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A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms

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HAL Id: inria-00071394

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071394

Submitted on 23 May 2006

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A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms

Emmanuel Jeannot, Flavien Vernier

To cite this version:

Emmanuel Jeannot, Flavien Vernier. A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms.

[Research Report] RR-5875, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00071394�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5875--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème NUM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms.

Emmanuel Jeannot — Flavien Vernier

N° 5875

Mars 2006

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