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[Endocannabinoids: therapeutic openings in chronic liver diseases.]

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HAL Id: inserm-00130029

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00130029

Submitted on 5 Oct 2007

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[Endocannabinoids: therapeutic openings in chronic liver diseases.]

Sophie Lotersztajn, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Christophe Hezode, Jeanne Tran van Nhieu, Vanessa Deveaux, Ariane Mallat

To cite this version:

Sophie Lotersztajn, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Christophe Hezode, Jeanne Tran van Nhieu, Vanessa De-

veaux, et al.. [Endocannabinoids: therapeutic openings in chronic liver diseases.]. Gastroentérologie

Clinique et Biologique / Research and Clinics in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Elsevier Masson,

2007, 31 (3), pp.255-8. �inserm-00130029�

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HAL author manuscript inserm-00130029, version 1HAL author manuscript inserm-00130029, version 1

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