Etude des dysfonctionnements dans la prise de décision. Application au choix d'acteur.

Texte intégral

(1)Etude des dysfonctionnements dans la prise de décision. Application au choix d’acteur. Julie Stal-Le Cardinal. To cite this version: Julie Stal-Le Cardinal. Etude des dysfonctionnements dans la prise de décision. Application au choix d’acteur.. Sciences de l’ingénieur [physics]. Ecole Centrale Paris, 2000. Français. �tel-00318669�. HAL Id: tel-00318669 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00318669 Submitted on 4 Sep 2008. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2)

(3) "! !"#$ %&' (*),-/+ .0-/132 -4+ -657 ) 8#9 : ; =<?>A@B> <?CEDGFIH ? < > K( JMLN)PORQ JTS 20-/132VU J 1XW L Y[Z]\_â`[â`cb=dfePgh`jikZlâ`[mNnpoqerdm/`sA`jtguZ]\_m/`cv#\_Z*w4x 5 - + | U~7 O U2 - + (*)VJ W L| 2VU~} L -h -/+ 1U-U~1W L .02 ) U- O y 7 SzJT) 7{2 J U ) - (*)VJ W L| 2VU~} L - yJT U~.02VU~} L c 9 "! !"!%K "$ _

(4)

(5) ! " !" ! a < :' _ 9 , !M$ % 9 a JML 20-/1 L - O - 4B L U O~O -42u{TT -4{7T132 O - LN)V_|JM 5 J . -+ WN-%¡ ¢6£¥¤N¦$£ §¨© ª«X¬ ® ¤°¯h±0²´³/µ·¶p¶/µ¸,±p¹IºK»¼¾½Tµ±p¶·¼À¿NµIÁ Â3µÃ:µVÄÅ3»:²{Æ²VÇT¼Èµ Â3µÉÊ²{ËPÌ:¼TµVÍ ÇT»zµ Î 7{55 JT) 20- LN) Ï £ÐÑ¨©©$ÒÓ¤'¯h±0²´³/µ·¶p¶/µ¸,±p¹ºK»¼¾½Tµ±p¶·¼À¿NµIÁ Â3µÃ:µVÄÅ3»:²{Æ²VÇT¼Èµ Â3µrÔBµÆ ³4²{±¿*Õ²{»¿×ÖÊµÁ Æ ¼RØ{±0Â Î 7{55 JT) 20- LN) ¢6£¥¤NÙk£IÚq©aÛÜÞÝ ¤'¯h±0²´³/µ·¶p¶/µ¸,±p¹Êß0àBáÊÃâàB¹Éã]äB¹åázØMÄ4ÆØ{æ (*),-/+ .VU~WN-/132 ¢6£¥¤,çè£Iéq©$Ò

(6) êk«X¬ ëj ¤°ìj¼¾±VµVÄ/¿×µ¸,±Bíîhìr¹IïØ{Æ¾Æ²{¸,±VµVÄ ðÊñ 7 U~17{20- LN) ò £ó¨ô*Ýa¨õ¤'¯h±0²´³/µ·¶p¶/µ¸,±p¹ºK»¼¾½Tµ±p¶·¼À¿ÈØT¿ÊÕØ/Ç3Â3µöÖ¸,±RÇ{¹ÊäÆ¾Æ~µË%Ø/ÇT»zµ ðÊñ 7 U~17{20- LN) ¢6£¥¤,çè£6§÷Ò°øù

(7) ê ª[¤'¯h±0²´³/µ·¶p¶/µ¸,±p¹ÊãúÄp²{Æ~µÉ*µ»¿À±0Ø{Æ~µj¯úØ{±·¼û¶ ü J U ) - | 20- LN) WN-r2Výâ-/þ .0ÿõ£ «kÜ ¤'ÕØ ¿À±Vµ6Â3µÉÊ²{»/³åµÁ ±Vµ»:Ä·µ·¹ºK»¼¾½Tµ±p¶·¼À¿NµIÁ Â

(8) h±·Æ{µ/Á Ø{»N¶ ü J U ) - | 20- LN) WN-r2Výâ-/þ .0 .

(9) .

(10)

(11)

(12) !"#$&(% '*)+#-,/.10"2.10"324+5"$6'7+0'89(#,7+5"5:#5",;0<!"#7>= ? ##0"#$+,7+22@% 4+0"AB'CD.10"7+5E'F,7+22GHI7+<CJ K"L!"% M7+0/K"L27+5NO% 2GP<*J 2>'7+5K"Q,B'#'L'RS% #T P##,U59!"#C20NV:WXY:Z [M\]X^"_1W&`badce^:WBf:B'&gha>^<Y:ikjOghWmldn<io\WqpA.10"r7+5E'QK"#4A&J '*)0<K";#,mR"#,mR"TLst#,/% V:WXY:Z [M\]X^"_1W9`badce^:WBfk$FuF#7 ? ##0"vw% 2@ xF,7+2;yQ5E'2tuA# B'/zb#,B'0"{K"0|2GHI7+>'7+#-uF#7<K"0",B'.10"8}67+4+~'.10"$S!I7+0"2GN,7+5r5",9.10S 2Ct ,,7+#K"B' !I7+0"#7+5#7+0'5K:5"927+5E'!"20"K"],2TQst#,-% gha>^<Y:ikjtghWmldn<io\Wqp $Qs(d ]'#;K" yQ7+5 ? J #5",{% 2@ P5"])+##]'&J KSb#2B*J 5"$E!I7+0"F#/0"2]'!"2AKQJ $E.10"~'7+5"5"5E'B',7+5"#2T s(#,7+5"5:#5",)|5"#0"]'w0<!I##7+5"5"NK"04+#7+0"!I& 11AD6r $QB'N!"20"8!:~'= ,0"2@% #5E'/% O\]XioYta>Y:YIX fk$:zb#,B'0"&5"K"0"~'#2@$"B'V:WXY:Z [M\]X^"_1WbQa>Ên&W WB$"zb#,B'0"LK" 2GOU,mR"#,mR"&B'FK"0-z(BJ )+27+!"!I5E'*$5"M.10"0"5"L!"!"2,*>'7+55"K"0"~'#22CK"L2GPBJ 'R"7<K"7+27+4+ !"#7+!I7+<J 95S 0"]'!"0*)+7+20ST 3'5"hJ 4E25E'Nt% ##,,mR:20"#0"#5E'9 6X^<WBY:f [ada>\WBY:$A¡hWB¢ #X#_/£/Wm¤BfWBj Wmce$:Qi@WB WO£{^<fkio\o\WB^<\¥$r¦W¢ §i¤P¨ ©*dXY:ikXl>$MªU_io\W_1WO 6X/«C\Wd cmn:WB$:V"X1ce^:Wm¤ gwXcmn"XY:fk$¡hWB¢ #X#_gwX fkioY:$/¬Sn<i@WB ©(aAWB® \¥$C`bWB fkioY¯WhªL \]XY¤B$V:aAWB® \C&X°X fk$¡UXEj i@WB\C¦Ua>Ê¤m¤Bi@WB$ [tWB¢ \¥ioY¯WO±Scmn:Wm¤LB'b Ai@a>Y¯WB\U²rWB#_io\o\a>Y3!I7+0"L2@ ,,0"2S.10S 2Lt 7+5E'U<J #~)CJ B'U!I7+0"&2O'!"U.10S 2 7+5E'P,7+5",<8J 3% L'*)0<¯T F##,LV:WXY:Z@&X^<\>ÒX fon&Wm ¤B$V:WXY:Z@ Da>^<i¤F³Q °-ioY¯WB$"ªL\¥io´di@WBU¡UX a>$V:WXY:Z [M\]X^"_1WMQa>Ên&W W B'±SWBYI_1a>;²:X~µ YIXbK"t *)+7+ ? ]'&2@ R"7+5"5"0"LKS "5"&2L<J #0"2]'m>'&K"Q'*)0<N5t!:¶= ',!:5E'U0/·#0"~¸NK"'RS% #T ? &!:~'PK"'7+0'2@ ]'BPJ .10"L·¶J !"#7+0)+¹!I7+0"UU,7+22@% 4+0"&K"0(2GHI7+>'7+#T"st#,L % ±r©>\¥´di@Wt¡L^<io\o\WB°XioY;B'¹OY:Y¯W¹QMWB¢ á>fA!I7+0"20"{K"/B'{20"4+5E'22##T6st#,O(% QW*jmXd§EX#XY¯W Da>^<á>i¤{ºqK"]'bÒXEj a>^+»Q!I7+0"&#7+5(##~'m5",{5 ? 7+#9>'.10"T xF5:5S$<·#/5S 7+0"H"2¹#0"~'7+0'{!:bb!"#7<,mR"{.10"Mt 7+5E'#7+0'510"-B'{5",7+0"4AJ -!I5"K:5E' ,'#7+¹5"5QJ $M27+#'7+0'¹#!"25E'#,+¼ st#,{t% !:#5E'/B';t% 7+5 ? % #!I7+0" *)+7+L,#0N5;7+@T"st#,/% LHI*0<1=!:#5E'UB'UQ!I7+0"L20"L#7+0'5ST:st#,|% ¬Ia>°½!I7+0" t *)+7+&7'])CJ bB'P5S *)+7+A·9QK"7+0'J T. .

(13)

(14) . .

(15) . .

(16) .

(17) .

(18) !#"$%&!'( )+*,(--./ %,*021 *3&1 !'$% 536 !#7 84:9;=<>>$%!?$ @&1 !AB @;$%!?31 .= @ %,*DCFEHGI)+J L T L yLT K"T #{K"u {7+2@#¶]BJ''0"7+5"K"5"TT{5ET'UTK"T0tT#0T·#BT' TTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L T L TONL OP 5:2]¸<#{4+27+H:2OK"0t#0·#B' TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L L L TONROP TO5:<N T 2]¸<#{K">{'0"2G#/{H:K"{#{2G/H"H"H"2H"27+4+7+4+!"R"!"R".10" TTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L TON<TONL TyQ2G##]:,*>'7+5N!:&K"7+95"TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L TO<N T uO7+ 2&K",7+5"5:#5", TTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L TON<T U yQR"#7+5"7+27+4+bK"U!"0"H"2,*>'7+5"3TT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L V L T U OP T 5:T 2]¸<#{xF!:5E'#&,!"#5E#'#T{KST 5ET'TJ BT' TTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L U L T T T }67<,*2>'7+59K"P,7+5"5:#5",bTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L T U T L TONL uF0"H"2,*>'7+5"LK"{< J ? J #5",¹TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L U L L T U TON OP T ,B'TO<N 0"T # }6T7<T{,*T2T>T'T7+59TK"TTP,T7+T5"5:TT{#TT5",TTbTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L T U TO<N TONL uF0"H"2,*>'7+5"LK"{< J ? J #5",¹TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L U L T U T U uFT #7<T ,T ##0" }67<T{,*T2T>T'T7+59TK"TTP,T7+T5"5:TT{#TT5",TTbTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L T U T U TONL uF0"H"2,*>'7+5"LK"{< J ? J #5",¹TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L U U L T U T V uFT #T#{T K"{KQ}6J 7<,,*#27+5>'T7+59TK"TTP,T7+T5"5:TT{#TT5",TTbTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L T U T V TONL uF0"H"2,*>'7+5"LK"{< J ? J #5",¹TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L U V L T U TOM zOT ¸<TO<M ? 7+T 5",B'}67+5"7<5",*2>5E'' 7+59TK"TTP,T7+T5"5:TT{#TT5",TTbTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT L T U TOM<TONL uF0"H"2,*>'7+5"LK"{< J ? J #5",¹TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L U L T V yQ7+5",20"#7+5;B'U)+7+/-% !"27+<J U!:U,B'#'wBJ '0"K"(TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT. 4 K M M Q S S LU L@VM LQ LQ LQ L LSW LS L LN/XY NL NL NZN NZN NU NU NU NV NZM. .

(19) .

(20) .

(21). !#"$%&'()*!+,%-."$%%"/0/213! ' -'% 465. 536 !#7 *&7- + =1 *-- <N T L }F 5E'#!"## TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TON }6U7d¸+5" TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N T L }6P,B'0"# TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N T L T L }6U,7+!QBJ '5", TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N T L TON }6{7+ 2/TTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N TON }6U###7+0"#,TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N T U }6U#2G>'7+5"L5E'#7d¸+5" TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TO<N T V yQ7+5",20"#7+5;#0"U2U7d¸+5" TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT N<T U #U2@ 5E'#!"##vBJ '5"K"0" TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT 536 !#7 !. U T L }6U TL UT L !"#7}6·#B'UO7+TH1T·#T,B'T ? T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT T L TON }6&'> ,mR"PB'P2U,B'7+5" TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT U U TON PU TO5"<N {T L 24+5"}6bUK"K" )<PJ#!I5E7+'0"U;2GBJ /'mKQ!IJ ,v#T7+5|TTºkzbTT,#T{7+T5 T&TTT}6TT5"dT» TTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT U TOTON<<N TT L TTONL }D}F- K"5E#']N:,*T>'T7+T5 TTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT UU TON<T LL T U }D-5QJ 4+7<,G>'7+5 TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT UU TOTO<NN<TT LL TTOVM }D}D--~,*¸<5E!"']'mRS% 2#>'T7+T5 TTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TO<N T L T Q }D/'5"###7+5TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT U TO<N TON }6{!"#7<,##0"PK":2G>'7+5 TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT U U T U yQ7+5",20"#7+5hTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT 536 !#7 R ! .Z!#!'./&1 +? !A %,* ,*-./ %,*-* * V T L V}DT-L T KQL BJ :5"zO]'¸<7+? 5N7+5"K",B0t'K7+5"¸<5"7+5",B'5E'P7+5"!:5"&!"5E'!I7+T~'/T{-% T2@T7+H1T·#T,BT' ?T3%T>T'#'TT5"T{K"#T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT V TT L TOT N z(}D/BJ :)<5"0"]'7+~¸<5 ~'T{J T.1T0"T TTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT V L U V TON V}6TO<N &T L '#7+}FU {U7+K"5E{'7+2G2-7+4+,*.10",B'TJ #T>T'T7+59TTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT VV TOTO<NN<TT LL TTONL zO}D-¸< ~? '7+7<5",m,BR:'7+~'5"5",]'vJ T5E'TNTJ 2BT{J TT5ET'mT#T&TK"T{T2G TT6T{ TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT V TOTO<N<N TOT N }F}F {?4A7+J 5"5Q,BBJ ''7+.15"0"5"2 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT V U V T U yQ7+5",20"#7+5;#0"U2G/,*,B'J #>'7+5tTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT 87. 9. <;. 8=. ?>A@. AC. ED. FB. HG I. KJ. ML'N. ]). UU YN UZU UZUQ UU Q U=SW US. 7:. U V=V UM V QM VV=X M/Y M/MZYN MZM N UM V MV M/Q K MM X XQZY Q=Q N VQ V QQ V X WL W/W VU. B.=. :.

(22)

(23)

(24). 0 )*!/011 ' . 2-% 2.

(25) . -."

(26) 3. 565. 536 !# 7!'*- + !AK %,* * H EH ;!'( 536 , 8 EH./= !'( D1 .= @ %,*- <M T L }6{,mR"7+NKS ,B'0"P!:#¯2P0'#&'¸<!IPK"{KQJ ,#7+5 TTTT{TTTTTTTTT W/X <M T L T L !I7+~'m5",K"0t,mR"7+;KS ,B'0" T{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT W/X <T L TON bH1·#,B' ? UK"{2G/BJ 'R"7<K"7+27+4+ ¯6¯ TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT SZY M <M TONROP K"9-% 2G-!"##K"{KQJ ,#7+5;,7+5",#5:5E'O2U,mR"7+NKS ,B'0"{TT{TTTTTTTTT S L <M TO<N T L }6{!"#7<,##0"P,H"2;TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT S=N M<<M TOTON<<N TT LL TTONL z(z(BBJJ ''##5:5:>>''7+7+5858K"K"&U'>,7+ ,mR"!Q-BJ '3%5" ,¯P,B'5Q0"J ,U#B'PK"#{O2@!I7+5E0")<&#7+0"5"5"5"'> ,mR"5E' SS VV <M TO<N T L T U xM)20:>'7+5NK"U,7+!QBJ '5",PK"#!I7+5"H"2 T{TTTTTTTTT S=M M<<M TOTON<<N TT LL TTOVM z(K"BJ '5E'#]:,*>5:'>'7+5;7+58K"K"U0t##.10"22P0"!:Q,&7+!"!"#!I7+7+~'/ 3% 2GT/T{!IT##T7+T5"5"TT,mTR"7+T#T T S=SZQM <M TO<N T L T Q xF2GHI7+>'7+5-KS 0"59!"#7<,##0"QK"P,7+5E'7+ 2U7+09K"P<J K"0",B'7+5K" ##.10"/TTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT SZQ <M TO<N T L T W yQ7+5",20"#7+5;#0"U2!"#7<,##0"P,H"2 TTTTT{TTTTTTTTT S W <M TO<N TON uF<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"U:,mR"PK"{,mR"7+;KS ,B'0" TTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT S W M<T U PO<M T U K"T 9L -% 2@OP 5:5:2]¸<2]¸<##{K"K"&P:K,m¸<R" ? O7+5"K",B{',m7+R"5"7+5";KS 5E,B'' 0"9TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT SS XX <M T U TON xM)20:>'7+5NKS 0"5tK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'PK"{,mR"7+;KS ,B'0"TTTTTTTT S X M<<M TT UU TOTON<<N TTONL xFxF,*,*~~'P'P.1,760:0'P2]'T J TTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT XXZUN <M T U TO<N T U xF,*~'PKQJ 2G TTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT X/V M<T U T U }6<M TU PT U T #L H"#U}6K"U{,*KQJ0"!I#5"PK:!I7+5"#,#H" 2TUTKST{0"5TTJ ,*T~T'PT5tT.1T0:T2T]'T J T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT XX QM <M T U T U TON }6U,*0"#P!I7+##H"2UKS 0"5 J ,*~'P5t,760 'TT{TTTTTTTTT X Q <T U T U T U }6U,*0"#P!I7+##H"2UKS 0"5 J ,*~'P5tKQJ 2GCTT{TTTTTTTTT X Q M <M T V OP 5:2]¸<#{KS 0"5"{7+#4E5">'7+5TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L Y L <M T V T L #{K"{K"7+5"5QJ PK"U:,mR"PK"{,mR"7+;KS ,B'0" TTTT{TTTTTTTTT L Y L M<<M TT VV TOT UN yLyQ2G##,B]':J,*#>'>7+'5N7+K"5NK"PK;¸<BJ 'm? 7+!I5",B/'7+-% 5"#5"#.10"{5EK"'2GT TT63TTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT LL Y=Y=NN <M TOM yQ7+5",20"#7+5;#0" ¯6¯ TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L Y V 536 !#Q 7T L }6 U!"#7·#*B'b!#¦ 7-L7£$ .Z,m!AR" %,* & *-1-1A-D 6 r % $$% TT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT 4 L Y W QQ TT LL TTONL }D}F- 5E#'!QJ J,B ]'P:,5"]'K"{J 0"K"~'#P#2 ]'T&T,7+T5"T,T#5QTJ 9T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT LL YYZSW Q T L T U }6U!"#7·#B';BJ '0"K"BJ U!: ¯6¯ TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L YZS T L T V }6{KQJ #7+0"25E'UK"{2@¶BJ '0"K" TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L YZS Q Q TONROP !"!"2,*>'7+58K" ¯6¯ TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L Y X Q TO<N T L ]'5E'UK"&:,mR"OK"{,mR"7+;KS ,B'0" TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L Y X QTON<TON xA!"2{KS 0"5":,mR"K"{,mR"7+;KS ,B'0"UTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT LZLZL .G. . K J. 09. 09. . >. 09. . $:. L. D. . L'N. . L. . . !. #". $. C. %. L. L. ).

(27) .

(28) . QT U OPQ T 5:U T L 2]¸<#{B2G'P<5NJ #4+0"27+2]'mH:>'2¯-!IT7+0"T&T2T#T]'T{TKST POT0"2T5"T{7d¸+T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT QQ TT UU TT LL TTONL }D}D--,*,2G##,B]':J,*#>'>7+'5N7+K"5NK"PKP¸<K ¸<? 7+ 5"? 7+,B5"',B7+'5"7+5"5"5"5E'5E ' T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Q T U TON 2G5N4+27+H:2¯!I7+0"&2#]'{KS O0'7+5E' TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT QQ TT UU TOTON<<N TTONL }D}D--,*,2G##,B]':J,*#>'>7+'5N7+K"5NK"PKP¸<K ¸<? 7+ 5"? 7+,B5"',B7+'5"7+5"5"5"5E'5E ' T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Q T U T U yQ7+5",20"#7+5;#0"U2@ 5:2]¸<#K"PK"0<;#]' TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT QT V uFQ T <V J T ,L 7+5"N> J ':7+ 5"7+5tTT#0"T{UT2T&<TJ T#0"T2]'mT>'TUT7+HT'T51T{0"9TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Q T V TON uF<J ,7+5">'7+5"&!I7+0"U2b#]'{KS OP 0"25"7d¸+{5(20"=t hT{TTTTTTTTT QQ TT VV TT VU uFuF<<JJ ,,7+7+5"5">>''7+7+5"5"&Q!I!I7+7+0"0"QU22Q&!"!"##77·#·#BB''LUK"K"b{KQKQBBJ J )+)+227+7+!"!"!I!I5E5E'U'3*% )+PO,0"!:25"7d~¸+' 5:T#T{T% T OP 0"25"7d¸+ TT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT T V TOM uF<J ,7+5">'7+5"&!I7+0"U2&!"#7·#B'UKS 5E)+~'##5E' % O0'7+5E' TTTT Q QTOM Q TO<M 2GT L 5wX }6:{ad¤B#fBWB'7+i@0"a>& iIKSK" {,!QBJ '##'w5"BJ ,' 0"K"wTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT QQ TOTOM<<M TOT UN }6b0"U22.10"]'U,{7+-% 5"{!:5E'mU5Q#J &4+2#0"4+U 2T&:T{,mTR"TPTK"T{T,mR"T7+T;TKST T,B'T{0"T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Q TO<M T U T L yQ7+5",#5:5E'O2L:,mR"hT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT TOM<T U TON yQ7+5",#5:5E'O2&!"<J ,7+5">'7+5" TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT Q Q TO<M T V }6&)+7+/-% !"27+#8TTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT 5 ,*-.=$- @ %,*0= 7 & +7 ./ < J %"$ %, !#7 6 % . LZLZLZLUL LZLZLLUU LZLZLL MM LZLZLL QM LZLZLLWW LZLZLLSX LL N/N YL LL NN UU LL NN VU LL NN VV LNV. . . . . . )<. 4. K7. 4 (4 K=.

(29) . . YT L '#0",B'0"#{K"0t!"!I7+~'*TMTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT LL TTONR L OPP5"5:Q2]·#¸<0"#~O']!::,*Q>',7+7+#5N<J K"2G>0t'!"#<0"5"5",b!I#!"#B<'J #515E0('m!I>'7+0"7+L5|'WBYt]'´d#LX1c5"7K"'#L{,m#R:0·#B'*!"T LK"TT#,T!"T25:TT#T T 2BJ 3% 5"7'#!"#7+H"2BJ 9>'.10"TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT LL TT VU OPP5:5"32]¸<<#J !:{!:~']&',7+7+5#<K"J 2G3>'2G8&#H:#!"32]H"LH"J 27+:4+2!"? #R"7+.15E0"'@% #5EU'K"#{25"7'K"#v PBJJ'#0"K"5E'{T K"T7+9TT5"TTbTB' T #7+0"¶=K"7+95"T TT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT LL TOT QM PK"5"{5E'#]:!",*<>J'#7+5E59'm>B'L'7+27<5t,*~2¸<~'>'J 7+5/.10"4AJ 7+K"4+0t!"!"#R"7<,.10"##Q0"PK"K"Q{!"KQ#J 5",,#!:7+5S0<T ! T{7+ T2TQK"TOT,T7+5"T5:TT¶= T 5",P!I7+0"&5"7'#vBJ '0"K"TTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT L T W ?P7+5"5"{,B'<7+J !:5"5"~']'7+5E5N'&,mK:R"#7+5"5"P7+2G2/7+4+!"#.10"#{bK"K"{PKQ!"J ,0"H"#27+,*5S>T '7+T5"LT!IT7+T~'mT5ET'UT#0"TUT{2@¶TBJ 'T0"K"T{TK"TPTKT¸<T¶= T L T S K:5"K"5"U,*>2'7+K"57+9K"Q5"!"b#K"5"{,2@!: 5E2'#C,!"7+#22G#HIT 7+T>'T7+T5"T{MT5ET'#TbTK"]T)+T#QT! T7+ T2TK"T{OT,T7+5"T5:TT#T5"T,T T L T X K:5"K"5"U,*>2'7+K"57+9K"Q5"!"b#K"5",O!:,B2'C0",#7+T{22GTHIT7+T>'T7+T5"T{MT5ET'#TbTK"]T)+T#QT! T7+ T2TK"T{OT,T7+5"T5:TT#T5"T,T T L T L Y K:5"K"5"U,*>2'7+K"57+9K"Q5"!"b#K"5",P!:!"#27<,C,#7+#0"22GT¯HIT7+T>'T7+T5"T{MT5ET'#TbTK"]T)+T#QT! T7+ T2TK"T{OT,T7+5"T5:TT#T5"T,T T L T LZL K:5"K"5"U,*>2'7+K"57+9K"Q5"!"b#K"5"{,2G!:/!"2#C#,{7+K"22G{HIKQ7+J ,>#'7+7+5S5"T&MT5ET'#TbTK"]T)+T#QT! T7+ T2TK"T{OT,T7+5"T5:TT#T5"T,T T L T L N K:5"K"5"U,*>2'7+K"57+9K"Q5"!"b#K"5"0t,K!:¸<2? 7+C5",,B7+'22G7+5"HI5"7+>'7+5E5"'*TLMT5ET'#TbTK"]T)+T#QT! T7+ T2TK"T{OT,T7+5"T5:TT#T5"T,T T <N T L P5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"P7d¸+5"T TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT N<<N TOT UN PP5"5"{w# !"!"<2J#,]'m5E>'m'>'7+57+5tK"K";O'#7+,B'80",*#>'T J 4+T7+#TT;T{!"T#5"T,T!:T2T8TK"TwT2GTT,7+T{T!QTBJ 'T5"T,TwT#T27+T5 T £{^<#XYI_T TTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N T V P5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"P#2G>'7+5"T TTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT <N TOM }F 5E'#!"##wBJ '5"K"0")<0",7+0"5t<J #*0tK"{7d¸+5"T:TTT{TTTTTTTTT N<T Q P5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"{2@ 5E'#!"##vBJ '5"K"0"T9TTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT UU TTONL PP5"5"{{##!"!"<<JJ ##5E5E'm'm>>''7+7+5t5tK"K"PP!"7+H1#7·#·#B,B'' ? T TrTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT U T U P5"{KQJ ,#7+5;~'P0"5t,mR"5;!I7+0"P>'#'5"K"#0"5t7+H1·#,B' ? $"0"5",H"2T6TTTTTT ED. Q. N WX. LLZYL L@V LM LQ LX. NL NZN NV UU/VN UU=MW V#V YL VZV VQ V&W. )<.

(30) . . . . U TV UU TOT QM. P 5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"{2G-.10"~'7+5 "0"5".10"~'7+5t~'P2G/~'#0",B'0">'7+5t,7+4+5"= '])+Q<*J 2<J L!:A0"5-5"K"])<K"0¹7+0-0"5-4+#7+0"!IQKS 5"K"])<K"0"M0<.10"2F7+5->'#'#H"0Q J 0"5"{##7+5ST{TTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT P5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"0t!"#7<,##0"OK"{KQJ ,#7+5ST-TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT }D-#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK"0t!"#7<,##0"OK"{KQJ ,#7+5;K"{2@ ,mR"B'0"¶=KQJ ,K"0"TTTTTT U T W }6{!"#7<,##0"PK":2G>'7+5ST(TTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT VV TTONL P}6{5"{,7+#5",!"<!J #'PKS5E'm 7+>H1'·#7+5t,B'KS? 0"~5t'K¸<J ?TL7+T5",BT'T7+5"T5"TT{T5ET'*TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT VV TT VU }6}6{{,,7+7+5"5",,!!'P'PK"KS{ 7+K"H1·#7+5",B5Q' J ? 5QK"J {4+7<<,J ?BJJ #T 5"T,TT TTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT VV TOT QM }6}6{P,7+5",P!!"'P#K"5"{,<!:*J 0<2N>K"'{7+2G58/ ,*D¯,B',B]')+J #TDT>'T7+T{5STTLTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT VV TT SW }F}F { ?7+7+5E5"',B7+'27+7+4+5".15"0"2@TbT:T{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT VV TT XL Y}FP5"{{,*4AJ5Q,BBJ''J #.10">'TM7+T5NT{K"TPTKT¸<T ? T7+5"T,B'T7+T5"T5"TT{T5E'TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT V T LZL zbU5 ? 7+#9>'7+5"#0"!"!"2BJ 5E'm#U#0"U0"5tK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'*T3TTTTTTTT M<M<TOT NL }6}6{U~¸<7+0~'*'% 2L K" ~,m¯R"67+¯# &L 0"C5(T T,B'T0"T "TTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<TT VU }6st{7<!"KS#% 7<2,K"##0":P,mR",H"2K"{T ,mR"T7+T;TKST T,B'T0"TTTOTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<OTT QM }6P{5"{2#5N!"<5EJ '##{5E'm2G>/''7+RQ5tJ 7+K"#{2G-B'P.12G0:¹:2],m'R"J TTK"{T,mTR"T{7+T;TKST ,BT'T0"TTvTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<TT SW PP5"5"{{##!"!"<<JJ ##5E5E'm'm>>''7+7+5t5tK"K"PP,KQ76J 02G 'T T TTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<TT XL Y PO}6#UH"#KQ{J !IK"{5"KQK:J!I5",5"K:O#5",2G>'O])+!I7+&0"K"&2GP/,*.10:0"#2]P'J K"T {KT¸<T ? T7+5"T,B'T7+T5"T5"TTT5E'T{TwTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<TT LZL NL POPO##H"H"##{{K"K"{{KQKQJJ !I!I5"5"K:K:5"5",,OO!I!I7+7+0"0"&&22&&,KQ76J 02G 'T8TT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT{T{TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT M<M<TT LL@VU u }D&7+#,*]'7+5",B5"'J #>5E''U7+#52GK">'D ? KK"¸< P? 7+K:5">,B''7+U5"5Q5"J 4+7<,B5EJ ' $:#0" ]D¯),B5E'' ])+2PDB'OD0t7+5E!"'27+0"2L7+'m4+.1#KS0"T6$ T? 7+T5"T, = T '7+5"5"2SB'P4AJ 5QBJ '.10"T TTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTTTT{TTTTTTTTT M<T L MP5"{,2G##]:,*>'7+5NK"PK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'U#0"P2G/H:#{K"P,7+!QBJ '5",T TT QQTOT NL PP5t5t <']!"'U2K"{K"2G/:,*,mR"K",B'{J #,mR"7+>';7+KS5N K",B'P0"KU¸< #? 7+5",B!"'27+5"% 5"O05E''-7+% 5E'*OTST0T'T7+T5E'*TT TTTTTTT QQTT VU }6}67<U,*!"2#5">',7+!:592K"L;,*BJ 0"'m#!IPUK"#7+K0"¸<#, ?7+P5"K",B{'7+K5"¸<5" ? 7+5",B'5E'7+/5"5"% PO0"25E5"'7d-¸+% TPOT{0"2T5"7dT¸+TT TTTTTTTTTTT QQOTT QM }6}67<U,*!"2#5">',7+!:592K"L;,*BJ 0"'m#!IPUK"#7+K0"¸<#, ?7+P5"K",B{'7+K5"¸<5" ? 7+5",B'5E'7+/5"5"% O05E''-7+% 5EO'*T 0T'T7+T5ET'*ThTTTTTTTTT %. . . . )<. VV=SX MMZVM QQ UL QQ UU QQ VV Q=WML W/W VU WM SS=NL SSZUS XX YN XZX/VU XX=QW XXZSX LYL LL YY VU LZLZLL YN LZLZLL@VU LZLZLL QM.

(31) M(

(32) h. U TL. .

(33). . P 5t!:22@% 2O5E'#{2@¶BJ '0"K"{K"¹yQH'# LX B'P2G L'N6"T TTT{TTTTTTTTT V T L PO!"!"2,*>'7+58K"{2G-,*,B'J #>'7+5|-% K"P !"2UK"{K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'T6TT M<T L }6UK"E DPJ #5E'P,7+!I7+5E'UK"{2G¹)20"&KS 0"5tK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'*T TTTTT. MW WY AX L. .

(34) .

(35)

(36) . .

(37) F

(38) h v

(39)

(40)

(41) (

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45) M Qy ,~'¹23~'¸<2-'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"K"0|,7+#!"K"-' <'TMyQ,C~'¹23~'¸<23'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"K"0 ,7+#!"LK"P' <'TryQ,¯~'&2P~'¸<2O'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"OK"0N,7+#!"LK"P' <'T:yQ,S~'L2O~'¸<2O'¸<!I7+4+= !"R".10"{K"0t,7+#!"UK"' <'T¯yQ,D~'P2~'¸<2'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"{K"0t,7+#!"UK"' <'T [WmcBi6Wm¤BfS\W¤Bfk©>\WLfk© :a§#X :n<ike^:WL^<fkio\¥i¤FW ¢ :a>^< IMWm¢ ¤dWBY:fWB^<YNW <WB° I\W 6[WmcBiSWm¤Bf6\WC¤Bfk©>\W fk© :a§#X :n<ike^:W{^<fkio\¥i¤FW ¢ :a>^< IMWm¢ ¤dWBY:fWBO^<Y|W <WB° I\W [WmcBiCWm¤Bf\Wb¤Bfk©>\W{fk© :a§#X :n<ike^:W ^<fkio\¥i¤FW ¢ :a>^< IMWm¢ ¤dWBY:fWB9^<Y W <WB° I\W [WmcBiWm¤Bf\W9¤Bfk©>\WNfk© :a§#X :n<ike^:WN^<fkio\¥i¤FW ¢ :a>^< IMWm¢ ¤dWBY:fWB^<YW <WB° I\W &[WmcBi&Wm¤Bf&\W¤Bfk©>\W-fk© :a§#X :n<ike^:W/^<fkio\¥i¤FW ¢ :a>^< IMWm¢ ¤dWBY:fWB^<Y W <WB° I\W No "! >D=1 F*- %,*>CyQ,E~'D2M~'¸<2F'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"F0'2<AJ !I7+0"S!"<J #5E' 0"5"FKQBJ :5"]'7+5ST yQ,6~'U2O~'¸<2b'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"0'2<PJ !I7+0"L!"<J #5E'P0"5"KQBJ :5"]'7+5ST"yQ,S~'U2 ~'¸<2O'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10"O0'2<UJ !I7+0"Q!"<J #5E'&0"5"OKQBJ :5"]'7+5STyQ,¯~'&2P~'¸<2O'¸<!I7>= 4+!"R".10"{0'2<bJ !I7+0"U!"<J #5E'O0"5"KQBJ :5"]'7+5STryQ,D~'P2{~'¸<2'¸<!I7+4+!"R".10" 0'2<bJ !I7+0"&!"<J #5E'O0"5"{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o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

(46)

(47) . .

(48) v

(49) |.

(50) . u 7+0"3B '#-,7+!QBJ ']'])+¹B'{2/#~'$S'7+0'-5"K"0"~'#/K"7+]'b>' ? #'#7+ ? 7+5"K:5<= 'm0< :2G->' ? ,B'7+5NK"0t,25E'*$"2G-#5E'mH"2]'bJ B'P2G/7'])>'7+58K"{#O,B'0"#TIxF22!:~)<5E' 8% ,<J #0"2]'m>'b4+ ,t8% #!"##K"/KQJ ,#7+5STSP5"-KQJ ,#7+5,7+5"#~'( % ? #¹0"5w,mR"7+5E'# !"20"#0"#;2]'#5:>'])+T C 7+0';,mR"7+##!I7+5"H"2w#7+0"¶=5E'5"K 0"5"w5E',!:>'7+5K"0 <J #0"2]'m>' 5"RQJ #5E'99% ,/,mR"7+¯TSxF5)+7+0"2G5E'b!"#5"K"#-K"bKQJ ,#7+5"O.10"MK"7+5"5"5E'2O220"#P<J #0"2]'m>'$ 2/5E'#!"##3,mR"#,mR"5E':5:25E'(v% 7+!'#20"/!"#7<,##0"3B'v% 0"4+5E'-20"/!"#7>= K"0",B'])<]'J TyQ,I#,7+0)<#b2!"#7+!I7+K";¬Sn:WB´WBY¯a>f X Q $1.10"I,7+5"#KS% #O,7+U!"#7+#K"G2 / :. 9[%FH@-G: +)B/ ) -4%QC %W-5/ :]'(7 P6%WC -A) -A) \+) -4%QC U4%P/BY %FH@-$9[%F6F93) ,G%],:4H*,5/ %(,G<>=*%F/ %(,0%F/ %PH*%P6+%F=@-5H+)+'(7H*,G%F9 \*%F9&,G%(,0'F/ ) %FH@-., H+)8 %FC H%FC 9[%F9N/ %(,?9[%(,G,G7=49['(%(,EH%(C '(%(,G,:+)B9[%(, :L,G7HMU%WC \*%F/ 7646+% Q%FH@-WI . . . . . Oy ~'-K"7+5",9K"0#7+0",KS 0"4+5E'¹2Gt!"#7<K"0",B'])<]'J K"07+5"K"5"K"0"~'#2C.10"85:d ]'2HI#7+5 KS J 27+#Q2!"#7<,##0"OK"{KQJ ,#7+5ST C #7+F7+H1·#,B' ? F!"#5",!:0<-7+5E'C7+#5E'J FB'C7+5E'!I#MK"&KQBJ )+27+!"!IC2M'*)0<-.10"U5"7+0" !"<J #5E'7+5"U, ,7+5E'#H"0"¹¹% 2@ J 27+>'7+53K"&!"#7<,##0"U5"K"0"~'#2Q,7+!"2 $",7+5E'#H"0" N% 2GN!"##35h,7+!'-K"0 ? ,B'0"{R10"95wK:5"{2{!"#7<,##0"$D,7+5E'#H"0"8;% 2G8<J #7+20'7+5vK" !"#7+H"2@% F2BJ C0<-,mR"7+3KS ,B'0"CK:5"C2C7+#4E5">'7+5"T T 7+0"CKQBJ 'm227+5"$,=¶!"% $+,C'#7+ K"#,B'7+5" . 5 ,* %"& !?$9 !$J 1 $ %, !A %,* 7-,(.Z @ @- *--- %$ 3.Z, J 7$%=(

(51) u 7+0"3 DWgha>i]§Y¯W M/Y $ 2Gt,7+!"2 ]'3J ~'-2Gt,*,B'J #~'.10"KS 0"5~¸<~'*% 8K"7+5E'/7+5|5" !I0'b,7+!"#5"K"#¹2G,7+!I7+#]'7+5STr}DKQJ ,#7+5 BJ 'm5E'b D¯,B'0QJ /!:OK"/B '#OR10"95"$ K"Q5"7'7+5"F'22C.10"P2G{#0"H1·#,B'])<]'J $12G{!"< J ? J #5",$2@ R10"0"CK"7+])+5E'OB '#P,7+5"#KQJ <J t #67+5;4+5"7+#,7+5E'U2&#!"<J #5E'$I,7+5E'U2&7<KQJ 2#T"zb0<;~'>'J 4+ KS ,B'7+5!I7+0"']'9,4+5"#K"!"#7+H"2@% (#7+5E'N!I7+##H"2 0"5"v~'>'J 4+(K"('¸<!I 27+4+~'.10"$<.10"6!"#5"K;5;,7+!'2G/4+~'7+5NK"U###7+0"#,$rK"20"#&K"#!I7+5"H"2]'J $1K" ,760 '$ K"¹KQJ 2G$D7+0H"50"5"9~'>'J 4+9K"'¸<!I8R10"95"~'.10"Q!"#5"K5,7+!'92 !:#<J K"2@ 5E'#!"##$r#7+5(*)+7+¶= ? #$"3,0"2]'0"#T¯b5t 5E'J ###¹,D0<tKQJ ,#7+5"U.10" 5"!I0)+5E'O#>'7+5:2#$1#{.10:5E']:$" 0'7+9>'#$<0"5"{,7+/H"5:#7+58K",UK"0< ~'>'J 4+A~'FK"7+5",Q5QJ ,##T C 7+0'Q'5E'm>'])+LKS J 27+>'7+5K:5"A,Q'¸<!ILK"QKQJ ,#7+5 K"7+]' ? #3< J ? J #5",wt% 2@ !QJ #5",$A0<h !QJ #5",$AKS 760h% 2G;5QJ ,##]'9J K"9,*!"]'m2#T b0"22{5 ? 7+#9>'7+5S$.10"2 *)+7+¶= ? #{~'~=265QJ ,##/K"¹4E#K"$r#7+0"O.10"22 ? 7+#B' !I7+0"&.10"22<J 0'2>'7+5 T}6b7'#{7+'*5E)'Q,26##0"¹,G,7+2@5"$<,K:5E5"'L#/,b,,mDR"#7+0"O¯$2{~!"'&#27<O,##7+0"bK"5E¹'Q76KQ08% J ,2O#KQ7+5(J ,!IK"7+0"0"PL2K"{7+,m]R"' 7+? (#KS ? 0"5#$1,B'K"7+0"5", T KQBJ '#5"F)+#Q.10"I 7+#5E'!I7+0"C<J #7+0"K"#O2P!"#7+H"2@% T1yQO,mR"7+KS ,B'0"!I0'bB '# . . L.

(52)

(53) K

(54) . #7+0"#,(K"t4+*)+9K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'TQ}69~'#0",B'0"#$237+#4E5"#3!I7+0"0<2 ,7+!"#5"K"#UB'CK"7+5",U0<-2-BJ )<]'F,7+5"~']'0"&2@ 7+H1·#B'Ct &K"U5"7'#&#,mR"#,mR"T T 7+0" 2&,*,B'J ##7+5"U!:U2&,#]'*% #U5"K"0"~'#2&K"{.10:2]'J $K"{,760 'UB'PK"{KQJ 2G@T u 7+0"F7+#5E'M5"7'#8BJ '0"K"$+5"7+0"F#!"#5"7+5"C2GOBJ 'R"7<K"&K"&2GbU,mR"#,mR"bb!QJ >'7+5"5"22 .10"¯,7+5"#~'% '*)22C#0"L2 :0<¯T"xF5N D¯B'*$0"5N!:22@% 2U!I0'B '# ? ]'5E'#2 :0< !"RE¸<#.10"8.10"(2G|¯½,mR"#,mR"w% 7+!'#-B'82 :0<KS 5 ? 7+#9>'7+5.10"(#0"!"!I7+~'5E' 2¹KQJ ,#7+5"T 2Q 4+]'/K"'5"#!I7+#/2 :0<!"RE¸<#.10"$MK"7+5E'-2@ 7+!'>'7+5v~'-0"5" 'RQJ 9>'.10"bK"2G/27+4+~'.10"$<5 :0<N5 ? 7+#9>'7+5"5"2T<}D/#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5tK" :0<;KS 5<= ? 7+#9>'7+5"F!I7+0"C2G{,*!"]'m2>'7+5/B'Q2G<J 0'2>'7+5-K"PK"7+5"5QJ L~'Q,P.10"¯{KQBJ '#5Q J 5"7+&'*)0<;K" L : X/V #0"U2G/,*!"]'m2>'7+59K"0t*)+7+¶= ? #b5t,7+5",!'7+5ST 5T 7,'*#F # %",mR"&# ,mR"!?$%! ~'A7- 5" + J A* !:.Z6, 0"J 5"M7)+7+27+-5E 'FJ I !'!I./##7+5" 5"6 22FJ K"F!' !"* #5"!'K"*-#C $%5{, 37+7-!,('.ZF2@ @ R" @7+-

(55) B'#7+5,7+!I7+~'5E'C!I7+0"CK"O% <J #7+0"K"#P2F!"#7+H"2@% F5"K"0"~'#2TEz/ 220"#$>2@ !<= !:#]'7+5hKS 7+0'2¹B'-K"8BJ 'R"7<K"$ '22¹.10"82@ K"v% 2Gt<J #7+20'7+5K"8,7+5 :]'$ 2@ K" % 2G(5QJ 4+7<,G>'7+5S$ 2@ K"w% 2G(,7+/0"5",*>'7+5S$D<BJ )I% 2N2-!"<J 7<,,0"!:>'7+5"/5"K"0"~'#22 ,B'0"22T&}6tK"],0"2]'J ;9d·#0"#tK";5E'#!"##(#2@B% )+5E'*$U5 D¯B'*$&K:*)5E'm4+wK" !"#7+H"2@% UR10"95"&.10"¹K"{!"#7+H"2@% &',m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º ÒX^"_i@WB S » T 6 .

(56) . . . . . . . . . . . .

(57) . . . . . . .

(58) .

(59) . , , *!'*- % +"!A& %, *-! $%! F1 +,$( %,*D 7-, "$ $ Z1 ;!'( . , D !'./ !'*- $% PP¸E5E'&,7+5"#,5",K"P'22Q!"<J 7<,,0"!:>'7+5"$2r5"7+0"L#/H"2O!I7+~'m5E'K"O'*)22F#0" K J. .

(60) . 09. G2 b!"##UK"&KQJ ,#7+5ST+2:5"U 4+]'C!:FK"UK"#&.10"22C#7+5E'2FHI7+5"5"CKQJ ,#7+5"b% !"#5"K"# =D¸= '~=2<KS 220"#F0"5"UHI7+5"5"PKQJ ,#7+5 L=A9M2" 4+]'CK:*)5E'm4+PKS K"O{% 2G!"##&K" KQJ ,#7+5S$5/'5:5E'C,7+!'LK"&,L.10"U2@ 5E'#!"##L]' ? #$K"0-,7+5E' <'UK"L2GOKQJ ,#7+5ST T0;7+0"<QJ #5"0"7+2]'m0">L'PK"5E'{J 2G#/#KQ#7+J ,5"&#7+05ST ? ]'.10"b2P!"#7<,##0"&#OKQJ #7+0"2OH"5S$<!"20'>7 'Q.10S 0"5".10"5E' Modélisation des dysfonctionnements dans la prise de décision (Première Partie) L’entreprise étendue (Chap. 2) La DTL (Chap. 3) La caractérisation des dysfonctionnements (Chap. 4). Revue de la littérature sur la décision (Premier Chapitre) Cadre d’étude Etat de l’art. Définir un système d’aide aux choix d’acteur. 1 YT L '#0",B'0"#K"0t!"!I7+~'*T. N. . Analyse approfondie du choix d’acteur (Seconde Partie) SACADO (Chap. 5) Une application industrielle (Chap. 6). }DN~'#0",B'0"#K"0w!"!I7+~'{#0"]'{0"5"3K"#,#!'7+5w!:9N% !:{K"-2GNKQJ 9#,mR"J 2GHI7+<J /!I7+0".

(61)

(62) K

(63) . HI7+0'8t% 0"5|~¸<~'*% 8KS K"0<|,mR"7+hKS ,B'0"$ K"!"0"¹2G;KQBJ :5"]'7+5hK"0|,*K"#9K"92@¶BJ '0"K" ·#0"#.10Soh% 0"5";!"#@% #;!"!"2,*>'7+55"K"0"~'#22TM}F 5",mR:d 5"5E'K"K"EDPJ #5E'!:~'-~' 220"~'<bJ !:&2G/:4+0"# YT L T O5"#@$S23!"#,mR:!"]'#3K"3,!"!I7+~'{~'¹2BJ (;% 2GNKQBJ :5"]'7+5vB';N% 2GN,*,B'J #>'7+5 P K"P2G'RQJ 9>'.10"UK"P#,mR"#,mR"#T PO!"% L*)+7+-BJ 'mH"2:2U,*K"#OKS !"!"2,*>'7+5S$#7+5E'LK"5E']LJ 2 !:~',0"2G#]'J ¯K"C2GQ!"##FK"CKQJ ,#7+5K:5"D26!"#7·#B'D5"K"0"~'#2T T 7+0"D*)+7+5" !I7+0"S,2G&<*J 2< J 0"5"-5:2]¸<#!:O,7+#<J 2G>'O#0"O2{'RS% 6³Qfk^"_1W3_1Wm¤3_©d¤qp*a>Y¯cBfki@a>Y:Y¯WB°9WBY:fo¤/_EXY¤¹\Wm¤ IadcmWm¤m¤BÊ¤ _1Wcmn:a>Zi _ X1cBfWB^< T"yQB'#'5:2]¸<#P!I#B'LKS !"2,]'2K"E DPJ #5E'LK"7+95"#,5E']:.10"LB' ',mR"5".10"$".10"¯7+5E'L0"5N!"!I7+~'QK"#,B'L7+085"K"#,B'&*)+,b2'RQJ 9>'.10"Q.10"¯5"7+0"L5E'J ###5E' X I i@a> ioT 0",B'#'3H:#$60"5 BJ 'm>'K"32@ ~'K"32@¶BJ '0"K"-K"{K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'{K:5"{2G8!"## K"{KQJ ,#7+5;~'P5"#0"]'!"<J #5E'J T }Dt!"#@% #!:~'!"<J #5E'N5"7'# ? , 7+5|K"97<KQJ 2#{2K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'/K:5"¹2G !"##9K"8KQJ ,#7+5ST T 7+0"/,7+5"#KQJ #7+5"$AK:5"/,B'#'8!:~'$ 2GtKQJ ,#7+5K" ? , 7+54+27+H:2B'/2G 7<KQJ 2>'7+5v!"#7+!I7+<J 8~'-!"!"2,*H"2;% '7+0''¸<!I8K"9!"##9K"9KQJ ,#7+5ST PP)5E'¹'7+0'*$D2C~' 5QJ ,##PK"PKQBJ :5"C0"55"#/H"2PK"&'#.10":!I#B'#'5E'QK"U!"<J ,#2U,7+5E' <'PK"P5"7'# BJ '0"K"bB'L5"7'#O,mR:!8KS ,B'7+5STyO ~'&2P7+ 2PK"08,mR:!"]'# N.10"I#!"#5"KNB'L!"<J ,#b2'# 5QJ ,##;N% 2GNKQBJ :5"]'7+5wK"32@ 5E'#!"##BJ '5"K"0"$D20wK"3KQJ #7+0"25E'K"!"#7·#B'{5"K"0"¶= '#2T+z5"C2L,mR:!"]'# U $+5"7+0"C!"#7+!I7+#7+5"C0"57<KS% 2L4AJ 5QJ #.10"UK"U!"#7<,##0"K"UKQJ ,#7+5 +2G L'N6 BT}D L'N6-#!"<J #5E''7+0'OKQJ ,#7+58,7+O0"5N5",mR:d 5"5E'&KS¶BJ 'm!IL.10"¯#KQJ #7+0"25E' v% !:~'-KS 0"5";.10"~'7+5 !I7+<J /·#0"#.10Sow% 2G'5"###7+5K";2Gv<J !I7+5"#w% 2@ 5E'#27<,0'0"T P !:~'FK"U2G L'N6"$E2U,mR:!"]'# V !"#7+!I7+#U0"5#!:,PK"U#!"<J #5E'm>'7+59K"K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E' K:5"92Gw!"##tK"(KQJ ,#7+5STC2P 4+]'K"(KQJ ,7+!I7+#'7+0'9K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'8K"(!"#7·#B'95 K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'J 2BJ 5E'm#$IKS K"5E']:O2(BJ 'm!IbK"¹2G L'N682*¸E5E'4AJ 5QJ <J B'bK" #0"#U2NJ ,*~'U5"K"0"]'&5E'#{2@ 7+H1·#,B' ? >'#'5"K"0tB'P2b<J #0"2]'m>'P D¯,B' ? K"{2@ ,B'7+5ST }D#,7+5"K"|!:~'wK"h,h!"!I7+~';~'(#2G>'])+h0< 7+0'28KQBJ )+27+!"!QJ (!I7+0"tK"% 2G !"##K"KQJ ,#7+5|K",mR"7+hKS ,B'0"T T 7+0"#!"#5"7+5"¹,C5"7+7<KS% 2'RQJ 7+#.10"!"<J #5E'J K:5"U2G-!:~'!"<J ,IJ K"5E'¹!I7+0"U2U!"!"2.10"¹3% 2G-!"#7+H"2BJ 9>'.10"b!"20"U!:~',0"2@% #bK"0t,mR"7+ KS ,B'0"TS}6/,mR:!"]'# M!"<J #5E' ¯6¯ L C$¯0"5 ¸<~'*% /KS POK"-0<wyQR"7+(KS PO,B'0"B'{0< z(J ,#7+5"QKSb#4E5">'7+59B'L,7+5E'#H"0"¹% 2G¹!"<BJ )+5E'7+5NB'¹/% 2G,7+##,B'7+58K"&K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5" = 5E'MK:5"A2A!"#7·#B'T ¯6¯ L t!"#7+!I7+#Q0"5-!"#7<,##0"M,H"2{P% #0"])<#L!I7+0"A<J K"0"#Q2A##.10" K"UK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'TyQB'#'PBJ 'R"7<K"&~'J 4E25E'CH:<J U#0"K"#H"#CK"PKQJ !I5"K:5",$ .10"@$r!I7+0"P0"5(K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5"5E'bK"7+5"5QJ $¯5:2]¸<#5E'O2P,*0"#b!I7+##H"2PB'O5KQJ K"0"#5E'bK" !"<J ,7+5">'7+5"T }6¹,*0"#¹#7+5E'/ !"2,]'J 4+ ,vt% 0"5"9#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5K"¹K¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5"5" = 5E'#0"2GNH:#K"¹,7+!QBJ '5",T A5:25E'*$S5"7+0"!"<J #5E'7+5"¹K:5"¹2-,mR:!"]'# Q$60"5" !"#@% #Q!"!"2,*>'7+5{5"K"0"~'#22FK"A7<KS% 2 B'MK"Q2GUBJ 'R"7<K" 0¹!I7+5E'*TyQB'#'Q!"#@% # )2K:>'7+5t BJ '¹J D¯,B'0QJ -#0"OK"0<#]'bK"04+#7+0"!I¹& 11AD6r $F9% 2@ ##0"¹K"¹2@¶J 2GHI7+>'7+5 K"P7<KS% 2Q'RQJ 7+#.10"T . . . .

(64) ! "#%$ & $ '() %'(+*,.- . U.

(65) V.

(66) K

(67) .

(68) 6

(69) |. . M| . . 6

(70) v

(71)

(72) . . . . 7+0"b!"<J #5E'7+5"{, 2G~¸<5E'RS% #3K"/5"7'#/#,mR"#,mR"3H"H"27+4+!"R".10"TIyQ<J #0"2]'m>'O#7+5E' T 7+H'510"5!"!"2.10:5E' ? D$ PO5:2]¸<#(st0"2]'=,#]'*% #/K"5 ? 7+#9>'7+5" H"27+4+!"R".10"$ BJ 'R"7<K"KQBJ )+27+!"!QJ 30(#5K"02GHI7+>'7+#{uF#7<K"0",B'.10"/}67+4+~'.10"8º ghWmldn<io\Wqp M X » T

(73) ?. ~'0"5"-BJ 'R"7<K"¹KS 5:2]¸<#/KS 0"5"-H:#/K"/K"7+5"5QJ H"H"27+4+!"R".10"$r.10" ? ,2]'{2G4+~'7+5 . K"N~',29B'N0'#8!"0"H"2,*>'7+5"$C5!"#7+!I7+5E'80"5",2G##]:,*>'7+5K"8!"0"H"2,*>'7+5"!: K"7+95"bB'P0"5"{#!"<J #5E'm>'7+5(4+!"R".10"K"P<J #0"2]'m>'T z5"A0"5¹!"#D'!"$5"7+0"A!"<J #5E'7+5"F2 <J #0"2]'m>' ##0"AK"Q2@ 5:2]¸<#K"Q2GUH:#QH"H"27>= 4+!"R".10"{ºq!:4+!"R" L OT N+» T+}6L'*)2<,7+5"#~'&,Db% 27<,*2# 2MK"])+##C#7+0"#,CKS 5 ? 7+#9= '7+5"$t% 5:2]¸<#{2GN<J !:~']'7+5vK"{,7+5"5:#5",¹B'20"27<,*2>'7+5(4AJ 7+4+!"R".10"TDz5" 0"5";#,7+5"K";!:~'wºq!:4+!"R" L T U » $A5"7+0"3!"<J #5E'7+5"30"5 BJ 'm>'-K";2@ ~'/#7+0" ? 7+#8KS 0"5" 5:2]¸<#!I7+0"U2PK"E DPJ #5E'PK"7+95"U.10"D5E'J ###5E'b!"20"P!:~',0"2@% #5E'U2UK¸< ? 7+5",B'7+5<= 5"5E'K:5"2C!"#7<,##0"QK"U!"##UK"PKQJ ,#7+5ST<yQB'#'O5:2]¸<#U!I7+~'U#0"C2@ K"5E']:,*>'7+5-K" ! 7+ 2{K",7+5"5:#5",¹B'¹K"hBJ )+5E'0"22¹,7+22GHI7+>'7+5"O5E'#9,! 7+ 2T T 7+0"!"<J #5E'7+5" J 4E25E'U2U~',2&.10"65"7+0"U#~)+5E'bK"{< J ? J #5",!:UK"7+95"T ! " #%$&#%$&# ' 6 "$%%" (K " }6,5E'#/K"5"7'#wBJ '0"K"¹~'O2{!"#7<,##0"bK"KQJ ,#7+5ST T 7+0"U'5E'7+5"OKS 5:2]¸<#P2P!"#7>= ,##0"K"KQJ ,#7+5(55E'J 4+5E'O2{'!"PB'b2P5E',B'7+5"U5E'#/2O,B'0"#T¯}6O#2G>'7+5" 5E'#/2O,B'0"#bKS 0"5"/5E'#!"## ? 7+#5E'O0"5<J #*0vK¸<5:.10",*O22U)#5E'0(,7+0"# K"0/'!"T T 7'#L#0·#B'C#2@B% )+LK"7+5",&KS 0"5"U!"!"#7<,mR"$+!:M<J #*03K¸<5:.10"$!I7+0"M2@¶BJ )20:>'7+5 K"P!"#7<,##0"T }6/!"#5",!I¹.10"/5"7+0"*)+7+5"#B'510w!I7+0"O<J !I7+5"K"#t8% ,B'#'-!"!"#7<,mR"/~'{K"/,*,B'J ## 2-!"#7<,##0"K"N!"##NK";KQJ ,#7+5STF}D!I~'5"5",;B'32@ 5E'J B '-K";,;!"#5",!I8K"7+])+5E'tB '# ·#0"~']LJ $:5t#,mR"#,mR:5E'b2UH"0'/-% >' ? #B'U2U,*0"#/ºo:4+0"# L T L » T 7+0"b!I7+0)+7+5" ? ####7+~'OK"/2G3:4+0"# L T L $r2OK"0<v!"#5",!:0<tH"0'8% >'#'5"K"#¹!: T 5"7'#vBJ '0"K" . . M.

(74)

(75)

(76)

(77)

(78)