Aeroelastic Coupling Between a Low Mach Inviscid Flow and a Flexible Generic Airship

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00070550

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070550

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

Aeroelastic Coupling Between a Low Mach Inviscid Flow and a Flexible Generic Airship

Kamal El Omari, Éric Schall, Bruno Koobus, Alain Dervieux

To cite this version:

Kamal El Omari, Éric Schall, Bruno Koobus, Alain Dervieux. Aeroelastic Coupling Between a Low Mach Inviscid Flow and a Flexible Generic Airship. [Research Report] RR-5456, INRIA. 2006, pp.22.

�inria-00070550�

(2)

ISSN 0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--5456--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème NUM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Aeroelastic Coupling Between a Low Mach Inviscid Flow and a Flexible Generic Airship

Kamal El Omari — Eric Schall — Bruno Koobus — Alain Dervieux

N° 5456

Janvier 2005

(3)

(4)

Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis

2004, route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)

Téléphone : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Télécopie : +33 4 92 38 77 65

24635!789:;< =><?):

@BADCEADF1GFIHCEADJKMLON*GPJKRQTS?QVU*AWFRFRLTNYXZJ[=\=]^@_]0]a`=[=bdceN*f:FRADKg\ih:jkJl0Kgjm[?no

prqsetBu_v/wZx6y(zW{a|~}setBuV|PW-tBe~#uV|

mue}ZzWtO|q

/m-=O~}-uuVquequ?1m#yWm-Wue_y:0muV|

T¡!¢V£¥¤k¦-§£¨© ª}~qu«VOW}ud¬D}mPm®m¯|~q-¯°-ueue±O-tBue#}_-Omt«tBu²³¯WW|e5´0¥µ·¶=ud¸

q0¥WOm¯}|ZVO--±¯¯-µP¯}~qª|~}~~e}~-u´0ud¬a¯¶-¯±¯¯}¹{5mu8¯#uV|}~¯#m}uV*º»O}~q-|--~|u²

µ¼uq0¥uq|ue½O-±¯¯u¥mPm0m±¯{D|| }DO±ue±¯{W¯-_O}~quP-|~}u¥Oa{B¾ -±ueItBD-ue±-¿OI}~qu

´0Àµ0m~}rmB}~que±gO||~¥m±?ue±gO|~}Da{D0mt«uVW0m}~O| ÁO }~qu|}~~e}~-uºprqu#-tBue~¥m±

tBD-ue±¼¿O:}~quT´0¥µÂ|:¶0O|uVÃOÃ5x^Ä¬auVi¾±uetBueW}«Å O±¯-tBuÆa|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~OÈ-ue~¯uVÃ¯

mÈÉ/~¶-¯}~m~{W¸¹Ê³mm-gma¸¹¾-±ue~gmËMmtBueµ¼O~ÌÃ¯ÈO-ue«}ÍVOu&µP¯}~qÈ}~quÆ|}~~e}~-m±

-udÁO~tm}~O|¥ºrprqu8¥O|um1±Àµr¸¹x5OqE´0Àµ|:ÎM0m}~-m±³´¯q#}/ue¯tBuÁO/m5m¯|~q-¯?ÏP¥m

¶=uq0ma±uVÍ¶W{Í&|uVegm±Ia||~¯0m}~O°-uVVOa¯}~Oue:µPq-q°¯t«-ÀuV|}~quOVe-Oe{Ím

}~qu´0¥µÐ|~¯t-±gm}~OYºPprqu_|~}~~e}~-m±³tBD-ue±Ñ²0VO--±uV^}«}~qu´0ÀµÒ|O±¯ue¥²?|a|eue}~¯Ç¥uV

¶W{®}~qu½Ó-¯}uÆue±uetBueW}BtBue}~qWÃ¯È5Ê³mm-gmÔÁO~t-±gm}~OYº © i}~q-|«µÕO~ÌiµÕu&q0¥u

=ueÁO~tBuV5|ue~uV|/mÕ¯#D|e´0ÀµÖ¥m±e-±gm}~O|µP¯}~q5}~qu_m±×}TueOm±¯0m}u«OVe-m}ue±¯{

}~qu±O¶0m±/OueWa{D0mt«¥m±/VDudØeue#}|ÀºÙ°u&Ó|}VOt«0mu}~quÆ¯a´ueVu^maÄÚ*ueue#}

|}~ÄÚ=ueue|/¯E}~qum¯|~q-¯ª|~}~~e}~-m±×tBD-ue±×¿O´0¥µ|ZµP¯}~q^Ç¥ue½mEOa¸ÑÇ¥ueÍÎÑÛOÜÝ¥Ïma¸

±u:m¼m}~}OÌºprqueY²=µ¼u:|}~a{Æ}~qu_¯a´ueVu«m }~qu:W-tBue~¥m± a||~¯0m}~O°mªm }~qu

±Àµr¸¹x5OqÈ-uVVOa¯}~O-¯-ºÃÙ°uÆO¶|ue~uTÞDO|«ud¬auVe}uVWÞ®}~quÆ|}m¶-¯±¯¯ÇV¯-®udÚ=uVe}«mZ}~qu

|}~ÄÚ=ueue|¥²|uVegm±¯±¯{°±O-¯}~a¯0m±OuV|Àº5prquT=|~¯}~¯u½¯t«0Oe}m±Àµx5Oqi-uVVOaÄ¸

}~O-¯-½mÆ#-tBue~¥m±!a||~¯0m}~OEO}~qu8uV|~-±¯}|P|m±|«uem±¯0m}uV*º

ß àDáâ*ã?äaåkæMç1âEè1â*ã*åOç!ä?äéIåê éWëì0íÀî1ï¯ðç!ñmòóëeîõôÑöÁòó÷ÑøåOùúeûdûûä-áüWåmýaþ×é×ÿ=ã

ç!ñkòëdî ôÑöÁò÷ÑøíkîñV÷îïóïòóî ô×æÁæõå 1øÀ÷~ìá÷#ìóåÆûVêdåýúeûdñV÷îïóïóòîõôî~íÀî¥åmýaþ!é³ÿ=ã

æMÿ×þ×æMéIåûûrþdüÀ÷Ñîíkîö³à#ü ò dïóîöåOýRûdùû"!#$kòá%Ré×ñV÷Ñò &dïóòóö'î~íkîåkýaþ×é×ÿ=ã

(5)

021436587 9 ¤;:!¢¨ © WW|eÆ»×±Àµ8²É/~¶-¯}~m~{#¸¹Ê³mm-gma¸¹¾ -±ue~gmY²»!±¯-D¸ zW}~~e}~-u © W}ue¸

Oe}~OY²0w|~}~~e}~-uV=<ud¿O~tm¶-±u8x5uV|~qY²-O±gm}uzW-queO

(6)

·_ 7,!Ò:9·3ª!79 ; =

¢

¨

<m|I±uZ¥Oau/-½-Omt«tBu-u-eue±O-=uetBue#}-u/a¯~¯u¥m¶-±u/|¼=O¸

}ue-¥²×O|8e}~aO|_±uBVOt«=O~}uetBue#}-®VVO-±uetBue#}:O°D|#uea¬°VO--±Vue±¯-

-u_|~}~~e}~-u´0ud¬a¯¶-±uºÕ!O-ZtBueue/Vue}~}u8e}~-uO|/VO|ZO-}=O--^O-}~¯±³O

±¯¯¥m¯u#-=tBD-e±¯|u-u0m~}¥²a±uV|VW0m}~O|¾-±ue¯|}m}~O-0m¯uV|=O-P±g:0m~}~u

´--uÍue}¥²óm-}~uÍ0m~}¥²Z±uV|ÆVW0m}~O|e±gO|~}Da{W0mt«WuV|Ee±gO||~#uV|ÆW-O-ue~ue#}

±uV|T-d¿O~tm}~O|&-uE±g°|~}~~e}~-uºÊ³®tBD-e±¯|m}~OW-tBe~#uª-u±VVO-±uetBueW}ÆuV|~}

¶0O|Vu|~-_-uTa|ee}~|m}~O t«Ä¬a}ue±etBueW}|:Ó-|kO±¯-tBuV|_Ó-|_|O|:|Æ¿O~tBuTÉ/ÊY¾

Î¿É/~¶-¯}~m~{W¸¹Ê³mm-gma¸¹¾-±ue~gm?Ï8kÓÍ-u}ue-¯VOt«-}u:-uV|-d¿O~tm}~O|-u_±gB|}~~d¸

}~-uº1Ê³/-Ve|~O«-uV|¥m±e-±|/¶0O|!Ot¶-u-urxªOqÎ¿¥mOe}e~|~}~WuP-uV|VVO-±uetBue#}|

m-}O-×-u a¯~¯u¥m¶-±uV|Ï*uV|}³mtBe±¯OVu 0mY-8-VVOa¯}~O-ue-O-VW0m}×-u1±gPa||¯0m}~O

W-tBe~#uºÊYuV|8VW0m}~O|_O||DeVuV|½±g&|~}~~e}~-uB|O#}a|ee}~|VuV|0m8±g½tBe}~qD-u

-uV|e±etBue#}|Ó-|m|-u¿O~t_-±gm}~O^±gmm-ue-uº <m|Vue}~}u8e}~-u²0O|/VO|

¥m±¯|-u8|e~u8-u¥m±e-±|VVO-±uetBue#}|ZOD|Wuea¬ÆkÓ^eOm±¯ueVuV8-Ve|O

±uV|VDudØeue#}|OeDa{D0mt«#uV|±O¶0ma¬*ºv/O|VOt«0mO|8ue5-uet«ue±¯ueª±uV|Z¯a´a¸

ueVuV|!-uIaÄÚ*eue#}|!ma||ue-|!k~O-}V| ±g|}~~e}~-uI¯-¯}~gm±u²Om|×±uÕ¥O|×VVO-±uetBue#}|

:¯e-ueVu:Ü«O5ÛOÜÝOº ¾ |~-¯}u²O|/e}~aO|±¯a´ueVu-u8±g«a||~¯0m}~OW-tBe~#u

m¯|×Wu8Vue±¯±u_a^-VVOa¯}~O-uetBue#}¶0O|Zx5OqYºPv/O|ZO¶|ue~O|Þ&VOt«tBu_-eWÞ

±udÚ*ue}|~}m¶-¯±¯|m}ue--uV|Zma||ue-|¥²*ue}uV||ueW}~ue±¯±uetBue#}Vue±¯--uV|ma||ue-|/±O-¯}~D¸

¯0ma¬*ºBvZO|em±¯O|e#m±uetBueW}±¯t«0Oe}=|~¯}~ÄPa°-VVOa¯}~O-uetBue#}¶0O|_x5Oq

|-P±uV|PV|~-±¯}m}|¥²0m¯|Y#u8Vue±¯-Y-u8±ga¯t«¯#-}~Oª-u±ga||~¯0m}~OW-tBe~#uº

! 9 £¥¢ 5 §#" ¢:¨ VVO-±uetBueW}O:D|Wuea¬=²kÁO~t-±gm}~OBÉ/~¶-¯}~m~{#¸¹Ê×mm-gma¸¹¾-±ue~gmY²

©

(7)

/

£¥¤ 9 : ×§£ 9

9 ¤% "M¦a£9

9 £¥¤m¦

¢1 £ 9

"

1 ¦-¤¦ 1 ¤ 91 "M¦-¢V£M§!¤ 9 ¡ "1 ®¢

1 ¤R§#¦ " 1 £ 9 : 9 " 9 3 9 ¤Ô¢ 9 " § 9 "1 : 9 " 1 ¦-¤Ô¦ 1 ¤ 91 "M¦-¢V£M§

!¤ 9 ¡ "1 °¢

º <Z|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~O^m1}~m|~ueW}O-±¯¯u¥mZOueDue±gO|~}~-O¶-±uetB|ºº8ººº8ºº

ºó zW}mueuVE|O±¯-}~O-WVuVa-u ººº8ºº8º8ºº8ººº8ºº8ºº8ºº8ººº8ºº

! " 1 ¢¥£ 5 §¦-¢ 1 #

º zW}~~e}~-m±×q0mOe}ue~|~}~V|º8º8ºººº8ºº8º8ºº8ººº8ºº8ºº8ºº8ººº8ºº

ºó »!±¥µ VOa¯}~O|mÆW-tBue~¥m±³||~uV| º8º8ºº8ººº8ºº8ºº8ºº8ººº8ºº

1 ¢"R£¥¢ $

% 9 § " ×¢9

(8)

+a?2³/

prqu/ud¬D|}~¯-8-muVe}|IÁOÕm¯|~q-¯|rmuueuem±¯±¯{Bq0mOe}ue~¯Ç¥uV½¶W{«}¹µÕ_0m~}~e-±gm¼Ot¸

--}m}~O0m±!»!±¯-2<Z{W0mt«V|Î¼»)<8ÏÕÁu¥m}~-uV|

}~quBuVVuV||¯}¹{°}E¶u±uV||8qu¥¥W{Í}~q0mÔm¯±u¥O-|:}E|OtBu«´0ud¬a¯¶-¯±¯¯}¹{®m}~quµPqO±u

MmtBu²

}~q-|¼´0ud¬D¯¶-¯±¯¯}õ{&¯aVuV|-ud¿O~tm}~O|}~q0m}¥m&¶u8m}r}ue~t mt«-±¯ÄÓ0uVÆ¶W{T}~quue~{

-uV#0m±³µÕue¯q#}/ue0m~}~¯}~OiÎM|ud¿-±Y±OÆue||P±¯ÄM}~¯-«O±¯-tBuÀÏdº

VOt«-±ue}u5¶=ueq0VDO½m_mm¯|~q-¯Ë¯ u¥m±/´0¥µVOa¯}~O|ÆmË}°}mÌu^¯#}ÔOVVO-#}

}~qu_q#-±¯±-udÁO~tm}~O||~=uVegm±¯±¯{Æ¿O´0¥µ|µP¯}~qªq-¯qÍm-±u:mÕm}~}OÌºprq-|Z|Z||~¯¶-±u

¶W{^}~qu«VO--±¯¯-E¶ue}õµÕuVue!¼»)< |~¯t-±gm}~O|:m°ue±gO|~}Da{W0mt««|}~~e}~-u«tBW-ue±¯¯-|Àº

»!±¯-D¸¹|~}~~e}~-u_VO--±uVE|~}~auV|µÕueu}~qu|~-¶a~uVe}m ±gm~u_mtBO-W}/m -ueue±O-tBue#}|

¯Æ}~qu}õµÕ«±gO|}-uV¥O-uV|#"²¹%$¹º ¾-¯uVue~¯-&m--±¯¥m}~O|m OueWue±gO|}~e¯}¹{Æ|~}~auV|Pµ¼ueu

¯Ô}~que¯u¥m}«tkO~¯}õ{ÃVOVue~uVÈ¶#{Èm¯ekM}B-Otm¯|&" ²$('r--¶-±¯|quVOueWue±gO|}~

|}~auV|m¶O-}Zm¯|~q-¯|Puetm¯Emu"ó%$¹º

mÕ´-ªW|V|~¯}¹{ÍmÍmÕ}~qu«}~-~¶--±ueW}q0mOe}ue:mÕ}~qu:´0Àµ8º«prquV|uBO|~=uVe}|8mu}~qu

|-¶auVe}Æm:m ¯-ue=ue-ue#}E|~}~a{)"ó%$¹º·prquV|uª|~¯t«-±¯ÄÓ0¥m}~O|ÆtmÌu5=||~¯¶-±u5}i|u

Vm|ue:tBuV|quV|mi}5~-Ã}~qu½tm#{ ¥m±e-±gm}~O|BuV#-¯uVi¶#{Ã0mmtBue}~~Æ|}~a{º

*ZueVu²1µÕu½q0¥u½q|ueÈO-±¯¯u¥mBm0m±¯{a|~|:}WO±+"D²,a² a² ¥a² ²¥a²-,a²d a²

a²

²

%$

ue±¯{D¯-ÔO }~quª-|~}u¥Oa{¯WW|e¾ -±ueÆtBW-ue±ZÁO½}~qu^´0Àµ0m~}Em }~quªe±gO||¥m±

ue±gO|}Wa{D0mt«^uVW0m}~O|T¿O½}~qu5|~}~~e}~-uºÒprquE´0¥µ|O±¯ue½|T¶0O|uV O xEÄ¬-uV

¾ ±uetBue#}Å O±¯-tBua|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~O°-ue~¯uVª¯ÍmªÉ/~¶-¯}~m~{W¸¹Ê³mm-gma¸¹¾-±ue~gmÎ¿É/ÊY¾¼Ï

¿mtBueµÕO~ÌE¯^O-ue}TVOuµP¯}~q^}~qu_|~}~~e}~-m±1-ud¿O~tm}~O|¥ºprqu_OVe-Oe{Em ±Àµr¸

xªOqÃ´0Àµ|B|~¯t_-±gm}~O|^ÎM0m}~-m±r´¯q#}ue¯tBu½¿OBmm¯|~q-¯?Ï:¥mÔ¶=u&ue-q0mVuVÃ¶#{

T|~=uVegm±!a||~¯0m}~Oª-uVVOa¯}~OueÎ¿pY-~Ìue±-uVVOa¯}~OueÏ."

² e$¹ºprqu:|}~~e}~-m±

tBD-ue±Ñ²!VO--±uV°}Æ}~qu´0Àµ>|O±¯ue¥²×|8a|eue}~¯Ç¥uV®¶#{Í}~quÓ-¯}uue±uetBue#}:tBue}~qW®¯

Ê×mm-gmÁO~t-±gm}~OYº

©BO-ueÕ}ueÁO~t>ueue~/|~}~a{«m} }~q-|Iu¥m~±¯{«|~}mumYO-Õm¯|q-¯-ueue±O-tBue#}

-m~uVe}¥²DµÕu/q0Vuq|ue½}_|u8ueue~ZuVOtBue}~~{º/*ZueVu²WµÕuqD|u/}_|~}~a{½´0Àµ

mO-^:-O±gm}u8|~-queO102438|~}~~e}~-uº prq-|uVOtBue}~~{&|W-¯}ue±|u}mEm¯|q-¯

(9)

uVOtBue}~~{®m®q0O|¶=uVue®µP-ue±¯{°ud¬a=ue~¯tBue#}m±¯±¯{®|~}~auV"¥a² ¥%$¹²!O}m¶-±¯{Í¯®}~quT¥O|u

mÕtB¥D¯-Æ~¯5|}~~e}~-u "$¹²=µPq-qÍµ¼O|8m±|Æm--OquVª#-tBue~¥m±¯±¯{ª¯ ",%$¹ºprqu

|mtBu_uVOtBue}~~{ªµrO||uV^¿O8O--ueDO|~±¯{5e¯}uVªW|VO|8}~-~¶--±ue#}|~}~a{ "ó%$¹ºprq-|

|}~e}~-}~-uBµP¯±¯± ¶=u:Ó|~}q0mOe}ue~¯Ç¥uV®¶W{ÍÆue±gm}~¯ue±¯{^´0ud¬a¯¶-±u«tm}ue~gm±¼O°}~qu«tk~O

0m~}m!}~quq#-±¯±Ñº É¿}ue~µ¼m-|¥²-|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|rµP¯±¯±*¶=uO--uV}_}~qu|}~e}~-u¯Æ}¹µÕ«aÄÚ*ueue#}

tm-ue|}Bm0m±¯{D|u}~que¯udÚ*uVe}|¥º

3 :P ? /__ :?9

prquT-O¶-±uet,m}~qu½tBO}~Oim}~qu´-m|~}~~e}~-u&¯W}ueÁOVu½}~q0m}WVe-|:¯ÃVO--±uV

OueDue±gO|~}~«-O¶-±uetB||O-auV||uV°¶#{Í|O±¯D¯-}~qu:´-°uVW0m}~O|O®-udÁO~tm¶-±ua{W¸

0mt«¼tBuV|~quV|Àº×É/:É/~¶-¯}~m~{Ê³mm-gmB¾ -±ue~gmEÎ¿É/ÊY¾¼Ï*ÁO~t-±gm}~O«|!|uV_¯O-ue

}EueÁO~t }~qu¯#}uem}~OÈmP}~qu«´-iuVW0m}~O|_OÔÆtBÀW¯-5tBuV|~qYºÆprqu½VO--±uV

OueDue±gO|~}~/-O¶-±uetÂ}¶=u|O±¯uV½¥m½}~queT¶=uDueµÕuVÆO|r8}~q-uVud¸ÁÓ0ue±½-O¶-±uet ",%$(!}~qu

´-*²k}~qu |~}~~e}~-u¼m}~qu a{D0mt«tBuV|~q8µPq-q|³ue-uV|ue#}uV¶#{8r|ue-m¸¹|~}~~e}~-m±

|{D|~}uetº_prqu«|uet«Ä¸¹a|eue}u«uVW0m}~O|¥ue~-¯-^}~qu}~q-uVud¸Ñµ¼¥{ªVO--±uV°-O¶-±uet ¥m

¶=uµP~¯}~}ue^O|rÁO±¯±¥µ|

! #"

$

&%('*),+

"-.%0/21#+

3

4

(

4

5

$

4

6 6 " Î ÀÏ

µPqueu -uV|~¯0m}uV|}~¯tBu²

}~qu|¯}~OªmTtB¥D¯-Æ´-ª~ª=O¯#}¥² |}~qu:´-

|}m}u uVe}O¥² uV|~-±¯}|³MOtÒ}~quÓ-¯}u¼ue±uetBue#}kO±¯-tBuPa|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~O«m-}~quI´-uVW0k¸

}~O|À² |Z}~qu:uVe}OmÕVO#uVe}~¯uÉ/ÊY¾Ë´a¬-uV|¥² |/}~qu:uVe}O8mÕaÄÚ=|~¯u_´a¬-uV|¥²

" |}~qu:|~}~~e}~-m±a|~-±gOVuetBue#}uVe}O¥² %

'*)7+

-ueO}uV|}~quuVe}OmI¯W}ue~0m±×ÁOVuV|Z¯

}~quZ|~}~~e}~-u²

%

/21#+ }~qu/uVe}Orm!ud¬D}ue~0m±ÁOVuV|¥²(|Õ}~quÓ-¯}uue±uetBue#}PtO||Õtm}~~Ä¬

m}~quT|~}~~e}~-u²

4

>²

4

5 m

4

6 muBÓ0e}~¯}~O|_tO||¥²1mt«-¯-Ím |~}~ÄÚ=uV||tm}~~VuV|

O||Wegm}uV½µP¯}~qÆ}~qutBÀW¯-«´-&~m86

|}~m|~¿uePtm}~~Ä¬&}~q0m}-uV|e~¯¶=uV|r}~qu

Oe}~OBm=}~qurtBO}~Om}~qu|~}~~e}~-m±|~-uPm=}~qu¼´-m|~}~~e}~-u¯W}ueÁOVuO«}~qu¼´-

a{D0mt«tBuV|~qYº

(10)

=! !)_2_ V·?~.8 ×/2 _:

<:?9:

µ¼O~Ì5¿O8|O±¯D¯-Æ}~quBVO--±uVÍO-±¯¯u¥mOueWue±gO|}~«-O¶-±uet ¯ue°¶W{ª¾IW|¥ºÆÎ ÀÏdºB»0O

tBOu-ue}m¯±|¥²-}~quu¥O-ue|¯#D¯}uVÆ}«ud¬-mt«¯u8}~quud¿ueueVuV|¯ue¯}~qu}ud¬a}¥º

!" #$%&!' (%)*+#,#' - /.!0!'#12

354

!¦a£M¦ " : M¢¥§¤ 1 £76¦a£ 9

prqu_|0m}~gm±1a|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~OªmÕ}~qu8´-5uV#0m}~O||/¶0O|uV5OªTx^Ä¬auV5¾±uetBue#}

Å O±¯-tBuªÁO~t-±gm}~OÒO -|~}~~e}~-uVtBuV|~quV|¥º

©

}VOt¶-¯uV|ªÃDu |&-#µP¯

|quetBu ¿O×VOt«--}~¯-}~quIVOWuVe}~¯u ´a¬-uV|¥²Om98m±ue~ÌD¯_VueW}ueuV8tBue}~qDÁO

ueOm±¯0m}~¯-:}~quD|VO|I}ue~tB|¥º zDuVVOD¸¹O-uer|0OVu/OVe-Oe{«|ÕOq-ueuV½}~q-O-q

8-uVVueµP|u/±¯¯u¥mr¯W}ue~O±gm}~OÆtBue}~qD¶0O|uV½O½}~quZx^wz ¼ÊÈÎ¿x^OO}O-w/a¸

µP¯½zDquetBuÁO ¼O|ue~m}~OTÊ×Vµ|Ï -WVuVa-u." a²¿%$¹ºIzW¯Vuµ¼u/muVO|-ue¸

¯-|~-¶|O-P´0¥µ|¥²#}~qu|~qDÌ¥m-}~-~¯-8ÑOe¯±¯¯}~uV|ÕmuP¯-q-¯¶-¯}uV«¯}~qur´0¥µ|O±¯ue

Î;:¹±¯¯t«¯}ue=< Ïdºx^OuVÀue¥²¯«O-ue}O¶-}m¯Z±¥µÔ±ueue±m#-tBue~¥m±0a||¯0m}~OY²

|¥m±gmVDudØeue#}?>@Z|Z|uVE}TµÕue¯qW}8}~qu_#-tBue~¥m±D|V|~¯}¹{^¯#}~DaVuV5¶#{

}~qu8Du |m--V¬a¯tm}uuetm-E|O±¯ue_Î¿Ê |~}m-|rÁOP±udM}¥²mEÁOP~¯q#}Ï

A

BDC EB/F HG

&

ÜJILK

B/C

(&

BDF

&M

G

N

ÜJILKO>J@QPSR!P

B/F

N

B/C

ÎÁÏ

¯TµPq-qTA -ueO}uV|PDu |IW-tBue~¥m±=´a¬=²

G

|¼}~quZO~tm±=uVe}Or}:Vue±¯±¶=O-D¸

m~{^mUR }~qu#OVO¶-gmÍmI}~quÉZÊY¾VO#uVe}~¯u:´a¬-uV|

}~¯tBuV|Z}~qu:O~tm±

G º

w/|0m± O-}~O°|?>J@ 3«ÁO8|~}mm°/Wu ||O±¯ue¥²³mªÁO±¥µÕue_Om±¯uV|m¼Wa¸

tBue~¥m±W|V|~¯}¹{²Y|tm±¯±ueZm±¯uV|m!>@µP¯±¯±1¶u:-udÁue~uV*ºzW¯Vu:}~qu±O¶0m±1´0Àµ

|Õq0mOe}ue~¯Ç¥uV&¶#{tBuVa¯-t¸¹|~tm±¯±*x5OqTW-t¶=ue¥²DµÕu¿O-T|ud¿-±0}VOt«0mu

Du |P|quetBu_mÆ¯}|pY-~Ìue±|-uVVOa¯}~OuVm~gm#}PÁOP±¥µÒx5OqÆ´0¥µ|¥ºIprqu

-uV|e~¯-}~OÈm}~q-|_Áu¥m}~-uT|O-}«m}~qu&|VO=uTm/}~q-|0mue«miµÕu½ud¿ue:ÁO

ud¬-mt«-±u8}"e$¹º

»OO-auV||~¯-}~quI-O¶-±uet<m-´0ÀµÃ|¯t-±gm}~O|OtBÀW¯-~-|¥²mÉZÊY¾^¿O~t_a¸

±gm}~Oª|¯VO~=Om}uV5¯^}~qu´0¥µ<|O±¯ue¥ºZprqu:#-tBue~¥m± m±¯O~¯}~q-tB||uV^µP¯}~q

(11)

}~q-|rÉ/ÊY¾iÁO~t-±gm}~O^|m}~|¿{ <Z|eue}u8uVOtBue}~~ ¼O|ue~m}~OÆÊ³VµÎ<8#¼Ê!Ï

m±¯±¥µP¯-¿OP¶=ue}~}ue/OVe-Oe{m|~}m¶-¯±¯¯}õ{ "ó ² a²õ ² $¹º

prquÕ|}~~e}~-uÕ|×ue-uV|ueW}uV¶#{_Ó-¯}uÕue±uetBueW}tBW-ue±Ñ²m:¯}|!a{W0mt«V|!¶=ueq0VW¸

O|-uVae}uVE|~¯-T}~qu8}~~u:a|~-±gOVuetBue#}¥²ue±De¯}¹{Em5OVVue±uem}~Oª-ueuVuV|

m×¿uVuV-Otº

Ér}B|ue±uVe}~¯u&}~¯tBud¸¹|~}ue|BmmOueWue±gO|}~Æ|~¯t-±gm}~OY²Õ}~quÆa{W0mt«½´-ÃtBuV|q

|-=m}uVÆ}BVOaÁO~t }~qutB|~}uVVue#}~±¯{VOt«--}uV^VOaÓ-m}~O5m}~qu8|}~~d¸

}~-uº^prquT=O¯#}|:±¯{W¯-ªOi}~qu«´-m|~}~~e}~-u&¶=O-m~{ muÓ|~}Om|~}uV }

VOa¿O~t6}T}~qu:ueµÒ=|~¯}~OÍm }~qu|~-ÁOVu:mI}~qu:|~}~~e}~-u²=}~queª}~qu:uetm¯a¸

-ue8m¼}~qu:´-ª~ª=O¯#}|:muue|¯}~OuV°OVVOa¯-±¯{º © Í}~qutBue}~qD-O±O{

|uV°¯i}~q-|_µÕO~Ì=²1}~quBueµ |~¯}~Oim}~qu¯W}ue~O~°=O¯#}|:|_-ue}ue~t«¯uV

MOt }~qu_a|-±gOVuetBue#}|O±¯-}~OªmÕBa|eue}u|ue-m¸¹|~}~~e}~-m±1-O¶-±uet6ue-ud¸

|ue#}~¯-:}~qu/-|~}~~e}~-uV&a{W0mt«´-tBuV|qYº!prqu/|ue-m¸¹|~}~~e}~-m±*|~{a|~}uet>|

VO|~}~~e}uV^¶#{Æ±¯-t«-¯-Æ:Ó0e}~¯}~O|ZtO||/m}Zu¥OqEue~}ud¬Em}~qu8´-tBuV|~qªm

m}~}Oq-¯-ÆÓ0e}~¯}~O|8±¯¯u¥m±1|-~¯-|}½u¥Oq°uVau«VO-uVe}~¯-}¹µ¼&ue~}~VuV|",%$¹º ©

O-ue}uea¿OVu¼}~qu¼O¶-|~}~uV|| m?}~q-|1tBue}~qW:¶0O|uV«O±¯¯u¥m±-|~-~¯-|¥²}O|O0m±

|~-~¯-|Z¥mE¶=u_O--uV " $¹ºprq-|/a|eue}u_|~{a|~}uet |/ue-uV|ue#}uV^¶#{Æ}~qu_}~q-¯Em

¾ D|¥ºÎ ÀÏ¼µPqueu

4

5 Üaº

»!¯0m±¯±¯{²-¯&´-m|~}~~e}~-u8¯W}ueOe}~OE-O¶-±uetB|}~qu´-m|~}~~e}~-utBuV|quV|

q0Vuªm¿}ue Oa¸Ñtm}q-¯-a|eue}u5¯#}ueÑOVuV|¥º © }~q0m}Æ¥O|u²PµÕu5|u^}~qu^±O

mitBO}~Oi}~m|~¿ueBm±¯O~¯}~q-tB|«-uV|e~¯¶=uVi¯ "óm$rÁO:uem±¯0m}~¯-Í-Oue~±¯{®}~qu

-uV||~-u:ÁOVuV|8OÍ}~qu«|~-ÑOVu«mÕ}~quB|}~~e}~-u²×mª}~m|Áue~~¯-EVO~uVe}~±¯{5}~qu

|~}~~e}~-m±¼tBO}~O®}}~quB´-°tBuV|~qYº © °0m~}~e-±gm¥²!}~quB±O-|_¯aVuV®¶W{ª}~qu

´-O}~qu|~}~~e}~-u_mu8VOt«--}uV¯E«VO|ue~Om}~¯uµrV{º

3 " 1 : M¢¥§#¤ 1 £6#¦a£9

»O_|O±¯W¯-^OVe-m}ue±¯{im°udØeue#}~±¯{°}~quB´0¥µ uV#0m}~O|_¯ue®¶W{5}~quBÓ|~}m

¾ D|¥º8Î ÀÏPO5a{W0mt«_tBuV|~quV|¥²=B|uVVOD¸¹O-ueZ}~¯tBud¸õOVe-m}u:¯t«-±¯e¯}m±¯O~¯}~q-t

-uV|ue~D¯-5}~qu 8#¼Ê "¥%$P|_uet«-±À{uV*º°prquT}~¯tBu½a|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~OÔ|¶0O|uViOÈ

|uVVOD¸¹O-ue¶0OÌWµrm aÄÚ*ueueVu|quetBuº prquO-±¯¯u¥mB´0¥µ uV#0m}~O|T-ud¸

~¯uVª¿Ot}~qu}~¯tBud¸¹a|eue}~¯ÇÀm}~OÃmu|O±¯uVª¶#{Í&-ud¿uVe}¸¹VO~uVe}~OÎ¿vZueµP}Oa¸

(12)

±¯¯ÌuÀÏ¼tBue}~qD "ó%$¹º

prqu«|~}~~e}~-m± uVW0m}~O|8m¼a{D0mt««uV#-¯±¯¯¶-~¯-t¯ueÍ¶W{^}~qu|uVVOÍmr¾ D|¥º

Î ÀÏ«muE|O±¯uVÔµP¯}~qËÍ|uVVOD¸¹O-ueT}~¯tBud¸õOVe-m}u^¯t«-±¯e¯}T|quetBuµPqueuE}~qu

}~mueÇ¥Om±×tBue}~qW|r|uV*º

) "&' .!

prqu|O±¯-}~OEm1}~qu8VO--±uVÆ´-m|~}~~e}~-u-O¶-±uet Î ÀÏ¼|VOt«--}uV¶#{«|}mueuV

|O±¯-}~Oi-DVuVa-u½¯Ã}~qu}~¯tBu&-Otm¯ "ó%$¹ºÍx^Ou½-uVe|ue±¯{² µÕu½|uT}~qu½|}mueuV

m±¯O~¯}~q-t¯ueÆ¯ "ó $*µPq-qE|m}~|Ó0uV|r}~qu8#¼Ê®O|rµ¼ue±¯±³O|r}~quVO#}~¯#-¯}õ{m×¶=O}~q&}~qu

a|-±gOVuetBue#}Zm&ue±De¯}¹{TÓ0ue±-|m}P}~qu´-m|}~~e}~-u¯#}ueÑOVuºIprq-|m±¯O~¯}~q-t ¥m

¶=uµP~¯}~}ue^O|rÁO±¯±¥µ|

ºw/|¯-°}~qutBuV|~q |¯}~O

)

²PmÈ}~qutBuV|que±De¯}¹{

)

}~q0m}½tm}quV|T}~qu

|~}~~e}~-m±³ue±De¯}¹{

" ) O}~qu´-m|~}~~e}~-u¯#}ueÑOVuT²-m}u}~qu8tBuV|~qEVDO¸

a¯0m}uV|/O|rÁO±¯±¥µ|

)

aºw/|¯-

)

² )

m

)

²O-=m}ur}~qu¼´-«|~}m}uruVe}O )

¯Ztm-ue}~q0m}

|m}~|Ó0uV|P}~quO8#¼Ê

ºw/|¯-^}~quT-uV||~-u½VOt«--}uViMOt )

²VOt«--}u "

)

m

"

)

|~¯-5}~qu

t«aO¯W}~-±uº

- #!0

J% *'Q * J# -

prquTuVOtBue}~~{ VO|-ueuV®¯i}~q-|:µÕO~Ì°|:}~quT-O±gm}uT|~-queO 0 2 3&m±ue-}~q

3I !#"Íºprq-|Õ|~}~~e}~-uVO|~|}| m³Zue±gm}~¯ue±¯{´0ud¬D¯¶-±uPqW-±¯±µP¯}~q}õµÕ_ud¬D}~uet«¯}~uV|ItO-u

µP¯}~q®Æq0m-ue8tm}ue~gm±'!}~q-||}~quÓ|~}¯WuV|~}~¯#m}uV®VOaÓ-m}~Oim¼}~quB|}~~e}~-uº

q0mE}~-¶uV|Î¿|uVVO^¯#uV|~}~¯#m}uVªVOaÓ-m}~O?ÏdºZ»!¯0m±¯±¯{²B}~q-¯^|~}~~e}~-u_|Z-udÓuV

¶W{BO-a¯-8}}~qu-ueDO|IVOaÓ-m}~O¿O-I±O-¯}~a¯0m±|~}~ÄÚ*ueue| tO-um}~qu/|mtBu

(13)

tm}ue~gm±IO|Z}~qu«m-#-±gm_OuV|¥ºÙ°u:¯u:¯ªp!m¶Yº :}~qu:q0mOe}ue~|~}~V|mÕ}~qu:aÄÚ*ueue#}

tm}ue~gm±||uVª¯Í}~qu«|~}~~e}~-uºBÉ |~Ìue}q®mÕ}~qu«-O±gm}uBµP¯}~q®m-#-±gm:mª±O-¯}~a¸

a¯0m±P|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|||~q¥µPÔ¯Ô»!¯º º°prquT´0ud¬D¯¶-±u&qW-±¯±Pmi}~qu&q0mÃud¬a}~uet«¯}~uV|Bmu

tBD-ue±uV°¶W{Í}~~gm--±gm:|que±¯±Õue±uetBue#}|À² m mua|eue}~¯Ç¥uV®¶W{® kED-uV|:m®#m

}~~gm-±uV|Î¿»!¯ºaÏdºprqu/|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|PmutBD-ue±uVT¶#{B¶=u¥mt ue±uetBueW}|rµP¯}~qÆÛ I!0

3ÀÜ

"

O|_|uVe}~O0m±¼mu¥a²×}~que¯}~q-uVutBOtBue#}|mP¯ue~}~gEmu&Û I -0

3ÀÜ

²/3I3

3ÀÜ

m

3I3

3ÀÜ

N

! " ºprqu8|~}~~e}~-u|rÓ-¬-uVEm}P¯}|P¶0OÌº

"" $ " $ &""

$

/- + .+% ÜJIÜÛ 3

3ÀÜ ÜJI KOÜÜ

$& ÜJIÜÜK 3

3ÀÜ

ÜJI KOÜÜ

+6+'%

!

3ÀÜ

ÜJI ÜÜ

p!m¶-±u - Õq0mOe}ue~|~}~V|Im?aÄÚ=ueueW}tm}ue~gm±|1|uV:¯}~quÕ-O±gm}uP|}~~e}~-u²

!prq-ÌW¸

uV||¥² IO-- |tBWa-±¯|¥² ×O||O |VDudØeue#}¥²4-ue|~¯}õ{º

!

máô¹íî¥÷ÁôÑî#"Pò÷%$

&

áñkñÀükïáôYö¿÷Ñò('îñmîõô

&

ï dñ*)dò÷ÑüOíÀòóñOáï

ö¿÷Ñò('îñkî ô &

+ îÀò-,mïóî ¥ümïóï

& .

/

»!¯-u -O±gm}u_|~}~~e}~-um|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|P=|~¯}~O

prquPÓ|~}I¿O-¼ue¯uea¸ÑtBW-uV|rm³u¥Oq&|~}~~e}~-m±?tBW-ue±| ¯ue½¶#{ ¶=uea¯-tBD-u²

¶-ÌD±¯¯-tBW-u²-t«Ä¬Tm³}õµÕ:¶uea¯-tBD-uV|¥²-mBÓ0m±¯±¯{&|}~ue}q-¯-tBW-uºprquV|u

ue¯uea¸ÑtBD-uV|Emuª|~qÀµÕuV ¯»!¯|¥ºa²

m ®ÁO&}~qu5}~q-uVuª¯#uV|~}~¯#m}uV |}~~e}~-m±

tBD-ue±|¥º

prquÓ|~}½ÁO-½ue¯uea¿uVWueeuV|Æm8}~qu^-ueDO|&|~}~~e}~-m±tBW-ue±|Æmu5¯ue ¯

p!m¶Yº0aº

(14)

»!¯-u »!¯|~}rÁO-ue¯uea¸ÑtBD-uV|VO~uV|~=Oa¯-B}«}~qu8|}~~e}~-u BÎMB|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|Ï

»!¯-u !»×¯|}×ÁO-ue¯uea¸ÑtBW-uV|IVO~uV|~Oa¯-}Z}~quP|~}~~e}~-uÎÁm-W-±gmI|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|Ï

(15)

»!¯-uª Ô»!¯|~}½ÁO-ue¯uea¸ÑtBW-uV|^VO~uV|~Oa¯-}Ã}~quÍ|~}~~e}~-u ÎÁm-#-±gm5m

±O-¯}~a¯0m±!|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|Ï

zW}~~e}¥º zW}~~e}¥ºÕ zW}~~e}¥º

8+! ºó eº

8+! ºó ,-, º

8+! Oaºó mºó º

8+! ¥ aºó ¥ º

mº

p!m¶-±uÕ Y¾ ¯ueaMuVWueeuV|!O||Wegm}uV8}P}~qu}~q-uVu ¯WuV|~}~¯#m}uV:|~}~~e}~-m±#tBD-ue±|IÎ*/ÇkÏdº

(16)

?' & & !15# 'Q %#

prquMuVud¸¹|~}~u¥mt ´0¥µ VOa¯}~O|Zmu-

x5Oq#-t_¶ue ÜJI3-KD²

-uV||~-u

3IÜ 3

3ÀÜ ?²

-ue|~¯}¹{

3I3 " º

prqu_m-±u8mm}~}OÌ&||ue}P}BÜ Ý OZÛOÜ Ý º

prqu´-tBuV|~q^VO#}m¯| ,ue~}~VuV|Zm^m#«}ue}~mquVa5Î¿»×¯º?ÏPm-DuV|

O}Ptm}qEµP¯}~q}~qu|~}~~e}~-m±³Oum}P}~qu-O±gm}u|~-ÁOVuº

prqu´-tBW-ue±|I}~qu/¾-±ueruV#0m}~O|¥ºw/-±uV||ÕtBue#}~OuV&O}~que~µP|u²D}~quZ¥m±e-±gk¸

}~O|muZ=ue¿O~tBuV&µP¯}~q:VDudØeue#}m³W-tBue~¥m±YD|V|~¯}¹{T±¥µ¼ueuVÆ}O>J@ ÜJI «m

}~quZDu |¼|quetBu/µP¯}~qÆpY-~Ìue±|r-uVVOa¯}~O-¯-mu/|uV*º1prquZ|}~~e}~-u/¥m±e-±gm}~O|

mu:mt«=uV "¥%$1ÁOBÑO|~}ueZVOWue~ueVuBmI}~quVO--±uVª|O±¯-}~Oª}¥µrm-|}~qu_|}m}~

|}m}uº

prqu8´-5tBuV|~q5|-uVVOt«|uV5¯W} ¥T|~-¶=-Otm¯|Z}&Oq-ueu:0mm±¯±ue±1VOt«--}k¸

}~O|À² m }~qu&VO--±uV ´-D¸¹|~}~~e}~-u¥m±e-±gm}~O|Bmu½=ue¿O~tBuVÃO T-WVuV||O|

|¯VuOu-WVuV||OP|m±¯±D¥m}uV&¿O}~qu|~}~~e}~-m±×|O±¯ue¥º

_~?

Ù°u:q0¥uÓ|~}ueÁO~tBuVª¯#D|eÍ|~}u¥Oa{5|O±¯-}~O|mO-ª}~qu-O±gm}uµP¯}~qÍ}~qu:´0Àµ

|O±¯uem±Ouº»×¯|Àº½|~qÀµÖ}~quxªOqÍW-t¶=ue|O±¯¯uV|Z¿OÜ&m°ÛOÜÝ:m-±umPm}~}OÌ=º

prquV|u|O±¯-}~O|µ¼ueu8|uVO|P¯-¯}~gm±YÓ0ue±-|PÁOP}~qu¿O±¯±ÀµP¯-VO--±uVE¥m±e-±gm}~O|Àº

VO--±¯¯-«µP¯}~q&}~quZaÄÚ=ueueW}|~}~~e}~-m±*tBD-ue±|¼m×}~qu/ueue~8m¯|q-¯&-uV|e~¯¶uV½¯zDuVd¸

}~OÍº½zW}~~e}~-uB-ud¿O~tm}~O|}~q0m}8uV|~-±¯}¿Ot}~qu¯#}ueOe}~OiµP¯}~q°}~quV|u¯WW|e

±ÀµË|uVuVB´0¥µ|mu¯ue&¯½»×¯|Àº Dº1prquV|u/-e}~-uV|¼ue-uV|ue#}r}~quZ|~q0mu/mY}~qu/|}~~d¸

}~-u/µPque½}~qu|~}m}~O0m~{|O±¯-}~O½mY}~quZVO--±uV½-O¶-±uet>|Õu¥OquV*ºÙ°uZVOt«0muZ¯

}~quV|uZÓ-uV|}~quudÚ*uVe}m!}~qum-±um m}~}OÌmÆ}~qu¯a´ueVum!}~qu}~q-uVuaÄÚ*ueue#}

VOaÓ-m}~O|«m|}~ÄÚ=ueue|:O®}~qu½|~}m}~VO--±¯¯-º^prquT|}~~e}~-uT-udÁO~tm}~O|«mu

(17)

»!¯-u I»×±¯- ÎM}O?ÏPm|~}~~e}~-uÎM¶=O}~}OtTÏ¼tBuV|~quV|

(18)

»!¯-u ¼OW}O-|mx5Oq#-t_¶ue¿OÜEÎM}O?ÏPm^ÛOÜÝ«ÎM¶=O}~}OtTÏPm-±u8m m}~}OÌ

(19)

m-q-¥m±¯±¯{mt«-±¯ÄÓ0uV 3ÀÜÜ«}~¯tBuV|PÁO¼¶=ue}~}ueD|~¯¶-¯±¯¯}¹{º Ù°uO}~VuÓ|~}P}~q0m}_´0¥µ µP¯}~q

Ç¥ue½m-±umÕm}~}OÌÆuV|~-±¯}|¯^±uV||¯t«=O~}m#}-udÁO~tm}~O|¥²?|B}~q0m}}~qu_udÚ=uVe}Zm}~qu

|}~ÄÚ=ueue|Iuetm¯|Õt«¯O¼VOt«0muV½}8}~quZÛOÜÝ/m-±um×m}~}OÌB¥O|uº»OI}~q-|Õ±gO|~}¼¥O|u²

µ¼uÕO¶|ue~uÕ}õµÕZtm¯-ud¿O~tm}~O|1´0ud¬DOm}~qur|~}~~e}~-uI¯:}~quI´0¥µÔa¯uVe}~OBm

´?m}~}ue-¯-m¼}~qu´0ud¬a¯¶-±u0m~}mÕ}~qu|~}~~e}~-uº_prqu_±gm}~}ue8-udÁO~tm}~O°|VO-uV

¶W{&O-a¯-&m-#-±gmZ|~}~ÄÚ=ueue|À²mÆ}~quZ¿O~tBue/Ou¶#{½}~qu±O-¯}~a¯0m±×|}~ÄÚ=ueue|¥º

É/|tBueW}~OuV®¶=udÁOu²³µ¼uTmu«±DOÌW¯-¿O8}~quT|~}m}~O0m~{°|O±¯-}~O®mP}~quTVO--±uV

-O¶-±uet ¶#{®O-uVW0m}ue±¯{Ímt«-¯-^}~quB|}~~e}~-uºÆzD-²×}¯uTm®-u¥mr}~qu|O±¯-}~O

ueO±¯-}~OÆµP¯}~qÆ}~¯tBu²aµ¼u-±O}P¯Æ»×¯|Àº ,_}~quue~}~¥m±Ya|~-±gOVuetBueW}:Î¿O

/

a¯uVe}~OY²0|uVu

»!¯º ÀÏYm}~qu¼|uÕm0}~quÕ-O±gm}urO|×µÕue±¯±O|!}~qurVDudØeue#}!ÁO×}~quÕ}~q-uVu¼¯#uV|~}~¯#m}uV

|}~~e}~-m±?tBD-ue±|¥º1Ù°uO}~Vu/¯½}~quV|u-e}~-uV|¼}~qu/¯t«O~}mW}POVVue±uem}~O&O±u/mY}~qu

|}~ÄÚ=ueue|P¯Æ}~qu|}m¶-¯±¯¯ÇÀm}~O^m×}~qu|~}~~e}~-u-}~quq0m-ue}~qu8|}~~e}~-u|¥²D}~quÑO|~}ue

}~qu|}m}~8VO--±uVE|O±¯-}~OE|Pu¥OquV*º

Ù°u¯u½¯Ãp×m¶Yº

}~qu½|}m¶-¯±¯¯Ç¥uVÃOueDa{D0mt«½VDudØeue#}|

1

m O¶-}m¯uV

µP¯}~q}~quaÄÚ=ueueW}¼m-±uV|Õm*m}~}OÌ«m|~}~~e}~-m±0tBD-ue±|¥º!Ù°um±|-uV|ueW}I}~quPuV|-±¯}|

O¶-}m¯uV:¶W{q0m-¯-}~qurmtBO-#}m0W-tBue~¥m±-W|V|¯}¹{8}~q-O-q}~qu¼|¥m±gm!VDudØeue#}

>@m½¶#{TuetB¥D¯-B±¥µ xªOqÆpY-~Ìue±|-uVVOa¯}~O-¯-ºIprquudÁueueVu|~-ÑOVuV|r|uV

ÁOZ}~qu:uem±¯0m}~OÍm

1

mmu:uV|~=uVe}~¯ue±¯{

1

3kÛ 2

m

Û-º

VOt«--}uV°OueDa{D0mt«¥m± VWudØeueW}|Z}~qu:a|-±gOVuetBue#}mI}~qu|~}~~e}~-uµrO|O}|

¯t«=O~}m#}¥º/®}~quO}~que8q0m*²³µ¼uO¶|ue~uB}~q0m}¯eu¥O|~¯-^}~qu«#-tBue~¥m±¼W|V|~¯}¹{

tBDaÄÓ0uV|/O}~Vu¥m¶-±¯{E}~quOueWa{D0mt«uV|-±¯}|O|/µÕue±¯±O|/uetB¥D¯-½}~qu_±¥µÐxªOq5-ud¸

VOa¯}~O-¯-º5Ù°u½VOaÓ~t queu½}~quT|¯}~¯uB¯t«0Oe}«mpY-~Ìue±|-uVVOa¯}~O-¯-ªÁO

|q±Àµ x5Oq#-t_¶ue´0¥µ |¯t-±gm}~O|¥º

_!

}~OÆm8´0ud¬a¯¶-±uZ-O±gm}u|~-queO&¯&¯#D|e½´0¥µ|rµP¯}~qEm½µP¯}~qO-}m-±umm}~}OÌ=º

Ù°uq0¥u8|~}~auVÆ}~quudÚ=uVe}m1}¹µ¼«}¹{DuV|m1|~}~ÄÚ*ueue| m-W-±gmZm&±O-¯}~a¯0m±×OuV|Àº

ÉPVVOa¯-T}«}~qu8|~}m}~´-D¸¹|~}~~e}~-u_VO--±uV^|~¯t-±gm}~O|/=ue¿O~tBuV*²0µÕuO}~Vu²O|

ud¬a=uVe}uV*²}~q0m} }~quP±O-¯}~a¯0m±=|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|±¯¯t«¯}I}~quP´0ud¬DOm=}~quP-O±gm}u²amm-#-±gm

OuV|-ueueW}B}~qu&-O±gm}u½¿Ot ´?m}~}ue-¯-ºiÙ°u&q0¥um±|5¯#uV|~}~¯#m}uV}~quT¯a´ueVu

m1|OtBu#-tBue~¥m±1O|~=uVe}|!±gm~u#-tBue~¥m±YD|V|~¯}õ{&m±¯}ue|VO|~-uem¶-±¯{&}~qu8OueWa{W¸

(20)

»!¯-u °zW}~~e}~-u^-udÁO~tm}~OO¶-}m¯uVÈÁO½®|~}m}~^VO--±¯¯-iµP¯}~qÜÎM}O?ÏTm

ÛOÜ

Ý

ÎM¶O}~}OtTÏm-±umm}~}OÌ=º½prquT|~}~ÄÚ*ueue|_muO--uV°MOt }O }Æ¶=O}~}Ot mr}~qu

Ó-uV|Àº8prqu-ud¿O~tm}~O|mu«mt«-±¯ÄÓ0uV 3ÀÜÜT}~¯tBuV|¥º¼O±O|¯a¥m}u}~qu:¯#}ue|~¯}õ{5m

}~que||¸¹-udÁO~tm}~O|:Î"EÏdº¼prqu¯-¯}~gm±³=|~¯}~OEm}~qu8|}~~e}~-u8|-uV|ue#}uV¯E}~qu

¶0OÌWO-EµP¯}~q±¯¯q#}ue{&VO±O¥º

(21)

0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

vertical nose displacement [m]

time [s]

Struct. 1 Struct. 2 Struct. 3

-0.006 -0.0055 -0.005 -0.0045 -0.004 -0.0035

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Cy

time [s]

Struct. 1 Struct. 2 Struct. 3

!#"$%&' ( )*+%,-.!

»!¯-u., ¼¾ O±¯-}~Oªm ue~}~¥m±1a|~-±gOVuetBueW}|8m VWudØeueW}Zue||}~¯tBu8¿O/}~qu

}~q-uVu|~}~~e}~-m±YtBD-ue±|µP¯}~qE:´0ÀµÒm}ZÛOÜ Ý m-±u8m m}~}OÌ=º

É/-±u8m m}~}OÌ

1

zW}~~e}~-u

ÜÝO²)>J@ ÜJI a²pY-~Ìue± aºó aºó

ÛOÜ Ý ²>J@ ÜJI a²pY-~Ìue± aºó , aºóm$O ¥

ÛOÜ Ý ²>J@ 3²pY-~Ìue± aºóm# aºó ¥-, O

ÛOÜÝ²>J@ ÜJI a² 9 " ×¤!/ 1 " aºóm , aºó ,

zW}~~e}~-u_a²>@

ÜJI a²?pY-~Ìue±

Ü Ý aºó aºóm

ÛOÜ

Ý

aºó O aºóm$O-,

zW}~~e}~-u ²> @ ÜJI a²?pY-~Ìue±

ÜÝ aºó ¥ aºó

ÛOÜ Ý aºó , aºóm$O ¥

p!m¶-±u ÉPueDa{W0mt«8VDudØeue#}|

(22)

}~qu|~¯t_-±gm}~O OVe-Oe{ÁOue±gm}~¯ue±¯{^±Àµ·|~=uVuVE´0Àµ|8O|}~q|uueVO-#}ueuVimO-

m¯|q-¯|r¯´¯qW}¥ºIprq-|r|~}~a{|PÓ|~}r|~}ue&¯8±O¶0m±*¯WuV|~}~¯#m}~OEVOVue~-¯-´0¥µ|

mO-T´0ud¬a¯¶-±um¯|~q-¯TqW-±¯±|¥²mT¯}Õ¯W}~WaVuV|P}~qu/ud¬a}Õ¯WuV|~}~¯#m}~O|P¶0O|uV&OTÓue

~-|/mÆW|VO|P}~-~¶--±ue#}/tBW-ue±|¥º

_"Ò2: ?

prqum-}~qO|muZm}ud¿-±*} % + ( $. +¿O¼¯}|¼Ó0megm±Y|~--=O~}P}

}~qu|eue#}~ÄÓ0½m¯|~q-¯°-m~uVe}_mP!miw-¯ue|~¯}õ{°m°}~q0m-Ìª}~qu ¼ue#}~u

©

aÁO~tm}~Wu

|O-VuV|¥º

V !

}~O|¥º/ $ +'% - $ $ +% ² d¸õÎ -,-,Ïd² d¸ º

"ó%$ !"$#&%')(*,+-/.0)13240(576"80)*0)2)*0²!m~}~¯}~OuVÍ-DVuVa-uV|ÁO

O~{ÆmE}¹µ¼m¸¹a¯tBue|~O0m± m--±¯¥m}~OYº $ + + % ( .+ +8 %

+8+ ² d¸õÆÎ Ïd² k¸ ¥aº

" $9:;<" >=?*!('+;<$')#&@=?'*!?+,-6$!#A='B,+"CD"-EF*!G 0(57-6E'(('H22®É

Ó-¯}uO±¯-tBuT-|~}~~e}~-uV tBuV|~qim--Oqi}^a{W0mt«´-D¸¹|~}~~e}~-u½¯#}ueOd¸

}~O :m O||uV||~tBueW}mP}~quq0m±¯±ue-u½mr-uVae}~¯-^}~quTO|ue}mr´-}~}ue ( +

- + - 8 #+ ?I²ÆÎÁmWÏd² d¸õ aº

"$ -/.0)132+,J'KL0#&('M0(5N"6EF*O(1²³É/--±¯¥m}~OÍmr}~q-uVud¸ÁÓ0ue±ªOa¸

±¯¯u¥m´-D¸¹|~}~~e}~-uPÁO~t-±gm}~OT}}~quP-uVae}~O½m}~quOueDue±gO|~}~P0mmtBue}ue|

mm»×¸ ¥:ÓqW}ue¥º $ +% - $ % ÎÁ Ï ¸õ aº

"ó%$ P9:Q9JR#&L30()2)?+TSOUV)#&W*0)#&'3XY+Z.E\[^]_G10R>32)*>XY+Z9`.a>0(K+Zb

¼O-uV||mÉPueO0m-}~¥m±1zDeueVuV|¥²×ÎÁÏrp³OOW}-² rm0Oaº