Etude expérimentale et théorique des processus non linéaires de saturation dans un générateur d'ondes thermoacoustique annulaire

Texte intégral

(1)Etude expérimentale et théorique des processus non linéaires de saturation dans un générateur d’ondes thermoacoustique annulaire Guillaume Penelet. To cite this version: Guillaume Penelet. Etude expérimentale et théorique des processus non linéaires de saturation dans un générateur d’ondes thermoacoustique annulaire. Acoustique [physics.class-ph]. Université du Maine, 2004. Français. �tel-00008096�. HAL Id: tel-00008096 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008096 Submitted on 17 Jan 2005. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2)

(3) "!#$%&

(4) ('*)+, -.0/214365/2.87/29;:<143>=3?1A@CBD$EGF<3H9IJEK7LM=NPO?:2EKD$3 Q .R:2=L8STEU3M=3MV#:<D73HI WX36O?:2D$I4Y2Z[9;:<D$.03 \] &T#"X"&*^`_ab '8,c' fd e,gih,jlk4m,gij#nRoAe p N$EK1q1r:N<ST3Ms-TVt-TWu-wv n;xzy{eTxz|{m,jlk{}~ewj`m}~me,jb{jb`x lm,jly{ek{}~jle,h,}~m,g. aP (>rM ( ¡¢>A£¢ P¤¥¦¡¢§>¨¤T¤T©¤ª©¡ zz©¨¤ªP ¤«a¬«A¡¢ ©¤a ¦«Pa ®¡aP¨¤ ©¯¡M©§?¡©¤P°£±aaabA©. ²h xzy{m,jlk4yHjbj ³µ´(¶TxJjl·#|{e,jt¸r´rÁ¹{jlzoAkqmwj[º»y{e¼«ixz· n0xrh,g{j ½«¾¿ QÀ WuW À -vY8Á¦o°Âme,jb{jÃxzkÅÄÆgle,jlkHijihµÇRÈ$ÉuÊÇHk{}~jle,h,}~m,gb{jd<xz}~m}jle,h s#¾<¿`W Q V ËÌ²¿`-V ÍV«YH}~e,jilm,jly{e{jbÎTji,ÏHjle,²ÏHjrÇRÈ$Á¦ÐÅÊtÇ{ÉuixzjÃjlk4me²oAjt{jÈ¼xzkÒÑÆÎToAn{n0xzem,jly{eÔÓ 5Õ¾<¿`Ö`BVt- Q B×Á¬o°Âme,jb{j#ÃxzkÅÄØgle,jlkHijihµÇRÙÚÎTÉuÐÛÈ$ÉwÇHTk{}~jle,h}~m,gb{jbÜ[xze,{jµoAyÅÝÞ O¾¿`Ö`BtV- Q Bßdfe,xAÄØjih,h,jly{egl·(gle}~m,jrÇ8È$ÊÚÁÒÇ{Tk{}~jle,h}~m,gbÅyÁ¬oA}~kHj(ÑÆÞ"k4 }~m,gJÓ -#¾ p QáàÀ Ívâdfe,xAÄÆjih²h,jly{eµÇHÈ$ÊÚÁÒÇRk{}~jle,h}~m,g#ÅyÁ¦oA}~kHj à ¾ p B ã;- à dfe,xAÄØjih,h,jly{eµÇHÈduÉáÃÚäAÈ$ÊÚÁÒÇ;Tk{}~jle,h}~m,gbÅyÁ¬oA}~kHj s#¾<WáÍvbvÍVßÃáÏRoAeågb{j#Îji,ÏHjle,²ÏHjrÇRÈ$ÊÚÁ>Ç{k{}~jle,h}~m,g#ÅyÁ¦oA}~kHjÑÆÞækqq}~m,gJÓ s#¾{V À,ç Q Á¬o°Âme,j{jÃxzkÅÄØgle,jlkHijihµÇrÐÛÉuÁ¦Ùèé%ê ÙÃÎÉê ÙÇrk{}~jle,h}~m,gÚ{j[Ð{e²oAkH²ÏHjÃxz·tm,gbÑÆÎToAn{n0xzem,jly{eÔÓ -#¾<sWu-`ã ç Q Þ"k{åglk{}jly{e{x lm,jly{eµÇHbë`ÊäAê därê ÙÚÙÃ×ÑÆÞ"k4 }~m,gJÓ.

(5)

(6) "!#!$#%&#'#()!*+(,-/.,01*243 !657()-/89$)#:;=<>+'<+()?-@57()$0(,AB+C9<D:ED<>-F: 0G3 HI'<>(?-J57(*01*243 K .-/L

(7) #:-F! 01(,MN+-/. O K"MP$Q?R*PTS=U+U1V6W>XY9#ZC9!#.)!#[)'-/!\0G3 ().TC9<>(1:\0 ]MN^_R*P_` a b c-/.Z0&3 DC9<+:E0ed:;=#:'#-@:=M agf*-FE+2Fh1-$i ()L9Ykjl:<Dmn(1:=#]:89<>.+C2@c'-/.7-F[957()c01c'#,:E6L++-/24Yl57()-o;N3 N89:;=-@ 0G3 #%&'#(#:N'## 0+.)2/p;=-/2/2@#(:N'#<>.q01-F-@<+.)a MN+2/rD:!p.)<+;ZC1:()+(1::89<+.)DC)-/2/-/!#Y -/2\3 ?p;=<>.7:! <>(+st<>(1:,0-/89<>.-@C2/>Y_;N3 u()r+r>!#:!p2/(+s?,#,C9<>. .)<+;ZC:0G3 -@0!#Y_#c ( ;N3 <+:-/.7#:,0+.)=2/=;=<+;=.7v':()'-@+(1we<>( .;=T2@D-@D.7 (.)TrD:E+.q01\+(1<>.)<+;=-/>a)x (B3 -/2G:<+()L

(8) T-/'-B243 w81:-/<>.p01";=<>.+;=-F-/!"#*0T;,]r+:ED.q0T:#'<>..q+-/D.)'>a M a&M-@'E)#2lyo:().6+(GY9jg:<+mn#(:"!#;=!#:-F>Y&=()-/Lz-k01]81: ;=#:E6L++(w0":'E):'>a b 3 +-g81:<+[!v01\2J=81:<{w1-/;=-F!]0\.)<+ C)(:+(w89<>(1:"'<>;=;v().-J57(#:I:!r>(2/-@:;=.7\6L

(9) ']2/()-g(:"0*(+s? :2@D-Fmn]d,2@,#:;=<

(10) D'<>(?-J57(v;,D-@ !r

(11) D2@#;=.7T(:T2@# |E[q'#2/2@#{|}0(~;=!#-/#:\0&3 #.)-/r>.)+.7Q'#:'E)(1:6YBC9!#.)!#[)'-@+.7"8q{:\2@d0Zr+:ED.q01}#w189!#:-/.)'#}.~'=0<+;,+-/.)+aBv3 D(:}8)D:6YG-/2 3 #? <>(Ds?<+(:;=<>.7:!]0-/89<>.-@C2/]89<+(:*2/-/:vD#.z-/L

(12) #;=.7$;= 01<7'();=#.z$!':-/Yq# #.p8:;=-/#:*2/-@#(p'v;=!#;=<>-F:\0")#>a b "2/T:;=#:'-/TrD:E+.q01;=.70 ;N3 6L

(13) <+-F:Im4+-F*8:<D[)!"01"I:;,D:E57()#<>(+st<>(1:89:-@..7a M ajl-@::-@'E AB<D<>.BY)D:r>!u01NP'#:'E)N01(R*PTS#}:#89<>.)DC)2/u02 3 !657(-@89N5z(-I;N3 D''()#()-/2/2@-4Y3 #?,!r

(14) D2@#;=.7 C96+('<>(8-/.7!#:!\dZ;=:E6L++(1wGa b "2/T:;=:'-/"89<>(:$=01-/89<>.)-/C-@2/-F!"#$'<+.)-/2/ 6Lz-/!a i*:ED.q0=;=#:'-)d]M azj_-/2@-/889 y2@D.)'#Qy.<>.GYzT-F:'#(1:01*P'E)#:'E)0(cR*PTSvd\243 ^l'<>2/\.7:ED2@*0*AGh

(15) <>.BY>#$M a7j_-@2/-/8)89 R -/>zYBjl:<Dmn(1:vd243 K*.)-/L

(16) #:-F!=01=:ED.)'E),<+;v!>YB0G3 6L

(17) <+-/:vD''81!=0G3 +(;=#:\2/}:E6L>D-@2_01Z:E+889<+:(1:]0}'}0<7'(;=.76Y +-/.)-B57(B3 d=M;=T#*MpM a)2/$;=;ZC1:I0(]s?(1:h57(-G<+.7*!#r

(18) +2/;=#.zD''81!\0st()r>:*'#T:E{L++-/24a b :;=#:'-/Lz-/L

(19) ;=#.zNM;=2@D-/: i <+C)C9!>Y*jg:<+m(: D(2@+C9<D:ED<>-F:e`P*ôgAB^lQ^lR"S1HTM O y<D:E06D(w)XY#~M aT.-/ yo:().6+(GY$MN{@: 0 <>.1mn!#:#.)'+(;=;=2JDC9<+:E{<>-F:>Y0u;N3 6L

(20) <>-F:+''#()-/2/2/-"89<>(:c(.!;=-/.q+-F:>Y()-/Lz-T0&3 !#')+.)r+N57(;N3 <+.7Z!#!,:v8:<+[E+C2@#a_ABc'<>.'<>(1:=57()c;N3 pD8)89<D:!N0#8)()-/v2@<D:}T.-/}yo:(.)6D( (1:}2@~0'#:-/81-@<+. +.qD2Fh1-@57()0# :E+.)?m#:I)#:;=-@57()#I0)D.)$2/".)<6hz+(c)#:;=<>+'<+()?-@57()T;N3 ]!#!"!r

(21) D2/;=.70G3 ()."+-@01]81:!'-/(>a b 3 D-gC9!.)![q'-/!v0]0-/'(-@<+.) mJ:()'#(()#T6L

(22) 'ZM a b <72_i -/2/C9#:6YB)D:r>!Z0\P'#:'E)]0(~R*PTS#TM aG^g-@#.).)viT6Lz-/<+6Y jl:<Dmn(1:6a b "2/$:;=#:'#-@ L1-/L

(23) #;=.7I89<>(1:$2 3 -/.7!#:#*57(B3 -/2/<+.7*89<D:!\dv'T:E6L++-/24a b :;=#:'-/2@}S1<7'#-@!!T:ED.)6D-@T0G3 HI'<>(?-J57(*#2 3 .z:.qD-/<+.q+2B<+;=;=-@-/<+.<+.HI'<+()?-/'I01*;N3 6L

(24) <>-F:${:-/C)()!*')+'(.) ().)oC9<>(1:57()-7;N3 *89:;=-@k08)D:-/'-/89#:_D(=<>.r+:_:ED.)6D-/l0G3 HI'<>(?-J57(IzHAG-@2/2/++

(25) 7Y>#_d243 .7#:.q{-@<+.qD2)<+.m#:.)'# <>.NHI'<+()?-/'$HTh7<+<}+>Da b 3 D-(2/"8)2@+-/-F:T01(:ED.z'I:<>-/+..)!0&3 #.)-/r>.#:.ED.75z(T;=<>.-F(:$dv2 3 ^l'<>2/\RT{-/<>.qD2/]S1()89!:-@#(:"0&3 .)r+!.)-/(1: 0(uMND.)T# d=2@qD'()2F!v0 S1'#-@#.)' #T`B'.)-@57()*0]243 K .)-/L

(26) :-/!v0(~MND-/.)>a b \:;=#:'#-@vM a b +.Qt2@+()0vjg+'6D2g89<>(1: 2 3 D-J01\57(B3 -/2B;N3 ZD8)89<D:!\dv-F:\0 (1(:01";=<>.)-F<D:ED6a b c.G3 <>()C2/-@,8)+]2@#v.-/r>.)+.7?Q'#:'(:]01(AHIKTMv;=#]'+;,D:E+0v0<7'<+:E+.7]57()-_'<>.7:-/C)(.7\<>()]dN2@NC9<>..) +;ZC-@+.)'#"0 :E6L++-/2B0<>.7ls#3 D-C9!.!#[q'-/!"D(N2@+C9<D:ED<>-F:>Y9+;ZC-@+.)'#\5z(-&8q+"C-/.N:$8)D:*0G3 #.z-/2/;=<>;=.7I01\0!##.z+a K .)*;=.7-/<>.c8qD:-/'(2/-@:vdv2 3 (1:Y9i*:(2 3/YqM!#:<>()+."#AB<+'+Y)89!'#-JD2/-@?# .NS1'-/.'0()<7<+C)+2/2k57(-G;N3 <+.zm4+-F8q{:E+r+#: 2@#(:+.)+2Fh1$8)2/()$<>(;=<>-/.)$<+C1st'#-/L

(27) $.N2@Z;,{-/#: O +2/2/\2/]MK"p Xa ^l.[).BY1;=#:'-Bd=!2/-/.)"89<+(:<>.N+;=<>(1:$#$<>.<>(-/.N0T<>(I2/_st<>(1:a.

(28)

(29) . Ù2oA|{j#{jihÚ·oAm}le,jih. !#"%$&(')+*," - ./+&0$2131)465879:*<;1=!>@?<13$&AB79C*D;E1F!B>@0G+*,!"H*<#1 ³I~ ³ }hn0xrh}~m}CÄfj Ý n0gle}~·(jlk4m²oAJ ³I~ ³I~ ³ ÎTgih,xzkRoAm,jly{eµÇHhm²ozL;K ÇHjlmwgi²ÏRoAk{åjly{eÄÆe,xz}M ³I~ ³I ¸ Á¦xq{j{j#,ÏRoAyO$N oAåjP ³I~ ³IRQ Þ"kHhmey{·(jlk4m²oAm}xzk ³I ¸ due,xqijih,h,yHhw{jb{xzy{|{j éæ{giljlkH,ÏHjl·(jlkqmT ³I ¸O~ ³ Á¦xq{jxzn0gle²oAm,xz}~e,j ³I ¸O ¸ `giljlkH,ÏHjl·(jlkqmVlU lGozh,h}qW yHj)Ù {j }~kHhm²oA|{}~~}~m,gbmÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m}4W yHjX ³I ¸ORQ dfe,x ijih,hyHh{jb{xzy{|{jb{giljlkH,ÏHjl·(jlkqmZ ³IRQ Þ"kOH\ yHjlkHijbÅy·(x {j{jb²ÏRoAyON oAåj] ³IRQO~ ³ ÃáÏRoAyO$N oAåj#j ÝÅm,jlekHj ³IRQO ¸ ÃáÏRoAyO$N oAåjb}~kqm,jlekHj` ³I ¹ Þ"kOH\ yHjlkHijb{jGoixzkqjilm}xzkkRoAmy{e,jl~jM ³IRS Ta yHjlqW yHjihjih,m}~·oAm}xzkHh!bbc ³IRSO~ ³ Îezd jb{jihÚmy{e|{y{jlkHijihTozixzyHh,m}4W yHjihf ³IRSO ¸ Îezd jbÅy¨n{e,xqijih²hyHhw{jµozh,µoz{jÏRoAe·(xzk{}qW yHjg ³IRSORQ Îezd jb{jihÚn0jlem,jihÚ· }~kHjly{e,jihToAyÅÝ¨j Ý me,gl· }~m,gihTÅyhm²ozL«K jlm{jihgi,ÏRoAk{åjly{e,h{jb,ÏRoAjly{e ³IRY ÃxzkHl~yHh,}xzkHhh i 6jk&(1l('913$213?<>Z$2*<G!:*<m2&(+*<"HA$21n!1l;E5o7=#>O+&0#1pG+&0q?srb>@;E5?<*,t')>O+*<"H ¸O~ ³ `jih,le}~n{m}xzk¦oAkRoA~¼qm}qW yHjbÅyn{e,x ijih,hyHhw oA· n{~}xRw µoAm}xzkX ¸O~ ³I~ ³ Ã[oAly{2{jihwixqjzy l}jlkqm,h{jGo·oAme}ijt{jÅ}x;N yHh,}xzkÅykHxµ¼4oAymÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHj{ ¸O~ ³I ¸ Ã[oAly{2Åyixqjzy l}jlkqmT oA· n{~}xRw µoAm}xzk¦mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHj| ¸O~ ³IRQ Ã[oAly{2{j`Go Å}hme}~|{y{m}xzkÅy²ÏRoA· n¦ozixzyHhm}qW yHjq ¸O ¸ Þ"kOH\ yHjlkHijbÅye,glår}~·(j# }~k4m,jle²ozlm}xzk¦mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHjM ¸O ¸O~ ³ `gl·oAe,,ÏHjthy{}~ }j }. H- -. ³µ¸ µ³ ¸ ³!Q ³!S ³!S ³!S ³!Y. ³+[ ³!^. !³ _ ¸r¸ ¸A¹ ¸IY. ¸)[. ¸I^ ÅQ ³ QA¹. uv QIY QIY QI_ QI_. ¹4´ 4¹ ´. }.

(30) *D*. 8> m?<1 $219G ;E>O+* 9B19G . ¸O ¸O ¸ ÞækO\HyHjlkHij`Åy«e,glår}~·(j` }~k4m,jle²ozlm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}WqyHjhy{ejiháixzkHÅ}~m}xzkHhÚ{j`{giljlkÅé ,ÏHjl·(jlkqmM ¹H³ ¸O O¸ RQ ÞæOk \HyHjlkHijTÅy e,glår}~·(j }~kqm,jle²ozlm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjh,y{euGo`Å}hme}~|{y{m}xzkÅy,ÏRoA· n ozixzyHhm} WqyHnj ¹4¸ ¸ORQ Þ"Ok \HyHjlkHijb{jGoÅ}hme}~|{y{m}xzk¦{j`m,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j ¹9S O¸ RQO~³ ÞæOk \HyHjlkHija{jÒGo¢Å}hme}~|{y{m}xzk×{jÒm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jahy{e¬j>ixqzj yl}jlkqmM oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzk mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyH3j ¹9S O¸ RQO ¸ ÞæOk \HyHjlkHijÚ{j[GoÅ}hme}~|{y{m}xzk({jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jwhy{eÛGoÅ}hme}~|{y{m}xzkÅy ,ÏRoA· nozixzyHh,m} W4yHja¹9Y O¸ ¹ }h,lyHh,h}xzhk 9¹ _. u "%$ =?<19GV>@0>@? %+* 6&(1=GV1)qG#*<; &2?<>O+*,"(GV%&2;E7=B* 6&019G $&AB79CH*D;1F!B>@(G+*,!"*,B1 QO~ ³ `jih,le}~n{m}CÄuÅy¨·(xq lj#{je,glår}~·(jme²oAkHh}~m,xz}~e,jh QO~ ³I~ ³ ÉoqW yRoAm}xzkglxz~y{m}xzk{j` oA· n{~}~myH{jt{jn{e,jih,h}xzk¦ozixzyHhm}4W yHj QO~ ³I ¸ ÉoqW yRoAm}xzkHhÅyme²oAkHhn0xzem{j`Go ²ÏRoAjly{e QO~ ³IRQ Ã[ozh y{k²ÏRoAyON oAåj#}~k4m,jlekHj` QO ¸ `jih,le}~n{m}xzk{jihn{e,xqijih,h,yHh[kHxzk~}~kHgµoA}~e,jih{jbhÔoAmy{e²oAm}xzk QO ¸O~ ³ ÉÛÝÅn{e,jih,h}xzkoAkRoA~¼ m}4W yHj#{jGoixzkHÅyHlm}~q}~m,g#mÏHjle· }4W yHjtozixzyHhm}4W yHjl·(jlkqm}~kHÅy{}~m,j QO ¸O ¸ Áx l jbh}~· n{~}xRw g#{j`q}~m,jih,h²jÅyjlk4mTozixzyHh,m}4W yHj` QO ¸ORQ È$jihwn{e,x ijih,hyHh{jµozh,µoz{jÏRoAe·(xzk{}qW yHj#jlmw{jn0jlem,jihÚ· }~kHjly{e,jih QORQ dfe,x igiÅy{e,j#{jµoAly{Åye,glår}~·(jme²oAkHh}~m,xz}~e,j QORQO~ ³ ê ,ÏHgl·o{je,gih,xz~y{m}xzk QORQO ¸ Ãxz· nRoAe²oA}h,xzkjlkqme,j#h}~·ty{GoAm}xzkHhwkqy{·(gle}4W yHjihjlmÚe,gihy{~m²oAm,hj ÝÅn0gle}~·(jlk4m²oAyÅÝ QO ¹ Îgih,y{~m²oAm,hw{jbh}~·ty{GoAm}xzkHhwk4y{·(gle}qW yHjih QO ¹@~ ³ Îgihy{~m²oAm,h{jh}~·#y{GoAm}xzkHhk4y{·(gle}qW yHjihh²oAkHhTn{e}h,j#jlk¬ixz· n{m,j{jihTjzN jlm,hT{jµozh,µoz{j ÏRoAe·(xzk{}4W yHjtjlmw{jn0jlem,jihÚ· }~kHjly{e,jihJ QO ¹@ ¸ Îgihy{~m²oAm,h{jh}~·#y{GoAm}xzkHhk4y{·(gle}qW yHjihoijin{e}h,jtjlkixz· n{m,j{jihTjzN jlm,h{j#µozh,µoz{j ÏRoAe·(xzk{}4W yHjtjlmw{jn0jlem,jihÚ· }~kHjly{e,jihJ QORS }h,lyHh,h}xzkh QORY ÃxzkHl~yHh}xzkF 1=G!'):*<5(+*<"H G!"H&0G "HB;1F$crb&2AG 6G =;13$crx7 6&(>O+*<"(G $* 879B1=+*<1=?D?<19Gq" B$2*D0>@*,B19G ¹@~ ³ `jih,le}~n{m}xzkÅy·(x l j ¹@~ ³I~ ³ ÎgiÅyHlm}xzkÅykHxz·#|{e,j#gqW yRoAm}xzkHhToAyÅÝ¨{gle}~gijihwnRoAem}jl~jih ¹@~ ³I ¸ Ù$e²oAkHh»ÄØxze·oAm}xzk6{jihgqW yRoAm}xzkHhToAyÅÝ{gle}~gijihTnRoAem}jl~jihTjlkg4W yRoAm}xzkHhÅ}x0N gle,jlkqm}jl~jih xze,Å}~kRoA}~e,jih] ¹@~ ³IRQ ÉoqW yRoAm}xzkglxz~y{m}xzk{j` oA· n{~}~myH{jt{jn{e,jih,h}xzk¦ozixzyHhm}4W yHj ¹@~ ³I ¹ Ü}~GoAk {{jih,le}~n{m}xzkÅyë,glår}~·(j#me²oAkHh}~m,xz}~e,jbh,xzyHhÚÄÆxze·(jb y{kF\ zd mwHoAkHh ` ¹@ ¸ ÊTkRoA~¼ h,j{j#hm²oA|{}~~}~m,g nRoAem}~e y{kHj`ÄØxze·#y{GoAm}xzk¦jl· n{}~e}4W yHjtÅyixqjzy l}jlkqmT oA· n{~}xRw µoAm}xzk ¹@ ¸O~ ³ ÉÛÝÅn{e,jih,h}xzkjl· n{}~e}qW yHjbÅyix jzy l}jlk4m oA· n{~}xRw µoAm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}qW yHjI ¹@ ¸O ¸ ÊkRoA~¼Åh,jÅyµozh{j Hw åry{e,jbx ¨jzN jlmÅy¨jlk4mòzixzyHhm}4W yHj#jihmÚn{e,gi{xz· }~kRoAk4m!e . . . . . .

(31) .

(32) . . . . . . . vrS ¸ SIQ AS ¹ S)[ SI^ SI^ SI_ YÅ³ rY ¸ rY ¸ YIQ YIS YIS [z¸ °[ ¹ [:Y [:^ :[ ^ :[ _. . ^Å³ ^r¸ ÎQ Â¹ ÎS.

(33) 8> m?<13$219Gq;>O+* 9B19G. *<*D*. . ¹@ ¸ORQ ÊTkRoA~¼ h²jbÅyµozhw{j wHåry{e,jtx jzNjlm{jGo ixzkHÅyHlm}~ }~m,gbmÏHjle· }WqyHjtozixzyHhm}WqyHjl·(jlk4m }~kHÅy{}~m,jtjihmÚn{e,gi{xz· }~kRoAk4m! r_ ´ ¹@RQ ÃxzkHl~yHh,}xzkF r_ ¸ . "H0'9?D&(G#*,"25o19BG!5o1='I+*H1=G Hu 19G!'9B*<50+*,"A>@0>@? %+* 6&013$21 ?srb>@;E5?D*,t2')>O+*<" . 19G!'9B*<50+*,"A$& ;"%$ l?,1F (1=B; * 6&01319V')>@?<'9&2?,Gq$01=GV')"%1

(34) '9*<1=!GV$crb79' (>@0C 1 -Hu Ü ~³ É84W yRoAm}xzkHhTÅyme²oAkHhn0xzem{j`Go ,ÏRoAjly{eX¥³µÍQ Ü ~ ³I~ ³ lU ÊT}~jlmm,j)U my{|0j`}~kHxiÝM¥³µÁ¹ Ü ~ ³I ¸ lU ÊT}~jlmm,j)bU hm²ozLK ¥ ³µÁ¹ Ü ~ ³IRQ lU ÊT}~jlmm,j)#U oA}~eJ¥ ³µÍS Ü ~ ³I ¹ ÃxzkHÅ}~m}xzkHhòAyÅÝ«~}~· }~m,jihT¥ ³µÍS Ü ¸¥ÉXhm}~·oAm}xzk{jihwix jzy l}jlk4m,hgi,ÏRoAk{åj¥ ³µÍS Ü ¸O~ ³ Þ"k4m,jle»ÄozijÑUmy{|0j`}~kHxiÝRÓæéÔÑU· }~~}jly¦j ÝÅm,gle}jly{eÔÓz8 Ãxzkqjilm}xzkkRoAmy{e,jl~jbj ÝÅm,jlekHjM¥ ³µÍY Ü ¸O ¸ Þ"k4m,jle»ÄozijÑUmy{|0j`}~kHxiÝRÓæéÔÑØoA}~eÔÓz; Ãxzkqjilm}xzkÄØxze,igij`}~k4m,jlekHj ¥ ³µÍY Ü ¸ORQ Þ"k4m,jle»ÄozijÑUmy{|0j`}~kHxiÝRÓæéÔÑÆhm²oz HK Óz; ÃxzkHÅyHlm}xzk¦jlmixzk4jilm}xzkÄÆxze,igijh¥ ³µÍY 19G!'9B*<50+*,"A>@0>@? %+* 6&013$21 ?<> (*,!19G+G!1 $crb79')"&0?<1l;E1= - Ã ~ ³ ÎTgih,xzkRoAm,jly{eToAk{kqy{GoA}~e,jb }{j¥ ³µÍ_ Ã ¸*ÎTgih,xzkRoAm,jly{eToAk{kqy{GoA}~e,j#gqW y{}~n;g y{kh,m²oz K ¥ ³r³µ´ >@?<'9&0? >@0>@? %+* 6&013194652?D*<'9*,!13$21 - -Ou ~ ³Á¬oAme}ijb{jme²oAkHhÄÆjlemwÅykHxJ¼4oAymÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}qW yHj¥ ³r³l¹ ¸ Á¬oAme}ijb{jbÅ}x0N yHh}xzkÅykHxJ¼4oAymÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}qW yHjV¥ ³r³!Y RQ Ãx jzy l}jlk4m oA· n{~}xRw µoAm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m}4W yHjp¥ ³r³+[ . 7=CH*D;E13!#>@0G+*,!"H*<B1kG+*D; &0?<>O+*<"H0GV%&0;79:* 6&(1=G - - ÉJ~³*ÈjihgqW yRoAm}xzkHh ¥ ³r³!_ ÉJ ¸ Á¦glmÏHx {jb{jè,gih,xz~y{m}xzk ¥ ³µ¸Å³ ÉJRQ ÃxzkqjleåjlkHijt{jihwe,gihy{~m²oAm,h{jh}~·ty{GoAm}xzk ¥ ³µ¸IQ . . . . . . . . . .

(35)

(36) . . * #1 J#> 525o1l? 2*<G!" :* 6&(1. $È jihåglkHgle²oAm,jly{e,hxzkH{jih¬ÑÆxzyP·(xzm,jly{e,hÔÓ mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}WqyHjihh,xzkqm{jihe,gih,xzkRoAm,jly{e,h«ozixzyHh,m}W4yHjihHoAkHh jih WqyHjlhá }~kqm,jle²ozlm}xzk{jihÚxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHhwozixzyHhm}WqyHjihÚjlm[mÏHjle· }W4yHjihwoAyÕxz}h}~kRoAåj{jnRoAe,xz}hÚh,xz~}{jih[h,xzy{· }h²jih by{k«ÄØxzemáåre²ozÅ}jlkqm{jm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jjlk{åjlkHÅe,jy{kHjìxzk4jle,h,}xzkglkHjleår}jmÏHjle· }W4yHjjlk¨glkHjleår}jozixzyHhm}WqyHjI Ãjn{e,xqijih²hyHh oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzk?mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjh,yHh,l}~m²o« }~k4m,gl

(37) e lm#{jGoÕixz· ·ty{kRoAy{m,gh,l}jlkqmx} w W4yHj ihGo wHkÅy h} ilj#xze,h W4yHj#Üá¼ e,xzk T}~årår}~kHhe,glyHh²h}~m le,gijle{jihxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHhòzixzyHhm} WqyHjihHoAkHhTy{kmy{|;jbåre zij y{kHj \8oA· ·(j[º»yHÅ}l}jlyHh,jl·(jlk4mTn{Gozigijbhy{eÚGonRoAe,xz}$ y{ke,gih,xzkRoAm,jly{e I¸ S { oAy{me,jihwe,gµoA~}hÔoAm}xzkHh{jbij`m"¼qn0j {j·oz,Ï{}~kHj#q}~e,jlkqmj[ºxzy{e Go wHkÅy h} ilj#oµjibjmy{|0jb{jê xzkHÅÏRoAyHh RSI^<xzyjbmy{|;jb{j#Îw} º Kj RSr´ Èo mÏHgixze}j{jb }~kqm,jle²ozlm}xzk¬mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} W4yHj¨ÑÆjlkqme,jt²ÏRoA· nHhòzixzyHh,m} W4yHjjlmmÏHjle· } WqyHjJÓoglm,g#{gile}~m,j{j ÄØo ixzk6åglkHgle²oAjjlk!³ ÎYI^ÕnRoAe `}~e,h,²Ï{ÏHBx NÛ(Ç W4y{}f}~kqme,xqÅy{}h}~mtGoÕixzkHÅyHlm}xzkÒ{j GoÕ²ÏRoAjly{etHoAkHhGo¨mÏHgixze}j({j Go n{e,xznRoAå4oAm}xzk6Åyh²xz6k ;Ãjihmhy{eGo(|Rozh,j#{jijihwme²oµzoAyÅÝ Wqy$ y{kHjtn{e,jl· } le,j#}~kqm,jlen{e,glm²oAm}xzEk W4yRoA~}~m²oAm}~jÅy my{|;jÕ{jê xzkHÅÏRoAyHho¦glm,gÕ{xzk{kHgijÕnRoAe È$xze,aÎToµ¼qjl}~årÏjlk !³ Î_IY RSÅ!³ æÇ W4y{}Úh,xzy{~}~årkHj¨jlk©nRoAem}ly{~}jlqe WqyHjjih xrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHh{jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jTh,y{|{}jihoAyÕixzy{e,há y{kÕl¼ÅljTozixzyHhm} WqyHjnRoAeáy{kHjnRoAem}ly{j{j \Hy{}{jÑÆh}~myHgijòAy xz}h}~kRoAåjw y{kHjÚnRoAe,xz}HÅye,gih,xzkRoAm,jly{eXh,xzy{· }h,j y{k(ÄÆxzemfåre²ozÅ}jlkqmá{j[m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jJÓf{xz}~jlk4mXkHgiijih,h²oA}~e,jl·(jlk4m lme,jjlkae,jlm²oAe,{j¨n{ÏRozh²jë,jlGoAm}~jl·(jlk4möAy{gln{Gozijl·(jlk4m«nRoAem}ly{GoA}~e,jozixzyHhm} WqyHj¨n0xzy{qe WqyHjÕj¨n{e,xqijih²hyHh oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjh,j`n{e,xqÅy{}h²Ij oAkHhujihoAk{kHgijihT!³ _IYr´ÅÇ4y{kHjglm²oAn0jÚ}~· n;xzem²oAkqm,jwÄÆy{muÄÆe²oAkH,Ï{}jxze,h WqyHjÃ[oAem,jleájlmáixz~ "~!³ SR· }~e,jlkqm[oAyn;xz}~kqm y{k6my{|;j {jê xzkHÅÏRoAyH`h Ulxzn{m}~· }h,)g UnRoAeb o°ºxzy{mb y{k?jl· n{}~jl·(jlkqmt{jn{G:o WqyHjihÑÆhm²oz KHÓ`HoAkHhje,gih²xzkRoAm,jly{eµÇ n;jle·(jlmm²oAkqmMoA}~kHh} ozile,xAÂme,jah,}~årk{x} wRµoAm}~jl·(jlk4mMzj yµozl}~m,g©{jÒGo·oz²Ï{}~kHIj Ãj>Å}hn0xrh}~m}CÄ»ÇTe,jln{e,gih,jlkqm,g h,,ÏHgl·oAm} WqyHjl·(jlk4máhy{eÛGoTÐ2}~@å Å³rÇzjihkm W4yRoA~x} wRg Tn{e,gih,jlkqmu{já·(xzm,jly{efmÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m} W4yHj xzkH{jihfhm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,jihJÇ n{y{}h WqyHjje,gih²xzkRoAm,jly{eÕjih,mjh,} låjxzkH{jihözixzyHhm} WqyHjih«h,m²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,ji!h áoAkHh«ijh,¼ hm l·(jrÇáh,xzyHhe,gih,jlej {j·oA}~kqm,jlk{}~ej¦åre²ozÅ}jlk4m{j¦m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jMoAy¢{jih,h,yHh« y{kijlem²oA}~k h,jly{}~ }~kHhm²oA|{}~~}~m,grÇÚ{jihÕxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHh ozixzyHhm} WqyHjih2oAy{m,xAéæjlkqme,jlm,jlk4yHjihX{jXÄØxzem,joA· n{~}~myH{jÑÆ{jáxze,Åe,já{#j %$'& {jXGon{e,jih,h}xzkhm²oAm} W4yHjJÓ$n{e,jlk{kHjlk4m n{Gozij HoAkHh`je,gih,xzkRoAm,jly{eµÇ GoÄÆe,g W4yHjlkHijÅy6·(x {jjtn{~yHhb}~kHhm²oA|{jÑUåglkHgle²oAjl·(jlk4mt}~uhµ oAår}~mjlk6n{e,jl· } le,j oAn{n{e,xiÝÅ}~·oAm}xzkÅy·(x {j`xzk{år}~myHÅ}~kRoAÛ{jl· }CéæxzkH{jJzÓ êqy{eGo(|Rozh,j#{jih{giixzy{jlem,jih{jÃ[oAem,jleµÇ;{jihTme²oiroAyÅÝxzk4mglm,gtjlk{å4oAågih{jln{y{}h`jlmn{~yHh}jly{e,hn{e,xzm,xzmæ¼ n0jih {j·(xzm,jly{e,hmÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m} W4yHjih xzkqmglm,g«e,gµoA~}h,gihjlk>GoA|;xze²oAm,xz}~e,Ij fdÛoAe²oA~ ljl·(jlk4mµÇXÎxzmm¨ÑÆ{j¦!³ _)[z´ Ò!³ _I_r´Ó RSr¸ÅcÇ SIQÅÇ SIYglm²oA|{~}~m«jih|Rozh,jihmÏHgixze} W4yHjihÕ{jGoMÅ}h,l}~n{~}~kHjjlmn{e,xzn0xrh,jy{kHj·(xq{gl~}hÔoAm}xzkoAkRoA~¼ m} W4yHj{j }~kHhm²oA|{}~~}~m,gjlk{åjlkHÅe,gijnRoAeb }~k4m,jle²ozlm}xzk>mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjHoAkHh#jihmy{|0jih#{j Ù<ozixzk{}hjlm#{jê xzkHÅÏRoAyH+h ³. . . . . . . . . . . .

(38) !B"%$2&0'I+*<"H i Température. échangeur de chaleur froid. échangeur de chaleur chaud stack. Z[E[¾<³ Îjln{e,gih²jlk4m²oAm}xzkh²,ÏHgl·oAm}WqyHj# y{k·(xzm,jly{ewmÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m}W4yHj xzkH{jihwhm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,jih . È jihme²oiroAyÅÝ¬j ÝÅn0gle}~·(jlk4m²oAyÅÝ?{j

(39) áo JoBK }Xjlmbixz~ [z´ÅÇ([ ³!XjlkP³!_I^r´ÕixzkOwHe·(jlkqm WqyRoA~}~m²oAm}~jl·(jlk4mtGo«zoA~}Å}~m,g {jGo«mÏHgixze}j({j ÎTxzmm!`jln{y{}h`j {gl|{y{m#{jihboAk{kHgijih ^r´ÅÇgln0x=WqyHj Go:W4yHjl~j gWqy{}~n0j {jëe,jlåêÚ}CÄUm(ÑUxz}~e nRoAej Ý{jl· n{j RSI_UÓ#oAyaÈ$xrhÊTGoA·(xrh ¶oAm}xzkRoAÚÈoA|0xze²oAm,xze¼Òhµ }~kqjihm}~m(HoAkHhjÕ{xz·oA}~kHjrÇ<jihe,ji²ÏHjle,,ÏHjihjlk mÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m} W4yHjhµ }~kqm,jlkHhx} wRjlk4!m Ã[oAeh}<j#n{e,x ijih,hyHh U ·(xzm,jly{e`mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyH)j U¨ÑÆixzk4jle,h}xzkMglkHjleår}j mÏHjle· } WqyHjXjlktglkHjleår}jáozixzyHhm} WqyHjJÓ0n0jly{m lme,jXixzkHh,}{gle,gáoAybn{e,jl· }jlefoA|;xze,#ixz· ·(juy{kHjXly{e}xrh,}~m,gXh,l}jlkqmx} w W4yHjrÇ h²xzky{m}~~}h²oAm}xzk¨jlkÕm²oAk4m WqyHjTh²xzy{e,ij{jme²oµzoA}~0·(giµoAk{} WqyHjÑØozixzyHh,m} W4yHjJÓán0xzy{eáme²oAkHhÄÆgle,jle[y{`k \HyÅÝ{j`,ÏRoAjly{e y{kHj#h,xzy{e,ijÄUe,xz}{jbjle,hÚy{kHjbh,xzy{e,ijb²ÏRoAyH{jÑUnRoAezj NjlmwmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHj RQIÛÓk$jlkixzkHh,m}~myHjbnRozhÚ·(xz}~kHh y{k¬jlkzºjly¦e,gijl;º»yHhmx} w8oAk4m ~y{}fh,jly{< oAn{nRoAe}~m}xzkÒ{jtijlmm,jkHxzy{jl~j Å}h,l}~n{~}~kHj Wqy$jihm`Go(mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHIj ÉukMzj N0jlmµÇjihtoAn{n{~}µoAm}xzkHhbn0xzm,jlk4m}jl~jih{j ij kHxzy{jµoAyMmæ¼ n0j({j·oz,Ï{}~kHjihte,g ÄUe}~ågle²oAkqm,jihtoA~~}GoAkqmth}~· n{~}l}~m,g ÑÆ{xzkH(ÄØoA}~|{jix {mt{jn{e,xqÅyHlm}xzk8Ó Ç<e,xz|{yHhm,jih,h,j¦ÑUnRozh#{jn{} iijih#·(xz|{}~jihoAy{me,jih WqyHj(j \Hy{}{jxrh,l}~~GoAkqmÔÓbjlm e,jlkH{jl·(jlkqme²oA}h,xzk{kRoA|{j h,xzkqm·ty{~m}~n{jih(ÑUxz}~e`nRoAe`j Ý{jl· n{j ¸Å³ UzÓ ;Îjihm,j ijTºxzy{e Wqy$ y{k¬}~· n;xzem²oAkqmbzj N0xzem {xz}~mjlkHixze,j lme,jzj NjilmyHgjlkqyHjxzn{m}~· }h,jleijih·oz,Ï{}~kHjihµÇzj N0xze`m W4y{}T{xz}~mkHxzm²oA· ·(jlk4m«n0xzem,jlehy{e(Go ixz· n{e,glÏHjlkHh,}xzkM{jihTn{e,x ijih,hyHhkHxzk¦~}~kHgµoA}~e,jih· }h`jlkºjly¬xze,h`{j#Go«h²oAmy{e²oAm}xzk6{jxzkH{j ozixzyHhm} W4yHjHoAkHh jihw·(xzm,jly{e,hwmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHji!h . . . *<* 52B*D0'9*<5o1F$21 "(')+*,"001=;1= $219GVG 6G! =;E1=G 019:;E" > '9"H&0G+* 6&(1=G È$jan{e,x ijih,hyHhM }~kqm,jle²ozlm}xzk jlkqme,j{\Hy{}{jPjlm6nRoAe,xz}h²xz~}{j{xzk{kRoAk4mÒ~}jly Go ixzkqjle,h}xzk glkHjleår}j mÏHjle· }qW yHjjlkglkHjleår}j¦ozixzyHhm}W4yHjÕ·(jlmjlk6º»jly{jih(n{e,xqijih,h,yHh(ixz· n{j ÝÅjihjlm(kHgiijih,h}~m,jÕy{kHj¨·(x {gl~}h²oAm}xzk n{e,gil}h²j ~³µ´ÅÇ¸I{_ Ç)SIY 4 Ãjln0jlkHHoAk4mµÇ4y{kHjoAn{n{e,xq²ÏHjixzkHijln{myHjl~jh}~· n{~}xRw gij j ÝÅme

(40) l·(jwn0jle·(jlmX oAn{n{e,glÏHjlkH{jle jih#·(giµoAk{}h·(jiht· }htjlkº»jly?HoAkHhtjÅ}h,n;xrh}~m}CÄw{jGo¨Ð2}~å@X ³I2 ÃxzkHh,}{gle,xzkHhty{kHjnRoAem}ly{j{j H\ y{}{jh}~myHgij oAy?xz}h}~kRoAåj y{kHjnRoAe,xz}áh,xz~}{j(Åy>hm²oz 0K Çj xzk{å¦Åy@4W yHjljihmb}~· n0xrh,g y{k6ÄØxzembåre²ozÅ}jlkqm{jm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j ÑÆÐ2}~å@< ¸?ÑØoÓÓz< Èo¨m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,j«{jijlmm,j(nRoAem}ly{jrÇÛoAy?e,jln0xrh#h²xzyHhby{kHj(n{e,jih²h}xzkÒhm²oAm}qW yHj{xzk{kHgijrÇ jih,m}~· n0xrh,gijnRoAe«Go?n{e,gih,jlkHij6{jGoÒnRoAe,xz} ÑÆ{xzkqmÕ }~kHjlem}j¬mÏHjle· }4W yHj¬jihmÕhy{n{n0xrh,gij¦me i håre²oAkH{j¬{jlroAk4m ijl~j6ÅyMH\ y{}{jJÓz êqy{n{n0xrh,xzkHh >n{e,gih²jlk4mFqW yHj¬glm²oAm{j6ijlmm,j¬nRoAem}ly{j H\ yHlmyHjMh,xzyHhÕjzN jlm y{k,ÏRoA· n ozixzyHh,m}4W yHj>hm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,j>h}~k4yHh,xHoA ` Éf~jÒn{e,jlkH i hxze,hy{k ·(xzy{jl·(jlk4m6xrh,l}~~GoAk4m6h}~kqyHh,xHoAÇoAy@4W yHjl h²xzk4mozh,h,x l}gijih {jih xrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHh}~kOHw k{}~m,gih}~·oAjih{jÕn{e,jih,h,}xzkPozixzyHhm}4W yHj

(41) !ÕÑ"$#%#&'JÓ Çfjlkan{ÏRozh,joiji. .

(42) . . . . .

(43) !#"%$&(')+*,". u. jÕ{gln{Gozijl·(jlk4m(nRoAem}ly{GoA}~e,jozixzyHh,m}W4yHj ÑÆxzyjlk WqyRozÅe²oAmy{e,j{j«n{ÏRozh,jöijiÕGo¦ }~m,jih,h,jÕozixzyHhm}WqyHjJÓz ÊyÅÝ?xrh²l}~~GoAm}xzkHh{jn{e,jih,h}xzkaozixzyHhm} WqyHjh²xzk4m(ozh,h,x l}gijiht{jihxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHh {jm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jÕhy{n{n0xrh,gijihµÇ<jlk n{e,jl· } le,jtoAn{n{e,xµÝ }~·oAm}xzk$Ç0jlkn{ÏRozh²jtoiji#jihxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHh`{jn{e,jih²h}xzk¦ozixzyHhm}WqyHjÑÆÐ2}~å@QÑØoÓ ÇHme²oA}~mTn{jl}~k8Ó Ç Ï4¼ n;xzm@Ï ih²jroA~}{jh,}Xj·(xzy{jl·(jlk4m({jGonRoAem}ly{jÕjihmÕDÑ W4yRozh}KÓtozÅ}GoA|RoAm} WqyHIj 2Ê+m}~me,jj Ý{jl· n{j6ÑÆxze,Åe,jih {jåre²oAkH{jly{eÔÓ Ç8n;xzy{ewy{kHj#nRoAem}ly{jt oA}~eh,xzy{· }h,jbjlk¦,ÏRoA· n~}~|{e,j y{kHj#xzkH{jtozixzyHhm} WqyHj#h}~kqyHh,x HoAj Go ÄUe,g WqyHjlkHijw{jt³ K Çjlm{xzk4m oA· n{~}~myH{joAmm,jl}~kqmájwh²jly{}~8{jw{xzy{jly{e[{jÚxze,jl}~~jTÏ4y{·oA}~kHj"Ñ $

(44) {Ó Ç oA· n{~}~myH{j{jihxrh²l}~~GoAm}xzkHhòzixzyHh,m} W4yHjih`{jtm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j oAmm,jl}~k4m %$©ÇHn0xzy{eTy{k¬{gln{Gozijl·(jlk4m nRoAem}ly{GoA}~e, j {jxze,Åe,jt{j %$E{d<xzy{eTGo lGoAem,g#{j`j ÝÅn0xrh,grÇHjlmwnRoAe,ij WqyHjj`n{e,xzn0xrhjihmÚ}l}~}~· }~m,g (Goixz· n{e,glÏHjlkHh}xzkMn{Ïq¼ h,} W4yHj{jih`n{ÏHglkHxzV· lkHjihÄÆxzkHHoA·(jlkqm²oAyÅÝ¦· }hjlkºjly$Ç8hy{n{n0xrh,xzkHhm,xzy{m oA|;xze, WqyHj j·(xzy{jl·(jlk4mn{e,gih,jlkqm,jbkHxzknRozhy{kn{e,Bx wHm,jl· n0xze,jlh}~kqyHh,x HoA·oA}hy{kn{e,Bx wH<µoAee,gÑÆ Ä HÐ2}~@å QÑØoÓ ÇRme²oA}~m m}~e,jlm,gJzÓ È$jl¼ ljhy{}~ }ÛnRoAe`GonRoAem}ly{j h²j{gle,xzy{j(oAxze,hh,y{}~zoAkqm W4yRoAme,jn{ÏRozh,jihÅ}hm}~kHlm,jih 0ixz· n{e,jih,h,}xzk ozÅ}GoA|RoAm} W4yHj éæj ÝÅnRoAkHh}xzk }h,xz|RoAe,j éæ{glm,jlk4m,j©ozÅ}GoA|RoAm} W4yHj éæixzkqme²ozlm}xzkâ}h,xz|RoAe,Ij È$jihn{ÏRozh,jih{j6ixz· n{e,jih,h,}xzkÅé {glm,jlk4m,jh²xzk4m(hy{n{n0xrh,gijih(ozÅ}GoA|RoAm} WqyHjihµoAe(hOy yh²oA· ·(jlkqm(e²oAn{}{jihµÇÛm²oAkHÅ}Vh Wqy$ oAyÅÝ©n{ÏRozh,jih(j ÝÅnRoAkHh}xzkjlm ixzk4me²ozlm}xzk¬h,xzk4mozh,h,x l}gihw{jihwme²oAkHh»ÄØjlem,hw{jb²ÏRoAjly{ejlkqme,j \Hy{}{jbjlmnRoAe,xz} RÈ$jbl¼Åljbhy{}~ }$nRoAewGo nRoAem}ly{j n{e,gih,jlk4m,j(oAxze,h` oA~~y{e,j}~kHÅ} WqyHgij hy{e`Go«Ð2}~@å $¸¦ÑU|8ÓæéÔÑÆjJÓ Ç0xze,Lh W4yHjjåre²ozÅ}jlk4m#{jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,j

(45) ßoAn{n{~} WqyHg (GonRoAe,xz}fjihmm,jl2 WqyHj

(46) @;ÊT}~kHh}ÇRGonRoAem}ly{je,%j ixz}~m`y{kHj WqyRoAk4m}~m,g {j,ÏRoAjly{ e Åy{e²oAkqmbh²o n{ÏRozh,j«{j«ixz· n{e,jih²h}xzkajlme,jih,m}~myHjy{kH`j WqyRoAk4m}~m,g¨{j«,ÏRoAjly{!e #"Åy{e²oAk4m h²on{ÏRozh,j«{jÕ{glm,jlk4m,Ij XÃj· l·(j l¼ lj VWqyRoAme,jbn{ÏRozh,jihTn;jly{m lme,jbe,jln{e,gih,jlkqm,g{jbÄØo ixzkh,,ÏHgl·oAm} WqyHjth,y{}~zoAkqmTy{kÅ}GoAåre²oA· ·(j{jÃáGoAn;jl¼ e,xzk ÑÆÐ2}~@å 0Q{ÑU|8ÓzÓ Þ"áoAn{nRoAe²oA}~m oAxze,htlGoA}~e,jl·(jlkqm Wqy$ oAyÒixzy{e,hÅy?·(xzy{jl·(jlkqm {j Go¨nRoAem}ly{jrÇ<y{kHqj WqyRoAk4m}~m,g«{j ,ÏRoAjly{$e %&"oglm,gixzk4jlem}j jlky{kme²oµzoA}~Û·(giµoAk{} WqyHjÕÑU} Ij ;jlk¬glkHjleår}jozixzyHhm} WqyHjJÓ Ç;e,jln{e,gih,jlk4m,gnRoAeGo µxzkHjÏRoz,Ïqy{e,gij#{jGoÐ2}~@å Q¨ÑU|8zÓ Éf }{jl· ·(jlk4mµÇ;jb·(giµoAk{}h,·(jgi²ÏRoAk{åj{j#,ÏRoAjly{ejlkqme,j \Hy{}{jjlmTnRoAe,xz}2jihmn{~yHhìxz· n{j Ý{j WqyHjbkHj#j GoA}h,h,jlkqm#jlk4m,jlkHÅe,jjihn{e,xzn;xrhbn{e,giigi{jlk4m,!h <ÉfkMe,gµoA~}~m,grÇ$n0xzy{ebixz· n{e,jlkHÅe,jjlk?n{e,xAÄÆxzkH{jly{ebj(n{e,xqijih,h,yHhe,gijl oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzk¨mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjrÇÅy{kHjòAmm,jlkqm}xzk¨nRoAem}ly{~} le,j`{xz}~m lme,jn0xzem,gijTh,y{eájihe,jlGoAm}xzkHhÚ{jTn{ÏRozh,j jlk4me,jxrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHht{jn{e,jih,h}xzk$Ç${jq}~m,jih²h,j nRoAem}ly{GoA}~e,j«jlm#{j(m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jozixzyHhm} WqyHji!h ÛÃxz· ·(j}~kHÅ} WqyHg n{e,giigi{jl· ·(jlk4mµÇXjih zoAe}GoAm}xzkHh{jÕm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j y{kHjÕnRoAem}ly{j{`j \Hy{}{jh,xzk4m ~}gijihoAyÅÝ>ixz· n{e,jih,h}xzkHhé {glm,jlk4m,jihbjlm Go«m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,j x µoAj {jGonRoAe,xz} È<oÕÅ}hm²oAkHij(jlk4me,jnRoAem}ly{j{j \Hy{}{j jlmnRoAe,xz}ujihm ih xze,hy{kÒnRoAe²oAV· lme,jÕ}~· n0xzem²oAk4m ixzkHijlekRoAk4mGokRoAmy{e,jÕÅy>n{e,xqijih,h,yHhgi²ÏRoAk{åj¨{j²ÏRoAjly{e U xz}~(k U«{jGo nRoAe,xz}ÇÅjn{e,xqijih,h,yHhÚjihmozÅ}GoA|RoAm} W4yHjjlmÚGom,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jbozixzyHhm} WqyHjxrh,l}~~jHoAkHhÚjm,jl· nHhwjlk¨n{ÏRozh,jboµji`Go n{e,jih,h}xzkozixzyHh,m} W4yH(j ' U n{e,xµÝ }~· }~m,)g UT{jwGobnRoAe,xz}Çjwn{e,x ijih,hyHhájihmu}h,xzmÏHjle·(jjlmXGom,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jozixzyHhm} WqyHj jihmw}~· n0xrh,gij ,ÏR:o WqyHjb}~kHhm²oAkqmTnRoAeTGom,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jtx µoAj#{jGo(nRoAe,xz)} 'H·oA}hTn;xzy{ewy{kHj#nRoAem}ly{jt{j \Hy{}{j h}~myHgij (y{kHjÅ}hm²oAkHij{j#xze,Åe,j y{kHjglnRoA}h,h,jly{e{jixzyH,ÏHj~}~· }~m,jmÏHjle· } W4yH+j *,«{j#GonRoAe,xz}Ç;jtixzkqm²ozlm mÏHjle· } W4yHjjlk4me,jnRoAem}ly{jjlm(nRoAe,xz}jih,m UlhOy yh²oA· ·(jlkqm|0xz(k U«n;xzy{e W4y$ y{k¢gi,ÏRoAk{åj{j,ÏRoAjly{e«oA}~m~}jly$Ç ·oA}h UlhOy yh²oA· ·(jlk4mÚ·oAy{roA}+h UTn0xzy{e WqyHjTijlmÚgi²ÏRoAk{åj{jT²ÏRoAjly{ewh,jme²ozÅy{}h²jTkHxzkÕnRozhnRoAe[y{k«²ÏRoAk{åjl·(jlk4m }~kHhm²oAk4m²oAkHgÕ{jGo¨m,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jÕÅy \Hy{}{jrÇ2·oA}htnRoAety{k>e,jlm²oAe,Ç<xzy>n{~yHhn{e,gil}h,gl·(jlk4mnRoAey{k>{gln{ÏRozhÔoAåjrÇ jlk4me,j·(xzy{jl·(jlk4mwozixzyHhm} WqyHj`jlmáme²oAkHhÄÆjlem[{jT²ÏRoAjly{eb-Ñ * ,$.0/ 214365Çqx 71Õjl8m 5©{gih}~årkHjlk4m[e,jihn0jilm}~jl·(jlk4m Go6Åx} N0yHh}~q}~m,gmÏHjle· } W4yHjÅA y \Hy{}{jjlm(Go6n{y{h²oAm}xzkozixzyHhm} WqyHjJzÓ [Ãjihm|;jljlm|{}jlkij{gln{ÏRozh²oAåjjlkqme,j xrh,l}~~GoAm}xzkHhÚ{jm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jjlmÚ{jTn{e,jih,h}xzkozixzyHhm} WqyHj W4y{}jihme,jihn0xzkHh²oA|{j`{jTGoixzkqjle,h}xzkglkHjleår}jrÇ{jlm jfl¼ ljXhy{}~q}rnRoAeGoÚnRoAem}ly{jujihmoAxze,h<oAkRoAxzåryHjoAybh,,ÏHgl·o{jÛGo[Ð2}~@å +Q{ÑÆJzÓ µÉfkbe,gih,y{·(grÇµh,jly{jihjihnRoAem}ly{jih . . . . . . . . . . . .

(47) !B"%$2&0'I+*<"H . (a). . . (b). (c) .

(48) . (d). (e) . . [Z E[¾H¸ «Ãá¼ lj`·(xzm,jly{ewh,y{}~q}nRoAe[y{kHj`nRoAem}ly{jb{j \Hy{}{jh,xzyHh[jzNjlmw y{kHjxzkH{j#ozixzyHhm}WqyHjhm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,j oAyxz}h}~kRoAåjÚ y{kHjnRoAe,xz}{h,xzy{· }h,j Ty{kåre²ozÅ}jlk4mu{jm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j > fnRoAem}ly{j[}~k{}~m}GoAjl·(jlkqmáoAye,jln;xrh! m Úixz· n{e,jih,h}xzkozÅ}GoA|RoAm} W4yHIj ' Új ÝÅnRoAkHh}xzkÕ}h,xz|RoAe,jI $ Ú{glm,jlkqm,jbozÅ}GoA|RoAm}W4yHjI 1 ixzk4me²ozlm}xzk¨}h,xz|RoAe,jI . p,τ, ξ. (a) A. B. pmax ,τ max ,ξmax. (b). pression. B O . "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"!"!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"!"!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"!"!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"!"!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"! "!"!. A temps. O. -p max ,−τmax ,−ξmax. C. D. D. (c). pression. C. volume. volume. [Z E[¾ Q # > glxz~y{m}xzkHhTm,jl· n;xze,jl~jihh}~k4yHh²xHoAjÑUme²oA}~mn{jl}~k8Ówjlm UioAem}ly{gij)UÑUme²oA}~mTm}~e,jlm,gijJÓÚ{jihzoAe}GoA|{jih {jn{e,jih,h}xzk$Çfm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jjlm{gln{Gozijl·(jlk4mozixzyHhm}WqyHjih %$&$ 6n0xzy{ey{kHjxzkH{j¦ozixzyHhm}WqyHjhm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,jI Èjihbn0xz}~k4m,h(èÇÊtÇÜ`Ç ÃÇ+ixzee,jih,n;xzkH{jlkqme,jih,n;jilm}~jl·(jlkqmoAyÅÝ?glm²oAm¨ÑØoÓ ÇÑU|8Ó ÇÑÆJÓ ÇÑÆRÓtjlm«ÑÆjJÓ{jGoÐ2}~å@<¸O' m }GoAåre²oA· ·(j{jÃáGoAn;jl¼ e,xzkoAyPixzy{e,h y{kl¼ÅljozixzyHhm} W4yHj UioAem}ly{)g U:( ' Õ}GoAåre²oA· ·(j{jÃáGoAn0jl¼qe,xzk U e,gijl U:.

(49) !#"%$&(')+*,". v. {j \Hy{}{jh}~myHgijih y{kHjÅ}hm²oAkHij{j`xze,Åe,j# y{kHjglnRoA}h,h,jly{ew{jixzyH,ÏHjb~}~· }~m,jmÏHjle· }W4yHj#ixzk4me}~|{yHjlk4m Go ixzk4jle,h}xzkMglkHjleår}j(mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}W4yHjI2èTkMixz· n{e,jlkH6 ihxze,hboA}h,gl·(jlk4mn0xzy{e WqyHxz}fjl· n{xz}u y{kMhm²oz K {xzk4mÚjih[n0xze,jihÑU} jIÅGotÅ}h,m²oAkHij`}~k4m,jle»énRoAe,xz}hÔÓ[h²xzk4mwixzee,jilm,jl·(jlk4mTÅ}~·(jlkHh}xzk{kHgihwe,jlGoAm}~jl·(jlkqm tGotÅ}h,m²oAkHij *,n0jle·(jlmxzn{m}~· }h²jlejn{e,x ijih,hyHh{jixzkqjle,h}xzk©mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} W4yHj¨jlk>·o°ÝÅ}~· }h²oAk4mGon{e,xzn0xzem}xzka{j \Hy{}{qj Ulzj yµozi)j U: ÉfOk wHk$Çin0xzy{eixzkHl~y{e,jáijlmm,jfn{e,gih,jlk4m²oAm}xzktn{ÏHglkHxz·(glkHxzxzår} W4yHj{jfzj Njlm$mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjue²oAn{n0jlxzkH(h WqyHj }~k4m,jle²ozlm}xzkamÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHj«n;jly{m lme,j· }h,jjlk©xqjly{ e,jn;xzy{ete,gµoA~}h,jlej ÄØxzkHlm}xzk{kHjl·(jlk4m(jlX k U n;xz· n0j ²ÏRoAjly{+e U:uÉfkazj NjlmµÇ<}~woAn{nRoAe²o°Âm(Å}~e,jilm,jl·(jlkqmoAyÒe,jlå4oAe,aÅyal¼ÅljÕh,,ÏHgl·oAm} WqyHj¨{j«GoÐ2}~@å Û¸ÅÇ W4yHjÕh}j åre²ozÅ}jlk4mw{jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jboAn{n{~} W4yHg`jxzk{å {jGo#nRoAe,xz}jihm[m,jl% WqyHj

(50) # Çqj`h,jlkHhÚ{jihme²oAkHh»ÄØjlem,h {j ,ÏRoAjly{ehµjlk6me,xzy{jle²ooAxze,h#}~k4jle,h,grÇm,xzy{m#ixz· ·(j j(h²jlkHhb{jihbl¼Åljih#{jihbÐ2}~@å (QMÑU|8ÓjlmÑÆJzÓ $ÊTyMixzy{e,h y{k6l¼ ljrÇÅy6me²oµzoA}~XozixzyHhm} WqyHj jihmboAxze,hixzkHh,xz· ·(g n0xzy{e`me²oAkHh»ÄØgle,jleb{jtn{e,x ,ÏHj jlk6n{e,x ,ÏHjy{k \HyÅÝ¬{j ,ÏRoAjly{e`mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHj y{kHjj Ý me,gl· }~m,gÅy6hm²oz K oAy{me,j¨ÑU}l}Ç8{jtå4oAyH,ÏHj Åe,xz}~m,jJÓ Ç0{jth²xzem,j Wqy$ y{k åre²ozÅ}jlk4m{j`m,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,jthµglm²oA|{~}~mjlmh,j`·oA}~kqm}jlk4mTjxzk{åÅyhm²ozL K . . . . . . D* *D* q.e!>O $21{?,> B19' 019B' 01 G#&( ?<19G352B"%')19G!G#&(G30"H ?D*<079>@*<B19G $01 G!>O+&0#>O+*<"H $21 ?sr*D(G!> m*D?D* !7 (1=B;" > ')"&(G!+* 6&01 È$jih qW yRoAk4m}~m,gih· }h,jih jlk¦º»jlyHoAkHhGo¬{jih,le}~n{m}xzkÅya·(xzy{jl·(jlkqm«ozixzyHhm}WqyHj¨h,xzkqm Gon{e,jih²h}xzk (Ç2Go q}~m,jih²h,jnRoAem}ly{GoA}~e,j ÇuGo?·ozh,h,jxz~y{· }W4yHj8ÇáGo?m,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j

(51) jlmjlkqme,xzn{}j[ÇXjlmÕ,ÏRozly{kHj¬{j¦ijih zoAe}GoA|{jihwn;jly{m lme,j{giixz· n0xrh,gijbhy{}~roAk4mwh²oixz· n0xrh²oAk4m,j#hm²oAm}4W yHj(ÑÆxze,Åe,jt´Ójlm[hÔoixz· n;xrh²oAkqm,j#ozixzyHhm}qW yHj . ÑÆxze,Åe,j(³JÓxrh,l}~~GoAkqm Gon{y{h²oAm}xzk 5 . .

(52) . $ $

(53) '%$ $

(54) "

(55) $ Ñ»³JÓ

(56) . %$ $

(57) %$ $

(58)

(59) $ ÑØ¸Ó

(60) . %$ $

(61) %$ $

(62) !

(63) $ Ñ QÓ

(64) . $ $

(65) $ $

(66)

(67) $ ÑU¹qÓ

(68) . $ $

(69) #" %$ $

(70) $"

(71) $ Ñ SÓ x 6jihW4yRoAkqm}~m,gih 'rÇ% rÇ AÇ zÇ h,xzk4mbh,y{n{n;xrh,gijihixzkHh,m²oAk4m,jih#HoAkHhbjm,jl· nHh «gi,ÏHjl~j y{kHjn;gle}x {j ozixzyHhm}WqyHjIÃjihm#jlk6}~k4me,x Åy{}h²oAkqmtijihroAe}GoA|{jihbHoAkHhjihbgqW yRoAm}xzkHh`ÄØxzkHHoA·(jlk4m²oAjihÅy6·(xzy{jl·(jlk4m¨ÑU} jI gW4yRoAm}xzk {j¶oµq}jle»é%êqm,x:K jihJÇ#gqW yRoAm}xzk {jixzkHh,jleroAm}xzk {jGo·ozh,h,jrÇbgqW yRoAm}xzkß{jÐRxzy{e}jleµÇ#gWqyRoAm}xzk glm²oAm#ÅyE\Hy{}{jIbb Óbjlm#jlkMkHj e,jlm,jlkRoAkqm qW yHj jihm,jle·(jihÅyMn{e,jl· }jlexze,Åe,jqqW yHj ¶}bK xzGozhtÎxzmm RSIY áo{gile}~m oAkRoA~¼qm}WqyHjl·(jlk4mHoAkHh jih(oAk{kHgijih z[ ´ }~k4m,jle²ozlm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHj y{k{H\ y{}{j¨xrh,l}~~GoAk4m«oAy>xz}h,}~kRoAåj y{kHj#nRoAe,xz}fh,xz~}{jI; Þ"2hµ oAår}~m {j#GomÏHgixze}j~}~kHgµoA}~e,jtåglkHgle²oAje,jlGoAm}~j oAyÅÝ·oz²Ï{}~kHjih`mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHjrÇ W4y{}Ç4ixz· ·(jTh,xzkkHxz·ß }~kHÅ}qW yHjrÇqixzkHh}h,m,j `~}~kHgµoAe}h,jlejihXgqW yRoAm}xzkHhÅy·(xzy{jl·(jlk4m `xze,Åe,j{jih8qW yRoAk4m}~m,gih ozixzyHhm}qW yHjih#ÑD4W yRoAkqm}~m,gihTÅy¨n{e,jl· }jlexze,Åe,jJÓz êq} glm²oA|{~}h,h,jl·(jlk4mf{jáGowmÏHgixze}j~}~kHgµoA}~e,jåglkHgle²oAj[{jih·oz²Ï{}~kHjihÛmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}qW yHjbÑUåglkHgle²oAm,jly{e,hfxzkH{j jlmÚn;xz· n0jih ²ÏRoAjly{eÔÓÚe,jl·(xzkqm,jtoAyÅÝ¨me²oiroAyÅÝ{jbÎxzmmµÇÅjihn{e,jl· }l e,jihTixzkqme}~|{y{m}xzkHhe,jl·oAe qW yRoA|{jihTn;xzem²oAkqm n{e,gil}h,gl·(jlk4mfhy{e<jihixzkHÅ}~m}xzkHhf{já{giljlkH,ÏHjl·(jlk4mu{jáxzkH{j[ozixzyHhm}4W yHjHoAkHh<y{k#·(xzm,jly{e2mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}4W yHj $ $ $! %$ $ $!! %$ $ $! %$ $ $!! %$ $ $!. . . . . . .

(72) !B"%$2&0'I+*<"H ÕxzkH{jihthm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,jihh,xzk4m#ijl~jiht{j(Å}~jle,htoAy{m,jly{e,h ¸IQÅÇ(QÅ³rÇ¹9_æÇ$·oA}h#jlkMn{e,jl· }jlet~}jly?ijl~jih#Ê[m,²Ï{jl¼ ¸Å@Ç QÅÇH¹ 8Ãj{jlek{}jlen{e,xzn0xrh,j`y{k·(x lj#oAkRoA~¼ m}W4yHjbh,}~· n{jrÇ{n;jle·(jlmm²oAkqmT{jb{gzwHk{}~ey{k¨ÄØozlm,jly{eT{jW4yRoA~}~m,g Åyh¼Åhm l·(j W4y{}qm,jlkHtjle,h2 }~kOwHk{}{ ih2xze,hW4yHjá oA· n{~}xwRµoAm}xzk mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm}WqyHj[n{e,jlkRoAk4mf~}jly HoAkHh2jáhm²ozLK ixz· n0jlkHh,jájihÛn;jlem,jih2 }h WqyHjlyHh,jih<jlmÛmÏHjle· } WqyHjihfHoAkHhÛjlkHh,jl·#|{jÚÅyÅ}hn0xrh}~m}CÄÇ°ixzkHÅ}~m}xzk({j[{giljlkH,ÏHjl·(jlkqm {j` }~kHh,m²oA|{}~~}~m,gbmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHIj jln{y{}h#·oA}~k4m,jlkRoAkqmty{kHj(Å} JoA}~kHj oAk{kHgijihµÇy{kM}~· n0xzem²oAk4mzj Nxzemb{j e,ji,ÏHjle,²ÏHjjihmtixzkHh²ozle,g ÕglmyH{j {jihn{e,x ijih,hyHhn{Ï4¼Åh} WqyHjih· }h jlkºjlyoAn{e ihtjÕ{giljlkH²ÏHjl·(jlk4m{j }~kHhm²oA|{}~~}~m,gÕmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjrÇujlm W4y{} h²xzk4m(e,jihn0xzkHh²oA|{jih«{j¨GoMhÔoAmy{e²oAm}xzkjlk¢oA· n{~}~myH{j¦{jxzkH{j¦ozixzyHhm} WqyHIj Xdfy{}h WqyHjGo6åglkHgle²oAm}xzk¢ y{kHj xzkH{jozixzyHhm} W4yHj(nRoAetzj NjlmbmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHjh,j n{e,x Åy{}~m#h,xzyHh#e,gih,jleVj WqyHj oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzk©HoAkHhbj(hm²ozL K ixz· n0jlkHh,jjihn;jlem,jih[~}~kHgµoA}~e,jihHoAkHháje,jihm,j`Åy¨Å}hn0xrh}~m}CÄÑUn0jlem,jih[q}h²ixzmÏHjle· } W4yHjihÚn{e}h²jihjlkïxz· n{m,jHoAkHh jihg W4yRoAm}xzkHh«ÅyP·(xzy{jl·(jlkqm~}~kHgµoAe}h²gijihÔÓ ÇXGo?h²oAmy{e²oAm}xzkixzkHh²gily{m}~j{jxzkH{jozixzyHhm} WqyHjh,jn{e,xqÅy{}~m kHgiijih²h²oA}~e,jl·(jlk4mfjlke²oA}h,xzk oAy{me,jih2m"¼qn0jihÛ{jun0jlem,ji2h Wqy{}4kHjh,xzkqm<nRozh2n{e}h,jih2jlkixz· n{m,j[HoAkHh2 oAn{n{e,xiÝÅ}~·oAm}xzk {j ozixzyHhm} WqyHj[~}~kHgµoA}~e,jrÇr·oA}kh Wqy{}{h,xzk4mfn{e,gih,jlkqm,jihujlk m²oAk4om WqyHj W4yRoAkqm}~m,gihXÅy h,jiixzkH xze,Åe,jbÑÆjlmÛn{~yHhÔÓ2HoAkHhÛjih g WqyRoAm}xzkHh<ÄÆxzkHHoA·(jlkqm²oAjihf{jXGo·(giµoAk{} WqyHjá{jih2· }~~}jlyÅÝtixzkqm}~k4yHhfjlmÛHoAkHh<g WqyRoAm}xzkglm²oAmÛÅy \Hy{}{Ij AÊ}~kHh}Ç glmyH{jixz· n{ lm,j{jih[·(xzm,jly{e,hwmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} W4yHjihJÇH{jln{y{}hÚGotåglkHgle²oAm}xzk{jxzkH{jº%yHLh W4y$ h²oh²oAmy{e²oAm}xzk$Ç jlkqme,jbHoAkHhÚjbµozÅe,j#{j ozixzyHhm} WqyHjkHxzk~}~kHgµoA}~e,Ij jXkHxrhHºxzy{e,hµÇiy{kijlem²oA}~ktkHxz·t|{e,j[{ju·(giµoAk{}h·(jih2kHxzk#~}~kHgµoA}~e,jihÛxzkqm<n{y lme,cj WqyRoA~x} wRgih<ixz· ·(j Ulgl~~}~år}~|{ji+h U n0xzy{eMj ÝÅn{~} W4yHjleMGoh²oAmy{e²oAm}xzk {j©xzkH{j¢ozixzyHhm} W4yHjPHoAkHhMjih6·(xzm,jly{e,h?mÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} W4yHji+h èTy{me,jaj n{e,x ijih,hyHhXlGozh,h} WqyHjÚ{jwµozh,µoz{jÚÏRoAe·(xzk{} WqyHjtÑUme²oAkHh»ÄØjlemXglkHjleåglm} WqyHjÅy ÄØxzkHHoA·(jlk4m²oA8jle,hujihfÏRoAe·(xzk{} WqyHjih h,y{n;gle}jly{e,hÔÓ ÇAglmyHÅ}gm²oAk4muj ÝÅn;gle}~·(jlkqm²oAjl·(jlk4m ~³rIÇ Yr´ W4yHj[{jXÄØo ixzkmÏHgixze} WqyHj I¸ QÅ:Ç Qr¸ÅIÇ [:YæÇ°jih2e dzjihfgljlk4myHjlh {jihmy{e|{y{jlkHijih#ozixzyHh,m} W4yHjihHoAkHh`jåry{}{jxzkH{jrÇxzy6{jihTn0jlem,jih`· }~kHjly{e,jih(ÑUåglkHgle²oAm}xzk?{jm,xzy{e|{}~~xzkHhÔÓ oAyÅÝj Ý me,gl· }~m,gihfÅyhm²oz KtjlmÛ{jihÛgi²ÏRoAk{åjly{e,hu{já²ÏRoAjly{e RQ)[Å:Ç Yr´ Åh,xzkqmfglå4oAjl·(jlk4mujlk4 }h²oAågihÛn0xzy{e2j ÝÅn{~} WqyHjle2j n{ÏHglkHxzV· lkHjT{jwh²oAmy{e²oAm}xz6k qd2oAe[oA}~~jly{e,hµÇj Ý{l}~m²oAm}xzkxzkH{jihozixzyHhm} W4yHjiháHoAkHhuy{k²ÏRoA· n«{jwm,jl· n;gle²oAmy{e,j }~k{ÏHxz·(xz)å lkHjtn0jly{mw}~kHÅy{}~e,jt{jihn{e,xqijih²hyHhwm,jlkHHoAkqm e,giÅy{}~e,j#jbåre²ozÅ}jlkqm{jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,jt}~· n;xrh,Ig 8Èu y{k{j ijihn{e,xqijih²hyHeh WqyHjxzk¬{gih}~årkHjle²o }l}2nRoAej#m,jle·(j#{j UlixzkHÅyHlm}~q}~m,gtmÏHjle· } WqyHjozixzyHhm} WqyHjl·(jlk4m`}~kHÅy{}~m,)j U RSISÅ)Ç [z¸ Hh,jáme²ozÅy{}~mfnRoAeÛy{kme²oAkHhÄÆjlemÛårxz|RoAH{j[,ÏRoAjly{eTÑÆxze}~år}~kHj[mÏHjle·(xozixzyHh,m} W4yHjJÓÛ{jj ÝÅme,gl· }~m,gÚ,ÏRoAyH{j Åy6hm²ozL Kjle,hh,xzk¬j ÝÅme,gl· }~m,gÄUe,xz}{jrÇ0·(x Åx} w8oAk4mGo«Å}hme}~|{y{m}xzkM{jm,jl· n0gle²oAmy{e,j(jlm`}~Ok \HyHjlk µoAk4m#{jijtÄØoA}~m oA· n{~x} wRµoAm}xzkmÏHjle·(xozixzyHhm} WqyHIj AÃjlmzj Njlm{jfn0xz· nRoAåjX{jX,ÏRoAjly{e<jih,m$}~~~yHhme,guhy{eGowÐ<}~@å °¸ÅÇµx b}~qoAn{nRoAe²o°Âm Wqy$ y{kHqj WqyRoAk4m}~m,gÕ{j,ÏRoAjly{e #"Xoglm,g(me²oAkHhn0xzem,gij«{jÅe,xz}~m,j ¨å4oAyH²ÏHj«Åy{e²oAkqmy{kÒl¼Ålj¦ÑUG3o W4yRoAkqm}~m,g«{j ²ÏRoAjly{e %#"{oi¼4oAk4máglm,gwixzk4jlem}jTjlk(glkHjleår}jTozixzyHhm} WqyHjJzÓ `jihfe,ji,ÏHjle,²ÏHjiháh²xzk4muglå4oAjl·(jlk4m·(jlkHgijih R_{)Ç YA¹ h,y{eájTe dzj`{jihgiixzy{jl·(jlkqm,hwe,jiÅe,jih,h²gih{xzkqm[y{kHjTn{e,jl· } le,j`}~·oAåjTÄÆy{m{xzk{kHgijjlk¬!³ _I_I^ [°¹ HoAkHháy{kÕ·(xzm,jly{e #xzkH{jih[hm²oAm}xzk{kRoA}~e,ji!h HÃjn{e,x ijih,hyHhán{Ï4¼Åh} WqyHjrÇ4nRoAe»ÄØxz}h[{glkHxz· ·(g U jlk4mÚozixzyHhm} W4yH)j UzÇÅh,jn{e,xqÅy{}~m[n0xzy{eá{jih k{}~jµoAyÅÝözixzyHhm} WqyHjihÚgljlgihÚjlm[h²jme²ozÅy{}~mÚnRoAe[GotåglkHgle²oAm}xzk y{kgiixzy{jl·(jlk4mÚ·(xJ¼jlkÅ`y \Hy{}{jTåglkHgle,g`nRoAe {jih<n{e,x ijih,hyHhÛozixzyHhm} W4yHjih2kHxzk~}~kHgµoA}~e,jihfÅ}~jle,h RSA¹HBÇ S)[ Ån{e,jlkRoAk4mÛn{Gozij[HoAkHhjihÛixzyH²ÏHjihÛ~}~· }~m,jihÛozixzyHh,m} W4yHjih bn{e,xiÝÅ}~· }~m,gT{jihnRoAe,xz}hÅye,gih²xzkRoAm,jly{e`ÑÆxzyÕÅyhm²ozL K{zÓ Êm}~me,jj Ý{jl· n{jrÇ oA~~y{e,jT{jihá~}~årkHjih[{jixzy{e²oAkqm[Åy jlkqmTozixzyHhm} WqyHjbHoAkHhÚy{ke,gih²xzkRoAm,jly{e{jl· }CéæxzkH{jÑÆh²oAkHhhm²oz KHÓ[jihmÚn{e,gih,jlkqm,g#hy{eÚGoÐ2}~@å {@¹ . . . . . . . . * m 19')+* e$2&A!#> >@*<? $21F 9G!1 o52?<>@ $2&T;E7=;"H*<B1 . .