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HAL Id: jpa-00224156

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00224156

Submitted on 1 Jan 1984

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

THEORY OF DISPERSION AND INSTABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LOCALIZED POLARITONS AT

SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES

B. Martin, R. Wallis

To cite this version:

B. Martin, R. Wallis. THEORY OF DISPERSION AND INSTABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LO-

CALIZED POLARITONS AT SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES. Journal de Physique Colloques,

1984, 45 (C5), pp.C5-255-C5-259. �10.1051/jphyscol:1984538�. �jpa-00224156�

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J O U R N A L DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C5, supplbrnent au n04, Tome 45, avril 1984 page c5-255

THEORY OF DISPERSION AND INSTABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH LOCALIZED POLARITONS AT SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES

B . G . Martin and R.F. wallis*

Aerojet GZectrosysterns, Lzusa, CA 9 1 7 0 2 , U.S.A.

*physics Dept., University o f CaZifor-nia, I r v i n e , CA 92717, U.S.A.

Resume - Nous

l o c a l i s 6 s a u x p r o c h e d e ref

o b t e n o n s l a r e l a t i o n d e d i s p e r s i o n d e s p o l a r i t o n s i n t e r f a c e s d e s e m i c o n d u c t e u r s e n u t i l i s a n t l ' a p - l e x i o n s p 6 c u l a i r e d e K l i e w e r e t F u c h s . Nous a v o n s f a i t d e s c a l c u l s s p e c i f i q u e s d a n s l a l i m i t e n o n r e t a r d e e e t a v o n s t r o u v e d e s i n s t a b i l i t e s d a n s c e r t a i n e s gammes d e f r e - q u e n c e .

A b s t r a c t - The d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n f o r l o c a l i z e d p o l a r i t o n s a t s e m i c o n d u c t o r i n t e r f a c e s h a s b e e n d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e s p e c u l a r r e f l e c t i o n a p p r o a c h o f K l i e w e r and F u c h s . S p e c i f i c c a l c u - l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n made i n t h e n o n r e t a r d e d l i m i t , and i n s t a - b i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n c e r t a i n f r e q u e n c y r a n g e s .

S u r f a c e and i n t e r f a c e p o l a r i t o n s h a v e b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f n u m e r o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e . T h e i r p r o p e r t i e s s u g g e s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x p l o i t a t i o n i n i n t e g r a t e d o p t i c s d e v i c e s . F o r s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s , i t is o f i n t e r e s t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f a m p l i - f y i n g l o c a l i z e d p o l a r i t o n s . One p o s s i b i l i t y i s t o d e v e l o p a n a l o g u e s o f d e v i c e s F a m i l i a r i n p l a s m a p h y s i c s , s u c h a s t h e r e s i s t i v e - w a l l a m p l i f i e r /1/ w h i c h h a s b e e n u s e d t o a m p l i f y m i c r o w a v e s o r a m p l i f i e r s b a s e d on t h e w e l l known t w o - s t r e a m i n s t a b i l i t y .

I n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r , w e e x t e n d p r e v i o u s work / 2 , 3 / t o t h e c a s e w h e r e two s e m i c o n d u c t o r m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g f r e e c h a r g e c a r r i e r s a r e i n c o n t a c t a l o n g a p l a n a r i n t e r f a c e and a r e s u b j e c t e d t o a c o n s t a n t e l e c t r i c

f i e l d p a r a l l e l t o t h e i n t e r f a c e . The d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n f o r p o l a r i t o n s l o c a l i z e d a t t h e i n t e r f a c e i s d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e s p e c u l a r r e f l e c t i o n a p p r o a c h o f K l i e w e r and F u c h s / 4 / and n e g l e c t i n g c a r r i e r d a m p i n g . N a r n e r i c a l r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r s e v e r a l c a s e s o f

i n t e r e s t i n t h e n o n r e t a r d e d l i m i t .

O u r s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f a d o p e d s e m i c o n d u c t o r w i t h d i e l e c t r i c f u n c t i o n tz1(Z,u) o c c u p y i n g t h e h $ l f - s p a c e z < 0 and a s e c o n d s e m i c o n d u c t o r w i t h d i e l e c t r i c f u n c t i o n E ( k , u ) o c c u p y i n g t h e h a l f - s p a c e z > 0. A s t a t i c e l e c t r i c f i e l d i s t a k g n t o b e i n t h e y - d i r e c t i o n , a s i s t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r f a c e p o l a r i t o n . The e l e m e n t s o f t h e d i e l e c t r i c t e n s o r f o r a s e m i c o n d u c t o r c o n t a i n i n g f r e e c h a r g e c a r r i e r s

i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s t a t i c e l e c t r i c f i e l d c a n b e o b t a i n e d from t h e t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n f o r a n a v e r a g e c a r r i e r

and t h e c o n t i n u i t y e q u a t i o n

w h e r e $, m , q , v , and n a r e t h e c a r r i e r v e l o c i t y , e f f e c t i v e m a s s ,

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1984538

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C5-256 J O U R N A L DE PHYSIQUE

c h a r g e , c o l l i s i o n f r e q u e n c y , and c o n c e n t r a t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , $P i s t h e c a r r i e r t h e r m a l p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t , % a n d k a r e t h e t o t a l e l e c t r i c and m a g n e t i c f i e l d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and a d o t o v e r a s y m b o l i n d i c a t e s a t i m e d e r i v a t i v e . E q u a t i o n s ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) c a n b e l i n e a r i z e d i n t e r m s o f t h e d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e q u a n t i t i e s f r o m t h e i r u n i f o r m and s t a t i c v a l u e s d e n o t e d b y a s u b s c r i p t z e r p . Assuming t h a t t h e d e v i a t i o n s v a r y i n s p a c e and t i m e a s e x p l i [ % o r - w t ) ] , w h e r e 2 i s t h e wave v e c t o r a n d w i s f r e q u e n c y , t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y t e n s o r c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m

..

w h e r e wd = w - $*So, VF i s t h e F e r m i v e l o c i t y , a n d ka i s t h e a - c o m p o n e n t o f t h e u n i t v e c t o r i n t h e % d i r e c t i o n .

T h e d i e l e c t r i c t e n s o r o f a s e m i c o n d u c t o r medium i s r e l a t e d t o t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y t e n s o r b y

w h e r e E~ i s t h e b a c k g r o u n d d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t .

U s i n g t h e s p e c u l a r r e f l e c t i o n a p p r o a c h o f K l i e w e r and F u c h s / 4 / , o n e c a n o b t a i n t h e d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n f o r i n t e r f a c e p o l a r i t o n s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t s i n t h e two m e d i a . One p r o c e e d s b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t a n g e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t h e two m e d i a . The r e s u l t s a r e

d k z - i k z z ( 2 )

E ( ~ ) ( 2 ) = 22w Z z

J z," --

Y T ( 2 ) T ( 2 } - ( 2 ) ) 2 ~ x ( ( o + ) ~ 1 ( 5 b )

- m

w h e r e y y z z ( T y z

R ( ' ) ( z ) i s t h e x-component o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n i n medium s , s = 1:2, and k i s t h e wave v e c t o r o f t h e i n t e r f a c e mode. A p ~ l y i n g t h e b o u n d a r y c g n d i t i o n s t h a t E ( z ) and R,(z) a r e c o n t i n u o u s a t t h e b o u n d a r y z = 0 , w e ( p p t a i n The d i s p e r s i o n r y 3 p t i o n

rn

T

rn

T

W e e v a l u a t e t h e d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n u s i n g t h e d i e l e c t r i c t e n s o r

e l e m e n t s s p e c i f i e d by E q s . ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) w i t h VF = v = 0. The r e s u l t i s

(4)

a ( w - k V ) 2

i 2 Y s

1 A s ) [ w - ( u - k V ) -

Y s ( 8 )

w h e r e w = ( 4 n n q / m s m ( ' ) ) 'I2 i s t h e p l a s m a f r e q u e n c y o f medium s , n s and qs gre t h e g a ? r i e r d e n s i t y and c h a r g e r e s p e c t i v e l y , and a s i s t h e d e c a y c o n s t a n t g i v e n by

I n t h i s p a p e r w e r e p o r t c a l c u l a t i o n s made i n t h e n o n r e t a r d e d l i m i t f o r w h i c h t h e d i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n t a k e s t h e s i m p l e f o r m

2 2

m (w-k 2 ] = 0 .

V )

Y 1 (w-k v )

Y 2

I n w h a t f o l l o w s , t h e f r e q u e n c y w i s t a k e n t o b e r e a l a n d t h e wave v e c t o r k t o b e c o m p l e x : k = + i k 2 . I t s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d a t t h i s p o i X t t h a t t h e n o n r e t a ? d e d k ~ i s p e r s i o n r e l a t i o n f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e w h e r e t h e two m e d i a a r e n- a n d p - t y p e I n S b was d i s c u s s e d some y e a r s a g o b y S t e e l e and V u r a l / 5 / . I n t h e n o n r e t a r d e d l i m i t , t h e i n t e r f a c e p o l a r i t o n s become i n t e r f a c e s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s .

We now p r e s e n t and d i s c u s s t h e r e s u l t s o f o u r n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l - a t i o n s . F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h e s p a c e c h a r g e wave d i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s f o r t h e c a s e w h e r e t h e t w o m e d i a a r e d e c o u p l e d , i . e . , e a c h t e r m o f Eq.

( 1 0 ) i s i n d e p e n d e n t l y s e t t o z e r o . E a c h medium s u p p o r t s a p a i r o f s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s , l a b e l l e d f a s t (FSCW) and s l o w

(SSCW) a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r t h e p h a s e v e l o c i t y is f a s t e r o r s l o w e r t h a n t h e d r i f t v e l o c i t y . I n o b t a i n i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f F i g . 1, t h e f y f ' o ; i n v a l u e s were

u s e d : E~

t

w1 = w 2 t

V1/Vo = 1, a n 2 V2/V0 = 3 w h e r e Vo i s a n a r b i t r a r y r e f e r e n c e d r i f t v e l o c i t y . N o t e t h a t t h e s p a c e c h a r g e wave l a b e l l e d b c r o s s e s s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s c and 2.

F i g u r e 2 s h o w s d i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s f o r t h e c a s e w h e r e t h e two m e d i a a r e c o u p l e d , i .e., f o r t h e s i t u - a t i o n g i v e n by Eq. ( 1 0 ) . Two d i f f e r e n t d r i f t v e l o c i t y r a t i o s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , n a m e l y V2/V 3 a n d 6 . C o n s i d e r t h e c a s e V2>V;=3.

The 2 b r a n c h , t h e s l o w s p a c e c h a r g e wave a s s o c i a t e d w i t h medium 1, i s l i t t l e a f f e c t e d b y t h e c o u p l i n g (see F i g . 1 f o r c o m p a r i s o n ) i n t h e f r e q u e n c y

r a n g e shown. T h e r e is a d e g e n e r a t e b r a n c h w h e r e t h e

- 1 0 1 2 3 4

'JoK1~wo

F i g . 1. D i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s f o r un- c o u p l e d s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s f o r w = w 1 2 '

C u r v e a : s l o w SCW, V1/Vo=l;

C u r v e b : f a s t SCW, V1/Vo=l;

C u r v e c: s l o w SCW, V2/Vo=3;

C u r v e d : f a s t SCW, V2/Vo=3.

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C5-258 J O U R N A L D E PHYSIQUE

wave v e c t o r s a r e c o m p l e x c o n j u g a t e p a i r s . I t a r i s e s w h e r e b r a n c h b,

t h e f a s t s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e , and b r a n c h c, t h e s l o w s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e , a r e c o i n c i d e n t and e x t e n d t o t h e o r i g i n . B e c a u s e o f t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e SSCW1s and t h e FSCW1s, t h e a m ~ l i t u d e o f t h e f o r m e r g r o w s e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h d i s t a n c e ( i . e . , i t is a m p l i f i e d ) w h i l e t h e

a m p l i t u d e o f t h e l a t t e r d e c a y s e x p o n e n t i a l l y . I n t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f S t u r r o c k / 6 / , t h e d e g e n e r a t e b r a n c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o a c o n v e c t i v e

i n s t a k i l i t y . The d e c o u p l i n g o f t h e b and b r a n c h e s o c c u r s

a t w = 1.9 w ( w i s a n a r b i t r a r y r e T e r e n c e f r e q u e n c y ) , w h e r e u p o n , w i t h i n c r e a s y n g ? r e q u e n c y , t h e y a p p r o a c h t h e d e c o u p l e d b e h a v i o r shown

i n F i g . 1.

The 5 - b r a n c h b e h a v i o r is a l s o m o d i f i e d b y c o u p 1 i n g t h e m e d i a

(compa re t h e r e s u 1 t s o f F i g s . 1 and 2 ) , t h e c h a n g e b e i n g p r i m a r i l y a d e v i a t i o n from l i n e a r b e h a v i o r i n t h e

v i c i n i t y o f t h e c r o s s i n g o f t h e u n c o u p l e d b- and d- b r a n c h e s .

The d i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s o f F i g . 2 f o r t h e d r i f t v e l o c i t y r a t i o V2/V1 = 6 a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o r V2/Vl = 3, b u t t h e interaction b e t w e e n t h e b and c b r a n c h e s

- t e ~ m i n a t e s a t

w = 1 . 2 w . I t i s t h u s s e e n i n t g i s r a n g e o f d r i f t v e l o c i t y r a t i o s , t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e o f i n t e r a c t i o n o f SSCW's and FSCW's d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d r i f t v e l o c i t y r a t i o . When V1 = V2, h o w e v e r , t h e r e

i s no i n t e r a c t i o n a n d h e n c e no amp1 i f i c a t i o n o r a t t e n u a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s . T h u s f a r , d r i f t i n g c a r r i e r s o f t h e same c h a r g e s i g n h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d s o t h a t , i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n e l e c t r i c f i e l d , t h e y d r i f t i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n , a l t h o u g h a t d i f f e r e n t v e l o c i t i e s . F i g u r e 3 s h o w s t h e s p a c e c h a r g e wave d i s p e r s i o n when t h e c a r r i e r s o f o n e medium

F i g . 2. D i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s f o r c o u p l e d s p a c e c h a r g e wave f o r w1=w2.

F i g . 3 . D i s p e r s i o n c u r v e s f o r c o u p l e d s p a c e c h a r g e w a v e s f o r w 1 = w 2 a n d

v2 = -3v1.

(6)

h a v e a c h a r g e o p p o s i t e t h a t o f c a r r i e r s i n t h e o t h e r medium and h e n c e d r i f t i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n . F o r t h i s s i t u a t i o n t h e r e i s a d e g e n e r a t e b r a n c h r u n n i n g from t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e b and 5 b r a n c h e s t o t h e o r i g i n . I n S t u r z o c k ' s t e r m i n o l o g y , t h i s i s a n e v a n e s c e n t wave. T h e r e i s a l s o a n i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e b a n d 2

b r a n c h e s g i v i n g r i s e t o t h e l i n e a r b r a n c h r u n n i n g from t h e l e f t h a n d e x t r e m u m o f t h e 2 b r a n c h t o t h e o r i g i n . T h i s i s a n o n c o n v e c t i v e i n s t a b i l i t y .

F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h e f r e q u e n c y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f t h e wave v e c t o r

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e 2 0 -

i n t e r a c t i n g b r a n c h e s o f F i g s . 2 and 3 .

The maximum v a l u e o f 1 6 -

I k 2 1 c o r r e s p o n d s b o t h . &,

t o t h e f r e q u e n c y o f w o

t h e maximum a m p l i - 1 2 7 - - - , - _

f i c a t i o n o f t h e SSCW

a n d t h e maximum - .-.-.-._.____

0.8 -

a t t e n u a t i o n o f t h e -. - V2N0 = 3. VllVo = - 1

FSCW. The Ik21

maxima f o r V2/V -3 - V2lVo = 3.V,IV0 = 1

a n d + 3 a r e n e a r i y = t h e 0.4- - - - v21vo = 6. VIIVO = I

s a m e , b u t t h e y o c c u r

a t d i f f e r e n t f r e - W I . 2

"0 " 0

.,

q u e n c i e s . I n a d - 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 16

1

.

1 -

0.20

1

0.24

-I .

0.28

I I

d i t i o n , t h e f r e q u e n c y VOI .- K ~ I

r a n g e o f t h e f o r m e r “0

i s s m a l l e r by a

f a c t o r o f - 2 t h a n F i g . 4. F r e q u e n c y v e r s u s i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f t h e l a t t e r . t h e wave v e c t o r f o r u1=u2.

F o r V2/V1 = 6 , t h e maximum o f Ik21 i s less t h a n i t i s f o r V1/V2 = 3 . A s w e h a v e s e e n a b o v e , t h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n i s a l s o l e s s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , b o t h t h e a m p l i f i c a t i o n m a q n i t u d e and f r e q u e n c y r a n g e a r e d e p e n d e n t on t h e d r i f t v e l o c i t y r a t i o .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t - T h e work o f R . F. W a l l i s was s u p p o r t e d b y NSF G r a n t

N O . DMR 8 2 - 1 4 2 1 4 . R e f e r e n c e s

1. B I R D S A L L C. K . , BREWER G. R . , and HAEFF A . V-

I

P r o c . 1. R - E - 41,

( 1 9 5 3 ) 8 6 5 .

2 . WALLIS R . F . , MARTIN B. G . , and QUINN J . J . , P r o c . 1 6 t h I n t . C o n f . on t h e P h y s i c s o f S e m i c o n d u c t o r s , ~ o n t p e l l i e r , F r a n c e , 1 9 8 2 , p . 8 2 8 .

3 . MARTIN B. G . , WALLIS R . F., a n d QUINN J . J . , B u l l . Am. P h y s . S o c . 28 ( 1 9 8 3 ) 8 5 8 .

-

4 . KLIEWER K. L. and FUCHS R . , P h y s . Rev. 172 ( 1 9 6 8 ) 6 0 7 . 5 . STEELE M. C. and VURAL R . , Wave I n t e r a c t i o n s i n S o l i d S t a t e

P l a s m a s ( M c G r a w - H i l l , N e w York, 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 1 2 7 .

6 . STURROCK P. A., P h y s . Rev. 112 ( 1 5 8 ) 1 4 8 8 .

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