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HAL Id: hal-01819240

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01819240

Submitted on 20 Jun 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

de la résistance à l’érosion interne et à l’érosion de surface dans le cadre du projet DigueELITE

N. Nerincx, Stéphane Bonelli, F. Cornacchioli, J.J. Fry, G. Herrier, Florian Mercier, Sylvie Nicaise, D. Puiatti, J.M. Richard, J.M. Tachker

To cite this version:

N. Nerincx, Stéphane Bonelli, F. Cornacchioli, J.J. Fry, G. Herrier, et al.. Tronçons de digue résistant à la surverse : quantification de la résistance à l’érosion interne et à l’érosion de surface dans le cadre du projet DigueELITE. Colloque SHF/CFBR ”Hydraulique des barrages et des digues”, Nov 2017, Chambéry, France. pp.322-333. �hal-01819240�

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