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Which predictor is the best to predict inflation in Europe: the real money-gap or a nominal money based indicator?

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HAL Id: hal-00207497

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00207497

Preprint submitted on 17 Jan 2008

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Which predictor is the best to predict inflation in Europe: the real money-gap or a nominal money based

indicator?

Gilles Dufrénot, Roseline Joyeux, Anne Peguin-Feissolle

To cite this version:

Gilles Dufrénot, Roseline Joyeux, Anne Peguin-Feissolle. Which predictor is the best to predict inflation in Europe: the real money-gap or a nominal money based indicator?. 2008. �hal-00207497�

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