• Aucun résultat trouvé

Cassiodore, De Anima : introduction, traduction,et notes

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Cassiodore, De Anima : introduction, traduction,et notes"

Copied!
223
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: tel-01304044

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01304044

Submitted on 22 Apr 2016

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

To cite this version:

Amand Gévaudan. Cassiodore, De Anima : introduction, traduction,et notes. Littératures. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2015. Français. �NNT : 2015MON30054�. �tel-01304044�

(2)

!

!!!!!!!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!

!#$%&'($!)*(!%+,-./012.34!56,7!/67418!9:-35077.01!...!!

!!"#$%&#$'!&(!)'*+!,'!-.$/0-'!,0/10#&-'!23456789!2:;;<=3;6=789!

>62;6=789!>:?:2:83;:@48!'1!,'!-A(+*1$!,'!='/B'#/B'!!>C=C:C8C7C8C!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;0#!<=>!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!8%$/*&-*1$!D!<;6E78!5=7>F678!7;!23;:478!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5($?@AB$@!)*(!696-#!C4/6,#6-!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

2DEB@AE@!%@!?*F@G&!HI!#$J@FK(@!LMH<!N!HI!OPM!G@'*AB!EA!QE(R!JDF)D?$!

G@!"!!

S$*B(&J@!S6TU:,VU0W!!)(DX@??@E(!G@!%*B&AW!EA&'@(?&B$!9DAB)@%%&@(!...!

;G&(@JB@E(>!!

S(EAD!S,106,W!)(DX@??@E(!G@!%*B&AW!EA&'@(?&B$!7RDA!...!!

.G*!C&%G*!96231:1:26W!)(DX@??@E(!GYO&?BD&(@!(DF*&A@W!EA&'@(?&B$!G@!

Z%D(@AJ@!;(*))D(B@E(>!!

5*E%! 96330.W! )(DX@??@E(! $F$(&B@! G@! %*B&AW! EA&'@(?&B$! 7RDA! ..!

;(*))D(B@E(>!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>&))*0,0#'9!!"#$%&'(!

!!!:+1#0,(/1*0+9!;#&,(/1*0+!'1!401')!

(3)

!

!

"#$%&#!

!

!!!7@!'(!)*+,)!F*([E@!EA!BDE(A*AB!G*A?!%*!'&@!G@!V*??&DGD(@W!*(&?BDJ(*B@!(DF*&AW!

A$!'@(?!I=IW!GDAB!%*!X*F&%%@!?+$B*&B!F&?@!*E!?@('&J@!G@?!(D&?!CDBO?\!6R*AB!B@(F&A$!

?DA!)*(JDE(?!)D%&B&[E@W!&%!*!X*&B!J@![E+&%!*!*))@%$!?*!]!JDA'@(?&DA!^![E&!%+*F_A@(*!N!

XDAG@(! %@! FDA*?B_(@! G@! /&'*(&EF! @B! N! ?+R! (@B&(@(\! V+@?B! *E! FDF@AB! G@! J@!

JO*A`@F@AB! G@! '&@! [E+&%! $J(&'&B! EA! B(*&B$! ?E(! %+aF@! @B! ?@?! '@(BE?W! ($X%@b&DA!

*ABO(D)D%D`&[E@W! )?RJOD%D`&[E@! @B! FD(*%@W! [E&! ?+*))ER*&B! ?E(! G@?! $J(&B?!

)O&%D?D)O&[E@?W!G@?!$J(&B?!)OR?&D%D`&[E@?!@F)(EAB$?!N!%*!B(*G&B&DA!F$G&J*%@W!F*&?!

*E??&!?E(!%@?!$J(&B?!?J(&)BE(*&(@?!@B!%+cE'(@!G@!?*&AB!6E`E?B&A\!V+@?B!EA!B(*&B$!)%@&A!

G@! G$'DB&DA!d! JO@(JO*AB! N! JDAA*eB(@! ?DA! aF@W! V*??&DGD(@! '@EB! *((&'@(! N! %*!

JDAA*&??*AJ@!G@!#&@EW!@B!J@B!&B&A$(*&(@!G@!%+aF@!N!#&@E!JDA?B&BE@!%@!JcE(!GE!B(*&B$\!

V*??&DGD(@! *! JO(&?B&*A&?$! %@! )($J@)B@! G@! 2DJ(*B@!*-./(! 0(! +1.2,W! @B! *! ?E&'&! %*!

G$F*(JO@!G@!?*&AB!6E`E?B&A!"!3(2,!(0!)*+,),!./+4(!/21+-5!

!!!7*!?@E%@!B(*GEJB&DA!X(*Af*&?@W!N!)@E!)(_?!JDF)%_B@!;&%!F*A[E@!%@!JO*)&B(@!g..!@B!

%*!)(&_(@!X&A*%@>W![E@!ADE?!*'DA?W!@?B!G@!2B$)O*A@!G@!1DE'&%%@!d!@%%@!G*B@!G@!H=hI\!

.%!ADE?!*!)*(E!&AB$(@??*AB!G@!)(D)D?@(!EA@!ADE'@%%@!B(*GEJB&DA!G@!J@!B@bB@W!G@!%@!

JDFF@AB@(!@B!G@!%+*AADB@(\!V+@?B!%@!KEB!G@!J@!B(*'*&%\!

G01)!/-$)!"!aF@W!*AB&[E&B$!B*(G&'@W!?*&AB!6E`E?B&AW!$J(&B?!?J(&)BE(*&(@?W!%&BB$(*BE(@!

*E!9DR@A!i`@\!

!

!

!

(4)

#

#

)$**+,!,-.*/#-*H'#!!"#(%&'(/#1'I19!1#&+)-&1*0+9!/0JJ'+1&#*')!&+,!

&++01&1*0+)!

!

$%&&6"7!

!!!3O@!'(! )*+,)! F*(j?! *! BE(A&A`! )D&AB! &A! BO@! %&X@! DX! V*??&DGD(@W! *A! 1DF*A!

*(&?BDJ(*BW!KD(A!*(DEAG!I=IW!kOD?@!X*F&%R!k*?!*B!BO@!?@('&J@!DX!BO@!j&A`?!CDBO?\!

lO@A! O@! @AG@G! O&?! )D%&B&J*%! J*(@@(W! O@! F*G@! kO*B! O@! J*%%@G! O&?! ]!JDA'@(?&DA!^!

kO&JO!k&%%!K(&A`!O&F!BD!J(@*B@!BO@!BO@!FDA*?B@(R!DX!/&'*(&EF!kO@(@!O@!(@B&(@G\!6B!

BO&?! JO*A`@! DX! O&?! %&X@W! O@! k(DB@! *! B(@*BR! DA! BO@! ?DE%! *AG! &B?! '&(BE@?W! *A!

*ABO(D)D%D`&J*%W!)?RJOD%D`&J*%!*AG!FD(*%!(@X%@JB&DAW!kO&JO!%@*A@G!DA!)O&%D?D)O&J!

*AG!)OR?&D%D`&J*%!k(&B&A`?!KD((Dk@G!X(DF!BO@!F@G&J*%!B(*G&B&DAW!KEB!&B!*%?D!%@*A@G!

DA!?J(&)BE(*%!k(&B&A`?!*AG!DA!BO@!k(&B&A`?!DX!2*&AB!6E`E?B&A!\!.B!&?!*!B(@*BR!XE%%!DX!

G@'DB&DA!?@@j&A`!BD!X&AG!RDE(!?DE%\!V*??&DGD(@!k*AB?!BD!*BB*&A!BO@!jADk%@G`@!DX!

CDGW! *AG! BO&?! (DEB@! DX! BO@! ?DE%! BD! CDG! JDA?B&BEB@?! BO@! O@*(B! DX! BO@! B(@*BR\!

V*??&DGD(@! JO(&?B&*A&m@G! BO@! (E%@! DX! 2DJ(*B@?!*-./(! 0(! +1.2,W! *AG! XD%%Dk@G! BO@!

*))(D*JO!DX!?*&AB!6E`E?B&A!"!3(2,!)*3!)*+,),!./+4(!/21+-\!

!!!!3O@! DA%R! X(@AJO! B(*A?%*B&DAW! *%FD?B! JDF)%@B@! ;BO@! JO*)B@(! g..! *AG! BO@! X&A*%!

)(*R@(!*(@!F&??&A`>W!BO*B!k@!O*'@W!&?!DX!2B$)O*A@!G@!1DE'&%%@!X(DF!H=hI\!.B!?@@F?!

&AB@(@?B&A`!BD!E?!BD!)(D)D?@!*!A@k!B(*A?%*B&DA!DX!BO&?!B@bB!k&BO!DE(!JDFF@AB?!*AG!

*AADB*B&DA?\!.B!&?!BO@!)E()D?@!DX!BO&?!kD(j\!

K'L!M0#,)!"!?DE%W!%*B@!*AB&[E&BRW!?*&AB!6E`E?B&AW!?J(&)BE(*%!k(&B&A`?W!%&B@(*BE(@!&A!BO@!

9&GG%@!6`@?!!!!

!

!

(5)

!

!

!

!

"(,(4/+(,(*0.!

!

!

!!!9@?! (@F@(J&@F@AB?! 'DAB! N! 9F@! S$*B(&J@! S*jODEJO@! [E&! F+*! *JJE@&%%&! N!

%+,A&'@(?&B$!5*E%!/*%$(RW!F+*!&AB$`($!*E!?$F&A*&(@!?E(!%@!)?@EGDS_G@W!@B!)(D)D?$!

J@! B(*'*&%! [E+@%%@! *! ?E&'&! *'@J! EA@! (&`E@E(W! EA@! G&?)DA&K&%&B$! @B! G@?! [E*%&B$?!

(@%*B&DAA@%%@?W!BDEB!N!X*&B!(@F*([E*K%@?\!

!!!.%?! 'DAB! @A?E&B@! N! %+$[E&)@! GE! )?@EGDS_G@W! 9R%_A@! S*[E@((@W! V$J&%@! S&*?&W!

4F&%&@! S(EAW! .?*K@%%@! CDE&XX(@W! .?*K@%%@! 5*?J*%W! [E&! F+DAB! GDAA$! EA! K*&A! G@!

QDE'@AJ@\!

!!!.%?!'DAB!@AX&A!N!2*(*W!FDA!$)DE?@![E&!*!X*&B!)(@E'@!G+EA@!`(*AG@!)*B&@AJ@\!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

(6)

:+1#0,(/1*0+NNnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\!H!

!!!!!7Y*EB@E(!!!$-*!*-,888555nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\nnnnL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

$)!9+(W!.-*!:294(!!n\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\P!!!!!!!

!!!!!7*!JDA'@(?&DA!G@!V*??&DGD(@nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\nnn\\!=!!!!

!!!!!7*!JDF)D?&B&DA!!GE!'(!6*+,)nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\nnn\\!n\HM!!!!!!

!!7@!JDAB@AE!GE!'(!6*+,)!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\!!H<!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!';<+*+0+-*!(0!#0=,->-?+(!\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\H<!!

!!!!!!!!!!@)024(!(0!)004+A20.!3(!BCD,(!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\\\\\\\\\!\\H=!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!B(!/-41.!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\\\\\!!LH!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!BC2*+-*!3(!>CD,(!(0!32!/-41.!!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnLH!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!BCD,(!.(*.+0+9(!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\LP!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!BCD,(!+*0(>>(/0+9(!!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\n\\LI!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!B)!,-4)>(!(0!>)!>-+!3+9+*(!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn!\L<!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!BC-4+?+*(!3(!>CD,(!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn!\!\Lo!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!B)!3(.0+*;(!3(!>CD,(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn!!Lh!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!'+(2!(0!>CD,(!!!!!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\nn\\Lh!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!2DE(J@?!@B!)D?B$(&B$!GE!#@!6A&F*nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\Lp!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!$-24/(.!!!!!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\n\!\!PM!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!E-.0;4+0;!!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\\\PP!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!2BR%@!GE!#@!6A&F*nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnPI!!!!!!

!!!!!!7@?!9*AE?J(&B?!nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn!IM!!!!!!

;#&,(/1*0+\nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\IL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

401')nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\\\\\\\\\\\=o!!!!!!!!

O*H-*0P#&%B*'!'1!:+,'Innnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn\\!H<p!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!V&B*B&DA?!@B!($X$(@AJ@?!S&K%&[E@?\nnnnnnnnnnnnn\\nnnnnnnHhL!

;'I1'!2&1*+nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnHhP!!!!

(7)

H!

!

,)*2!F-,+*+A2.!14)(3+/)4(W!3+?+0+.!>+*?2).!)1(4+4(W!.)>20(,!!

,-40)>+A2.!0)/+0),!3)4(W!(0!/-*04)!3+)A->+!.2A4(10+-*(.!!

+>>+/+0).!/)>),-!)04),(*0-G2(!12?*)4(H5!

!!!!!!!!!V*??&DGD(@W!H*.0+020+-*(.W!.W!ggg\!

!

!

!

!

!

!

:+1#0,(/1*0+!P$+$#&-'!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

H! ! ]!)(qJO@(! *Eb! ODFF@?! *'@J! %*! F*&AW! DE'(&(! %@?! %*A`E@?! )*(! %@! FDR@A! G@?! GD&`B?W! GDAA@(! *Eb!

FD(B@%?!%@!?*%EB!@A!?@!B*&?*ABW!@B!JDFK*BB(@!%@?!@FKrJO@?!@B!%@?!B@AB*B&DA?!GE!G&*K%@!*'@J!EA@!)%EF@!

@B!G@!%Y@AJ(@!^!;B(*GEJB&DA\!C\!S*(GR>\!

\!

(8)

L!

!!!!s! %*! A*&??*AJ@! G@! V*??&DGD(@W! %Y0F)&(@! (DF*&A! GY:JJ&G@AB! $B*&B! ?DE?! %*!

GDF&A*B&DA! G@?! 4B*B?! `@(F*A&[E@?! "! Z(*AJ?! @A! C*E%@W! l&?&`DBO?! @B! 2E_'@?! @A!

0?)*`A@W!:?B(D`DBO?!@A!.B*%&@L\!7Y@F)@(@E(!@AX*ABPW!1DFE%E?!6E`E?BE%@W!*'*&B!$B$!

G$)D?$! )*(! :GD*J(@! @A! IhoW! @B! 3O$DGD(&J! %@! C(*AGW! G$BDE(A$! '@(?! %+.B*%&@! )*(!

%+@F)@(@E(! t$ADAW! %E&! ?EJJ$G*! @A! %Y*??*??&A*AB! @A! IpPI! d! &%! ($D(`*A&?*! %Y4B*BW!

F*&AB&AB! EA@! ?B(&JB@! ?$)*(*B&DA! @AB(@! CDBO?! @B! 1DF*&A?W! JDAX&*! *Eb! )(@F&@(?! %@?!

*XX*&(@?! F&%&B*&(@?! @B! ?+*))ER*! ?E(! %Y*GF&A&?B(*B&DA! (DF*&A@! G@F@E($@! @A! )%*J@\!

6(&@AW! &%! F@A*! EA@! )D%&B&[E@! G@! BD%$(*AJ@! (@%&`&@E?@\! 7@?! ($?E%B*B?! XE(@AB!

(@F*([E*K%@?\! #@Eb! ODFF@?! ?RFKD%&?@AB! J@BB@! JD%%*KD(*B&DA<W! SD_J@! @B!

V*??&DGD(@\! SD_J@W! GDAB! %*! X*F&%%@! $B*&B! G@! '&@&%%@! B(*G&B&DA! (DF*&A@W! $B*&B!

JDA'*&AJE!G@!%*!)$(@AA&B$!@B!G@!%*!`(*AG@E(!G@!1DF@![E+&%!)@A?*&B!?@('&(!@A!?@('*AB!

3O$DGD(&J\! V*??&DGD(@W! %E&W! @AB(*! G@! )%*&Au)&@G! G*A?! %Y_(@! ADE'@%%@! @B! XEB! %@!

)*(B&?*A!JDA'*&AJE!GYEA!4B*B!(DF*ADu`DBO&[E@o\!7*!FD(B!G@!3O$DGD(&J!@B!%*!`E@((@!

G@!(@JDA[EqB@!G@!vE?B&A&@A!F&(@AB!X&A!N!%*!J*E?@![E+&%!*'*&B!@FK(*??$@\!.%!?@!(@B&(*!

*%D(?!G*A?!%@!FDA*?B_(@!G@!/&'*(&EF![E+&%!*'*&B!XDAG$!*Eb!@A'&(DA?!G@!2[E&%%*J@W!

@B!G@'&AB!%+$GEJ*B@E(!G@!?@?!FD&A@?\!!

!

2A&(1'(#!

$-*!*-,h!!

!!!V*??&DGD(@! ?@! ADFF*&B! &)?*2.! 624(>+2.! I)..+-3-42.! ;DE! I)..+-3-4;+>2.>!

$(*)0-45!7@!)(@F&@(!ADF!@?B!G$JD(*B&XW!JDFF@!J>)9+2.![E&!%E&!@?B!*GQD&AB!)*(XD&?\!

624(>+2.! (@A'D&@! N! %+*%%&*AJ@! *'@J! %*! `@A?! 624(>+)W! )%E?! )($J&?$F@AB! *'@J!

2RFF*[E@! @B!?DA!`@AG(@!SD_J@\!$(*)0-4W!*E!G$KEB!EA!?E(ADFW!G@'&AB!?DA!ADFW!

)E&?! *E! 9DR@A! i`@K! EA! B&B(@! ODAD(&X&[E@\! I)..+-3-4+2.! ?@! JDAXD(F@! *Eb!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

L!v\!9DD(O@*GW!LF(!"-,)*!(,1+4(!3+9+3(3W!0G&AKE(`OW!5@*(?DA!0GEJ*B&DA!7&F&B@GW!LMMHW!))\!P<uIP\!

P!7+@b)(@??&DA!@?B!G@!v\!U@@(?W!E4;/+.!3MF+.0-+4(!32!&-=(*!N?(W!5*(&?W!5,ZW!Hpo=W!)\!Ho\!

I!v\!9DD(O@*GW!HA+3(,W!))\!IPuIp\!

<!C\!S*(GRW!BC;?>+.(!(0!>(.!3(4*+(4.!"-,)+*.W!5*(&?W!1DK@(B!7*XXDABW!HpI=W!)\!Hop\!

o!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(!>)0+*(!32!&-=(*!N?(W!S($)D%?W!HppMW!3\!.W!'D%\!HW!)\!Ph\!

h! #\9\! V*))ERA?W!'+/0+-**)+4(! 3MO+.0-+4(! (0! 3(! P;-?4)1F+(! Q//>;.+).0+G2(W! 5*(&?W! HpHLW! 3\! HHW!

JD%DAA@!HP<MW!*(B&J%@!]!V*??&DGD(@!^W!@B!6\!'*A!G@!/R'@(W!]!V*??&DGD(@!@B!?DA!cE'(@!^W!"(92(!A(>?(!

3(!1F+>->-?+(!(0!3MF+.0-+4(W!HouL!;HpPh>!"!)\!IMW!ADB@!I\!

(9)

P!

)*B(DARF@?! G+D(&`&A@! `(@J[E@=! @B! ?@! %&B! G*A?! %@?! F*AE?J(&B?! G@! ?@?! G@(A&_(@?!

cE'(@?\! 6)(_?! /&'*(&EFW! DA! A@! B(DE'@! )%E?! [E@!I)..+-3-42.! DE!I)..+-3-4;+>2.!

$(*)0-4p\!!

$)!9+(K!.-*!:294(!

!!!.%! $B*&B! &??E! G+EA@! X*F&%%@! )(DK*K%@F@AB! G+D(&`&A@! ?R(&@AA@! d!RSTUVWXYZ[! ?@!

(@AJDAB(@!@A!2R(&@!@B!?@!(*BB*JO@!*E!JE%B@!G@!t@E?!R\TUZ[!;)(_?!G+6AB&DJO@>HM\!2DA!

K&?*x@E%! *'*&B! JDFK*BBE! %@?! /*AG*%@?! JDAGE&B?! )*(! C@A?$(&JW! @A! 2&J&%@! @B! @A!

V*%*K(@W! DKB@AE! %@! B&B(@! GY+>>2.04(HH! @B! %@! `DE'@(A@F@AB! G@! J@?! )(D'&AJ@?\! 7*!

X*F&%%@!XEB!*%D(?!*BB*JO$@!N!2[E&%%*J@!Dy!@%%@!)D??$G*&B!EA@!(&JO@!)(D)(&$B$\!VY@?B!

?E(!J@!?(*+0)>(!.->2,HL![E@!V*??&DGD(@!@?B!?*A?!GDEB@!A$!'@(?!I=I!DE!)@E!*)(_?\!.%!

@?B! )(DK*K%@! [EY&%! X&B! ?@?! $BEG@?! N! 1DF@HPW! @A! )*(B&@! GE! FD&A?W! @B! [E+&%! R! (@fEB!

JDFF@! BDEB! Q@EA@! *(&?BDJ(*B@! EA! @A?@&`A@F@AB! @??@AB&@%%@F@AB! XDAG$! ?E(! %*!

`(*FF*&(@!@B!%*!(O$BD(&[E@HI\!:A!%E&!@A?@&`A*!$`*%@F@AB!%@?!*(B?!%&K$(*Eb!@B!%@!`(@J!

[E+&%!?@FK%@!A+*'D&(!Q*F*&?!'(*&F@AB!F*eB(&?$!d!DA!*??&?B*&B!G@)E&?![E@%[E@!B@F)?!N!

J@![EYDA!*!*))@%$!]!%+DEK%&!GE!`(@JH<^5!2DA!)_(@W!)($X@B!GE!)($BD&(@W!%E&!DE'(&B!%@!

JO@F&A! G@! %*! )D%&B&[E@W! @B! *%D(?! [EY&%! *'*&B! EA@! '&A`B*&A@! GY*AA$@?! ?@E%@F@ABW! &%!

G@'&AB! ?DA! *??&?B*AB! ;/-*/+>+)42.>\! .%! DKB&AB! %*! [E@?BE(@! G@! ?@)B@FK(@! <MouG$KEB!

<Mh!QE?[EY@A!<HH!DE!<HLW!@B!@A!<HI!%@!B&B(@!ODAD(&X&[E@!G@!/-*.2>!-43+*)4+2.Ho\!.%!

)@(G&B! ?DA! )_(@! N! J@! FDF@ABu%N! @B! )@AG*AB! EA@! G&m*&A@! G+*AA$@?! A+@EB! *EJEA@!

XDAJB&DA!N!%*!JDE(\!.%!XEB!(*))@%$!)*(!3O$DGD(&J!@B!G@'&AB!&)?+.0(4!-<<+/+-42,!@A!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

=!9*`A&!6E(@%&&!V*??&DGD(&W!:)@(*!DFA&*W!E)04->-?+(!3(!&+?*(W!BDFE?!)D?B@(&D(W!]!VDFF@AB*(&EF!

G@!D(*B&DA@!^W!5*(&?W!H=IhW!JD%DAA@\!HLLL!"!(0!)3!(-42,!.+,+>+023+*(,!+*!+2.!0(4,+*)*024W!.(3!+*!F-/!

3+./(4*2*024W!20!Q2)*34+2.!E)>>).W!1)04-*=,2.!(.0\!

p!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<MW!@B!*E??&!5\!VDE(J@%%@W!B(.!B(004(.!P4(/G2(.!(*!

]//+3(*0W!5*(&?W!#@!SDJJ*(GW!HpIPW!)\!P<M\!

HM!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<M\!

HH!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!HphpW!JO*)&B(@!H\!z@A!%&`A@{!OBB)"||X*JE%BR\`@D(`@BDkA\@GE|QDG|J*??u!

uKDDj|BDJ\OBF%\!

HL!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<M\!

HP!5\!1&JO$W!#32/)0+-*!(0!/2>024(!3)*.!>M-//+3(*0!A)4A)4(W!5*(&?W!2@E&%W!HpoLW!)\!o<\!

HI!5\!1&JO$W!#32/)0+-*W!)\!oL!@B!#\!9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<H\!

H<!}E+DA!*!*??DJ&$!N!%+&G$@!G@!G$J*G@AJ@W!*%D(?![E+&%!X*EG(*&B!)%EB~B!R!'D&(!EA@!*XX&(F*B&DA!"!%+$F*Au J&)*B&DA!GE!FDAG@!%*B&A![E&!'*!?@!?$)*(@(!!GE!FDAG@!`(@J!d!J+@?B![E+DA!?+$%D&`A@!GE!/!?&_J%@!@B![E@!

%+DA!'*!'@(?!%@!9DR@A!i`@\!5DE(!BDEB!J@J&W!'D&(!15!9\!9J!CE&(@W!]!BO@!G@J%&A@!DX!!`(@@j!&A!BO@!k@?B!

X(DF! J\! H<M! BD! BO@! G@*BO! DX! V*??&DGD(E?!^W!I>)..+/)>! J->+)W! HPW! Hp<pW! ))\! PuL<W! 6\! C*%DAA&@(W!

^-_/(W!]12./2>)!$)/4)W!LMMhW!)\!I=W!U\.\!9*((DEW!$)+*0!62?2.0+*!(0!>)!<+*!3(!>)!/2>024(!)*0+G2(W!

5*(&?W! Hp<=W! )\! PMW! )\! I<! @B! )\! op=W! #\9\! V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W! JD%\! HPIpuHIM=W! @B! 5\!

VDE(J@%%@W!B(.!B(004(.!?4(/G2(.W!HpIPW!)\!PHP!@B!)\!PLM\!

Ho!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@!HW!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<MW!@B!6\'*A!

G@!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!)\!LI<\!

(10)

I!

<LPW!(@F)%*f*ABW!?*A?!$B*B!G+aF@!?@FK%@uBu&%HhW!SD_J@![E&!'@A*&B!GYqB(@!*((qB$!)DE(!

B(*O&?DA!d!3O$DGD(&J!FDE(EB!@A!<Lo!d!V*??&DGD(@!(@?B*!@A!XDAJB&DA!?DE?!%*!($`@AJ@!

G@! ?*! X&%%@W! 6F*%*?DABO@W! )E&?W!N! )*(B&(! G@! <LhW! DA! A@! %@! 'D&B! )%E?! ?E(! %*! ?J_A@!

)D%&B&[E@!d!@%%@!%@!(*))@%%*!@A!<PPW!%@!ADFF*AB! )($X@B!GE!)($BD&(@H=d!&%!)DE(?E&'&B!

?DA!*JB&DA!?DE?!%@?!(D&?!3O$DG*O*G!@B!/&B&`$?W!*)(_?!%+*??*??&A*B!G+6F*%*?DABO@!@A!

*'(&%!<P<Hp\!2DA!*JB&'&B$!%&BB$(*&(@W!GE(*AB!J@BB@!)$(&DG@W!JDA?&?B@!@A!G@?!>)23(.!DE!

)*A$`R(&[E@?!(DR*Eb![E&!%E&!GDAA_(@AB!EA!`(*AG!)(@?B&`@W!EA@!IF4-*+G2(!$J(&B@!@A!

<HpW! @B! G@?B&A$@! N! 0EBO*(&JW! %YO$(&B&@(! )($?DF)B&X! G@! %*! JDE(DAA@W! FD(B!

)($F*BE(@F@AB! ;&%! ?+*`&B! G+EA@! ?E&B@! G@! JO(DA&[E@?! @B! G@! %&?B@?! JDA?E%*&(@?LM! [E&!

J$%$K(*&@AB! %@?! CDBO?>W! @B!>CO+.0-+4(! 3(.! P-0F.LHW! cE'(@! [E&! 'DE%*&B! GDAA@(! N! %*!

GRA*?B&@!6F*%@!EA!)*??$!`%D(&@EbLL\!7*!`E@((@!F@A$@!)*(!vE?B&A&@A!)DE(!(@?B*E(@(!

%Y@F)&(@! 1DF*&A! %@! F@E(B(&BLP\! .%! )@A?*! [E@! %*! )*&b! )DE'*&B! qB(@! DKB@AE@! )*(! %*!

A$`DJ&*B&DAW! F*&?! S$%&?*&(@W! %@! `$A$(*%! KRm*AB&AW! JDAB&AE*! %*! `E@((@! @B! @AB(*! N!

1*'@AA@! @A! <IM\! V*??&DGD(@! [E&! *'*&B! [E&BB$! ?*! JO*(`@! X&A! <Phu! G$KEB! <P=W! R!

($?&G*&BLI!d!&%!*'*&B!`*(G$!GY@bJ@%%@AB@?!(@%*B&DA?!*'@J!%*!JDE(L<!@B!(@fE!%@!B&B(@!G@!

E)04+/+2.5!VY@?B!N!J@!FDF@ABu%N![EY&%!)EK%&*!%YcE'(@!%*!)%E?!&F)D(B*AB@!G@!J@BB@!

)$(&DG@W! %@?! GDEm@! 'D%EF@?! G@?!`)4+)(W! %@BB(@?! ;(1+.02>)(!@?B! ?DE?u@AB@AGE>! [E&!

(@)($?@AB@AB!%*!JD%%@JB&DA!G@?!*((qB$?!@B!$J(&B?!DXX&J&@%?!($G&`$?!G*A?!EA!?BR%@!*G*)B$!

*Eb!G&XX$(@AB?!G@?B&A*B*&(@?W!J@![E&!@b)%&[E@!?DA!B&B(@W!@B![E&!XE(@AB!)EK%&$@?!@A!<P=!

DE!)@E!*)(_?W!)DE(!?@('&(!G@!FDG_%@?!N!?@?!?EJJ@??@E(?Lo!d!DA!*!)E!'D&(!*E??&W!G*A?!

J@BB@! )EK%&J*B&DA! EA@! *)D%D`&@! G@! %*! KE(@*EJ(*B&@! %*B&A@! F&?@! *E! ?@('&J@! G@! %*!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Hh! 2\3\! SDA&ADW! ]!5O&%D?D)O@(! X*J@! *Eb! K*(K*(@?!^W!^2>>(0+*! 3(! B+00;4)024(! Q//>;.+).0+G2(W! HMLuI!

;LMMH>!"!)\!PM<!"!]!7@?!`)4+)(!A@!)*(%@AB!)*?!G@!J@B!$)&?DG@!^\!V*))ERA?!W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!

HPoh>!ADE?!)($'&@AB! "! ]!&%! A@! %&'(@(*![E@! %@?! *JB@?! [E+&%! *! )E!(@B(DE'@(W! @AB@AGDA?![E+&%! *! A$`%&`$!

J@Eb![E&!)DE((*&@AB!%@!X*&(@!*))*(*eB(@!?DE?!EA!QDE(!G$X*'D(*K%@!^\!V+@?B!)@EBuqB(@!%@!(@FD(G![E&!%E&!

*!X*&B!J$%$K(@(!2RFF*[E@!@B!SD_J@!G*A?!>M]43-!?(*(4+.\!;#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!

HIMI>\!

H=!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!P<!@B!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<P\!

Hp!v\l\!U*%)D(AW!]!9*`A&!6E(@%&&!V*??&DGD(&!2@A*BD(&W!7&K@(!#@!6A&F*!^!"!.AB(DGEJB&DA!*AG!J(&B&J*%!

B@bBW!ZD(GO*F!EA&'@(?&BRW!L4)3+0+-W!Ho!;HpoM>!"!PpuHMp!;IM>\!

LM!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!))\!PouPh\!

LH!#DAB!ADE?!*'DA?!G@!%*(`@?!)*??*`@?!JDA?@('$?!)*(!vD(G*A_?!G*A?!?*!C@B&J*!;Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.a 0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!Ph!@B!ADB@!LW!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPo<uooW!@B!6!'*A!

G@!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!))\!L<hu<=>\!

LL!3(*'*&%!O&?BD(&D`(*)O&[E@!JDF)D?$!N!%*!G@F*AG@!GE!?DE'@(*&A\!]!5(@F&_(@!O&?BD&(@!G+EA!)@E)%@!

*E!9DR@A!i`@!^W!!ADE?!G&B!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!B+00;4)024(W!)\!P=\!

LP!V*??&DGD(@W!'(!)*+,)W!:(*B&D"!;!'+)A->2.b!+*9+3+0W!14-!3->-4W!0),!,)?*+.!1-12>+.\!

LI!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<I!@B!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@!I\!

L<!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<I!@B!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@!I\!

Lo!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!Pp\!!

!

(11)

<!

GRA*?B&@!*F*%@!@B!EA@!J(&B&[E@!G@!%*!)D%&B&[E@!G@!vE?B&A&@ALh\!.%!$J(&'&B!*E??&!%+]43-!

?(*(4+.W!%+O&?BD&(@!G@!?*!X*F&%%@W![E&!*!)@(F&?!G+*EBO@AB&X&@(!%@?!$J(&B?!BO$D%D`&[E@?!

G@!SD_J@L=\!

!!!:A! ADB@! N! J@! FDF@ABu%NLpW! JO@m! V*??&DGD(@W! EA! )(DXDAG! JO*A`@F@AB! &AB$(&@E(\!

VY$B*&B!EA!JO($B&@A!J*BOD%&[E@!d!&%!*'*&B!)(DQ@B$!@A!<P<!*'@J!%@!)*)@!6`*)@B!H@(!G@!

XDAG@(W!N!1DF@W!?E(!%@!FDG_%@!G@!%Y&A?B&BEB!BO$D%D`&[E@!G@!-&?&K@!@B!G@!%Y$JD%@!G@!

J*B$JO_?@!GY6%@b*AG(&@W!EA@!$JD%@!G@!BO$D%D`&@W!)(DQ@B![E&!A@!)EB!*KDEB&(!N!J*E?@!

G@!%*!`E@((@!@B!G@!%*!FD(B!GE!)*)@PMd!&%!FDAB(@!*%D(?!EA!&AB$(qB!J(D&??*AB!)DE(!%@?!

JOD?@?! (@%&`&@E?@?! @B! N! )*(B&(! G@! ?*! JO*(`@! G@! )($X@B! GE! )($BD&(@PHW! DA! %@! 'D&B! ?@!

)@AJO@(!?E(!%*!>(/0+-!3+9+*)PLW!?+&AB$(@??@(!*Eb!)(DK%_F@?!G@!%+4`%&?@W!)*(?@F@(!?@?!

$J(&B?!G@!($X%$b&DA?!)&@E?@?PP!d!DA!@AB(@!G*A?!%*!)$(&DG@!G@!?*!'&@![EY&%!*!*))@%$!?*!

/-*9(4.+-PI5!.%!$J(&'&B!*E??&B~B!*)(_?!%@?!`)4+)(W!%@!'(!)*+,)W!B(*&B$!?E(!%+aF@!@B!?E(!

?@?! '@(BE?W! [E&! @A! JDA?B&BE@! %@! B(@&m&_F@! %&'(@W! @B! [E&! ?DE%&`A@! ?*! JDA'@(?&DA!

&AB$(&@E(@!@B!?DA!ADE'@*E!J@AB(@!G+&AB$(qBP<\!!

!!!-DE?! (@B(DE'DA?! V*??&DGD(@! @A! <<M! N! VDA?B*AB&AD)%@W! *'@J! GY*EB(@?! ($XE`&$?!

&B*%&@A?\! .%! X*&B! )*(B&@! GE! J@(J%@! [E&! @ABDE(@! %@! )*)@! /&`&%@\! VY@?B! N! %E&! [E@!

V*??&DGD(@! JDA?*J(*! ?DA!Qc1-.+0+-! 1.)>,-42,W!?DA! $J(&B! %@! )%E?! *F)%@W! G*A?!

%@[E@%! &%! ?E&B! %@?! Q*)44)0+-*(.! +*! 1.)>,-.! GY6E`E?B&A! F*&?! G@! F*A&_(@!

&AG$)@AG*AB@!@B!@A!R!FDAB(*AB!EA@!'*?B@!$(EG&B&DAPo\!.%!*'*&B!JDFF@AJ$!J@!B(*'*&%!

N!1*'@AA@W!%@!JDAB&AE*!@A!`(*AG@!)*(B&@!N!VDA?B*AB&AD)%@W!@B!%@!(@)(&B!)%E?!B*(G!N!

/&'*(&EF!d!J+@?B!EA!B(*'*&%!GY@b$`_?@![E&!?@!B@(F&A@!)*(!EA@!)(&_(@W!JDFF@!%@!'(!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!Lh!/D&(!9\!2\!SQD(A%&@W!E->+0+/.!)*3!L4)3+0+-*!A(0d((*!"-,(W!")9(**)!)*3!I-*.0)*0+*-1>(W!LMHP\!!\!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!1@J@A?$!)*(!2JDBB\C\!S(EJ@W!V%*??&J*%!1@'&@k!LMHP\HL\IP!!!

L=!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!IM\!5DE(!EA!($@b*F@A!G@!%+O&?BD&(@!G@!%+]43-!?(*(4+.W!

'D&(!6\!C*%DAA&@(W!]!6A@JGDBDA!UD%G@(&!DE!:(GD!C@A@(&?!V*??&DGD(D(EF!^W!6*0+G2+0;!L)43+9(W!IW!

;Hppo>!"!))\!LppuPHL\!

Lp!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQK!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<<W!?&BE@!J@!JO*A`@F@AB!N!)*(B&(!G@!?*!)($X@JBE(@\!

PM! V*??&DGD(@W! H*.0+020+-*(.W! ;V57MpMo>W! )(*@XW! )*(\! HW! )\! PW! %\! h! "!G2-*+),! *-*! F)A(0! >-/2,! 4(.!

0(,1-4+A2.!+*G2+(0+.\!

PH! #\9\! V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W! JD%\! HP<<W! G*B@! EA! )(DXDAG! JO*A`@F@AB! N! )*(B&(! G@! J@!

FDF@ABu%N! ;<PP>W! F*&?! &%! @?B! G&XX&J&%@! G@! K&@A! J@(A@(! EA@! $'D%EB&DA! (@%&`&@E?@! [E&! *! )E! qB(@!

)(D`(@??&'@!@B!)@EB!(@FDAB@(!K@*EJDE)!)%E?!O*EB\!/D&(!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)\!I\!

PL!V*??&DGD(@W!`)4+)(W!;V75!Mp=o>W!%&K\!oW!@)&?B\!L<W!%\!hL!"!F-.!+?+024!,-4(.!>(/0+-!3+2+*)!.->+3)2+0\!

PP!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<<\!5DE(!EA!(@J@A?@F@AB!J(&B&[E@!G@!J@?!GDAA$@?W!

'D&(!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)\I\!

PI!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\HP<<\!

!!!!!!!!!!!!P<!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!PH\!

!!!!!!!!!!!!Po!6\!'*A!G@!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!)\!L<IW!@B!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!IP\!

(12)

o!

)*+,)\!.%!?@!(@B&(*!G*A?!?@?!B@((@?!'@(?!<<I!@B!R!XDAG*!EA!FDA*?B_(@Ph!;,-*(.0)4+2,!

`+9)4+(*.(!DE!I).0(>>(*.(>!GDAB!%@!ADF!/&'*(&EF!'&@AB!G@?!ADFK(@Eb!'&'&@(?![E+&%!

R! *F$A*`@*! G*A?! %@?! (DJO@(?W! @B! G@! %+@(F&B*`@W! %@! 9DAB! V*?B@%%EFW! G@?B&A$! *Eb!

FD&A@?!G$?&(@Eb!G@!?Y&?D%@(P=\!V@?!G@Eb!FDA*?B_(@?!)@(F@BB*&@AB!N!/&'*(&EF!G+qB(@!

N!%*!XD&?!EA@!$JD%@!G+*?J_?@!@B!EA!J@AB(@!G+$BEG@?!(@%&`&@E?@?Pp\!7@!FDA*?B_(@!$B*&B!

EA! %&@E! G@! )(&_(@! @B! G+$BEG@?! ;F$FD(&?*B&DA! GE! )?*EB&@(W! %@JBE(@! G@! B@bB@?! ?*J($?W!

GYDE'(*`@?!GY@b$`_?@!@B!G@?!5_(@?!G@!%Y$`%&?@>\!7@!B(*'*&%!F*AE@%!JDA?&?B*&BW!)DE(!

%@?!FD&A@?!)@E!&A?B(E&B?!@B!)@E!*)B@?!N!*))(@AG(@W!N!Q*(G&A@(!@B!N!JE%B&'@(W!F*&?!)DE(!

%@!)%E?!`(*AG!ADFK(@!&%!JDA?&?B*&BW!G*A?!%@!./4+10-4+2,W!N!JD((&`@(!%@?!F*AE?J(&B?W!N!

JD)&@(!%@?!B@bB@?!?*A?!X*EB@!@B!N!%@?!)DAJBE@(IMd!V*??&DGD(@!@A!*'*&B!X*&B!EA!G@'D&(!

FDA*J*%IH\! .%! *'*&B! )DE(! J@%*! $J(&B! EA!B@bB@W!%@!'(! ?4),,)0+/)IL! @B! $J(&(*! @AJD(@!

)DE(!?@?!FD&A@?W!N![E*B(@u'&A`BuGDEm@!*A?W!%@!'(!-40F-?4)1F+)IP\!.%!A@!XEB!A&!*KK$W!

A&! FD&A@IIW! F*&?! EA! D(`*A&?*B@E(\! .%! AY@EB! )*?! EA@! (_`%@! JDFF@! S@ADeBI<W! ?DA!

JDAB@F)D(*&AW! F*&?! EA! )(D`(*FF@! GY$BEG@?! [E@! ADE?! GDAA@AB! %@?!H*.0+020+-*(.W!

?DA! %&'(@! %@! )%E?! J$%_K(@! [EYDA! G*B@! @AB(@! <<H! @B! <oL\! .%! %Y*! ($'&?$! N! )%E?&@E(?!

(@)(&?@?!@B!B(_?!B~B!G&'&?$!@A!G@Eb!)*(B&@?W!%*!?J&@AJ@!?*J($@!@B!%@?!?J&@AJ@?!)(DX*A@?\!

.%! *'*&B! BDEQDE(?! $B$! JDA'*&AJE! G@! %*! A$J@??&B$! G+EA! @A?@&`A@F@AB! (@%&`&@Eb! d!

)(DX&B*AB!G@!?DA!?$QDE(!N!VDA?B*AB&AD)%@W!&%!?+$B*&B!?*A?!GDEB@!(@A?@&`A$!?E(!%+&A?B&BEB!

BO$D%D`&[E@! G@! -&?&K@W! @B! J+@?B! %@! )(DQ@B! G+EA&'@(?&B$! JO($B&@AA@! [E+&%! A+*'*&B! )E!

F@A@(! N! K&@A! *'@J! %@! )*)@! 6`*)@BIo! [E@! V*??&DGD(@! B@AB*! G@! ($*%&?@(! G*A?! ?DA!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ph!2E(!%*!XD(F*B&DA!G@!/&'*(&EFW!'D&(!%@?!OR)DBO_?@?!G@!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)\o\!

P=!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\HP<=\!!

Pp!5\!1&JO$W!#32/)0+-*W!))\!LMIuLM<\!!

IM!5\!1&JO$W!#32/)0+-*W!))\!LMhuLM=\!

IH!V*??&DGD(@W!H*.0+020+-*(.!;V75MpMo>W!%&K\HW!JO*)\PMW!)*(*\HW!)\h<W!%\P!e!(?-!0),(*!<)0(-4!2-02,!

,(2,W!G2-3!+*0(4!2-.!G2)(/2,G2(!1-..2*0!/-41-4(-!>)A-4(!/-,1>(4+W!)*0+G2)4+-42,!,+F+!.023+)!

;.+! 0),(*! 2(4)/+0(4! ./4+A)*0>!*-*! +,,(4+0-! <-4.+0)*! 1>2.! 1>)/(4(! ;J@)@AG*AB! FDA! ?DEO*&BW! Q@! %@!

(@JDAA*&?W!J+@?B![E@!)*(F&!BDEB!J@![E@!'DE?!)DE'@m!*JJDF)%&(!)*(!EA!B(*'*&%!F*AE@%W!J@![E&!)@EBu qB(@!QE?B@F@AB!F@!)%*eB!%@!)%E?W!J+@?B!%@!B(*'*&%!G@?!?J(&K@?!;?&!GE!FD&A?!&%?!$J(&'@AB!JD((@JB@F@AB>\!

3(*G\!5@(?DAA@%%@\!

IL!1@JE@&%!@B!JDFF@AB*&(@?!GE!'(!$/F(,)0+A2.!G@!2*J@(GD?!@B!G@!>M64.!,)f-4!@B!,+*-4!G@!#DA*BW!

*E[E@%!$B*&B!QD&AB!EA!'(!(0=,->-?+)\!

IP!V*??&DGD(@W!H*.0+020+-*(.!;V57!MpMo>!)(*@X\W!)*(\!IW!)*`\!pHW!%&A@*!P!"!3(!)40(!?4),,)0+/)W!G2)(!

(.0!2+3(>+/(0!-4+?-!(0!<2*3),(*02,!>+A(4)>+2,!>+00(4)42,\!V*??&DGD(@!$B*&B!EA!]!)O&%D%D`E@!A$!^!;Z\!

S(EAw%m%W!O+.0-+4(! 3(! >)! >+00;4)024(W! )\! IP>\! 7*! `(*FF*&(@! $B*&B! *E! XDAG@F@AB! G@! %*! JE%BE(@! @B!

)@(F@BB*&B!G@!G$JO&XX(@(!F*&?!*E??&!G@!JDF)(@AG(@!%@?!B@bB@?!;v\!7@J%@(J[W!BM6,-24!3(.!B(004(.!(0!>(!

3;.+4!3(!'+(2W!V@(XW!LMM=W!)\!LI>\!

II!]!.%!A@!?@!JDF)B@!)D&AB!)*(F&!@Eb!^!;6!'*A!G@!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!)\!LoP>\!]!.%!A@!

)@A?@!)*?!@A!FD&A@W!&%!A+@A!*!Q*F*&?!@E!%*!'DJ*B&DA!@B!J@BB@!@b)$(&@AJ@!%E&!F*A[E@!^!;v\!7@J%@(J[W!

BM6,-24!3(.!B(004(.W!)\!L<>\!

I<!7*!"(?2>)!&)?+.04+!A+*!)*?!$B$!JDF)D?$@!)*(!V*??&DGD(@!;VX\!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)\!o!

@B!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!IPW!ADB@!o\!

Io!5\!1&JO$W!#32/)0+-*W!)\!Hh<W!ADB@!LHh\!

(13)

h!

FDA*?B_(@\! 9*&?! &%! 'DE%*&B! *E??&! J($@(! EA@! $JD%@! FDA*?B&[E@! @BW! )*(! %+$BEG@! G@?!

$J(&B?!)(DX*A@?W!XDE(A&(!N!?@?!FD&A@?!%@?!&A?B(EF@AB?!A$J@??*&(@?!)DE(!*))(DXDAG&(!

%+&AB@%%&`@AJ@! G@! %+4J(&BE(@Ih\! B(.! H*.0+020+-*(.W! G*A?! ?@?! &AG&J*B&DA?!

K&K%&D`(*)O&[E@?! ADE?! XDAB! )$A$B(@(! G*A?! %*! K&K%DBO_[E@! G@! /&'*(&EFI=! [E&! $B*&B!

(&JO@F@AB!)DE('E@!G@!F*AE?J(&B?!'@AE?!G+.B*%&@!@B!G+6X(&[E@\!7@!FDA*?B_(@!A+$B*&B!

)*?! JDE)$! GE! FDAG@Ipd! &%! (@J@'*&B! G@?! )*E'(@?W! G@?! )$%@(&A?! @B! G@?! O~B@?<M\!

V*??&DGD(@! ?+@ABDE(*! *&A?&! G@! B(*GEJB@E(?W! JDFF@! 9EB&@AW! S@%%*BD(W! 4)&)O*A@<H! )DE(!F@A@(!N!K&@A!%+EA!G@?!*?)@JB?!%@?!)%E?!&AB$(@??*AB?!G@!?DA!)(DQ@BW!%*!B(*GEJB&DA!

G+D@E'(@?!`(@J[E@?<L![E&!DAB!)E!qB(@!B(*A?F&?@?!*E!9DR@A!i`@\!.%!($EA&B!%@!B@bB@!G@!

%+4J(&BE(@! @A! A@EX! `(DE)@?! G+$J(&B?! [E@! %+DA! )@EBW! ?@FK%@uBu&%W! %&(@! G*A?! %@!I-3(c!

6,+)0+*2.W!EA!F*AE?J(&B!G@!%*!/E%`*B@<P\!.%!($G&`@*!@AX&A![E@%[E@?!JDFF@AB*&(@?!

?E(! %@! -DE'@*E! 3@?B*F@AB! @B! $J(&'&B! %+O+.0-4+)! 04+1)40+0)W! EA@! O&?BD&(@!

@JJ%$?&*?B&[E@! G@! '*%@E(! F$G&DJ(@! F*&?! [E&! JDAAEB! EA! J@(B*&A! ?EJJ_?! N! )*(B&(! G@!

%+$)D[E@!J*(D%&A`&@AA@<I\!!

!!!V*??&DGD(@!?+@?B!$B@&AB!*E!)%E?!B~B!@A!<=M<<\!7@!FDA*?B_(@!A+*!`E_(@!?E('$JE!N!?DA!

XDAG*B@E(!@B!?*!(&JO@!JD%%@JB&DA!G@!%&'(@?!A@!?@(*!)*?!@b)%D&B$@!F*&?!G&?)@(?$@W!?@!

(@B(DE'*AB! @A! `(*AG@! )*(B&@! G*A?! %*! K&K%&DBO_[E@! GE! 7*B(*A! d! %@?! )*)@?! @A!

)@(F@BB(DAB! %*! JD)&@! @B! %*! G&XXE?&DA<o\! V*??&DGD(@! A+@EB! )*?! G@! ADBD(&$B$! G*A?!

%+&FF$G&*B!@B!%@!?D(B!G@!?DA!cE'(@!%E&!*!$JO*))$!d!C($`D&(@!%@!C(*AG!&`AD(@!?DA!

ADF! @B! %@! )(@F&@(! N! %@! J&B@(! @?B! S_G@! %@! /$A$(*K%@W! F*&?! EA@! B(*G&B&DA! %DJ*%@!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ih!V*??&DGD(@W!H*.0+020+-*(.W!;V75!MpMo>!%&K\HW!JO*)\!PhW!)*(*\!HW!)\!o=W!%\HP!"!(.0!(*+,!4(42,!+.0)a 42,! 14-/2>! 32A+-W!.+/20! (0! E)04+A2.! *-.04+.! 2+.2,! (.0W!20+>+.! (0! *-*! 4(<2?+(*3)! /-?*+0+-W!G2)*3-!

(),! +*! >+00(4+.! .)/4+.! 0)*G2),! +*! -4+?+*(! ?(*(4)>+.! 1(4<(/0)(G2(! .)1+(*0+)(! 2A+G2(! 4(1(4+! (..(!

3+<<2.),!;%*!JDAA*&??*AJ@!G@!J@?!F*B&_(@?!@?BW!JDFF@!%@!(@F*([E@AB!AD?!5_(@?W!?*A?!*EJEA!GDEB@!

EB&%@!@B!A@!GD&B!)*?!qB(@!(@Q@B$@!)E&?[E+DA!%*!(@B(DE'@!($)*AGE@!G*A?!%@?!%@BB(@?!?*J($@?!*E??&!K&@A!

[E+N! %+D(&`&A@! G@! %*! ?*`@??@! EA&'@(?@%%@! @B! )*(X*&B@>\! 3(*G\! )@(?DAA@%%@\! ]!&%! *'*&B! ?@AB&! %@! G*A`@(!

G+EA@!JE%BE(@!J%$(&J*%@!$B(D&B@!^W!*QDEB@!5\!VDE(J@%%@W!B(.!B(004(.!P4(/G2(.W!)\!PHo\!

I=!2E(!%*!K&K%&DBO_[E@!G@!/&'*(&EFW!JX\!5\!VDE(J@%%@W!B(.!B(004(.!P4(/G2(.W!))\!PHPu==\!

Ip! v\S\! S*(A&?OW! ]!3O@! kD(j! DX! V*??&DGD(E?! *XB@(! O&?! JDA'@(?&DA!^W!B)0-,2.W! I=! ;Hp=p>! "! H<hu

=h\;H<=>\!

<M!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPoM\!

<H!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPoM\!!

<L!6\!'*A!G@!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!))\!LoIuoo!@B!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!

)\!Ih\!

<P!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPoP\!

<I!!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!I=\!

<<!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\HPoP\!

<o!Z\!S(EAOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!)\!I=\!

(14)

=!

JE%B&'@(*! ?DA! ?DE'@A&(W! JDFF@! %+&AG&[E@! %*! BD)DARF&@! G@! %*! ($`&DA<hW! @B! EA@!

B(*G&B&DA! O*`&D`(*)O&[E@! X@(*! G@! %E&! EA! F*(BR(<=\! .%! A@! XEB! A&! )O&%D?D)O@! A&!

BO$D%D`&@A! JDFF@! SD_J@!d! ?DA! FDA*?B_(@! A+@EB! )*?! %*! )D?B$(&B$! G@?! FDA*?B_(@?!

K$A$G&JB&A?!F*&?!?DA!*JB&'&B$!*E!?@('&J@!G@!?@?!FD&A@?!X&B!G@!J@!`(*AG!$GEJ*B@E(!

FDA*?B&[E@!%+EA!G@?!XDAG*B@E(?!GE!9DR@A!i`@\!

!

2&!/0+Q'#)*0+<p!,'!>&))*0,0#'!

!!!6R*AB! B@(F&A$! ?DA! )*(JDE(?! )D%&B&[E@! G*A?! G@?! JDAG&B&DA?! [E&! ADE?!$JO*))@ABW!

V*??&DGD(@! X&B! J@! [E+&%! *! *))@%$! ?*! /-*2(4.+-! d! &%! X*EB! @AB@AG(@! )*(! %N! EA!

JO*A`@F@AB! G@! '&@W! EA@! (E)BE(@W! J@! [E@W! )*(! @b@F)%@W! %*! JDA'@(?&DA! G@! ?*&AB!

6E`E?B&A!G*A?!%@!)@B&B!Q*(G&A!G@!9&%*A!)@EB!ADE?!$'D[E@(oM\!I-*2(4.+-!@?B!EA!FDB!

G+*))($O@A?&DA! G$%&J*B@5! :A! B(DE'@! G*A?! %*! 1_`%@! G@! ?*&AB! S@ADeB! %*! XD(FE%@!

/-*2(4.)0+-! ,-42,oH! GDAB! %+&AB@()($B*B&DA! G@'*&B! qB(@! G&XX&J&%@! )E&?[E+@%%@! *! $B$!

(@F)%*J$@!)*(!%+@b)(@??&DA!/-*2(4.+-!,-42,![E&!)*(*&??*&B!)%E?!J%*&(@!*Eb!FD&A@?!

JD)&?B@?oL\!}E@%%@![E@!?D&B!%*!XD(FE%@W![E+@A!@?Bu&%!GE!?@A?!@b*JB!€!JO*A`@F@AB!G@!

'&@! €! FDG@! G@! '&@! €! 7+$BRFD%D`&@! )@(F@B! G+*'D&(! [E@%[E@?! &AG&J*B&DA?\!

I-*2(4.)0+-!'&@AB!G@!/-*2(4.)4+!;?@A?!GE(*B&XW!G@F@E(@(>!d!&%!G$?&`A@!%*!JDAGE&B@!

G@!'&@!@BW!G*A?!%@!%*A`*`@!FDA*?B&[E@W!%*!'&@!*?J$B&[E@!d!F*&?!&%!)@EB!G$(&'@(!*E??&!

G@! /-*2(4.)4(! ;?@A?! &AJOD*B&XW! JO*A`@F@ABW! *%B@(A*AJ@>! G$?&`A*AB! %+@AB($@! @A!

(@%&`&DAW! @B! GDAA*AB! *%D(?! %+&F)(@??&DA! [E+&%! ?@! JDAXDAG! *'@J!/-*2(4.+-oP\! 2&!

/-*2(4.)0+-!G$?&`A@!EA!JO*A`@F@AB!G@!'&@W!%*!/-*2(4.)0+-!GE!FD&A@!?E))D?@!EA@!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

<h!!#*A?!%*!($`&DA!G@!2[E&%%*J@W!%@?!(E&A@?!G@!2*AB*!9*(&*!G@!/@B@(@!?DAB!*))@%$@?!)*(!%@?!)*R?*A?W!

$`%&?@!DE!BDFK@*E!G@!V*??&DGD(@W!@B!&%!@b&?B@!EA@!?DE(J@!ADFF$@!<-*0)*)!3+!I)..+-3-4-\!/D&(!5\!

VDE(J@%%@W!&;>)*?(.!3M64/F;->-?+(!(0!3MO+.0-+4(W!<<!;HpP=>!"!))\!L<puPMh\!

<=!U\!#@%@O*R@W!]!2*&AB!V*??&DGD(@!^W!G*A?!9$%*A`@?!5*E%!Z*K(@W!#023(.!3MO+.0-+4(!32!&-=(*!N?(W!

5*(&?W!5&J*(GW!HpMLW!)\!IM\!

<p!v\v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@!IW!Z\!S(EOw%m%W!O+.0-+4(!3(!>)!>+00;4)024(W!))\!P<!@B!IHW!@B!

#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<<u<h\!

oM! /D&(! S\! S*jODEJO@W! ]!7*! JDA'@(?&DA! G@! ?*&AB! 6E`E?B&A! "! FDG_%@! )*(*G&`F*B&[E@! DE! @b@F)%@!

*BR)&[E@! €!^W!I)F+(4.! 3C;023(.! 32! 4(>+?+(2c\!"(/F(4/F(.! +*0(43+./+1>+*)+4(.W! oW! LMMp! z0A! %&`A@{!

OBB)"||J@((&\(@'E@?\D(`|<LM\!

oH! S@ADeB! G@! -E(?&@W!"(?2>)! ;V57! H=<L>! J*)\! <=W! '@(?E?\! HhW! %&A@*! H! "!.2./+1+(*32.! )20(,! +*!

-4)0-4+-! /-4),! -,*+A2.! 14-,+00)0! 3(! .0)A+>+0)0(! .2)! (0! /-*2(4.)0+-*(! ,-42,! .2-42,! (0!

-A-(3+(*0+)!;@B!G@'*AB!qB(@!(@fE!G*A?!%+D(*BD&(@![E+&%!)(DF@BB@!G@'*AB!BDE?W!G@!(@?B@(!?B*K%@W!G@!'&'(@!

@A!FD&A@W!@B!G+DK$&(>\!3(*G\!)@(?DAA@%%@\!/D&(!v\!:+#DAA@%%W!I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@\!IW!ADB@!p\!

oL! 5\! C*%B&@(W! ]!5$A&B@AB?! @B! VDA'@(B&?!^W!"(92(! 3MO+.0-+4(! Q//>;.+).0+G2(W! 3\! ggg...W! 7DE'*&AW!

HpPhW!))\!<uLoW!;HpW!ADB@!I>\!

oP!V\!9D(O(F*AAW!#023(.!.24!>(!B)0+*!3(.!IF4;0+(*.W!1DF@W!HpoHW!))\!PIHuPI<\!

(15)

p!

/-*2(4.+-oI5! 5*(! ?*!/-*2(4.+-W! V*??&DGD(@! G$?&(*&B! (@ADAJ@(! *E! FDAG@! @B! ?@('&(!

#&@E!;.(422.!3(+!@?B!EA@!@b)(@??&DA![E+&%!EB&%&?@!G$?D(F*&?o<!@B!(c+?22.!.(422.!'(+!

+),! '-,+*-! 14)(.0)*0(! /-*2(4.2.!@?B! %@! B&B(@! G@?! ?DE?J(&)B&DA?! G@! ?@?! G@(A&_(@?!

cE'(@?>oo\! V+@?B! EA@! *BB&BEG@! [E&! $B*&B! %D&A! G+qB(@! D(&`&A*%@! d! @%%@! $B*&B! EA@!

JDA?$[E@AJ@! G@?! G&?JE??&DA?! [E&! )D(B*&@AB! ?E(! %*! )(*B&[E@! )$A&B@AB&@%%@! @B! [E&!

X*&?*&B! )%*J@W! N! J~B$! G@! %*! )$A&B@AJ@! )EK%&[E@W! G@! %*! )D??&K&%&B$! G+EA@! )$A&B@AJ@!

?@F&u)EK%&[E@! DE! )(&'$@\! C@AA*G@! G@! 9*(?@&%%@! *'*&B! *))@%$! ]!?*B&?X*JB&DA!

?@J(_B@!^!G*A?! ?@?! '-?,)0)! (//>(.+).0+/)W! EA@! ($F&??&DA! GE! )$JO$! )*(! EA@!

JDAGE&B@! G@! '&@! G&XX$(@AB@W! ?*A?! @A`*`@F@AB! @A'@(?! #&@E! A&! $%D&`A@F@AB! GE!

?&_J%@oh\! 6((&'$! *E! B@(F@! G+EA@! '&@! )EK%&[E@! GDAB! &%! *'*&B! )E! F@?E(@(! %@?!

'&J&??&BEG@?W!V*??&DGD(@!?@!BDE(A*&B!'@(?!#&@E!@B!&%!$J(&'&B!@AB(@!<Ph!@B!<IM!%@!'(!

)*+,)5!:A!*!?DE%&`A$!%Y$J%*&(*`@!)D%&B&[E@![E@!)DE'*&B!?E``$(@(!J@BB@!G$F*(JO@W!@B!

?DA!%&@A!$B(D&B!*'@J!%*!G$J&?&DA!G@!)EK%&@(!@A?@FK%@!%@?!`)4+)(!@B!%@!'(!)*+,)!;%@?!

`)4+)(!*))*(*&??*AB!JDFF@!EA!@b@(J&J@!GY*EBDQE?B&X&J*B&DA!)D%&B&[E@W!@B!%@?!G@Eb!

B@bB@?!?YD))D?*AB!@B!?@!JDF)%$B*AB!G*A?!EA@!%D`&[E@!)$A&B@AB&@%%@!@b)%&J&B@o=>\!7@!

'(! )*+,)! @?B! %@! )(@F&@(! $J(&B! (@%&`&@Eb! G@! V*??&DGD(@opd! &%! R! FDAB(@! EA@!

*EBO@AB&[E@!X*F&%&*(&B$!*'@J!%+4J(&BE(@!2*&AB@hM\!,A!J@(B*&A!ADFK(@!G+$%$F@AB?!'DAB!

JDAX&(F@(! J@BB@! ADE'@%%@! *BB&BEG@\! V*??&DGD(@! ?@! F&B! B(_?! '&B@! N! %+$J(&BE(@! G@! ?DA!

Qc1-.+0+-! E.)>,-42,5!s! VDA?B*AB&AD)%@W! Dy! &%! )DE(?E&'(*! J@B! $J(&BW! &%! &AB@('&AB!

)DE(! @??*R@(! G@! ($JDAJ&%&@(! %@! G&*J(@! 1E?B&JE?W! G*A?! %*! G&?)EB@! G@?! 3(D&?!

VO*)&B(@?hHW! *'@J! ?DA! DAJ%@W! %@! )*)@! /&`&%@hLd! J@%E&uJ&W! G*A?! EA@! %@BB(@W! [E*%&X&@!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

oI!v\!7@J%@(J[W!BM6,-24!3(.!B(004(.W!)\!L<\!

o<!!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<o\!

oo!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPoP\!

oh!5\!C*%B&@(W!E;*+0(*0.W!))\!ou=W!v\!7@J%@(J[W!BM6,-24!3(.!B(004(.W!)\!L<!@B!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!

I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<o!@B!JD%\!HPoP\!

!!!!!!!!!!!!o=!VO(&?B&*A!C&m@k?j&W!]!#&@!TDA'@(?&DA!V*??&DGD(?!*%?!3R)E?!)D%&B&?JO@A!U*AG@%A?!^\!0A!%&`A@!?E("!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OBB)?"||*`&k\X*jH\BEuK@(%&A\G@|2J(&)BD(&EF|2o\OBF\!

op!#\9\!V*))ERA?!;'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HPop>W!)@A?@![E+&%!A@!)@EB!qB(@!)D?B$(&@E(!N!<P=!d!v\l\!

U*%)D(A!;&)?*+!624(>++W!)\!IH>W!%@!G*B@!G@!<Ph|<P=!d!6!'*A!G@!/R'@(!;I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!

)\L<PW!%@!?&BE@!EA!)@E!*'*AB!<IM!dv\v!:Y#DAA@%%!;I)..+-3-42.W!JO*)&B(@!I>W!@AB(@!<P=!@B!<IM\!!!

hM!!C\!S*(GRW!]!V*??&DGD(@!@B!%*!X&A!GE!FDAG@!*AJ&@A!^!W!BM)**;(!0F;->-?+G2(W!5*(&?W!o!;HpI<>!"!))\!

P=PuIL<!;)\!IML>!

hH!,A@!%DA`E@!J(&?@!*'*&B!?E&'&!%@!JDAJ&%@!G@!VO*%J$GD&A@!;I<H>W!D))D?*AB!FDAD)OR?&B@?!@B!A$Du JO*%J$GDA&@A?W!?E(!%*!A*BE(@!GE!VO(&?B\!7+@F)@(@E(!t$ADA!@??*R*!G+&F)D?@(!%+EA&B$!)*(!%+U$ADB&[E@W!

?*A?!?EJJ_?!d!vE?B&A&@A!X&B!*%B@(A@(!($)(@??&DA!@B!)D%&B&[E@!G+*)*&?@F@AB!@B!)(DFE%`*!@AX&A!%*!JDAu G*FA*B&DA! G+$J(&B?! *BB(&KE$?! N! 3O$DGD(@! G@! 9D)E@?B@W! N! 3O$DGD(@BW! @B! N! .K*?! G+0G@??@W! [E+DA! *!

*)@%%$@! %@?! 3(D&?! VO*)&B(@?\! /D&(! v\! #*A&$%DE! @B! U\.\! 9*((DEW!@-29(>>(! O+.0-+4(! 3(! >M#?>+.(W!3(.!

]4+?+*(.! g! .)+*0! P4;?-+4(! >(! P4)*3W! 5*(&?W! 2@E&%W! HpoPW! ))\! P=hu! IHPW! 6\/*A! G@! /R'@(W!

I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!))\!L<<u<pW!7\!#EJO@?A@W!BM;?>+.(!)2!`h!.+_/>(W!E)4+.W!HpL<W!))\!=huLH=W!

2\v\S\! S*(A&?OW!LF(! i-4j! -<! I)..+-3-42.W! ))\! H<=u<p! @B! 5&@(! Z(*AJD! S@*B(&J@W! ]!#@! 1EX&A! N!

V*??&DGD(@W! %*! ($J@)B&DA! G@?! O&?BD&(@?! @JJ%$?&*?B&[E@?! `(@J[E@?! G*A?! %+:JJ&G@AB! %*B&A!^! &A!

(16)

HM!

V*??&DGD(@! G@! 4(>+?+-.2.! 2+4! +0(,! <+>+2.! *-.0(4! $(*)0-4hP\! V@! B&B(@! ?DE%&`A@!

%+@XX*J@F@AB! G*A?! %@[E@%! '&'*&B! N! J@!FDF@ABu%N! %+*AJ&@A! F&A&?B(@! G@! 3O$DGD(&JhIW!

[E&! @AB(*! )*(! *&%%@E(?! @A! JDAB*JB! *'@J! G+*EB(@?!2+4+! 4(>+?+-.+!JDFF@! vD(G*A@?W! %@!

JDFB@! 9*(J@%%&A! @B! %@! [E@?B@E(! vEA&%&E?W! EA! BO$D%D`&@A! %*x[E@! d! &%! @AB(*! *E??&! @A!

JDAB*JB!*'@J!G@?!$'q[E@?W!5(&F*?&E?W!Z*JEAGE?W!@B!*'@J!0E?_K@!X$(E!@A!?J&@AJ@?!

?*J($@h<\! #*A?! %*! )($X*J@! G@?!H*.0+0+0+-*(.W! &%! (@A'D&@! *E! B(*&B$! [E@! vEA&%&E?! *'*&B!

($G&`$!?E(!%+@A?@&`A@F@AB!)(DX@??$!N!%+&A?B&BEB!BO$D%D`&[E@!G@!-&?&K@ho!d!J+@?B!N!J@!

FDF@ABu%N![E+&%!Fr(&B!?DA!)(DQ@B!G@!FDA*?B_(@!N!2[E&%%*J@hh\!.%!@?B!J%*&(![E@!JY@?B!

%@!)@B&B!D)E?JE%@!GE!'(!)*+,)![E&!F*([E@!%@!FDF@AB!J(EJ&*%!G@!%*!/-*2(4.+-!G@!

V*??&DGD(@W!FqF@!?&!G*A?!%@!'(!-40F-?4)1F+)W!&%!G*B@!?DA!JO*A`@F@AB!G@!'&@!GE!

FDF@AB!Dy!&%!X&B!?@?!JDFF@AB*&(@?!?E(!%@?!5?*EF@?h=\!

!!!#*A?! %@! '(! )*+,)W! V*??&DGD(@! F_A@! EA@! ($X%@b&DA! *ABO(D)D%D`&[E@W!

)?RJOD%D`&[E@!@B!FD(*%@!d!&%!($EA&B!G@?!F*B$(&*Eb!)O&%D?D)O&[E@?!@B!@F)(EAB@!G@?!

F*B$(&*Eb! )OR?&D%D`&[E@?! N! %*! B(*G&B&DA! F$G&J*%@hp\! 9*&?! &%! $J(&B! *E??&! EA! B(*&B$!

)%@&A! G@! G$'DB&DA! [E&! ?+*))E&@! ?E(! %@?! $J(&B?! ?J(&)BE(*&(@?! @B! ?E(! %+cE'(@! G@! ?*&AB!

6E`E?B&AW!*Eb[E@%?!&%!*JJD(G@!EA@!)*(B&JE%&_(@!&F)D(B*AJ@=M\!

2&!/0J%0)*1*0+!,(#!"#$%&'(#

!!!!#*A?!%@?!G@Eb!)(@F&@(?!JO*)&B(@?!G@!%+$G&B&DA!G+U*%)D(A=H![E&!JD((@?)DAG@AB!N!%*!

)($X*J@!G@!%+$G&B&DA!G@!C*(@B=LW!V*??&DGD(@!ADE?!@b)%&[E@![E@!J+@?B!?E(!%+&A?&?B*AJ@!

G@!?@?!*F&?!;.2)2(!/->>(?+2,>![E+&%!*!$J(&B!J@!B(*&B$W!@B!ADE?!(*))@%%@![E+&%!*!G$QN!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

BMO+.0-4+-?4)1F+(! 3(! >M#?>+.(! 3(.! 14(,+(4.! .+_/>(.W! S\! 5DEG@(DA! @B! 8\9\! #E'*%W! 5*(&?W!

S@*EJO@?A@W!LMMH!;3O$D%D`&@!U&?BD(&[E@\!HHI>W!))\!LPhuL<p\!

hL! #*A?! J@BB@! )D%$F&[E@! BO$D%D`&[E@! *EBDE(! G@! %*! GDEK%@! A*BE(@! GE! VO(&?BW! V*??&DGD(@! ?@! ?&BE*&B!

F*A&X@?B@F@AB!@A!X*'@E(!G@?!3(D&?!VO*)&B(@?!;2\v\S\!S*(A&?O\!LF(!i-4j!-<!I)..+-3-42.W!)\!HoH>\!

hP!!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%!HP<h\!

hI!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%DAA@\!HP<h\!

h<!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQWI)..+-3-4(W!JD%\HP<h\!

ho!6\!'*A\G@\!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!(0!.-*!:294(W!)\!L<p\!

hh!]!V@![E&!$B*&B!%D&A!G+qB(@!@bJ@)B&DAA@%!)DE(!EA!%*x[E@!N!%+$)D[E@!^!;6\'*A\G@\!/R'@(W!I)..+-3-4(!

(0!.-*!:294(W!)\!LoM>\!

h=!#\9\!V*))ERA?W!'OPQW!I)..+-3-4(W!JD%\!HP<oW!@B!v\l\!U*%)D(AW!&)?*+!624(>++W!)\!IL\!

hp! 2\! C@(?OW! G*A?!'+/0+-**)+4(! 3(.! 1F+>-.-1F(.! )*0+G2(.W! ?DE?! %*! G&(@JB&DA! G@! 1\! CDE%@BW! 5*(&?W!

V-12W!HppIW!3\!..W!))\!LPLuPI\!

=M!6\!2JOA@&G@(W!]!#&@!0(j@AABA&?%@O(@!K@&!S@`&AA!G@(!2JOD%*?B&j!^W!EF+>-.-1F+.F(.!k)F4A2/FW!PPu PI!;HpLH>!"!))\!LLhuL<LW!;LLh>!"!]!V*??&DGD(!@AB?)(@JO@AG!G@F!VO*(*jB@(!?@&A@(!,(B@&%?k@&?@!G&@!

/@(K&AGEA`!F&B!G@(!5*B(&?B&j!G*(!^!;%+$B*B!G+@?)(&B!G@!V*??&DGD(@W!G*A?!?*!F*A&_(@!G@!QE`@(W!%@!(@%&@!N!

%*!)*B(&?B&[E@>\!

=H!v\l\!U*%)D(AW!&)?*+!624(>++W!))\!PpuHMp\!

=L!v\!C*(@BW!&)?*+!624(>++!I)..+-3-4+W!]1(4)!-,*+)W!BDFE?!)D?B@(&D(W!5*(&?W!H=IhW!JD%DAA@?\!HLhpu HPM=\!

(17)

HH!

EB&%&?$!J@B!*(`EF@AB!*E!G$KEB!G@?!`)4+)(=P!;+*!.)>2,!424.2.>!d!?*A?!)($QE`@(!GE!(~%@!

[E+*!)E!QDE@(!%*!)(@??&DA!G@!?@?!*F&?W!DA!)@EB!X*&(@!%@?!FqF@?!(@F*([E@?![E@!)DE(!

%@! G$KEB! G@?!`)4+)(=I! "! &%! ?+*`&B! G+EA@! X&JB&DA! %&BB$(*&(@! d! %@! ($J&B! [E@! ADE?! X*&B!

V*??&DGD(@! G@! %*! G&XX&JE%B$! GE! ?EQ@BW! G@! ?*! ($?&?B*AJ@! @B! X&A*%@F@AB! G@! ?*!

($?&`A*B&DA!)*(*eB!EA!)@E!B(D)!(O$BD(&[E@W!@B!X*&B!*))*(*eB(@!%*!X*E??@!FDG@?B&@!G@!

V*??&DGD(@!d!%*!)@(B&A@AJ@!G@?![E@?B&DA?![E&!%E&!?DAB!)D?$@?!?E``_(@!G+*EB(@!)*(B!EA!

)(DQ@B!G$QN!K&@A!($X%$JO&\!!

!!!-DE?!A+&`AD(DA?!)*?!BDB*%@F@AB!ADB(@!aF@W!?&ADA!ADE?!A+*E(&DA?!)*?!%+&G$@!G@!%*!

(@JO@(JO@(W! F*&?! ?&! ADE?! %*! JDAA*&??&DA?W! ADE?! A+*E(&DA?! )*?! %@! G$?&(! G+@A!

*))(@AG(@! G*'*AB*`@=<d! ADE?! @A! *'DA?! EA@! J@(B*&A@! (@)($?@AB*B&DAW! F*&?! K&@A!

[E+@%%@!?D&B!N!)D(B$@!G@!F*&AW!@%%@!@?B!G+*JJ_?!G&XX&J&%@!d!&%!@?B!)DE(B*AB!&AG&?)@A?*K%@!

G@! %*! JDAA*eB(@! ?&! ADE?! 'DE%DA?! *JJ$G@(! N! G@?! '$(&B$?! )%E?! O*EB@?=o\! V+@?B! %*!

G$F*(JO@! G@! ?*&AB! 6E`E?B&A! [E@! ?E&B! &J&! V*??&DGD(@! "! JDAA*eB(@! #&@E! @B! ADB(@!

aF@=h\!.%!%@!G&B!G@!X*fDA!*%%E?&'@W!ADE?!(@A'DR*AB!?@E%@F@AB!*E!)($J@)B@!G@!2DJ(*B@!

*-./(!0(!+1.2,![E+&%!A@!JO(&?B&*A&?@(*![E@!)%E?!%D&A!G*A?!%@!B(*&B$==!d!J@!X*&?*AB!&%!A@!

?@(*!`E_(@!D(&`&A*%W!(@)(@A*AB!J@![E+*'*&@AB!X*&B!*'*AB!%E&!%@?!5_(@?!G@!%+4`%&?@W!F*&?!

&%!?@(*!?E&'&!)*(!%@?!)O&%D?D)O@?!GE!9DR@A!i`@!JDAGE&?*AB!N!J@![E@!%+DA!*!*))@%$!

%@! ]!?DJ(*B&?F@! JO($B&@A=p!^\! V*??&DGD(@! ?@! )D?@! @B! ADE?! )D?@! GDEm@! [E@?B&DA?!"!

5DE([ED&!%+*))@%%@uBuDA!aF@!€!}E@%%@!@?B!?*!G$X&A&B&DA!€!}E@%%@!@?B!?*!A*BE(@!€!6uBu

@%%@! EA@! XD(F@! €! }E@%%@?! ?DAB! ?@?! '@(BE?! FD(*%@?! €! }E@%%@?! ?DAB! ?@?! '@(BE?!

A*BE(@%%@?!€!}E@%%@!@?B!?DA!D(&`&A@!€!:y!?&_`@uBu@%%@!€!}E@%%@!@?B!%*!JDF)D?&B&DA!G@!

?DA!JD()?!€!}E@%%@!JDAA*&??*AJ@!*uBuDA!G@?!F$JO*AB?!€!}E@%%@!JDAA*&??*AJ@!*uBuDA!

G@?!ODFF@?!KDA?!€!}E@%%@?!?DAB!%*!G@?B&A$@!@B!%*!'&@!XEBE(@!G@!%+aF@pM!€!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

=P!V@BB@!)O(*?@![E@!%+DA!B(DE'@!G*A?!%*!G@Eb&_F@!)($X*J@!G@?!`)4+)(!;.(3!1-.0G2),!32-3(/+,!>+a A4+.!-12./2>2,!*-.042,!3(.+3(4)0-!<+*(!/-*/>2.(4),W!3(!)*+,)(!.2A.0)*0+)(W!2(>!3(!2+4020+A2.!(f2.!

),+/+! ,(! 3+..(4(4(! /-(?(42*0>W! *! $B$W! ?@FK%@uBu&%W! E%B$(&@E(@F@AB! *QDEB$@W! &AG&[E*AB! [E@! %@!'(!

)*+,)!*!$B$!$J(&B!*'*AB!%*!)EK%&J*B&DA!G@?!`)4+)(!;v\l\!U*%)D(AW!&)?*+!624(>++W!)\!IH>\!

=I!!0A!'D&(!%*!J(&B&[E@!G*A?!j@\v\!Z(&GOW!L(4,+*->-?+(!(0!<-4,2>(.!3)*.!>(.!`)4+)(!3(!I)..+-3-4(W!

CwB@KD(`W!Hp<oW!))\!HuL!@B!G*A?!C\!S*(GRW!BM;?>+.(!(0!>(.!3(4*+(4.!4-,)+*.W!5*(&?W!7*XXDABW!HpI=W!)\!

L=hW!ADB@!I<\!

=<!!4\!C&%?DAW!H*04-32/0+-*!g!>M;023(!3(!.)+*0!62?2.0+*W!5*(&?W!/(&AW!HpopW!)\!HPM\!

=o!3@bB@!%*B&AW!JO*)&B(@\!.W!‚L!!"!/2+!.21(4*(!3)02,!(.0!0)*0)!3+./20(4(5!

=h!3(2,!(0!)*+,),!./+4(!/21+-5a*+F+>*(!1>2.!€!u*+F+>!-,*+*-\!6E`\W!$->+>\!.W!hW!H\!

==! ! 3@bB@! %*B&AW! JO*)&B(@\! g/..W! ‚P! ! "!+*0(>>(?),2.! (2,W! 3+>+?),2.! +1.2,W!(0! 02*/! )*+,).! *-.04).!

2(4(!/-?*-./+,2.5!

=p!4\!C&%?DAW!BM(.14+0!3(!>)!1F+>-.-1F+(!,;3+;9)>(W!5*(&?W!/(&AW!Hph=W!)\!LHp\!

pM!7+$G&B&DA!G+U*%)D(A!JDF)(@AG!G&buOE&B!JO*)&B(@?W!J@%%@!G@!C*(@BW!GDEm@W!@B!J+@?B!J@!JO&XX(@![E+&%!

ADE?!X*EB!(@B@A&(!JDFF@!%@!(@JDAA*eB!U*%)D(AW!&)?*+!624(>++W!)\!IP\!

(18)

HL!

!!!!!!!!}E+&%! R! *&B! GDEm@! [E@?B&DA?! A+@?B! )*?! *ADG&A\! :A! )@EB! ADB@(! &J&! EA! )(@F&@(!

@b@F)%@!GE!?RFKD%&?F@!AEF$(&[E@![E@!ADE?!(@B(DE'@(DA?!BDEB!*E!%DA`!GE!B(*&B$\!

V*??&DGD(@!(@'&@AB!)%E?!%D&A!?E(!J@!ADFK(@!GDEm@pH"!]!-DE?!*'DA?!GDAJ!B@(F&A$!!

ADB(@!)@B&B!B(*'*&%!*'@J!%@!ADFK(@!GDEm@W![E&!*!D(A$!%@?!J&@Eb!G@!%*!G&'@(?&B$!G@?!

JDA?B@%%*B&DA?W![E&!*!G&?)D?$!%Y*AA$@!G*A?!%@!JO*(F@!G@?!FD&?W![E&!*!X*&B!*K*AGDA!

G@?!)(&AJ&)*Eb!'@AB?!*Eb!K@?D&A?!B@((@?B(@?!G*A?!EA@!D(`*A&?*B&DA!)($'DR*AB@W![E&!

*!G&'&?$!%@?!&AB@('*%%@?!GE!QDE(!@B!G@!%*!AE&B!@A!EA!QE?B@!ADFK(@!GYO@E(@?!G@!?D(B@!

[E@!JY@?B!N!KDA!G(D&B![E@!%YDA!*))%&[E@!*E??&!)DE(!$J%*&(@(!%*![E@?B&DA!G@!%YaF@!J@!

(*&?DAA@F@AB!XDAG$!?E(!%@!ADFK(@!GDAB!%*!'*%@E(!@?B!JDA?*J($@!)*(!%Y*`@AJ@F@AB!

G@!?&!`(*AG@?!($*%&B$?!A*BE(@%%@?!^!\!7@!?RFKD%&?F@!G@?!ADFK(@?W!GDAB!%*!B(*G&B&DA!

'@A*&B!G@?!)RBO*`D(&J&@A?W!$B*&B!($)*AGE!G*A?!%Y*&(@!`($JDu(DF*&A@W!]!:A!R!)E&?*&B!

%@! ?@AB&F@AB! GYEA@! A$J@??&B$! FR?B$(&@E?@pL!^\! 7@?! qB(@?! ?@%DA! SD_J@! $B*&@AB!

*2,(4-42,! 4)0+-*(! <-4,)0)pPW!@B!G*A?! %@?!H*.0+020+-*(.W! V*??&DGD(@! ADE?! G&B! "!

*2,(42.!(.0!G2+!/2*/0)!3+.1-*+0pI\!#&@E!*!BDEB!J($$!@A!)D&G?W!F@?E(@!@B!ADFK(@p<W!

@B!J+@?B!J@!ADFK(@![E&!GDAA@!N!%*!'&?&DA!GE!FDAG@!EA!$J%*&(*`@!@?BO$B&[E@W!F*&?!

*E??&!DKQ@JB&XpoW![E&!JDA?B&BE@!]!%+&A'&?&K%@!A@('E(@!G@!%*!J($*B&DAph!^\!7@?!(@A'D&?!

($`E%&@(?! *E! ?RFKD%&?F@! AEF$(&[E@! ADE?! G@F*AG@(DAB! EA@! *BB&BEG@!

JDF)($O@A?&'@!)DE(!?RF)*BO&?@(!*'@J!EA@!F@AB*%&B$![E&!?@!?&BE@!%D&A!GE!FDF@AB!

Dy! %*! (*&?DA! *F_A@(*! ]!%+$)E&?@F@AB! GE! (_`A@! G@! %+&A'&?&K%@p=!^\! #DEm@! @?B! %@!

ADFK(@!G@!%*!)%$A&BEG@!d!V*??&DGD(@!)@A?@!*&A?&!J@(A@(!%@!)(DK%_F@!G@!%+aF@!G@!

F*A&_(@!*JO@'$@\!.%!G$'@%D))@!%@?![E@?B&DA?!G*A?!J@B!D(G(@W!R!*QDEB@!EA!JO*)&B(@!

?E(!#&@EW!EA@!($J*)&BE%*B&DA!@B!@AX&A!EA@!)(&_(@\!.%!?@!?DE'&@AB!'(*&?@FK%*K%@F@AB!

GE![E@?B&DAA*&(@!G+4'DG&E?pp![E&!JDF)(@AG!%+D(&`&A@!G@!%+aF@!;2*3(!.+0!)*+,)>!d!%*!

A*BE(@!G@!%+aF@!;G2)>+.!.+0!)*+,)>!d!%*!G&F@A?&DA!G@!%+aF@!;G2)*0)!.+0!)*+,)>!d!%*!

J*E?@!G@!%+EA&DA!G@!%+aF@!@B!GE!JD()?!;/24!/-41-4+!<2(4+0!3)0)>!d!%+EA&DA!G@!%+aF@!@B!

GE!JD()?!N!%*!A*&??*AJ@!;/2,!)3!/-412.!2(*(4+0!G2)>+.!(<<+/+)024>!d!@B!?*!A*BE(@!EA@!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

pH!3@bB@!%*B&AW!JO*)&B(@\!g/..W!‚L!\!

pL!U\!G@!7EK*JW!Qc;?_.(!&;3+;9)>(W!5*(&?W!6EK&@(W!HpoIW!?@JDAG@!)*(B&@W!..W!)\=\!

pP!SD_J@W!64+0F\!.W!L!"!-,*+)!G2)(/2,G2(!)!14+,)(2)!4(42,!*)024)!/-*.042/0)!.2*0W!*2,(4-42,!

2+3(*024!4)0+-*(!<-4,)0)5!

pI!V*??&DGD(@W!H*.0+0\!..W!IW!h\!

p<!2*`@??@W!llW!ml\!

po!/D&(!U\!G@!7EK*JW!Qc;?_.(W!))\!hu!IM!;=>W!@B!*E??&!9\!#&\!9*(JD!"!]!-DB@!?E%%*!?&FKD%D`&*!G@&!

AEF@(&! A@%!'(! )*+,)! G&! V*??&DGD(D!^W! &A!I)..+-3-4-!"! 3)>>)! /-40(! 3+! ")9(**)! )>! `+9)4+2,! 3+!

$G2+>>)/(W!1EKK@BB&ADW!S&K%DBO@J*!/&'*(&@A?&?W!L!;HppP>!"!))\!HppuLHL\!

ph!V&B$!)*(!U\!G@!7EK*JW!Qc;?_.(W!)\!=\!

p=!!0b)(@??&DA!G@!9\!C*EJO@BW!B(!3;.(*/F)*0(,(*0!32!,-*3(W!5*(&?W!C*%%&F*(GW!Hp=<W!)\!...>\!

pp!6E`\W!n2)*0\!HW!HW!@B!v\!7*`DE*A_(@W!H*0;4+-4+0;!(0!4;<>(c+9+0;!3)*.!>)!1(*.;(!3(!.)+*0!62?2.0+*W!

.A?B&BEB!G+4BEG@?!6E`E?B&A&@AA@?W!5*(&?W!LMHLW!)\!Ip\!

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to