The relevance of Arabic-based Pidgins-Creoles for Arabic Linguistics

(1)

HAL Id: halshs-00150427

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150427

Submitted on 30 May 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The relevance of Arabic-based Pidgins-Creoles for Arabic Linguistics

Catherine Miller

To cite this version:

Catherine Miller. The relevance of Arabic-based Pidgins-Creoles for Arabic Linguistics. al-lugha, (Cairo: Arab Development Center), 2003, 4, pp.7-46. �halshs-00150427�

(2)

"!#%$'&(*)+, -/.$0$12346587:9<;=>?@4AB7

C

!DE(F.HGJIK(F!MLN-/2POQ2RS.QTUV2JW

C

2#JW82#(F7QTXYZ\[]

^`_acbdafegaghKijNkKamlonpiNbKirqts:kKuqgivagwx*s0wyos0jovu

kKbza{lefaKvVnlob|iNbKiNq{s:k|efs0jNy}Ns#vX^`s:kNv

C !MW'~2#(DS2fcDRR2#(

(2U!UZDEOX2#($DW8K34IdDE2 dH(F.OQ2#27(!#2

/{J

DS2W'~22P!#(R$02#O2WDS2$(2.%RS2 !3¡T%DS3¢DS£$'W&X3QDS2$c~!#OX2

L2.U2¡!¤OQ2#(¥T(.3J&XMW'DEO2¡¦\D2R3¥.%¦§¢X2 2#(!R¨RD©¢&4D$\W8DS$:ª*~2

¦!J$~D.%«LQ2!UV2$.¬¢(2P!MW*W'~!MWU/! RDS¢&XD$\W${!#(2KW82#UTW823oW'.£&$2

W'~2/W82(U$g®°¯@®°±²/!3¬³´:µ¶;µ#²/¦'.Q(!#·P!$F2.¦gR!¢&X!#¢2V.JW8!W87

R!©¢&X!#¢2¸UDE4DS¢ .(·RS!¢&X!#¢2|!¹J&XD$DW8DS.%4dºz|W'~2.W'~2(p~!3

»

2RSRZ\¼%.

»

#(2P.%RSD½$'W$¾!#(2¥$\W'DSRRc!#(8¢&4DS¢¿! 3£¹J&!#((F2 RSDS¢

»

~2

W'(\DS¢ÀW8.ÀT(8.ODS32ÁR2P!#(¥32¦DSDWD.Q4$Â!3 !MW82#¢.(DEÃ !MWD.Q$¥.%¦

T%DS3¢DSÄ'#(F2.%RS2KRS!¢&!#¢2J$Å

W(!¢2R°¤2.&¢~7IK(F!MLDZ\L!$23ÆTD3¢DS4$\Ä½#(2.%R2$Ç1½Ä C $85¨!(2

$\W'DSRR.QW'~2¬UV!#(¢DS·.%¦gL.W'~pIK(!#LD«RD°¢&XD$\W8DS$d!3·T%DS3¢DSÄ'#(F2.%RS2

$\W&X3DS2$:È.

»

2:O2#(dIK(!#LDZ\L!$23pÄ C $r!#TT2!#(<W½.ÉL2.Q¦{T!#(\W'DS:&4R!#(

D°W82#(2J$'W*¦'.(HL.JW'~(2.RS2z$\W&X3DS2J$!3oIK(!#LD<RSDS¢&XD½$'WDJ$Ê! 3zW'~D½$¦'.(

!tJ&XU/LX2(.Q¦(2!$.%$G

(3)

2

ª*~2IK(!#LDR!¢&X!#¢2~!$d!O2#( RS.%©¢¨~D$\W8.(' !3"$8T(2!3

DSUV! T4!(\W$g.¦HW'~2

»

.(R34%ª*~D$tR.%¢~D$\W8.(DS!RT(0.%2$$`¢!#OQ2

LDS(\W'~ W'.ÁU! 3D¦'¦2(2JWÆW©T2$¡.¦R!¢&X!#¢2 .JW8!W¤!#3

R!¢&X!¢2o$~D¦W0ª*~2#(2¦'.(2zIK(!#LDN3D$TR!#X$g!N~J&¢2o$T2PMW'(\&U¡.¦

OQ!#(D2MWD2J$¡¦\(F.QU W'~2 U. $\W¤R!$:$DP! R|O!#(D2MW'DS2$ W8. W'~2 U.4$\W

TDS3¢DS%DSÃ23ÁO!#(D2MW'D2J$:c\W T(8.ODS32$ DSJW82#(2$\W'DS¢ 2R2U2JW$ .¦

DS¦'.Q(U!:WDS. .2#(DS¢ ~.

»

3DS¦\¦82#(2W W©T2J$ .¦¥P.QW8!MW

R!¢&X!¢2$ 2UV2#(¢2¾!.(3DS¢ W'.+W'~2mOQ!#(DS.&$ $F.%#D.%RDS¢&XD½$'WD

$F2MWW'DS©¢ $Å

!¢&X!¢42É$~D¦WN¦(F.%U !p.ZIK(!#LD¬O2#(!PM&4R!#(dW8.§!#§IK(!#LD

OQ2#(!:&4R!#(g!3«DSp$.U2N!$2dT%D3¢D°DSÃ!MW8DS.JÄ'(2.%RSDSÃ©!MW'DS.D½$K$'W'DSRR

W8!¼D°©¢ TR!2·1¦ .&W'~2#( &X3!#5Å`ª*~2ÉRSDS¢&XD½$'WD7f~D$\W8.(DS!R

!3$.DS!R¦!:W8.Q($RS2!3DS¢¸W8.xTDS3¢DS%DSÃ!:WDS.JÄ½#(2.R°DSÃ!:WDS.ÆP!

W'~&$HL2K.L4$F2#(O23N®S±o²Å®S?

»

~D~oD$*(F!#(2REzW'~2K!$2

C .QW82#UNT.(!#(ÆIK(F!PLDZLX!J$23¸Ä C $·P! xL(D°©¢ !33DWD.%!R

DS¦'.Q(U!:WDS.W8.¸IK(!:LDcRDS¢&4D$'WDS$L$~233D°¢ÆRSD¢~JW. W'~2

~D$'W8.Q(D!R%T(.2J$0$2J$Ê.Q¦ R!©¢&X!#¢2z$~D¦WW'.NIK(!:LD©

ª*~!©¼4$fW8.W'~2

»

.(¼.¦r2#($\W82P2#¢~p1 [5 W'~2oRS!:WW82M({D½$0$\&X2~!$

L2P2 ·R2¢W'~DR° 3QD$0M&$0$023pD°·IK(!#LDD°¢&XD$\W8DDS(R2$Åf&W$D°P2

r2#($\W82P2#¢~4\$dL..Q¼7f$\W&X3D2$r.p Ä C

$!3 .QW8!MWR!©¢&X!#¢2$N~!#OQ2

2MT2#(D223ÉDSUT.(\W8!#JWW'~2P.Q(2W'DS!R32#O2RS.T%UV2JW$Å4\W'~D$KT!#T2#({

»

.&RS3 RDS¼2 W½. T(F2J$2#W !# &T3!:W82 .¦.&( ¼.

»

RS2P3¢2À.Q

(4)

D°OX2$'W'DE¢!MW82 W'~2DE( (2R2#O!P2 ¦'.( .QUrT!#(!MW8DEO2À!#3 ~D$\W8.(DS!JR

$\W&X3DS2$:ª*~2¬TX!#T2#(

»

DSRRfLX23QDEOXD32P3"DSJW8.¨W'~(F22¬T!#(\W$Å*

»

DSRRt¦'D°(0$\W

(2MOD2

»

W'~2+UV!DS #(DW82#(D!¸&$023 ¦'.(c32¦\DSD°¢ !3¡!MW82#¢.(8DEÃD°¢

T%DS3¢DSV! 3#(F2.QR2zR! ©¢&X!#¢2$!3.&W'R°DS2fW'~2z3DS¦¦DM&XRWD2J$(!D$2P3/L

$\&X~!MW82#¢.(8DEÃ©!MW'DS.4¬

»

DSRR W'~232$F#(DELX2¤W'~2 ~D½$'W8.Q(8DS!R§!3

$. D.QRS.¢DS! RP.QW82MW`W'~!MW{RS23«W8.W'~22UV2#(¢22.%¦{.JW82UNT.Q(F!#(

IK(!#LDPZ8LQ!J$2P3ÇÄ C $Å !J$'WRE7f

»

D°RRgT(2$2JWr!«L(D2¦$8¼2MW8#~Ç.%¦tW'~2

U!DS$\W'(\&X:W&(!#R~!#(!MW82(D$\W8DS$!33QD$FM&$:$HW'~2t(F.QRS2K.¦4W'~2tId¦(D!

$\&L$\W'(F!MW&U R!¢&X!#¢2$Å%.RE&$DS.%7

»

DRR W'(\W8.!#!RSÃ©2oD¦ W'~2

.QW82#UNT.(!#( P.QW82MW¤U!#À~!#O2 ! $DUDR!#(DW'D2$

»

DW'~ W'~2

~D½$'W8.Q(8DS!R*.JW82:W .Q¦`R!¢&X!¢2«$~D¦WW'~!:W`R23W8.W'~22 U/2#(¢22.Q¦

IK(!#LD¾3QD!R2MW$

»

DW8~DSW'~2¾.Q¹J&X2#(23ÆW82#((DW8.(DS2$c.Q¦W'~2xIK(!#L

`UNTDS(2 $~.Q(\W½7¬P!#

»

2Æ!#¢(22

» DW'~ N2($\W822¢~¡1 [5¨W'~!:W

T%DS3¢DS%DSÃ!:WDS.!3#(2.%RSDSÃ!MW8DS.Z`P.Q2DOX2P3«~2#(2N!J$K$8T2DS¦DoP!J$2$

.Q¦*R!¢&X!#¢2r.QW8!MW

»

2#(2tW'~2d32D½$DEOX2zT(F.%2$$2$W'~!MW RS23oW8./W'~2

2 U/2#(¢22K.¦ 2

»

IK(!#LDK1D2PU.%32(/3QDS!R2MW$5:

"!$#&%'$(% (*),+-(/.$0 12(+'$,$(.

%$+3)('4657$+'$&'2 89.)(1#8$(.:% 7'$#

¦

» 2 »

!WzW½."W8!#RE¼m!#L.&WNIK(!:LD¬Ä

C

$V!$V3QD$0#(2:W'2ÉRSDS¢&XD½$'WD

2#JW8DW8DS2J$

»

2Uz&H$'W`¦'DS($\W !J$8¼p.&($2REO2${!/L!$D¹J&X2J$\W8D.QG;

»

~!MWg!(2

W'~2Æ32MW82#(8UoDSDS¢ #(DW82#(D!¸W'~!MW U!¼2+DW T.4$$DELR2W½. 3D$'WDS©¢&4D$~

L2MW

»

22|T%DS3¢DS4$Ä'#(F2.QR2J$.W'~2c.Q2 ~!37r!#3Æ.JW'~2#(W©T42J$.%¦

.QW8!W¡RS!¢&X!#¢2$ 1$'&X~À!J$ÂRDS¢&X! ¦'(!!$F7¸¼X.QDS$F7xUoDEX23

(5)

4

3D$\W8DS¢&XD½$~L2MW

»

22p3DS¦\¦82#(2W`W©T2J$K.¦fR! ©¢&!¢2.QW8!W W'~!MW`R23

W'. 3DS¦\¦82#(2JWRSD°¢&XD$\W8D¥.&W8.QU/2J$¤1ªÊ~.%U!J$F.Q !3!:&4¦'UV!

5: .( W'~©(22K32P!32J$!2.(U.&$ RSDW82(!MW&(2K.zW'~D$HW8.TDSK~!J$

L2P2

»

(DWW82#V!3/W'~2z(DW82#(DS!&$02P3¦'.Q(*W'~2d32#¦'D°DW8DS.%V.¦ Ä

C

$`~!#OQ2

2MOQ.%REO234{ªÊ~2 $DW&X!MW8DS.¸UDS¢~JW!#TT2!#(¹J&XDW82§.¦& $DS¢¾¦'.Q(.QZ

$T2P D!RD$'W$oL©&WRS2MWd&$¬$F!#x$~.Q(W'RE§W'~!MWV$T2D!RD$\W$!#(2·U.(2·! 3

U.(2À(2R&XMW8!JW¥W½. .Q$DS3%2( TDS3¢DSÄ'#(2P.%RS2 R!¢&X!#¢2J$ !$ !

W©T.%RS.¢%D!RR°m3D$#(F2MW82· R!J$:$Å¡ªÊ~2ÉU.4$\W/D°UT.(\W8!#WNT.QDSJW/D$NW'~!MW

RDS¢&XD$\W8DSz(DW82#(DS!z!RS.2d3..W $'&¦\¦8DP2W8.V32#¦\DS2tÄ C $ÅI$ T.DSJW823

.&WpL,D°¦'.(3¡1 YG:587 :W'~2ÆDS32JW8DS¦\D!MW'DS.¡.¦·T%D3¢D°4$"! 3

#(2P.QRS2$ D$ÆL!J$023 . ! O!#(D2MW' .¦¾.%¦W82# .¦RD:WDS¢ #(DW82(D!

DSR&X3DS¢|¦&4MWD.Q7t~D½$'W8.Q(8DS!Rd.Q(8DE¢%DS4$!332#O2RS.%TU2JW87t¦'.(U!R

#~!#(!MW82(D$\W8DS$74.(`!d.%UNLDS!MW8DS..¦ W'~2$F2\WD$ W'~2d.QOQ2#(¢2P2

.¦K!J&XU/LX2(N.%¦KRSDS¢&XD½$'WD¬¦2P!MW&(2J$r!#3¨.%¦{.ZRDS¢&4D$'WD¬¦!PMW8.Q(0$

1\~D$\W8.(DSP! R{.JW82:Wr.¦d2 UV2#(8¢2 27 W'T2.%¦d.JW8!MW½7`T(.2J$0$2J$/.%¦

!¹J&XD$DW8DS.Q7N2MW865W'~!MWU!#~2RST¸W8.Æ32#¦'DS2ÇÄ C $Å g&WD°¾UV!

DS4$\W8!#P2J$ÉW'~2#(2xD$c.¡RS2!#(FZM&W 32RSDUVDW8!MW'DS. L2MW

»

22# TDS3¢DS4$7

#(2P.QRS2$F7o¼.D°$7oO2~DM&XR!#(¨R!¢&X!#¢X2J$F72MW8 ª*~2(2#¦'.(2¸.W !#RR

!M&W'~.Q(${!¢(22.QW'~2N(2R2#OQ! 2.¦ W'~2rW82(UV$%g®S¯@®°±²r!3¬³´:µ¶;µ ²

!#3ÉW'~2#(2pD$!(22JWtW8232#¨W8.É&$F2pD°$\W82!P3ÉW'~2ÉU/.Q(22M&W'(!R

W82#(U .¦ .JW8!MWRS!¢&X!#¢X2K1½¨&X¦

»

2 2 Y5:

(6)

»

!#3V!MW82#¢.(DEÃ!:WDS.V.%¦ Ä

C

R! ©¢&!¢2J$ L©&W\&$\W$\&XUoUV!#(DSÃ2N$.%U/2z.%¦

W'~2KU!D°T.%DSW$HW'~!MW !#(F2t(2#RS2#O!W*¦'.( W'~2tIK(F!PLDK3.UV! DSX% .(HW'~D$

$~.(\W(2:ODS2

»

p(2RE U!DSR° . 2¦'2#LO(215¨!3 |DS%¦'.(3

1 Y5

»

~. T(F.ODS32D°W82#(2$\W'DS©¢À$JW8~2$F2J$¡.%¦xW'~2£.Z'¢.QDS¢

32ML!MW82©

.)(1# '$# +9'$')(%$&.$# % + %#"#

ª.

»

~!MWm2:W82#Wm!#£$'W'(\&XMW&(!#R·~!#(!PMW82#(D$\W8DSJ$LQ2+& $23¥!$

#(DW82#(D! ¦'.(¥3D½$'W'DS¢&XD½$~DS¢ÀTD3¢DS4$¥¦'(.QU (2.%R2J$Â!3À¦\(F.QU

3QD$'WDS©¢&4D$~DS¢W'~2UÀ¦(.%U .W'~2(¼D°3$«.Q¦V.JW8!:WRS!¢&X!¢2 ¨I

J&XU/LX2(d.%¦tRD°¢&XD$\W8DS¦2!MW&(2$d.Q(KT(8.T2M(W'DS2$d~!#OX2LQ22·T(.QT.$F23

D°W'~2T!J$'W`W'.¬L2V3QD!#¢.4$\W8DSV.%¦`TD3¢DSÄ'#(F2.%RS2¬$'W8!MW&4$d$\&X~·!J$dR!#¼

.Q¦ DS¦R2:WDS.!RÆU.(T~.%RS.¢Q7¸T!(!MW8!MD$7Æ$2#(D!RSD°Ã!MW'DS.7&$2 .Q¦

&U!(¼23xP!J$27KW'(!#%$8T!#(2#!3O!#(DS.&$! !R°WD§(!MW'~2#(«W'~!#

$JW'~2:W'DS¿$'W'(!MW82#¢D2J$:·\W¾~!J$ÆLX22 .W823 ~.

»

2MO2#(xW'~!MWW'~2J$2

$\W'(\&XW&(!#RdT(.T2#(½W'D2J$ !#(2¨W8.¸L2 ¦'.&3xDS R! ©¢&X!#¢X2J$.W'~2#(«W'~!#

T(2J$\&XU23TD3¢%DS4$ ! 3#(2.RS2$g!33.«.JW`$2:W W'~2NR!:WW82#(!#T!#(W!J$g!

$T2D!RR!$0$7N.(pDS322P3Æ!J$·!¨&4D¦D23xR!$$Åm!ÆR!¢&X!#¢2J$

~!#O2p!(23J&XP23¨U.(T~.%R.Q¢ .(N!#(F2¬D$.RS!MW8D°©¢§R! ©¢Q&X!¢2J$

»

DW8~.&W

1 !"!#%$&(')+*,.-,0/13245'6+*,789:;.#, <'2 8*,=,>?@.A&BC,>EDGFIH8JK:HLA1BA,J"M<@3N >C8NIOBAK?BK:NPI,Q'Q8*,R,'7#&ST <'25*&

MU@VN>CLNOWBAK?%BK:NPOH8X@VBY@LZ[$#9-,78*,Q-\1]^_3`S1L:Wab7+7c9W%#&S!-,'2

Sd4`.'/'Y+e-%#8' [#&/3*1f03,&gh7^ijkk%lmno<*,#%,p'TiVjkq&km.n

rts

*7L*,

s

78i3jkuYvm5,Q'STL,bi3j3ku%u ).

(7)

6

L2DS¢¥R!J$:$DS¦D23 !$c³#´Åµ¶;µ²M7 RSDE¼X2 ~DS2J$2 .( KD2MW'! UV2$2 ¦'.Q(

DS4$\W8!#P2Jc.(2.O2(7W'~2z32:W8! DSR23¢(!UUV!MW8DS!R32$(DETW'DS.4$.%¦ W'~2

J&XUV2#(.&$#(F2.QR2 R!¢&X!¢2$F7t$T(2!P3§!#(.4$$/! RSR{.JW8DS2JW$F7$8~.

»

.%$D32#(!#LR2p$\W'(\&XMW&(!R`3DS¦¦82#(22$r1½ &%X$¼X2 5:*ª*~2RS!DU

.¦ WT.RS.Q¢DS!R &XDW\ ~!$£LQ22 UV! DSR° !3O.!MW823 L W'~2

:&4DEOX2#($0!RSD$\W$x1- KD#¼2#(\W8. 7 [5

»

~. .%$D32#(pW'~!MW

#(2P.QRS2N¢(!UVU!(t2#~DELXDW$`W'~2°LDS.T(.Q¢(F!#U*.Q(`LQ!J$D¦'2!MW&(2J${.¦!

rDOX2($!Rm<(!UVU!(: g&W¾U! !M&W'~.Q(0$Æ~!MOX2¥(DWDSDSÃ23£W'~2

.2TWr.Q¦d!«W'©T.%RS.¢D!R &XDW'c.¦<W'~2p#(2P.%RS2pR! ©¢Q&X!¢2J$: C (DWD$

.U2KU!DSR°V¦(.%UxW'~2 $\&T2#(0$\W'(!MW'D$\W$ d1 C ~!:&X32 . ©]5.Q(W'~2

$'&%LX$\W'(!MW'D$\W$ Â1½È/.%RSU ©7 g2¦82PL©O(2 5F7"D2¬W'~.4$2

»

~.

.%$D32#( W'~!:WÆW'~2 ¢(!UU!( .¦ #(F2.%RS2 R!©¢&X! ¢2$ ~!J$ LX2P2

DS%¦'RE&2232 DW~2#(fLW'~2$'&T42($\W'(!W&U 1.( W8!#(¢2W`R! ©¢&X!#¢2#5{.( L

W'~2z$'&L4$'W'(!MW&U R!©¢&X!#¢2

ª*~2c3D½$'WDSMWD.Q|L2MW

»

22|T%D3¢D°4$!3Æ(2.R2$pD$ 2MO2ÆU.(2

3D°¦'¦DM&XRW0H*DS3¢DS4$~!#O2&$\&X!RRS§L22§3D$\W8DS¢&XD½$~23§¦(.%U #(F2.QR2$

L&$D°¢W

» . :(DW82#(DS!G·!#5|W'~2 32¢(22 .¦x$DUoTRDS¦D!MW'DS. ! 3

(23J&X:W'DS.Q¾DSxRDS¢&XD$\W8DS,$'W'(\&XW&(2 !3,L5«W'~2DE(«&$F2 !$p!$2P.Q3

R!¢&X!#¢2.(·U.JW'~2(¬W'.¢&X2t DS3¢DS4$·!#(2|$\&TT.4$023¸W'. $~.

» !

U.(2x(23J&XP23 RD°¢&XD$\W8DS $\W'(\&XW&(2Æ13(!$½W'Dx(23J&X#W'DS. DS D°2(

¦'.(Ur5§!3+W8.LQ2,&$2P3 DS¡!xRDUDW82P3(!¢2¾.%¦·.QUUN&XDP!MWDEOQ2

¦&4MWD.Q$

»

~2#(2P!$,#(2.RS2$|!(2 $\&TT.4$2P3 W'.¥T(2J$F2JWm!U.(2

2RS!#L.(!MW82KRSD°©¢&4D$'WDN$\W'(\&XW&(2K12MT!%$DS.%VDSDS2#(`¦8.Q(8UN5`!3/W½.oL2

(8)

»

J&XU/LX2(g.%¦R!©¢&X!#¢42$`(2¦82#((23oW8.!J$©g®°¯@®°±²<.Q(µ\`B±¯µ#¯gg®S¯@®°±²

1DE¢2#(D!o D3¢DS7ª.Q¼ D$DS7 2:W8#5g!.W*L2r3QD$\W8DS¢&4D$~23.QW'~2

L!$D$.%¦NW'~2DS(¢22J$D$7d32POQ2RS.QTUV2JW!#3Æ$~(F.D$\W'('&XÅW&(2$

¦(.%U .W'~2#(pRS!¢&X!¢42J$(2¦82#((2P3,W'.Æ!$p(2.RS2$p1d(D.%7

C

!#(DELLX2!

C

(F2.QR2$F7·2MW865ªÊ~2T(2D$2L.&3!(D2J$LQ2MW

»

22¥T%DS3¢DS4$|!3

#(2.RS2$!(2ÉT(!PMW'DS!RRSDUT.$0$DLXR2 W8.3(F!

»

7{!J$VU!x$DW&X!:WDS.4$

(2MO2P! Rr!¨¼D°3|.%¦V32#O2RS.TU2W8! RdP.QWDSJ&&XU LQ2MW

»

2P2#(2R!MW8DOQ2R°

(23J&X23!#3N(2RS!MW8DOQ2R°V2#T!323.QW8!MW .&W8.U2J$:

\W<!#TT2!#(${W'~!MWgW'~2¦'2!MW&(2J$dT(.T.4$2P3¨D°§$'&TT.Q(\W.¦fW'~2«OD2

»

W'~!MW{ Ä C RS!¢&X!#¢2$r.4$\W'DW&W82!W©T.%R.Q¢DS!RRSÇ3QD$Å#(2MW82¢(.&T .Q¦

R!©¢&X!#¢2§!#(2·.WN&.JW'(8.O2#($D! R7K!3m!MWW82#UNTW$!MWV2J$'W8!MLRSD$~D°¢

!ML$.%R&W82¬#(DW82(D!¬¦'.Q(r32¦\DSDS¢§T%DS3¢DS4$!3§(2.%RS2$D° (2R!MW'DS.ÉW8.

.JW'~2#(·RS!¢&X!¢2$·~!#O2 LX22xT!#('W'R¤!#LQ! 3.Q234<"! RDS¢&4D$'W$

.Q$D32#(W'~!MWm.2¡~!J$W8.£¼.

»

W'~2¡~D$\W8.(\ .¦|! T!#(\W'DS:&4R!#(

R!©¢&X!#¢2¨DS.(32#(zW½. DS32JW8DS¦\mDW!$!pTD3¢DS.(V!·#(2.RS2 |~!MW

T%DS3¢DS ! 3·#(2.%R2«R!¢&X!#¢X2J$N$~!(2«D$tW'~2«UV!2(zDS

»

~D~¬W'~2#

!#(2o¦'.(U234ª*~2#(F2 ¦'.(2RSDS¢&4D$'W$

»

DSRRHW82#3«W8.¦'.%M&${W'~2DE(K!! REX$D$

U.Q(F2. W'~2¦'.Q(U!:WDEO2 T(.%P2J$$m1

»

~27p~.

»

!3

»

~ Ä C $

2 U/2#(¢2#5K(!:W'~2#(tW'~!#·.¬W'~2RDS¢&XD½$'WD«¦82!MW&(2$tW'.·!MW82¢.(DEÃ2!3

32 ¦'DS2<Ä

C

R!©¢&X!#¢2$:ªÊ~D$(2U!(¼¬D$gDUoT.(W8!#JW*LQ2!M&$F27 DS¦!z(2Z

!#!R°X$D$.%¦zW'~2 $\&TT.4$23RE|~D$\W8.(DS!RKTD3¢DS%DSÃ!:WD.JÄ'(2.R°DSÃ!:WDS.

T(.%P2J$$ .Q¦IK(!MLDo~!J$ W8.L2NU!P327 DWUN&$\W¦\D(M$'W.%$D32#(g32MW8!D°R23

(9)

8

TDS3¢%DSDSÃ!MW8DS.QVDSP.QW82 UrT.Q(!(Fo3QDS!R2MW$: f&©WHLQ2 ¦'.(2tW&(DS©¢oW8.zW'~2

$.DS.RS.Q¢DS!R!3Æ~D$\W8.(DS!R¦!PMW8.Q(0$¬

»

.&RS3+RDS¼2"W'.Æ!33¾! R!J$\W

(2U!#(8¼ .Q2#(DS¢xW'~2 (2RS2#OX!2.¦RDS¢&4D$'WDS¦82!MW&(2$pDS¸W'~2

32¦\DSDW8DS.Q.%¦ Ä

C

R!¢&!#¢2J$Å¨·UNpOD2

» 7 W'~2¦'!PPWW'~!:W`Ä

C

$K3.

.W{¦'.Q(8U!oWT.RS.Q¢DS!R3QD$'WDS:Wf&DWK3.2J$K.W D°OQ!RD3!MW82oW'~2¦'!MW

W'~!:WfÄ C $<!#(2#~!#(!MW82(DÃ23 L UV!3.(K(2J$\W'('&XÅW&(DS¢ .UNT!#(2P3W8.

W'~2KW8!#(¢2WRS!¢&X!#¢2$g!32 UV2#(8¢2N!J$ 2

»

RDS¢&XD$\W8D$4$\W82U$'%IN$

»

2¬$~!RRg$22D°pW'~2!J$02.¦tIK(!#LD7.QW82UNT.Q(F!#(\·IK(!#LDZ\L!$023

Ä C $`$~.

»

!K32#¢(22d.Q¦ RDS¢&XD½$'WDt(2$\W'(\&XMW&(DS¢&X¼.

»

oDSV.W'~2#(

IK(!#LDOQ!#(DS2MW8DS2$72MO2zW'~2<U/.Q(2tT2(DET~2#(!RX3QD!R2MW$Å

'$(+ +# '2 )((%: # %7'$ #4.$7. # + 7%# #

'2 %'$(+$%7+ + 7 $)()(#

c!m!M&W'~.($V!#(F2 .

»

W(\D°¢§W8.32#¦'DS2¬ ÄC $DS(2RS!:WDS.¨W'.

.JW'~2(¬¼DS34$.Q¦P.QW8!MWR! ©¢&X!#¢2Kª*~2§T(.2J$0$2$·.¦~!©¢2 .(

(2J$'W'(\&XW&(DE¢NW'~!MW ¢DOX2t(D$F2fW8.!f ÄC

!(2t.%$D32#(23NW'.zL2K3DS¦\¦82#(2JW

.RV®S±¯µ@´:µµd(!MW'~2#(*W'~!®°± ®°±¯¦(.%UÆW'~.4$2tW'~!:W.M&(D°VUV!

!J$F2J$d.%¦¤RS!¢&!#¢2.JW8!MWf1|DS¦'.Q(F3 Y5 W'~2¬$!UV2

»

!P DW

~!$HLQ22 rT(.QT.$F23<W'~!MW4ÄC $.%$'W'DW&W82tT!#(W'DSM&XR!#(!J$F2J$.%¦*$2P.Q3

R!¢&X!#¢2N!P¹J&4D$DW8DS.%XIÆJ&XU/LX2(g.Q¦¦'!MW'.($~!#OQ2rLQ22#.%$D32#(F23

!J$P.Q3QDW8DS.%$HW'~!MW U!#VR2P!3zW8./TD3¢%DSD°Ã !MWD.QÄ'#(2P.%RSD°Ã©!MW'D.QX

(10)

Ä $¢2#2#(!RRSm!#(D½$F2ÉDSc!#(2P!J$

»

DW8~§~DS¢%~c32#¢(F22·.Q¦NRDS¢&4D$\W8DS

~2MW82#(F.Q¢2#2DW\Ç1U.(2«W'~! ¨W

»

.§RS!¢&X!#¢X2J$VD°cP.QW8!MW'5!#3¨(2J$'&4RW

¦(.%U $T2D¦8DÆ~D$\W8.(DS!R¨$DW&X!MWD.Q$ R2!3DS¢ W8. ¹ &XDS#¼Â ~!¢2J$Å

c.4$\W .Q¦HW'~2NR!©¢&X!#¢2J$ W'~!MW~!#OQ2<W'(!3DW8DS.!RRSL22(2¦'2#((23oW½.¬!$

ÄC

$p!(.$F2"¦(F.%UÀP.QW8!MWL2MW

»

22#W'©T.%RS.¢DP! RR°|O2(F3DS¦¦2(2JW

R!©¢&X!#¢2$: ªÊ~D$ UD°¢~JW|LQ2¥! ²:®°±µ?B ±¶± ¦'.(¸W'~2 (F!3QD!JR

(2J$~!#TD°¢.Q¦VRDS¢&XD½$'WD"(2$.&(2J$!3¸UV!#x~2R°T|W'.¾3D$\W8DS¢&XD½$0~

L2MW

»

22zÄ C $!3N¼.%DSJ$¦'.Q(2#!UTR2©HÄ C $Ê2 UV2#(8¢2<DS!K.JW82:W

.Q¦$. D! R&T~2!#OX!R4R2!3DS¢oW'.V!K¹J&4D#¼UDEXD°¢V.%¦T.T&4R!MWD.Q$:©ª ~2

!MW8DEO2«$8T2!#¼2#($.Q¦W'~2/W8!(¢2ÅW RS!¢&X!#¢2V!#(2«$'&TT.$02P3«W'.«LQ2«$UV!RSR

D°¡&4UNLX2#(c.UNTX!#(23ÆW8. !|~J&¢2x&4UNLX2#(c.¦·T2J.TRS2$8T2!#¼D°¢

3QDS¦'¦2#(F2 WVRS!¢&X!#¢X2J$223D°¢cW8.¸¹J&D#¼%RS|!P¹J&4DS(2 !¨2

»

O!#(D2MW'7

»

DW'~.&W Uz&X~¡.JW8!:W

»

DW'~W'~2¸W8!#(¢2W RS!¢&X!#¢X2oIdU.¢ W'~2

WTD!R~D½$'W8.(D!RH$DW&X!MW'D.Q4$*W'~!:W*RS23NW'.NW'~2d2 U/2#(¢22d.Q¦ ÄC $`!(2

W'~2«$R!#O2V!UT $!3É$R!#OX2oTR! W8!MW'DS.%$.%¦ W'~2 C !(DELLQ2!pD$R!3%$F7

W'~2 W(!32pL!J$F2J$7fW'~2¨.RS.D!RdUDRDW8!#(|!UT4$! 3

»

.(¼,!#UNT$7

2MW8

ª.$'&U &T Gf~2MW82#(8.¢2#2DW'|.¦/W'~2¨T.QT&R!MW'DS.7N$~.Q(W$T!|.Q¦

W'D°UV274$UV!RR4&4UNLX2#(.¦*!MW8DEO2z$8T42!¼2#($.%¦4W'~2fW8!#(¢2MW RS!¢&X!¢42K!3

$. D! R·&T%~2!#O!Rc!#(2¡!U.%©¢ W'~2 (2¹J&XD°(F23£P.Q3QDSW'DS.Q$x¦'.(W'~2

2 U/2#(¢22m.%¦T%D3¢%DS4$·!3Æ#(2.%R2$Å f&W!¢!#DS7zW~2$F2!#(2m.QRE

D°3D!MW8DS.%$d!3!.W`L2V.Q$D32#(23p!$d$\W'(DSMWf#(DW82#(DS!©ªÊ~2D32!

2 &':7L7,#+*,'0'!8*,; $&'%

r

#2ab,Tjk%kq

(11)

10

#~!#(!MW82(D$\W8DS+¦82!MW&(F2J$§.O2( $2#OQ2#(!R¢422#(!MW'DS.4$§D$§¢!DS%DS¢¡D

M&((F2##/1FIK(F2 3%$2MW !R7 50

I (2RS!MW823|!3Æ$\W8DSRRK&4©(2J$.ROQ23xD$:$\&X2§D$«W'~2 ¹J&X2$W'DS.Q,.%¦NW'~2

¢2#2MWD¬!¦'¦DRD!:WDS.·.¦fÄ

C

$ÅHª*~2#(F2¬!#(F2«¦'.&(d.UNT2#W'D°©¢·T(.QT.4$!R½$

DS W'~2ÁR°DW82#(!MW&(2©

.QUV2 $F ~.%RS!#(0$R!$:$D°¦'ÀÄ C $ »

DW'~ W'~2DS(

(2J$8T2MW'DEOX2$\&T2#(0$\W'(!MW&U R! ©¢&X!#¢21½(2 ~7 ¢RD$0~7 T!#D$~2MW8

¦(.%U

»

~D~Ä C ${32#(DOQ23¬U.4$\W .¦ÊW'~2 D(tR2#DP.Q©5:4ºtW'~2#(0${ R!$0$D¦

W'~2U

»

DW~W'~2DE(t$'&%L$'W'(!W&U R!¢&X!¢42J$ 1Iz¦(D!7%m2RS!2$D!72MW8

L2PJ!:&$2 .%¦$.UV2 $F2 UV!JW8DS !3 $W8!MW8DST(.T2:(\W'DS2J$85:ºtW'~2#($

!#¢!DSV.Q4$D32#(*Ä C $!J$`UVDEX23R! ©¢&X!#¢2$! 3«$F.%U2o$F#~.%R!#(0$`2#OQ2

!#! RSÃ©2 Ä C $«!J$¢22MW'D!RR°c&4! ¦'¦DRD!MW823RS!¢&X!¢42J$1ª*~.%U/!J$.%

!#3 r!M&X¦UV! 5: ªÊ~.$F2¢2 2MW8DS.%$D3%2(!MW'DS.4$K~!#O2DUT!MW

."W'~2¨!MW82¢.(DSÃ!MW'D.Qm.%¦zÄ C $!U.%¢,.JW'~2#(.QW'!:WRS!¢&X!#¢2$Å

.(NW'~2¨!:L.OX2¨!M&W'~.Q($NW'~2¨U!DS|3QD$'WDS:WDS. LQ2MW

»

2P2#"ÄC $! 3

.JW'~2(`.JW8!PÅW RS!¢&!#¢2J$`D$W'~!MW W'~2K¢(!UoUV!#(.¦ Ä

C

$`P.%U2$`¦(.U

3D°¦'¦82#(2JW DST&W$!3!.WL2tRSDS¼23zW8.N.Q2K!#2J$'W8.Q(0

'$%7#3#4 # # 1#8' (+%'$#

DS2 W'~2£2!(RSÁ$02#O2JW8DS2J$F7 RDS¢&XD$\W$ 1½ÈrU2$ Y :5Æ~!#OX2

.%$'W8!#JW'REÁT.D°W823 .&W|W'~2£22J$:$DW\ W8.Á#RS2!#(RE 3QD$'WDS¢&XD½$~

L2:W

»

22VT%DS3¢DS%DSÃ©!MW'DS.!3#(F2.QRSDSÃ©!MW8DS.Q!J$g´:¶³Pµ#²:²µ#²d!3T%D3¢D°4$

!#3 #(2P.%RS2$m!J$cµ#±¯g¶®S± °²x(F2#T(2J$F2 W823 L$8T2JD¦\DO!#(DS2:WDS2$Å

(12)

*DS3¢DS4$¡!3 (2.RS2$¡!#(2(2R!:WDEO2RSÁ(!#(F2 .&©W8#.UV2$ L&W¾W'~2

U2P ~!D½$0U$V!$$.DS!MW823

»

DW'~§TD3¢%DSDSÃ©!MW8DS.Qc!3c#(02.QRSDSÃ!MW8DS.c!#(2

¹J&4DW82

»

D32J$T(2P!3 !3 ! .%PM&(·D°ÆOX!#(DS¢¤32¢(22J$ DS .W'~2#(

.QW8!WHR! ©¢&X!#¢X2J$:*DS3¢DS%DSÃ!:WDS.D$! ´0B±%²Å®°¶´T%~2.%U2.QzW'~!MW

U!#VR23zW8./OQ!#(DS.&$RDS¢&4D$'WDSK.&W8.QU2$

»

~DR2tTD3¢%D%$!3#(2.R2J$

!#(2zU.(2d.Q(RS2J$:$g$\W8!#LR2<O!(D2MW8DS2J$W'~!MW ~!#OX2d!~D2#OX23!:&W'..U/«!J$

.(UV$: 32JW8DW ¦8!MW8.($ U!# TR!#¡! DSUT.Q('W8!#JW(.RS2xDSW'~D$

U!:WW82#(W $F22U$¨W'~!MW

»

~!MWÇ! ~2RST W8. 3D$'WDS©¢Q&XD$~ LQ2MW

»

22#

#(2.RSD°Ã !MWD.Q¥R2!3DS¢ W8. W'~2T(F.%3J&XW'DS.¥.%¦c#(F2.%R2J$|!3¥.W'~2#(

T(.%P2J$$F2J$ .Q¦ $F2 R2MW'DEOX2 !3!#TW8!MW'DS. 1¦À$2.3 R!¢&X!¢42

!¹J&XD½$DWDS.5rD½$dW'~2(2R!MW'DS.4$~D°T·W8. W'~2 EW8!#(¢2WKR!¢&X!#¢2g!3pW'~2

»

D$~ÉW8.¨(F2#T(8.%3J&XP2¬.(z.JWgW'.¨(2#T(8.3J&X2oW'~2W8!#(¢2WKRS!©¢&!#¢2©ÊId

DUUVDS¢(!#JW

»

.(¼2#(!#((8DODS¢DS!z¦'.(2DS¢%V.&JW'(VU!#VT!J$:$*W'(.&¢~

!oTDS3¢%DSDSÃ!MW8DS.QT~!J$02

»

~DSR2R2!#(DS¢¬W'~2¦'.Q(F2 DS¢pR!#¢&X!¢42DS!J

&JW&W'.(F23¬P.QW82MW0Èr.

»

2MO2( W'~D${3.2J${.W`22$$F! (DSRE·UV2!«W'~!MW

!£$\W8!MLR2 TD3¢DS (2#T(2J$02W8!MW'DEO2¥.%¦¾!RRUVDS¢(!JW

»

.(¼2#(0$

»

DSRSR

32MO2RS.T%cDS¢(!#JW$

»

DRR`$F.%.&$2V!o.QZ$\W8!#3!#(3p.(tU/.Q(2.(gRS2$$

32MOD! WKO!#(D2MW'·W'~!MW

»

DSRRt2#~DELXDW$.%U/2 32#OD! WN¦82!MW&(F2J$: ¦(F.QU

W'~2 W8!(¢2ÅW/RS!¢&X!#¢2ÉL©&W$\W'DSRRgW'~D$ 32#OD!JWNOQ!#(D2MW\

»

DSRRK(2UV!D

¢2#2MW8DS!RSR°·(2R!MW823¬W½.W'~2oW8!M(8¢2MWgRS!¢&!#¢2\W{D$d.R° DS¦KUDS¢(!W$

¦(.%U¤3QD¦\¦82#(2JWRSDS¢&XD½$'WD<L!¼¢(.&3%$.&W'&4UNL2(ÊW ~2N$TX2!#¼2#($.%¦

W'~2tW8!M(¢2W*R! ©¢&X!#¢X2z!#3 (2!MW82%W'~2DE(`.

»

/OQ!#(D2MW\VDSV!/$~.Q(W`$8T!#

.Q¦tW8DSU2P7f!3"D¦<W'~D$O!#(DS2MW'cDS DW$zW&($'W8!MLDRSDSÃ©2J$7`W'~!MWr.2pU!#

$T2!#¼m.%¦!pTD3¢%DSm.Q(V!·#(2.RS2 ¨W'~2¨!J$02·.%¦rIK(!:LD¨DW$022U$

(13)

12

»

#(2P.QRSDSÃ!MW8DS.!J$*T(.2J$0$2J$Ê! 3NT%DS3¢DS4$\Ä8#(F2.QR2J$Ê!J$23NT.D°W$:

%7'$%71# '$

,2~!#O2$022«W'~!MW{#(2P.QRS2$d!3¬TD3¢%DS4$J!.JW`L232¦'D°2P3L

(2REDS¢ .Q .2 W'T2 .%¦|#(DW82(D! .QRS 1RDS¢&XD$\W'D¥#(DW82#(DS! .Q(

~D$\W8.(DS!R|(DW82#(D!5:¨WÆD$ÆW'~2.QOQ2#(¢22.Q¦ !¥J&XUNLX2#(¤.%¦

RDS¢&XD$\W8DS!3É.QZRDS¢&4D$'WDS(DW82#(DS!¬!3É¦82!MW&(2J${W'~!MW{U!# ~2RST

W'.·32#¦'DS2/Ä C $Å%c.4$\W¾RSD°¢&XD$\W$!#¢(22NW'~!MW ÄC RS!¢&X!#¢2J$3.p.JW

.%$'W'DW&W82K! W©T.%RS.¢DS!RRSV3QD$0#(F2MW82t¢(.&Tª*~2#(2¦'.(2P7JW'~2KDS3%2P!K.Q¦ !

(!3DS!R$\W'(\&X:W&(!#R3D°¦8¦2#(F2 2tL2MW

»

22#zÄC $!3.JW'~2#(*R! ©¢&X!#¢2J$D\$

¹J&X2J$'W'DS.Q2P34KªÊ~2 3DS¦¦82#(22$!U.%©¢¸W'~2c.JW8!:WR!¢&X!¢2$!#(F2

3J&X2ÉT(DSUV!#(DSR°cW8.¸3DS¦¦82#(22¨DSxP.QUNLDS!MW8DS.Q4$.%¦V2J$0$2JW8DS!RRS W'~2

$!UV2§D°¢(F23QD2JW$Å ÄC $«!#(2c2P©W'(2#U2c!$2$p.¦P.QW8!MWL2MW

»

22#

R!¢&X!#¢2$:¬W'~2¬P!J$02.Q¦{IK(!#LD«d3.¬W'~DS¼pW'~!MW`W~2.2#TW.¦

2P©W'(2#UV2xP!J$2¾.%¦·.JW8!:W0«D$·&$2¦&4RS7L2P!M& $2xDWÇU!#¡~2RSTW'.

3D$\W8DS¢&XD½$~¦\(.U¥.JW'~2(fW©T2$K.¦ÆIK(!#LDoO!#(D2MW'D2J$t&$F23p!J$KRDS¢&X!

¦(!!V.Q(#.JW8!WgRS!©¢&!#¢2$K!U.%©¢·.Z!MW8DEO2IK(!:LD¬$8T2!#¼2#(0$:

DS! RR°¡U/.$'W !M&W'~.($ (2.¢DEÃ©2 :W'~!MWpW'~2#(2¾!#(2ÆR°DUDW$ W8.+W'~2

&$2¦&XRS2$0$.%¦*RS!#L2R$g!3NW'~!MW DW*D$¦&WDSR2W½./W(\NW8.¦'DW2MOQ2#(VT(.%3J&XW

.¦NR! ©¢&X!#¢2·.JW8!MWrDSJW8.c32#¦'D°DW82·R!$0$2$7K$DS2¬W~2·#(DW82(D!·¦'.Q(

3.D°©¢$.!(2fLN.U2!4$RS2!(ZM&W d1,D°¦'.(3 YG :5Å

(14)

0 ÅH

# -(' + 4

2D°2P#¼2/$F22U$ÊW8.oLQ2K.Q2z.¦ W'~2<¦'DS($\WÊ#(2.RSD$\W$*W'.NUV2JW8DS.QV!3

3QD$0:&$$ IK(!#LDPZ8LQ!J$2P3 Ä

C $ 12DS2#¼2 Y5:xc! .W'~2#(

#(2.RSD½$'W$tL(D2¦R° U2WDS.¬W'~2 UV7tL&Wg&$\&X!RSRE

»

DW8~.&W32ÅW8!#DSR$d!3

$.U2·(2¦'2#(2P2ÉL..Q¼4$$W'D°RRd.¦&H$F2¨IK(!MLD Ä C $ »

DW'~3D!R2PMW$:

.Q(DS%$'W8! 27 $F.QUV2zRSD$\W$.¦ ÄC $ »

(.Q©¢%RSV!MW82#¢.(DÃ2tW'~2 DE¢2(D!

1 ~J&

»

!#5zIK(F!PLD3D! R2MW!J$d!oÄ C L©&W!«&4UNLX2#(r.Q¦K$8T42D!RDSÃ23

»

.(¼4$~!:O2"$'W&X3D23"IK(F!PLDZ\LQ!$F23¨ ÄC $:ª*~2·!MW82:¢.(DEÃ!MW8DS.c.Q¦

IK(!#LDÄ C $zO2($\& $r.W'~2#(<W©T2J$/.Q¦KIK(F!PLDpD$$'W'D°RR{.QW'(.O2($DS!R'

`DS¢&XD$\W$K$8T2!#¼7!RW82#(!MW8DEO2R°Q7.%¦ ´0B¯µB´@¶±X7`B °¶®°²M7µ#A®³P?;°B´

#B´:®µ +.Q( ¶®°± ®°± EAµdB®S±@gªÊ~D$OX!(D!MWD.QD"W82(UDS.RS.Q¢

(2#¦'R2MW$ 3DS¦\¦82#(2W ¢2.¢(!#T~DJ!R.Q(¥$.#DS!R.QW82MW$¡L&W !R$.

3QDS¦'¦2#(F2 W !#!R°4$02$ .¦Æ!.%UNTR2P (2P! RSDW' .JW!RSR,OQ2~D:&4R!#(

O!#(D2MW8DS2J$c! L2ÆP.Q4$D32#(2P3 !$¨Ä C $c!3¡DWc$22U«$Ç~2#(2¸W'~!MW

RDS¢&4D$'WDS|#(DW82(D!|U!#¤~2RST+W½. 3D$\W8DS¢&XD½$~ÆL2:W

»

22x ÄC $ !3

.JW'~2#(WT2$.¦ .JW8!MWRS!¢&X!#¢X2J$:

c2W'DS.Q4$Ê.Q¦ IK(!#LDfÄ C $F7E´B¯µ=JB´@¶±²f.Q(µA®³?;SB´#B´:®µ °®µ#²

~!#O2 L22 UV!D°R° DW823 DS &LZ !#~!#(! Iz¦(D!ÁD°RE&X3D°¢

3 e.g. ^_8/,' ^jkuj! jku#":n%$b'78S jk%uu 'STL,Tjk%uu '&*%'ST'T%

(

#2ST jkuu

4 e.g. ^$Q&/'/ jku5jn*)S1+* jk%kl

5 ,+0aQ:QjkkYq)24'Q/'S1$3*,:eR,U-,e-,788' $*9\

(15)

14

*W'~DS.T%D!7«W'~2 ~!P3QD <!J$DS¥1 ~!37 !J$\W82#(8 VD¢2#(DS!7 2W'(!R

Id¦(D!#574T(2$2#W8Z3!#

.&W'~2#(

&X3!7%r¢!3!N!3 r2!ª*~2#(F2

D$!R$. U/2 WD.QÇ.Q¦dIK(!#LD¬T%D3¢DS¨O!#(D2MW8DS2$$T.¼2#¨LQ2MW

»

2P2#ÉW'~2

!:WDEO2T.T&4R!MW'D.Q¤!3¦'.(2DE¢

»

.Q(8¼2#($ D°xW'~2Æ&XRS¦·.&JW'(DS2J$

$DS2<W'~2o$DEW8DS2$: D°!RSR°UV2JW8DS.~!$LX22U!32N.¦!zTD3¢%DSD°Ã 23

O!(D2MW' !RR23 B´:®S¯®9t´B®³g3!MW'DS©¢ÉL!P#¼pW8.W'~2 <2JW&(X

»

DSRRN$F2MW/!#T!#(\Wdc!#(DS3DKIK(!#LD7 W'~2 W'~DS.TD! W'(F!32 !(¢.QXd! 3

t&4RS¦**D3¢%DSpIK(F!MLD/L2!:&$2zW'~2DS(K$\W8!MW&$gD${¹J&X2$'W'DS.Q!#LR2z&XJW8DSR

» 2

¢2MWU.(2N3!:W8!N!#3

»

DSRR(!MW'~2#(g¦'.%M&${.oW'~2z¢22$D$g.%¦HW'~2N.W'~2#(

Ä C OQ!#(DS2MW8DS2$1?´ ?DS C ~!37?JB=S9t´B®³zDS &X3!7d®=z?®D°

r¢!#3!Z r2!5

»

~D~p$~!#(F2o!.UoU/.%~D$\W8.(\!3!#(2RS.4$2R°

(2RS!MW82P34

'$ (.$$% % #

"!#(DS3DIK(!#LDP7oT(2J$F2JW823 !#3 !!R°Ã23+L¤ª*~.UV!$. ! 3

IK(!#LD<TD3¢%DSX\W0$ ~D$'W8.Q(D!R DSW82#(2J$'WR°D2J$DS/W'~2z¦8!#W W'~!MW DW`$8~.

» $

W'~!:W·$.U2 ¼D°3Æ.¦ °LQ!3IK(!#LD7/OQ2#( 2!#(¬W8.Æ! ('&X3QDSUV2JW8!#(

TDS3¢%DS7

»

!$f$8T.Q¼2!RU.$'W .Q2fW'~.&$!3N2!#(!#¢.D°NW'~2 !~!#(F!

L2RW0 g&W

»

2§3©.QXWV¼.

»

~.

»

¦'!#(DW2MT!32P3¸!3$'W8!MLDRDSÃ234

ª*~D½$ ST%D3¢D°~!$gLX22p32J$F#(DELX23¬LW'~2Id3!RE&$D!#¢2.¢(!#T~2(

»

~D ~

D$g$!D3rW½.o(2T(2J$2JW !fOQ2#(L!3¦'.Q(U .¦HIK(!#LD\½W

»

!J$ (2.&JW823

W'.·IzR !#¼(D L !oW'(!P32#(z¦(F.%U£IN$

»

!4 ªÊ~2¢42P.Q¢(!:T~D!Rg!#(2P!.%¦

(16)

!#3"W'~2"RSDUDW823m3%!MW8! !#(2·.W$\&¦'¦DD2WNW'.|2J$'W8!MLRSD\$~|DS¦!§$\W8!MLR2

T%DS3¢DS

»

!J$*&$23V!$`!tW'(!32KRS!¢&X!¢2zDS/W'~2

!~!(!oL2RWÊ.Q(DS¦ W'~D$

O!#(D2MW'N(2¦'R2MW$!t¼DS3.%¦4W'(!%$DW8.(\rT~!$2K.¦ !¹J&XD½$DWDS.4

»

22 W'~©(22

IK(!#LDpO!#(D2MW'D2J$MGÊ¯®°B;µP³ 7g;®°±@?B´0B±³#B,!#3 ´0B¯4µJB´8@¶± `ºK2

! R$F.¨~!J$KW'.¨(F2!#RSR W'~!MWKDS W'~D.QTD!7`.JW8!WtLQ2MW

»

2#2# IK(!#LD¬!3

RS.%!

»

3QDS!R2MW{D$N$8T.Q¼2#pL W'~2¦'.(U/2#(KIK(!#L DUUDS¢(!JW$d¦(.Ur2 UV2

.Q( &X3!#V1!/$UV!RR UD°.Q(DW'.%¦!#L.&W oT2P.QTR2#5:ª*~2zIK(F!PLD

;®°±@?B´B±³B|¦&4:W'DS.Q4$!J$!¨.UoUN&XD!MW8DOQ2¨UV2J3D&XU LQ2MW

»

22#

*W'~DS.QTDS!Æ¨&$RDU .UoUN&XDW8D2$§!3 $22U$pW8.+L2x$'W'(\&XÅW&(F!#RSR

R.$F2«W'.ÉW'~2N2UV2D{! 3 g!$\W82#( &X3!#2$23QD!R2J:W$:*ª*~2 E´B¯µ

JB´@¶± D$`&$23L2MW

»

22#W'~2oIK(!MLW'(F!32#(${!#3W'~2oR.!#RH.QZIK(!ML

T.QT&RS!:WDS.4 2#(¢&$F.Q32$F#(DLQ2$tDWO2(FL(DS2¦RS!J${! S(\&X3DSU2W8!#(

T%DS3¢DS%DSÃ2P3¬¦'.Q(UÂ.Q¦gIK(!#LD

»

DW8~W'~2/&$'&X!R*¦2!MW&(2${.Q¦T%D3¢DS%DSÃ23

.o&T3!MW82KDS¦'.Q(U!:WDS.D$!POX!DSR!#L4R2d!PLQ.&WW'~D$*W'(!32)0!#(8¢.QV!3DW

D½${.Wg$\&(F2<W'~!MWDW 32MO2RS.T23¬DSW8.¬!$\W8!:LRS2NT%DS3¢DS%I (22Wt$'W&X3J

.QW'~2IK(!#LDO2~DM&4R!#(tOQ!#(D2MW\ $T.¼2#·DS (DW'(2!DS3DJ!:W82J$tW'~!:W

W'~2 `(DW'(2!# IK(!#LDÆOX2 ~DM&XR!#(D$mRS.$02xW8. 2#(8¢J&$.4'$RSDS¢&!

(17)

16

¦(!!7KD2gRS.4$2pW'. r2#UV2DK!3 !J$'W82#( &X3!2$2 3QDS!R2MW$:`W

$~.

»

$|$.%U/2!$2$c.%¦ D°W82#(¦2(22Æ¦\(F.%U W'~2ÆRS.4!RpR!¢&X!¢2$

1\Id¦!(7 !#~.Q5.((23J&XW'DS.c!MWzW'~2pT~..%RS.¢D!RKR2POQ2RK1 D°UV2.2Z

R!¢&X!#¢2

ª*~2 !$2 .%¦ (DW'(2!¨!3 W'~DS.T%DS!¨DS3DJ!:W82J$oW'~!MWrIK(!#LD !J

¦&4MWD.Q !J$Â! O2~DM&4R!#( OQ!#(D2MW\ !U.¢ .QZFIK(F!PLD !MWDEOQ2

$T2P!#¼2#($

»

DW8~.&W·2P2J$$F!#(DRSLX2DS¢¡!¸TDS3¢DSoI$§!OX2~D:&4R!#(

O!(D2MW'DW`UV!#2#~DEL4DWg$.%U2KW'(2#3oW8.

»

!#(3¬$DSUTRD¦8D!MW'D.Q.Q(t$F.QU/2

32#¢(2P2x.¦ÉDSW82#(¦82#(22x¦(F.%U W'~2xRS.%P! RR!¢&X!¢2$·L&W

»

DW'~.&W

RS.4$DS¢,W'~2"¦&X3!UV2 W8!Ro$'W'(\&XÅW&(F2¨.¦/W'~2¨¢(!UUV!(:{ªÊ~D$·$F22U«$

!R$.¨W'."LQ2W'~2·!J$2·DS.W'~2#(V!#(F2!J$VR°DS¼2pc!RD{.( VDE¢2#(

»

~2(2·!

O!(D2MW'RS.4$2zW8.oW'~2rÈ/!J$0$!D°Q!o3D!R2MWD$d$T.¼2#!J${!zO2~DM&XR!#(7

!J$

»

2RSR4!J$DS C ~!3!#3 |2$\W82( &X3!#!J$

»

2RR$~!RR $F22

UV!D°R° ¦'.Q(F2 D¢%2#(:$

W8!#RE¼ "&$F23 L !MW8DEO2 $TX2!#¼X2#($§OD$ÆOD½$

¦'.(2DE¢%2($:Æ\W 2M~DEL4DW$ UV! TD3¢DS%DSÃ2P3 ¦82!MW&(2$ $\&X~ !J$

(23J&X:W'DS.Q¾.%¦W'~2 U/.Q(T~.RS.Q¢DS!RN('&4R2$.%¦oW'~2"O2#(LQ! R$'W82 U 1½W'~2

DUT2#(¦'2MWKW'~DE(F3 U!$`¦'.(U D½$N&$02P3

» DW'~c! RRgT42#(0$0.Q$VZZ#¦f®S±

4B´Å??A§®°± EB »

&$2P3D°VUV! o.QW82MW$DSRE&X3QDS¢oW'~2z2:T(2$$D.%V.Q¦*T(.¢(F2J$$DEO2dZZ

B±B ®4²0B g!U ¦8!J$'WDS¢$ 7QB±B ®4ABN®®;/#!U¡T%(2¢!JW 7X2MW8E

(18)

»

IdRR4W'~2N!#LQ.OQ2N2#!UT%R2J$gDS3DP!MW82<W'~!:WTDS3¢%DSDSÃ!MW8DS.QW (2#3%$g!

W8!#¼2¨TRS!2

»

DW~.&WdW'~2§2U2(¢22§.¦V! $\W8!MLDRDSÃ23|!M&W'..U.&$

O!#(D2MW'4ºzW'~2.W'~2#(~!37<W'~(2P2mOQ!#(D2MW'D2J$·1ªH&('¼&X7 /&LDV!3

&LX!Z\IK(F!PLD#5 2 UV2#(8¢23¬!$g3D½$'WDSMW'DEOX2<Ä

C

$Åª ~2#.(DE¢D°!:W823«¦(F.QU

W'~2$!UV2NT%R!2P7W'~2 .&W'~2#( &X3!D K2¢%DS.1\T(2$2JW .&W'~2#(

&X3!574!:W4W'~2N$!UV2<T2(D.%37 $8.U2

»

~2(2LQ2MW

»

22 [Z !3

~!3¾3QDS¦¦82#(2JW¦'!MW82J$Åtª*~2c¹J&X2J$\W8DS. W8.,LQ2 !! RS4$F23¸~2#(F2"D$

»

~

9$1# '$ '2 4 % +-( (.$$# +:+2' %(+

(.UÆW'~2 g2W0It-Æ&ToW8.NW'~2d2#3V.%¦ 2W0 W~2o$F.&W'~2#(

L.&3!#(D2J$.%¦4W'~2K2MTX!%$DS.%/.Q¦4W'~2KIK(!#LD<R!¢&X!¢42KDSoId¦(D!<R!#

D°W'~2 &X3!D¨(F2#¢%D.%x$\W'(F2MW8#~DS¢¾¦(.%U C 2JW'(!R &X3!# W8. !#¼2

C

~!P34 IK(!#LD3QD3É.Wd$8T(2!3p¦&(\W'~2#(

.&W'~·3J&X2oW½.p¢2.Q¢(F!#T~DS!JR

W'~2o¨&$RDU &X3! 2$2¼D°¢3.U$d!3pW'~2oW'(!32RS!¢&X!¢2¬¦'.Q(tW'~2

2#JW8DE(2K(2#¢DS.4IK(!MLD

»

J&XU/LX2( .¦ ¦'.Q(UV2#( .ZIK(!ML ¢(.&T4$ LX2!UV2 T(.¢(2J$0$DOQ2R

(19)

18

IK(!#LD«$8T2!#¼D°¢D°L.W'~T(2J$2W8Z3!M &X3!! 3 ~!34,2o~!#OQ2

.W82J$W'DSU.%«.%¦HW'~D$`T(.2J$0$74.(g.¦HW'~2zO!#(D2MWÄ'D2$`&$23!J$W'(!32

R!¢&X!#¢27·!3

» 2 3.4EWc¼.

»

DS¦!:W|$.U2+W'DSU2 $F.QUV2+Ä C $

2U2#(¢2P3¸!3¸3D$0!#TT2!#(F23|1¦ W'~2¨T(.LR2UV!MW8DS§!J$2§.%¦N"!#(D3D

IK(!#LD!#L.O25:|~!:W

»

2¼.

»

L2P2 !<T(F.Q¢(2$$DEO2zT~2.%U2.oLQ2!M&$2zLDSRDS¢&X!RD$U¡D$g!MWW82J$'W823

!MW!RS!MW82(KT2#(DS.3·2MO2

» DW~DSpW'~2(\&XRSDS¢¨DE(0R2J$d.%¦gW'~2oW

»

.pU!DS

&X3!#2$F2«¼DS¢3.%U$r1½4&X!3p4&(7`¦*º !~2#Ç!#3 T!M&XR3DS¢

Y[5:ª*~2zT(2$2#Wg$DW&X!MW8DS.QDS |2$\W82#( &X3! 7 C ~!P3.Q( VDE¢2#(D!

DS3QD!:W82J$§W'~!MW·W'~D$cT(.2J$0$.¦§R!¢&X!#¢2 $~D¦WcRS23 W'. $8T2DS¦\D

.RSRS.%¹J&XD!R OQ!#(DS2MW8DS2$§&$\&X!RRS¥P.Q$D32(23 !$ ST2#(D°T~2#(!R·IK(!MLD

3DS!R2PMW$:*$~.

»

DS¢p$F.%U2N~!(!MW82#(8D½$'WDJ$7H$\&X~V!$`R!¼.¦2UNT~!MW'D

L.((8.

»

DS¢ .%¦|.ZIK(!#L R2#DP! Rm2R2 UV2JW$+!#3 W'~2¥R°DS¼27¨L&W

C

.QW82#UNT.(!#((2T.Q(W$.¦*!IK(!#LD<OQ2 ~DM&XR!#(`R!¢&X!#¢2t&$23V!J$!

W'(!32RS!¢&X!#¢X2DS C ~!P3p.Q( C 2 W'(!#R*Id¦\(D!T(.OD32.JW'(F!3DSMW8.(\

(2P.Q(3%$.W'~2RSD°¢&XD$\W8DS¸$'W8!MW&$.Q¦W'~D$¬OX2~DM&XR! (O!#(DS2MW'1$2P2

L2RS.

»

5:

-(9)((# #8'2 +-( (.$ %

#8 +- %(+

6 ^fQS"'# jku:n_'#Y#&35,"oI$4878"jkqv,n !/' -,Gjku%l,n ]#&78788V1%

'STSd'7Ujkk%k,n

r

L78783,!f-%#

r

j3kkcn'+0ab:Qjk%k jkkYv '*

jkYq&k

(20)

.&(0$2K.¦ W'~2 2JW&('DSNW'~2

.&W'~2#(T!#(\W .¦

&X3!#

»

DW8~/W'~2

.Q¹J&X2J$\W,.¦ W'~D$Æ!#(F2! L2MW

»

22# Z [ L W'~2 !(UN .%¦

¨&~!UU23|IzRDS7<W'~2ÉW'~2¸('&4RS2(.%¦:`¢TW87d!#3 W'~2,$'&%LX$02¹J&X2JW

2J$\W8!MLRSD$~U2Wc.¦¨W'(!32 !#3 UDR°DW!#(Â!UT4$|DS W'~D$,!#(2! .JW

#~!#(F!MW82#(DEÃ2P3ÂL~DS¢~¥R°DS¢&XD$\W8DS ~2MW82#(F.Q¢2#2DW\ 1U.Q(F2W'~!#¥!

cD°RR2#( [5:ª*~.4$2 !UNT$|P.%RSR2PMW823¥!~&¢42 T.T&RS!MW8DS.QÂ.Q¦

ªÊ~2 2$\W8!:LRD$~UV2 W.¦oW'~2$F2 !UT4$·!3W'~2c32#OX2 R.QTUV2 W.¦!

R!(¢2Z$F!R2x$R!#O2"W'(F!32D$·¹J&XDW82

»

2RRV3.%:&4U2W823¸W'~(8.&¢~|W'~2

W82J$W'D°U/.%·.¦ &(F.QT2!«W'(!:O2RS2#($1½m!~UN&X3 :7*º

»

2#4$ Y5:

ªÊ~2Q2!#( [mU!(¼4$zW'~2É2$\W8!MLRD½$~UV2JWr.¦KW'~2p¦D(0$\WdT2#(U/! 2JW

W'(!3DS¢·$02MWW'R2 UV2JW$g¼.

»

p!J$#µ´:®JBÉ1 !UT4$ 5{DS¬W'~2NT(.ODS2$

.Q¦/g¹J&X!MW½.Q(8DS! !3 !~(m!Rpd~!#Ã!Rª ~.$F2 $F2MWWR2UV2JW$

»

2(2

2J$\W8!MLRSD$~23Æ!RSR.QOQ2#( .&W'~2#(8 &X3!¾!MW!cRS.4$023QD$\W8!#2

»

DW8~

¦(2¹J&2 WcDSJW82#(Z8!UNT.JW8!MW$Å ~

»

32MW8!#DSR23§!.&JW<.Q¦gW'~2W'(!32!UT4$7ÊW'~2 DS(dT.QT&XRS!#W'DS. ! 3 W'~2DE(

1.(W'~2(

&X3!2J$2zIK(F!PL!3 DSR2 N&%LD!%$85

»

!J$DNW'~2zUDS.(DW'

.QUrT!#(23pW8."$.RS3D2#($N¦(F.%U ,2J$\W82#(8

&X3!2$2¢(.&T4$r!#3¨RS.!R

.&W'~2#(·¢(.&T4$$T2!#¼DS¢§IK(!#LDp!$N!·$2.3§R!¢&X!#¢2p!3 W8.