Strategies to improve livestock system robustness: moving toward diversity

(1)

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Strategies to improve livestock system robustness:

moving toward diversity

Fabienne Blanc, Emilie Ollion, Bertrand Dumont, Stéphane Ingrand

To cite this version:

Fabienne Blanc, Emilie Ollion, Bertrand Dumont, Stéphane Ingrand. Strategies to improve livestock system robustness: moving toward diversity. Seminaire Metaprogramme Inra Recolad, Feb 2015, Paris, France. 112 p., 2015, Worshop 2015 ReColAd. �hal-01195389�

(2)

Strategies to improve livestock system

robustness:

moving toward diversity

E. Ollion, B. Dumont, S. Ingrand and F. Blanc

(3)

Why?

(4)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(5)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(6)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(7)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(8)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(9)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

(10)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

(11)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

(12)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

(13)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts

Asia time, 2011

(14)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts

Asia time, 2011

Milk prices FAO, 2012

(15)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts But essential roles: proteins, jobs income, draught power, social role

Asia time, 2011

(16)

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts But essential roles: proteins, jobs income, draught power, social role

Asia time, 2011

A change of paradigm is needed to develop sustainable and socially acceptable robust

livestock systems in a changing world

(17)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(18)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Agroecology Agroecology

(19)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Scientific discipline that applies ecological theory to the design and

management of sustainable agroecosystems (Altieri, 1987)

Agroecology Agroecology

(20)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Holistic framework Agroecology Agroecology

(21)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(22)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(23)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Holistic framework Crop productions

Crop productions AgroecologyAgroecology

(24)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(25)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(26)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

(27)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Crop productions AgroecologyAgroecology Livestock?Livestock?

(28)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Crop productions AgroecologyAgroecology Livestock?Livestock?

Agroecological transition of livestock farming

system is an option

(29)

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

(Dumont et al. 2013)

5 principles

Integrated health managmt

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

Diversity to ↑ resilience

(30)

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

Intensification

(31)

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

* * * *

* *

** * **

** * *

* * * *

Intensification

(32)

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

* * * *

* *

** * **

** * *

* * * *

Intensification

(33)

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

* * * *

* *

** * **

** * *

* * * *

Intensification

Which form and use of diversity ?

(34)

Productions diversity (Dumont et al., 2013)

Nhan et al. 2006 Phong et al. 2010 Karim et al. 2011

Livestock Rice, fruits, sugar cane

Fish (carp, tilapia)

(35)

Productions diversity (Dumont et al., 2013)

Fertilization Feed co-products

(36)

Productions diversity (Dumont et al., 2013)

(37)

Productions diversity (Dumont et al., 2013)

(38)

Productions diversity (Dumont et al., 2013)

Diversity secures income and autonomy reduces vulnerability and environmental burden, increases

productivity

(39)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Land intensification Animals’ productivity

(40)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Land intensification

Dairy cows

Meat sheep

Separated management

6000 kg/cow/year 1,1 lamb/ewe/year

Animals’ productivity

(41)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat sheep

Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands Use of remote lands

(42)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

Adjoining management

7000 kg/cow/year 1,4 lamb/ewe/year Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands Use of remote lands

(43)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

7000 kg/cow/year 1,4 lamb/ewe/year Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands

Use of remote lands Buy forages or decrease

sheep productivity Buy forages or decrease

sheep productivity

(44)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

Adjusted management

Meat sheep Dairy cows

7000 kg/cow/year 1,4 lamb/ewe/year

4750 kg/cow/year 0,9 lamb/ewe/year Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands

sheep productivity

(45)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

Adjusted management

4750 kg/cow/year 0,9 lamb/ewe/year Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands

sheep productivity

Adjust number of sheep, less expectations on productivity Adjust number of sheep, less

expectations on productivity

(46)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

Adjusted management Interlinking

management

5500 kg/cow/year

0,9 lamb/ewe/year 4750 kg/cow/year

0,9 lamb/ewe/year Animals’ productivity

Use of remote lands

sheep productivity

expectations on productivity

(47)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

management

Use of remote lands

sheep productivity

expectations on productivity Sharing resources and playing

with species complementarity Sharing resources and playing

with species complementarity

(48)

Species diversity (Cournut et al. 2014)

Dairy cows

Meat

sheep Meat

sheep Dairy cows

management

Use of remote lands

sheep productivity

expectations on productivity Sharing resources and playing

with species complementarity Sharing resources and playing

with species complementarity

Holistic view of the species combination contributes to

improve robustness of the system

(49)

Within-herd diversity

(50)

Within-herd diversity

Physiologic status

(51)

Within-herd diversity

Physiologic status

Diversity of individual capacities to face

disturbances robustness

(52)

Within-herd diversity

Physiologic status

Diversity of individual capacities to face disturbances robustness

Case study: dairy cows

(53)

Diversity of physiological status

(54)

300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

INRA – Le Pin au Haras

Diversity of physiological status

(55)

300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

Heterogenous status (n=9) Observed data

Homogeneous status (n=9)

Observed data

Diversity of physiological status

(56)

Disturbed period 300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

Heterogenous status (n=9) Observed data

Observed data

Diversity of physiological status

(57)

Disturbed period 300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

Predicted data (undisturbed)

Predicted data (undisturbed) Heterogenous status (n=9)

Observed data

Diversity of physiological status

(58)

Disturbed period

∆∆∆∆ = - 93 kg

∆∆∆∆ = - 55 kg

300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

Observed data

Diversity of physiological status

(59)

Disturbed period

∆∆∆∆ = - 93 kg

∆∆∆∆ = - 55 kg

300

200 150 100

0

Milk yield(kg/week)

19/11/06 07/02/07 28/04/07 17/07/07 05/10/07 24/12/07

250

50

Observed data

Diversity of physiological status can buffer the effect of disturbances at the herd level

Diversity of physiological status

(60)

Diversity of individual robustness

(61)

Diversity of individual robustness

Robust cows:

• Able to produce and reproduce in a wide

range of environments (Knap, 2005)

(62)

Diversity of individual robustness

Robust cows:

• Able to produce and reproduce in a wide range of environments (Knap, 2005)

• “A cow that you do not hear in the herd, a cow

lasting in the herd” ( Ollion et al. unpublished )

(63)

Diversity of individual robustness

Robust cows:

• Able to produce and reproduce in a wide range of environments (Knap, 2005)

• “A cow that you do not hear in the herd, a cow lasting in the herd” ( Ollion et al. unpublished )

A robust cow gives adaptive answers to disturbances maintaining her in the range of farmer’s expectations and so

contributing to her longevity

A robust cow gives adaptive answers to disturbances maintaining her in the range of farmer’s expectations and so

contributing to her longevity

(64)

Diversity of individual robustness

(65)

Diversity of individual robustness

(66)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

(67)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival Limited ressources

Low energy

Selection

(68)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Trade-off profiles Trade-off profiles Limited ressources

Low energy

Selection

(69)

• Used the period 0-90d postpartum:

suboptimal nutritional period (negative energy balance)

Diversity of individual robustness

(70)

• Used the period 0-90d postpartum:

suboptimal nutritional period (negative energy balance)

Diversity of individual robustness

Milk (kg/day)

Energy intake (Mcal/day) Energy balance (Mcal/day)

Weeks postpartum Preynat, 2009

(71)

• Used the period 0-90d postpartum:

suboptimal nutritional period (negative energy balance)

Diversity of individual robustness

(72)

• Used the period 0-90d postpartum:

suboptimal nutritional period (negative energy balance)

• Data from Inra experimental units of

Mirecourt (2002-2012) et du Pin-au-Haras (2006-2011)

Data on milk yield, BCS, reproduction, individual characteristics

( number lactation, âge at 1^st calving…)

334 validated lactations

Diversity of individual robustness

(73)

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Diversity of individual robustness

Limited ressources

Essential functions

(74)

Milk production - kg

- Shape of lactation curve

Length and success

- Insemination -Conception -Success rate Length and success

- Insemination -Conception -Success rate

Body condition - Score at calving - Change

Period from 0 à 90j postpatrum

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

(75)

Length and success

- Insemination -Conception -Success rate Length and success

- Insemination -Conception -Success rate

Body condition - Score at calving - Change

Period from 0 à 90j postpatrum

P R O F I L E S Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

(76)

Milk Body condition score

Diversity of individual robustness

(77)

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

Priority to milk production

Recalving: 64%

Diversity of individual robustness

(78)

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartrum

Priority to reproduction

Recalving: 71%

Recalving: 64%

Diversity of individual robustness

(79)

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Recalving: 71%

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

MiilkYield (Kg)

Days postpartum

Stability in milk and BCS

Recalving: 30%

Recalving: 64%

Diversity of individual robustness

(80)

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Recalving: 71%

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

MiilkYield (Kg)

Days postpartum

Recalving: 30%

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

No trade-off

Recalving: 92%

Recalving: 64%

Diversity of individual robustness

(81)

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Recalving: 71%

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

MiilkYield (Kg)

Days postpartum

Recalving: 30%

1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0 20 40 60 80 100

BCS

Milk Yield (kg)

Days postpartum

No trade-off

Recalving: 92%

Recalving: 64%

Highlight: individual diversity of trade-offs between functions within herds

Diversity of individual robustness

(82)

Diversity of individual robustness

Profile 1

Profile 2

Profile 3

Mixed herd

Long-term simulation of

milk yield in fluctuating environments

Blanc et al., 2013

(83)

Diversity of individual robustness

Same average milk yield (kg/cow)

7508

7493

7464

7488 Profile 1

Profile 2

Profile 3

Mixed herd

(84)

Diversity of individual robustness

7508

7493

7464

7488

Lesser inter-annual variability (%)

25 20

15 10 5

0

Profile 1

Profile 2

Profile 3

Mixed herd

(85)

Diversity of individual robustness

7508

7493

7464

7488

25 20

15 10 5

0

Profile 1

Profile 2

Profile 3

Mixed herd

(86)

Diversity of individual robustness

7508

7493

7464

7488

25 20

15 10 5

0

Profile 1

Profile 2

Profile 3

Mixed herd

The diversity of individual trade-off profiles within the herd does not increase production but brings stability

The diversity of individual trade-off profiles within the

herd does not increase production but brings stability

(87)

And on the field?

(88)

And on the field?

“Herd homogeneity is an essential step to optimize animal feeding”

(89)

And on the field?

(90)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas

(91)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas

(92)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas

(93)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

• Herd size: from 25 to 200

• 72% one breed, 18% two breeds, 18% crossbred

• 26% in organic agriculture

(94)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

72% see diversity in their herd

(95)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

72% see diversity in their herd

44% see interest in diversity of physiological status

(96)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

72% see diversity in their herd

44% see interest in diversity of physiological status

51% see interest in individual diversity

(97)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

72% see diversity in their herd

44% see interest in diversity of physiological status 51% see interest in individual diversity

13% see the link between diversity and robustness

(98)

And on the field?

39 surveyed dairy farms in three distinct dairy areas Already existing diversity:

72% see diversity in their herd

44% see interest in diversity of physiological status 51% see interest in individual diversity

13% see the link between diversity and robustness

There is still a gap between farmers seeing diversity and farmers managing diversity

There is still a gap between farmers seeing diversity and

farmers managing diversity

(99)

Take home messages

(100)

Take home messages

Agroecology is a transition pathway to move

toward more sustainable livestock systems

(101)

Take home messages

Agroecology is a transition pathway to move toward more sustainable livestock systems

Diversity is a resource contributing to systems capacities to face disturbances e.g. climate

change

(102)

Take home messages

Agroecology is a transition pathway to move toward more sustainable livestock systems

Diversity is a resource contributing to systems capacities to face disturbances e.g. climate

change

A gradient of diversity can be found in livestock production systems: resources, species,

physiological status, individual robustness

(103)

Take home messages

Agroecology is a transition pathway to move toward more sustainable livestock systems

Diversity is a resource contributing to systems capacities to face disturbances e.g. climate

change

A gradient of diversity can be found in livestock production systems: resources, species,

physiological status, individual robustness

These diversities are already experimented on the field. More knowledge is needed to give

tools for farmers to manage diversity

(104)

Thank you for your attention

(105)

Diversity of individual robustness

(106)

Diversity of individual robustness

(107)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

(108)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival Limited ressources

Low energy

Selection

(109)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Trade-off profiles Trade-off profiles Limited ressources

Low energy

Selection

(110)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival Disturbances

Disturbances

?

(111)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Survival

Adaptive reponses profiles

Adaptive reponses profiles Disturbances

Disturbances

?

(112)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Disturbances

?

Adaptive reponses profiles Trade-off profiles Trade-off profiles

Links?

(113)

Diversity of individual robustness

Essential functions

Lactation

Reproduction

Disturbances

?

Adaptive reponses profiles Trade-off profiles Trade-off profiles

Links?

Strategies to improve livestock system robustness: moving toward diversity

Strategies to improve livestock system

robustness:

moving toward diversity

Why?

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

Why?

Current systems raises concerns

Instability of productions contexts

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts But essential roles: proteins, jobs income, draught power, social role

Why?

Current systems raises concerns Instability of productions contexts But essential roles: proteins, jobs income, draught power, social role

A change of paradigm is needed to develop sustainable and socially acceptable robust

livestock systems in a changing world

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

And How? (Dumont,2013)

Agroecological transition of livestock farming

system is an option

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

* *** ** *** ***

*** ** ** ** *

** * **

** * *

** *** *** *** *** **

Agroecology in livestock farming systems:

6 case studies

5 principles

↓ inputs

Preserve biodiversity

↓ pollution

* *** ** *** ***

* * * *

* *

* * * *

* * * *

* *

* * * *

* * * *

* *

* * * *