HAL Id: inria-00071394
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071394
Submitted on 23 May 2006
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A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms
Emmanuel Jeannot, Flavien Vernier
To cite this version:
Emmanuel Jeannot, Flavien Vernier. A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms.
[Research Report] RR-5875, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00071394�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5875--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
Thème NUM
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
A Practical Approach of Diffusion Load Balancing Algorithms.
Emmanuel Jeannot — Flavien Vernier
N° 5875
Mars 2006
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