Vibrations of an industrial camera

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Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:

Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1963-10-01

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Vibrations of an industrial camera

Crawford, R.

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DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA

'fE

C

1HIN ][ CAL

NOTlE

No.

4"07

PREPARED BY R. Crawford CHECKED BY TDN APPROVED BY RFL

DATE October 196;

PREPARED FOR

SUBJECT

F. Evans, Researoh and Development Laboratory,

Northern Electrio Company, ottawa.

VIBRATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL CAMERA

In the photographio seotion qf the Northern Electrio Company's Research and Development Laboratory, the production"of extremely acourate micro images is of

prime importance. The ultimate resolution of the camera

used for this work is deoided by the level of baokground vibration experienced by the camera system itself.

Vibration measurements were oarried out to obtain the relative motion of the component parts.

GENERAL

The factors that affect the reproduction of aA image when vibration is involved may be oonsidered with,

reference to Figure 1. If no relative motion is involved

between the camera and the object, a clear image with

sharp edges and no distortion would be obtained. If,

however, relative motion is involved between the camera and object in the three directions then out of focus, blurring due to longitudinal displacements, blurring due to lateral displacements, and distortion due to angular displacements may be present.

As the time of exposure is very long compared with the period of the vibrations, many displacements may

(3)

2

-quantity is the relative displacement between camera and object.

Camera Description

The photographic set-up consists of a bed with two main rails, a camera holder and an object holder. The bed is constructed basically of two parallel rails

of approximately ｾＭｩｮＮ by 3-in. steel bars several feet

long and separated 2 ft apart by pieces of 3-in. steel

pipe to which they are welded. The camera and object

frame holder, of cast construction, are each supported on these rails by means of four rollers, two on each

rail. A friction clamping mechanism secures the holders

to a centre rail which runs the length of the bed and

is attached to the steel pipe sections. The optical

axis is about 2 ft above the rails. The whole bed is on a system of shock mounts two at each end of the rails -to isolate the unit from external vibration.

The object holder, which is flat ｾｯｾ｡ｋ･

scaled drawings etc., is hinged at its middle so that it can be turned within the frame holder through 90°

to face upwards for ease of operation. The clamps

for this are spring-loaded tapered pegs.

MEASURING EQUIR.1ENT

It was desirable to measure displacement directly but equipment to do this was not available.

Velocity-sensitive transducers were used with appropriate

amplifiers into a galvanometer recorder. This gave a

permanent record which could be examined afterwards. Amplifier

MB Recorder

Transducer Type 120

This system has a flat frequency response, in terms of

velocity from

5

to 700 cps.

OBSERVATIONS

The recorded vibrations are shown in records

1 to 8, and in Table I. It can be seen that generally

a predominant frequency is involved and thus a fairly accurate estimate of displacement can be made.

(4)

3

-GENERAL BACKGroUND VIBRATIONS

LOngitudinal Motion

Transducers were placed on the camera face

and the glass frame holder. Records 2 and 3 show that

the camera and glass face move in the same direction

relative to the camera bed. This indicates that the

camera frame and ob ject frame are undergoing a rocking'

type of motion in the longitudinal direction. The

displacements are not quite the same in the two cases and would lead primarily to out-of-focus blurring and

､ｾｳｴｯｲｴｩｯｮ due to parallax.

Transverse· Motion

Transverse motion is severe on the camera and

object frame (Reoords 1,4,5 and 6). The displaoements

from the optio axis are oontinuously varying and the

relative phasing between the two is also ohanging. The

maximum displaoement for ambient background vibrations

amounted to 300 mioro-in. Again the motions are oaused

by rooking of the frame holder and perhaps raoking of the oamera bed, leading to severe image distortion and blurring.

Specifio Sources of Vibration

The darkroom door was closed very quietly and caused considerable motion in the longitudinal direction

(Record

7).

A slight tap on the frame holder itself

also led to large displacements (Record 8). It is

presumed that similar displacements would also occur in the transverse direction, though these were not measured.

REMARKS

Both the longitudinal and transverse components of motion are severe, particularly if there is activity

nearby. It is understood that the measurements were

taken on what was a quiet day, sinoe not much of the

equipment was operating in the machine shops. Aocordingly

it is probable that vibration from the shops on busier days could lead to much larger percentage errors in the final image.

The construction of the camera system

upfortunately lends itself to exoitation. The camera

holder and object holder are simply sitting on the rails

and poorly olamped by a friotion clamp. The centres of

gravity of the holders are high compared with the

(5)

4

-width o-r the rails. This.high unsupported structure

with virtually no positive clamping device lends itself to instability and rocking motions both

longitudinally and transversely. The optical axis,

high above the rails, is in such a plane that it suffers

severe displacements. The damping devioe used for the

rotating object holder was inadequate, with considerable

backlash. The rails themselves rely on the weld to the

steel pipes for their rigidity.

ERROR CONSIDERATIONS

Considering some of the errors involved, it appears that'the best definition of a line that can be

obtained by a coordinatograph is to an accuracy of

±

0.001 in.

The problem is to obtain an image 0.002 in. in width to a

fina I ac.curacy of

±

*

mic ron, i. e ., 10 micro -in. This is

eqUivalent to a filial error of

0.00001 x 100 per cent = 0.5 per cent

0.002

Assume that the error allowed in the original art master will be 0.45 per cent to allow a little for movement of

the camera. As the error in the cutting of the art

master is

±

0.001 in., then the minimum width of the

original object is required to be 0.001 x 100 in.= 0 22 in

0.45 • .

To reduce this would require a reduction of 100:1 which

could be done in two steps ｯｾ 10.

Let x in. be the relative displacement of the

camera and object due to vibration. On the first reduotion

the image error due to x will be Ｘ＿ｾＲ per cent.

On second reduction the image error due to x will be

S?g2

per cent, Error due to the coordinatograph will be

0.45 per cent. Then equating the average of these errors

to 0.5 per cent we, arrive at

\/(0.45)2+ (455x)2 + (4550x)2 = 0.5 x = 0.000048 in.

i.e., maximum relative displacement of about 50 micro-in. To achieve this the vibration amplitudes must be reduced by a factor of about six.

(6)

5

-Reoommendations

Drastic modifications to the camera arrangement will have to be undertaken if accuracies of less than

0.5 per cent are to be obtained. It would be desirable

to start off with a solid base to which the rails could

be rigidly attached. A blook of concrete would be ideal.

The rails themselves would be on the style of a lathe

bed, but possibly further apart. The holders for the

camera and slides could be mounted on lathe-type slides

with positive locks on each rail. It would be advisable

to have the block -supported by a low frequency shock

mount to isolate it from external vibration. The whole

system depends on how well the camera and object holders

ｾｲ･ attached to the rails. This is where the present

system fails seriously. Such a system would then keep

the relative motion between camera and object to a

(7)

e

TABLE I

VIE RATION MEASUREMENTS

e

Vertical Component Longitudinal Component Transverse Component

Measured Computed Measured Computed Measured Computed

Vibration Measuring

Source Position _{ｾＮｩｾｸｩｲｰﾥｭ} _e Fre- Displace- Maximum Fre- Displace- Maximum Fre-

Displace-QCl. Y quency, ment, Velocity, quency, ment, ｲ･ｬｾｩｴｹＬ _{quency, ment,}

n.7sec 3 in./sec

3 n. sec3

x 10- cps micro-in. v· 1 ,,_ cps micro-in. _x _10- cP9 micro-in.

General pentre of camera

back- bed 4.8 30 26 1.0 50 3

ground _{Frame holder} _4.8 ₂₀

40 12.0 6.7 300

vibra-tions _{Frame holder} _2.4 _6.2

65

Glass frame 7.7 6.3 170

Camera face 9.1 6.2 205 7.9 5.0 280

Floor 6.0 22 45 0.5 30 3 1.9 21 14

Dark- Centre of camera

room bed 4.8 25 30

door _{Frame holder} _26.4 ₂₅ ₁₆₀

closed

very _{Glass frame}

43.2 25 270

quietly

Camera face 45.6 25 290

Slight Centre of camera

tap on bed 9.6 80 20

frame _{Frame holder} _40.8 ₆₀ ₁₁₀

holder

Glass frame 48.0 60 120

Camera face 1.9 60 5

(8)

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- LONGITUOINAL

OIRECTlON--OBJECT GLASS FRAME OBJECT FRAME HOLDER

CLAMPING RAIL PLAN VIEW CAMERA HOLDE, ｾｾＢＬＮＬ

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o

: : s = -SHOCK MOUNTS ｾ

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ｾｾ ... ｾｾｾ :::.;: ELEVATION VIEW FIGURE I

SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF CAMERA SET - UP AT NORTHERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, OTTAWA

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