with defineThen
DI
= 0for III
> L(here III
denotes thelength
of the multi-indexI).
We assume that the domains
Di,
1 iK,
are smooth andstrictly pseudoconvex
and thatthey
intersectreal-transversally.
This means that thereexist
C°°-functions pi
on an openneighbourhood Ui
ofDi (1
iK),
suchthat:
(a)
pi is astrictly plurisubharmonic defining
function forDi;
(b)
for any multi-index I =(il, i2, ... , im)
with the 1-formsare
linearly independent
over R at everypoint
of(1.2)
We want to constructCauchy-Fantappie
forms on the domainDI.
On any smooth
strictly pseudoconvex
domain Q, there exists aLeray
mapw(~, z) = z),..., z))
which satisfies thefollowing properties:
(a) w(~, z)
is smooth on(U
xW )B0,
where U is aneighbourhood
of9Q,
W is a Steinneighbourhood
of S2 and A is thediagonal
of C~ ~ x(b) w(~, .)
isholomorphic
in z on W;(d)
w = whereP(03B6, .)
isholomorphic
in z and 03A6 is a barrier function forQ.REMARK. There exists a
neighbourhood
N of such that theLeray
mapw(~, z)
verifiesproperties (a)-(c)
onNBA. Indeed,
wecan extend
w(~, z)
in thefollowing
way. Let V be aStein neighbourhood
of Q, withQ cc V cc W. We can assume that =
UBS2.
Forany ~’
ethe domain
~2013V={f~=~-~,
Stein domain not contain-ing
theorigin
of Let U’ be any openneighbourhood of ~’
such that theset A = = ~ - z, ~ E
U’, z
EV}
is contained in a Stein domain B notcontaining
theorigin.
It is a well-known fact that on B we can findholomorphic
n
functions
w’,...,w’
I such that 1, where v =(v 1, ... , vn )
is thei=1
coordinate system of
Setting w~ (~, z)
=wi(~ - z)
E0(U’
xV),
we get~w’(~-, z), ~ - z) =
1 for(~, z)
E U’ x V. In this way we can construct alocally
finite opencovering
U = of
enBw,
and functionsz)
E0(Ua
xV) (a
EA,
i =1,..., n)
such that
(wO’(~, z), ~ - z)
= 1 for any a E A.Let
Uo =
U,w° -
w, and let be a smoothpartition
ofunity
subordinate to thecovering
U = of U U We setE
on((U
UenBQ)
xV)BA.
Then is aLeray
mapa
for Q which coincides with zu on
((U
nV)
xV)BA.
( 1, 0)-form
constructed from theLeray
mapwi (~, z)
forDi
when i > 0, and from the Bochner-Martinelli barrier (Do= ) g - z ~ 2, po (~, z) _ ~~ _ z~
when i = 0.Like in
[7],
we define the differential formsfor
0 q n -
1, = 0, where =a,
+da.
The forms havedegree
q in z, anddegree 2n - q - 1
in(~, A),
where(~, z)
are in aneighbourhood
of
CI
xDI
and Abelongs
to thesimplex
These
Cauchy-Fantappie
kernelssatisfy
thefollowing properties:
(2) Dn,q(rJI)
= 0 when A EOI
and q > 0;We set The forms
Aq(~, z)
are C°°-forms oftype (0, q)
withrespect
to z, when z ED1,
andtype (n, n - q -/11- 1)
with respect to ~, ~ ECI,
suchthat,
if we define thecoboundary operators
(where Ij
=(i I, i2, ... ,
andBq
is the Bochner-Martinellikernel)
and we set 0, on a
neighbourhood
ofCI
xDI
we getfor any 1
q n - ~ I 11. Equality (*)
is an immediate consequence ofproperties (1)-(3). Compare
alsoRange-Siu [11]
and Michel[5]
for this construction.2. - The
equation
au =f
on D(2.1 )
Let the domain D and theinteger
L be as in( 1.1 ).
Then D is(L - 1)-cohomologically complete (see [13]).
This means that for anyanalytic
coherent sheaf 7 on D, the
cohomology
groupsHQ(D,:1)
vanish for q > L.This fact is a consequence of
Leray’s Theorem,
since the opencovering
U =
{Dl, ... , DK}
is aLeray covering
of D, and then we have theisomorphism
where are the
Cech cohomology
groups.Since n Di = ~
ifIII >
L,iEI
when q
> L there are noq-cochain
of u with coefficients in :1 different fromzero. Therefore = 0 when q > L.
In
particular,
thevanishing
ofthe
groups q > L, and theDolbeault isomorphism, imply
that thea-problem
au= f
can be solved on Dfor any
a-closed
formf
EC’ (D),
q > L.REMARK. If the domains
D1, ... , DK
arecomplex-transversal (this
meansm
that are
independent
over C at everypoint
ofn Uiv,
forv=1
any multi-index I =
(ii , ... , im)),
then D satisfies a condition of strict Levi(L - 1 )-concavity,
as definedby
Nacinovich in[9].
It wasproved
there that thelocal
cohomology
fora
in dimension L - 1 for differential forms that are Coo up to theboundary
isinfinite-dimensional.
_ _Now we consider the
equation
au =f
withf
Ea f
= 0. Fromwhat we have
just
seen, if q > L itis
reasonable to look for solutions uhaving
some
boundary regularity. By
we denote the space of all continuous(p, r)-forms
on D which have continuous derivatives up to order [s] on D,satisfying
on Holder condition of order s - [s]. We prove thefollowing
result.THEOREM 1. Let D be as in
(1.1),
and k >(L - 1)/2.
Then there existfor
L q:5 n linear operatorsS’q :
n Kera -
with:(ii) for
any e> 0, Sq
is a continuousoperator from
into thespace
Co;q_ 1 (D),
with k’ = k -(L - 1 )~2 -
e.’
REMARK. If I then
Sq(f)
iREMARK. Under the additional condition on the
complex tangent
spaces of the domainsDi
assumed in[6], by using cohomological arguments
onecan find a solution which satisfies
Ck~-estimates,
with k’ = k -(L - 2)/2 -
E,E > 0. Under the
hypotheses
of Theorem1,
the samereasoning gives only k’= k - (L - 1)+1/2-E.
(2.2)
LetDo
be an openneighbourhood
of D withpiecewise smooth
boundary.
We can define a continuous linear extensionoperator
E :Ck+~‘ (D)
-~(k >
0, 0 A1).
The domain D islocally diffeomorphic
to at
set S =
0} (1 t 2n),
where B is the unit cube ofJR2n
i=1
centered at the
origin.
For anyhalf-cube Si
-{x 0},
there existsa continuous extension
operator Ei :
2013~Ck+À(B),
which satisfies thefollowing property:
for any, and any
(see
forexample [8]-54.XV
for the case k oo, and[12]
for k =oo).
Given two extension operators
Ei : --~ C~+~‘(B), E2 : C~+~’(A2) -->
a new
operator
E : UA2) -
can be defined in thefollowing
way:Applying
thisoperation recursively
to thepairs
of sets(SI, S2), (Si
U,52, S3 ), ... , (81
U... USh, 8h+l),
and so on, wefinally get
a continuous linearoperator
E : which is an extension operator because ofproperty (**). By
apartition
ofunity argument,
we canglue together
theselocal extension operators and obtain the
operator
E :C~(D) -~
(2.3)
Letf
E be a a-closed form.Applying
the Bochner-Martinelli-Koppelman
formula tof
on D, we getIf k > 0, we can
apply
the formula to the extensionE f
onDo.
SinceE f
vanishes on
aDo,
we have on DNow we want to transform the first
integral.
q n, we introduce the1*
forms
On these forms we define a
coboundary operator 6
as follows:LEMMA 1.
Let l = ~ III,
1~ > 1 and E > 0.If f
ECk
is aa-closed
form,
then3(j)
ECk’
with k’ = k +(l
-1)/2 - E.
Theforms (3(I) satisfy
b,Q(I ) _ a,Q(I )
onDI.
Moreover, there exists a constantCk,o independent of f,
such thatPROOF.
b~3(I ) _
followsimmediately from
theproperties
of theCauchy-Fantappiè
forms(see (1.2))
and thevanishing
ofaE f
on theboundary
of
DoBD.
The second statement will beproved
in Section 3. D(2.4)
Inparticular,
from theprevious lemma, when q
> L we get onDi
aparticular
solutionf = 8({3(i) - E f f
A Since D = i=lt=iU Di,
weDo
must
show that we canglue together
these solutions and obtain a form of classCk~ (D),
with k’ =max(O,
k -(L - 1 )/2 - E).
PROOF OF THEOREM 1. Here the
Ck’-norm
of aq-cochain
is defined asthe sum of the
C~~ -norms of
its components on the sets=
q + 1.~ If :1 is any sheaf on D, and u =
{Vl , ... ,
is afinite,
closedcovering
ofD such that the sections on any intersection
(1 ~
for11
m =
0, 1,..., p)
can be extended to sections on D, then the Cechcohomology
groups
f¡q(U,:1)
of 7 withrespect
to thecovering U
vanish for any q > 0.Let 6 :
cq(U,:1) -+ Cq+l(U,:1)
be theCech coboundary operator,
whereCq(U, 7)
is the space ofalternating q-cochains
of U with coefficients in f.For any multi-index I =
(io,
...,ip)
with 1io i
1 ... s, we shalldenote
by VI
the intersectionVio n
...nvip.
ForCk-estimates
we need anexplicit
construction of the operator
inverting
6 oncocycles.
Let c = E
Cq(u, f)
be aq-cocycle,
and letIII
= q - 1. For anyi, 1 i
io,
we constructrecursively
an extensionë( 1 iI)
ofc(lz7)
onY2I.
Letc(127)
be any extension ofc(127)
onV2I.
Since 6c = 0, for anyi, j
and I, with 1i j io,
we havewhere and
Let j
> 2. Then theequation (~)(12y7)
= 0 on definesuniquely
anextension
c’(ljI)
of on Letc(137)
be any extension ofc’(13I)
onY3I. By imposing
the condition(bc")(l3jl)
= 0 on >3),
we obtain an extensionc"(ljI)
ofc’(ljI)
on We extendarbitrarily c"(14I)
onV4, by c( 14I ). Proceeding
in this way, we construct the cochainsê’(liI)
onVi, satisfying
the condition
(8ê’)(lijI)
= 0 onViiI
for anyi, j
and I.Now we define b E
1) by b(lI)
= 0b(iI) = c(liI)
for any I oflength
q - 1 and anyi,
1 iio.
Then
(8b)(ijI)
=b(jI) - b(iI)
+(8Ib)(ijI)
=c(1jI) - c(liI)
+(blc)(lijl)
=c(ijI) _
on since - 0 there. Therefore 8 b = c, and the
Cech cohomology
groups vanish for any q > 0.Let p
be aninteger, 0 p ~ - 1,
and letA/ = ~ +p/2 - e,
E > 0. Now weapply
the above result to thesheafs Ck’
0,q 1 1 of germs of(0, q - p - 1 )-forms
of class
Ck’ ,
and to thecovering
U ={D1, ... , Dk}
of D. Given ap-cocycle
c e we can find a
(p- l)-cochain
b E such that6b = c, and
’~ ~ ’~ ~
where
Ck~
isindependent
of c. The constant in suchinequalities
maychange
in the course of the
proof
but we denote italways by
the samesymbol.
Thereexists a continuous linear extension
operator El : C~~ (DI ) --~ Ck’ (D) (analogous
to E in
(2.2)).
Toget
the estimateapply
thisoperator EI.
This so constructed(p - 1 )-cochain
bdepends linearly
on c = 8b.Now let aP be the
p-cochain
definedby
for any multi-index I of
length
for any
where the forms
(3(I)
are those introduced in(2.3).
Then from Lemma 1 we
get
Therefore, and
Here we use the same
symbol 6
to denote theoperator acting
on cochains and thecoboundary
operator defined in(2.3).
Since we have
SaL-1
= 0. From thevanishing
of theCech groups, there exists such tha , and
with
Additionally,
we have the estimatesNow we
proceed by decreasing
induction. We constructc~
with(k’
=max(0,
k -(L - 1)/2 + p - E)),
such thatfor ar
and llcpl
In particular,
when p = 0 weget
aglobal
formSq(f)
:=co
such thatasq( f)
=aa°
=f
on D.Sq(f)
is linear and has theregularity property given
inthe statement of the theorem. D
3. -
Ck-Estimates
(3.1 )
We finish theproof
of Lemma 1. Let D C C 11 be the union of Ksmoothly
boundedstrictly pseudoconvex
domainsDl,..., DK.
Let L be definedas in
( 1.1 ),
and assume that the domainsDi
intersectreal-transversally.
Letg c on 1 1. Then the Lemma follows if we can prove for these forms
the estimate
with k’ = k +
(1
-1)/2 - ~,
E > 0.Without restriction of
generality,
we can assume I =(l, 2, ... , l).
From the definition of(see (1.2)),
it follows that we must estimate onDI integrals
of
type
with 1.
For the notations see also
[7]:
a(~)
is a coefficient ofag;
z)
is a smooth form on(DoBD)
xDI, independent
of g, which vanishes of order vfor ~
= z.Then we can write the above
integral
as(3.2)
Let DP be a differentiation in z of order p. ThenDP J(z)
is a sum ofintegrals
with al + - - - + a,
1 + n - q -
1- jo+pl,
REMARK. DP can be written as
DP’ o DP",
whereDp’
containsonly
vectorfields
-2013,
andonly
vector fields~2013,
thenp = pI+ P", pi + p2 p’
andazj
yZi
p p p ~ pl ~ pp3p’
(3.3)
Let z EDI
and ~o EDoBD
be fixed. On aneighbourhood
Uof ~o,
with z E U, we can choose
as real coordinates.
(X,11, - - -,
X2,,). The form z) Az)
can be written as a sum of termswhere now
E,
denotes a function.Let 6 =
b(z)
=dist(z, aDI ).
Then there exists a constant C such thatMoreover,
sincea(~)
is aCk-l-function
which vanishes on D, we havela(~)1 ~ for ~
EDo,
with r + ... + r, = k - 1(see
thegeometric
lemma in[7]).
We use the same letter C to denote also different constants,always independent
of g.(3.4)
We must estimate theintegral
Assume pi > 0.
Let 1 be even, and let p = pi + p2 + p3
= k+1/2-
withA = 0,1.
Since
al + ~ ~ - + a~ t + n - q -
1- jo + pl and n - q -
1- jo >
0, thereexists an index i, 1 i
~,
such thatwith
b, +b2+...+b, =pl -
1.We can assume i = 1. Then we get
since
(PI - 1) + p3 (k - 1) + l/2 -
1+A.Set
Q 2
= + ... + Let E be apositive
number.( 1 ) 0 = 0. We get
(2)
0 = 1.Analogously,
we obtainNow let l be odd. p
= ~ + (l - 1)/2 - 1
+ 0, with A =0,1. Proceeding
in the sameway as
before,
we obtainNow let pi = 0.
If l is even, since p3 p = ~ +
1/2 -
1 + A, we getIf I is
odd, p3 p =1~ + (L - 1)/2 -
1 + A, and thenREFERENCES
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DeutschlandDipartimento di Matematica Universita di Milano Via Saldini, 50 1-20133 Milano
Italy