Anthropologie de la méningite au Niger. Espaces épidémiques, mobilisations scientifiques et conceptions de la maladie

HAL Id: tel-00874154

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874154

Submitted on 17 Oct 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires

Anthropologie de la méningite au Niger. Espaces épidémiques, mobilisations scientifiques et conceptions

de la maladie

Oumy Thiongane

To cite this version:

Oumy Thiongane. Anthropologie de la méningite au Niger. Espaces épidémiques, mobilisations scientifiques et conceptions de la maladie. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. Français. �tel-00874154�

1

1 1

234561 2345167389AB9C3B1DA1E5FDA1DA139A45A1AB11 1111

1 1 1

789A1BCCDC123E7FF61 1

1

AN A NT TH HR RO OP PO OL L OG O GI IE E DE D E LA L A MÉ M ÉN NI I NG N G IT I TE E A AU U N NI I GE G ER R

ES E SP PA AC CE ES S É ÉP PI ID DE EM MI IQ QU UE ES S, , M MO OB BI IL LI IS SA A TI T IO ON NS S S SC CI IE EN NT TI IF FI IQ QU UE ES S & &

CO C ON NC CE EP PT TI IO ON NS S D DE E L LA A M MA AL LA AD DI IE E 1

1

5AB9A1A91349AB4A12486C4AAB916A1 !1"FB#CA511 $%&1 1

1 1 1

1234567589ABCD92E58B5F5 5

3F12EFE171 1

FF61E617EF1 1

1 '45(1)1

1

*1+,-111./011,125FBA1 .,1/13,4111B9C9491F9A45125FBA1

1.,1.-11,5'1FC5A1 +1,11-BC#A5C91DA1+C5CBE6F1

.*.1'1-11-BC#A5C918D341.3434BC1CFA(11*1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 5

5 5 BDDB5D4B5B4D5889B553E5C27E2E58B5A23DB58B59257C7A5F5 5 5 B3582367B56BAD5897B5 55 B35875!785"5#767E82355

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

REMERCIEMENTS

74FEA1A91DA13ABA51DFB16A15AA5CAAB912F16A13416A1DC5A9A451DA1967A14C13B91 23591F418C61DA1FBBA116A1253"A91DA15A6A56A1DA16794DCFB9913B1A46AAB91"A1B7(1D53EA5FC1 2F1 FC1 "7(1 3BAB1 F#A1 26FCC591 C1 67F#AB945A1 F1 3AB1 AB1 5F6C91 47AB1 $$:1 F#A1 .F6FFB1 CD"FBC1 63411 "A1 BA1 6A1 5AA5CA5FC1 "FFC1 FA;1 23451 F#3C51 3B954C91 6F1 5A6F9C3B1 DC5A9A455D3935FB91 341 6F1 8FA1 D74BA1 5A6F9C3B1 64FCBA1 8FC9A1 DA1 326CC91 6F6A45A4A91 61 F45F195FB8351 3B1 "3451F41CEA51AB1 25C3DA1DA1D34#A59A12FC3BBFB9A123451 4B1 2F(1 93491 F4C1 F99F6FB991 '7(1 FC1 8FC91 DA1 5C6A1 A91 4525ABFB9A1 5AB3B95A91 'A1 4C1 5ADA#F86A1 <1 .1 .F6FFB1DA17F#3C51349AB41DFB16A125A4#A13A1DFB16A1"345135DCBFC5A1A91D7F#3C51 4223591 F#A1 C53BCA1 A1 =16F576AAB91 FDCBC95F9C81 A91 CAB9C8C4A1>1 F#A1 93CB1 <1 67F224C1)16A16A56A451D41911

1

'A14C15ADA#F86A1DA18AF43421<1.A1BBA1 .F5CA1.346CB11F135DC5A95CA14C1F1DA24C16A1 D8491 4C#C1 A99A1 5A6A56A1 A91 A1 8C845F9C3B1 F#A1 F99AB9C3B11 5C9C4A1 A91 8CAB#AC66FBA91 'A1 6F1 5AA5CA1 23451 F#3C51 F223591 6F1 5C6AA1 DA1 3B1 A?25CABA11 A1 3BAC61 F#C1 A91 4BA1 EB53C915F5A1<19349A16A15A4@9A1A9167ABA86A1DA195F#F4?14A1"A164C1FC134C91

1

41 CEA511 A99A1 5A6A56A1 D3C91 8AF43421 F4?1 6A56A451 D41 1 B39FAB91 'AFB1 CA55A1 6C#CA51 DA1 F5DFB11 <1 A1 DC5A9A451 4AC81 FD341 4F5341 A91 8D346F(A1 .36FFD341 A91 F41 2A53BBA61 FDCBC95F9C81 ,FF9341 A91 FD11 <1 67FB96532363E4A1 036FCBA1 2A55CA591

'A1 5AA5CA1 6A1 F4935C91 D41 CBC975A1 DA1 6F1 FB91 2486C4A11 6A1 A?2A591 DA1 67.1 23451 6A451 2F9CABA1FCBC14A16A12A53BBA61DA1F56C#A1F9C3BF6A1DA1CFA(91

41C#AF41DA14AC9F1167A?25CABA1A916739C3B13B9191CB9ABA1A91"A15AA5CA167ABA86A1DA1 95F#FC66A451A91DA1123246F9C3B14C173B91F4AC66CA1DFB16A451A5#CA116A4513451DA13BAC3B11 6A451F63B11.FABF1*F534BF1D41253"A91DA13325F9C3B1C9F6CABBA14C1F1934"3451#AC661<1A14A1"A1 BA1 A451 2F1 DA1 8FC11 6A1 A85A1 DA1 674C2A1 FD5A1 C95C91 B39FAB91 6A1 DACB1 DC95C9116A1A85A1DA1..1B39FAB916A1335DCBF9A451DA167/116A16A81DA1FB93B1DA1 4AC9F11<193416A1F6FDA11F4?1DC2F5491349A1A12ABA1#3B91<13B1CB9A52579A11<14C1A1 95F#FC61A91F4C1DDC91

1

349A1 F1 E5F9C94DA1 #F1 <1 A1 FC1 DA1 CFA(1)1 63DCA1 2F5D1 23451 7F#3C51 934"3451 AB345FEA1 <1 F66A51 2641 63CB11 .F5CBA1 DA1 *FF11 F6C1 F6C1 BFBE4CBF11 .F6F611 .FABF1 BFCF5(11 53BA1 334503#31 .F5CA1 A91 ,FF9346F(A1 DA1 0FB9F6F11 6F(1 43(A1 A91 36DAAB11 6F1 8FC66A1 "C831 +FF5(1 4C1 F#AB91 9FB91 25ABD5A1 3CB91 .A5C1 <1 D6CA1 66AFBD1 23451 A1 5A6A945A91

1

'A14C1F4C15ADA#F86A1F4?1264A1DA16F125#E911A14A1DA1675C945A1CAB9C8C4A1A912641 2F59C46C75AAB91<1.35C9;1*4BFBB1A91.F59CB1DA16F134DC75A91

1

A1 95F#FC61 D3C91 8AF43421 <1 676C935CAB1 /4C66F4A1 F6ABF61 4C1 67F1 23591 DA24C1 6A1 D84911 F41

3C363E4A1C36F13DCA514C1F1FCD1<1FD5A516A1253"A914FBD1C61B79FC9147<1A18F6849CAAB991

'A15AA5CA16A1FB96532363E4A151+ABADA99F1,3C11512F934F9F1*FBA115166A(14#CA51 A914CF15ABE31234516A4515A6A945A1A915C9C4A91

1

A1 95F#FC61 B7F45FC91 "FFC1 241 A1 5F6CA51 FB1 67F223591 8CBFBCA51 DA1 67*11 DA1 67EABA1 -BC#A5C9FC5A1DA16F125FB3263BCA11DA16785CFB13246F9C3B1*AF6961,AAF561AB95A1DA1FC538C1 AB1366F835F9C3B1F#A16A1AB95A1DA1,A6A56A1234516A1#A6322AAB91B9A5BF9C3BF61FBFDCAB1 FCBC147F4183BD1BCA5FB1DA1.125FBF3C1F39A91

1

'A15AA5CA1*67BA1+5349CB1D41,1234517F#3C5134#A591DA1B34#A66A12A52A9C#A14516A1 AB"A4?1DA16F15A6A56A1F493451DA1BCBEC9A1A916A15125FBC1,A341

349A1F1E5F9C94DA1F4151'AFB13421,A(91 1

.A5C1 <1 67ABA86A1 DA1 D34AB9F6C9A11 8C86C396FC5A1 A91 F56C#C9A1 FB1 4C1 B466A11 5A6A56A1 D34AB9FC5A1 B7A91 23C86A1)1 .A1 C1 F31 DA1 6711 .A1 4A(31 DA1 67.1A91AB8CB1.F5CA1F5F613C66ACB1F593D1DA167.1/AB7#A91

1

'A14C125383BDAB915ADA#F86A1<1F18FC66A11<1F175A1AF9341<14C1F1469C#13B1E3G91DA1 6F1 5A6A56A1 A91 D41 #3(FEA11 <1 3B1 F5C1 4C1 7F1 349AB41F#A1 F88A9C3B1 DFB1 9341 A1 9F91 93491 6A1 63BE11 <1 A1 8575A1 A91 H4511 <1 3B1 275A11 <1 6F1 2FC66A1 ABBA9CA51 23451 6F1 FC3B1 DA1 /5F8A613I1C618FC91C183B15C5A11<1F18A66A18FC66A1)1C36A113531138CFBA1A91,AB91

1

3416A1EAB14C13B91349AB41A99A1F#AB945A1DA12571341DA163CB147C613CAB91CC15AA5C91

RÉSUMÉ :

.39161)1BCBEC9A11CEA511FB912486C4A1145#AC66FBA112CDCA11#FCBF9C3B11F6A61

F1 BCBEC9A1 2CDC4A1 A91 4B1 253867A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A1 6C935C4AAB91 FB51 DFB1 6F1 3C91 BCE5CABBA91 61 (1 F1 2641 D74B1 C76A1 4A1 6A1 26B37BA1 A91 CEBF61 F41 CEA511 34#AB91 3BCD513A1672CAB95A1D74B1A2FA1F22A61=1ACB945A1DA16F1BCBEC9A1>9141 %

1C76A1 6A1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 DA#CABBAB91 DA1 3AB91 DA1 E5FBDA1 38C6CF9C3B1 236C9C4A1 A91 CAB9C8C4A12F516A1E5FBD1D5FBEAAB9147A66A13FC3BBAB91J2641DA1&$$$13591AB1%::KL91 A1 F5F975A1 FC81 A91 6F1 5F2CDC91 DM#3649C3B1 DA1 6F1 F6FDCA1 3BDFBFB91 <1 3591 6A1 F6FDA1 <1 2ACBA1 N16A45A1F25713B1F22F5C9C3B11AB18FC91674BA1DA1F88A9C3B16A126415AD349A911

41 D8491 DA1 FBBA1 %:O$11 AB1 AB#3(FB91 4B1 DACB1 C6C9FC5A1 85FBFFC11 3B1 F2A(3BBCA1 F41 6A#A91 D41 CEA511 6M5EFBCF9C3B1 .3BDCF6A1 DA1 6F1 FB91 F1 #34641 8FC5A1 DA1 6F1 BCBEC9A14BA1DA1F6FDCA195FBCC86A1F"A45A1<13B95E6A591B1DEFEAFB916A14ABA1 9A235A66A1DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A14514B1DAC1C76A113B1F2A(3BBCA1F45F154C1<1 8FC5A1DA16F1BCBEC9A1B3B1 A46AAB91P4B1253867A1 2C8C4AAB91F85CFCBP11FC1F4C1 4BA1 F6FDCA1 9532CF6CA11 MA95<5DC5A1 FB93BBA1 F41 ACB1 D74B1 A2FA1 363EC4A1 342F86A1 M9ABDFB91 DA1 6M34A91 <1 6MA91 DA1 6M85C4A1 A91 325ABFB91 DA1 335D3BBA1 E3E5F26C4A1 25CA14C12A5A99AB91DMF3CA516A12CDCA1<14B1A2FA13CF6911

-BA1 FB96532363ECA1 D41 9A21 25AB91 3B95A1 4A1 6A1 26B37BA1 F1 #3641 A91 4A1 DMC2359FB91AB"A4?1DA1FB912486C4A113CF4?11236C9C4A1AB9345AB916F14A9C3B1D413B95E6A1 DA1A99A1F6FDCA1F41CEA5913CB12F516A12F5FDCEA1DA1672CDC363ECA116A1E34#A5BAAB91DA1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 A91 FC661 DA1 8359A1 3B953#A5A1 CAB9C8C4A1 DA24C1 2641 DM4BA1 DABBCA1F6351473B1B39A1F4"345D764C14B19345BFB91DFB1672CDC363ECA1DA16F1F6FDCA91

Q4A12A491B341F225ABD5A16MFB96532363ECA14516F13B9549C3B1DM4B126B37BA12F96363EC4A1

F4C1 326A?A1 4A1 6F1 BCBEC9A1 4C1 6CA1 363ECA11 DACBA1 A91 3C9R1 A99A1 967A1 F41

53CAAB91DA167FB96532363ECA1DA16F1FB91A91DA16F13C363ECA1DA1CABA11A125323A1DA1#3C51

DA1 4A66A1 FBC75A11 6F1 BCBEC9A1 F1 91 3B954C9A1 3A1 4B1 253867A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A1 F41

CEA591'A17CB95AA12F59C46C75AAB91<1A14C1F22F5FS913A14B12F5FD3?A1)16F1EA9C3B1D74BA1

=1F6FDCA1 345FB9A1>1 3A1 4B1 253867A1 45EAB991 '794DCA1 A1 26B37BA1 451 953C1 9A55FCB1 2C8C4A1)14B16F835F93C5A1CAB9C8C4A114B13C91DA1EA9C3B12CDC4A1A914BA1;3BA1545F6A1 AB1C6CA416F34F91

1 1

4A(1D35D1)1ABCBEC9C11CEA5112486C16AF6961145#AC66FBA11A2CDAC11#FCBF9C3B11F6A61 1

6A12CDAC1381ABCBEC9C1C1F12486C16AF696125386A16C935CF66(15339AD1CB196A1CEA5CFB1 3CA9(91.35A196FB1F1AB945(1FE3196A126AB3AB3B1DF15A2359AD1CB1CEA511389AB13BCDA5AD1F1 96A1A2CAB9A51381F12FA1F66AD1P96A1ABCBEC9C18A69P91B196A1 %91AB945(11A2CDAC1381

ABCBEC9C18A3A13AB91381E5AF91CAB9C8C1FBD1236C9CF6138C6C;F9C3B18(1F"351

DC9458FBA196A(1F4A1J35A196FB1&$$$1DAF961CB1%::KL916A16F5EA1B48A513812A326A1F88A9AD1 F1DA661F196A18F9125AFDCBE138196A1DCAFA13BDABCBE1931DAF96196A12F9CAB91"491 N163451 F89A51C91F22AF5FBA11FCA1C913BA138196A1391D5AFDAD1DCAFA1CB1CEA591

B196A11AF56(1%:O$71196A1T356D1*AF69615EFBC;F9C3B1ABD1F125AB61C6C9F5(126(CCFB13B1 F2A(3BBCA19315A4A1CEA591BDAAD1196A1T*1DFB9AD196A1ABCBEC9C1A2CDAC19318A3A1 3BA138196A1F"35195FBC99AD1DCAFA19313B953691+(1CDAB9C8(CBE19A235F61A4ABA1381

ABCBEC9C13#A516F681F1AB945(113B1F2A(3BBCA16FD14AADAD1CB1FCCBE1ABCBEC9C1B391 3B6(1PF12AC8CF66(185CFB125386AP118491F6311F19532CF6C;AD1DCAFA1196F91C1931F(113B8CBAD1 DC96CB1F1E4C69(1A363ECF612FA1A?9ABDCBE18531DA9185CF1931AF9185CF1CB64DCBE1

EA3E5F26C1335DCBF9A196F916A621CDAB9C8(1A2CDAC1CB1F13CF612FA91

3B9A235F5(1FB96532363E(163D196F9196C126AB3AB3B16F1A#36#AD1FBD196F91C2359FB91 C4A13B12486C113CF61FBD1236C9CF616AF6961A#36#A1F534BD196A13B9536138196C1DCAFA1CB1CEA591

#A523DA5AD18(196A12F5FDCE1381A2CDAC363E(1196A1/3#A5BAB91381ABCBEC9C1A2CDAC1C1 8ACBE16CBDA5AD18(1953BE1CAB9C8C13B953#A5CA1835135A196FB1F1DAFDA1D6C6A1A#AB131DA1 F5A13B196A1945BCBE123CB91381F1A2CDAC363ECF616FBEA91

1

T6F91 FB1 FB96532363E(1 9AF61 41 3B1 96A1 84C6DCBE1 421 381 F1 2F96363ECF61 26AB3AB3B1 F1

326A?1 F1 ABCBEC9C1 6CBCCBE1 A363E(11 ADCCBA1 FBD1 3CA9(R1 6C1 96AC1 F91 96A1"4B9C3B1 381 ADCF61FB96532363E(1FBD196A13C363E(1381CABA19ABD1931AA163D1ABCBEC9C1DF184C691F1F1 2486C16AF696125386A1CB1CEA5911F12F59C46F56(1CB9A5A9AD1CB1D6F91F22AF519318A1F12F5FD3?)1 96A1FBFEAAB91381F1P33B1DCAFAP1F1FB145EAB9125386A9171633CCBE1F9196C12F5FD3?1 96534E61 965AA1 8CA6D)1 F1 CAB9C8C1 6F835F935(11 FB1 A2CDAC1 FBFEAAB91 3C99AA1 FBD1 F1 545F616F4F193DB9 1

1

CONVENTIONS D’ECRITURE

1 1

1 1

1 3,.1

A132CBC3B1D#A6322A1DFB1A99A1967A13B9125325A1<167F49A451A91B7ABEFEAB914A1F1 5A23BF8C6C991

1

1 0.1

34515A2A9A5167FB3B(F91DA1D3BBA116A1B31DA12A53BBA1A912F583C16A1A?A1F1913DC8C1 DFB16A1#A58F9C1A915A26F12F51DA1B31CFECBFC5A13412F516F183B9C3B1DA12A53BBA1 3BA5BA91F123C9C3B1E3E5F26C4A1DA1674B1DA19A55FCB1DA15A6A56A1F1EF6AAB9191 3DC8CA 1

1

1 ,U-10VQ-11VQ-1

A1C9F9C3B1AB1FBE6FC13B91AB1C9F6C4A1DFB16A19A?9A1F#A1DA1E4C66AA91FBE6FC1D3486A1)1WX11 A1C9F9C3B1AB185FBFFC13B91AB1F5F975A1B35F61F#A1DA1E4C66AA919(23E5F26C4A1)1=1X1>91 A1 A?25AC3B1 DA1 67F49A45A1 3B91 CEBC8CA1 2F583C1 DFB1 6A1 9A?9A1 2F51 674FEA1 DA1 E4C66AA91D53C91D3486A1)1PXP1

A1 6A?C4A1 325ABD1 6A1 9A5A1 #A5BF46FC5A1 AB1 6F34F91 F1 95FB5C29C3B1 DA1 9A5A1

#A5BF46FC5A1 F22F5FCAB91 CC1 341 4BA1 835A1 C26C8CA1 93491 AB1 25@9FB91 F99AB9C3B1 <1 6F1 2C8CC91 D41 DCF6A9A1 6F34F1 DA1 67DA591 735963E5F26A1 DA1 391 F1 91 #5C8C1 DFB1 6A1 95F#F4?1DA1+A5BF5D1F53B1J%::%L1A916A1DC9C3BBFC5A1F53B1A918FBC1J%::YL11

A19A5A1C41D416FBEFEA1#A5BF46FC5A16F34F13B91AB1C9F6C4A1A913B91D8CBC1DFB16A19A?9A911

A1 9A5A1 3A1 =15C239A1>11 =195F9ECA1>11 =1EA9C3B1 DA1 2CDCA1>11 3B91 49C6C1 DFB1 6F1

A45A13I1C615A67#AB91D415AEC95A1C4A1345FAB9149C6C12F516A12A53BBA138A5#A1A91

CB9A553EA91

LEXIQUE

1

CD1C1)16A18CAB1@95A1

CDCC1)12645CA61DA11DCEBA1DA1EBCA1 DD8C1)12CG5A1

C1)12CDCA1 BC!C1)1A6F#A1 B"C1)1E45CA451

#A$1!C"CA1 %1&C "C1)16F1D346A451BA1DAABD12F1

#A$1!8A'C1)1D346A451D41D31

1C8!C1)14A64A163A14C1366A91A19A5A1A9149C6C123451CEBC8CA516F195FBCC3B1 C1"C9C1)1AB9C91B3363EC4A123246FC5A1DCEBFB916A163553ADA1

C(&C"CC81)18C61DA16F15FCDA451DCEBA16F1BCBEC9A1 )8!C1)1B31D74B1EBCA16F34F911

*C+C1)15AB3B95A1FCF6A11 C)CAC1)1363BBA1#A5985F6A1 3CD 1)186@6A51

3CAC21)19A6BC4A1DA184CEF9C3B1

E&",C1)1#AB9119A5A1234#FB91DCEBA514BA1AB9C91358C8C4A1

"C9C1)8!C1)12A53BBA123DA12F513E4DF1 -C)C!C1)1341A1

"CC.1)1D835F9C3B185FBFFCA1D419A5A14F5FB9FCBA1 C"C1)13A66A12CBC75A1

".C1)16E2C9F61

&C!C%1)16FA13CF6A1934F5AE12F5C16F4A66A1A91B3A16F16A88A5CA1<14AC9F1

"C#1/C1)16A19A21DA16F16F6A451 C)C!C1)1#ABDA451D76A58A1DCCBF6A1 C01)C1)16A81DA1#C66FEA1

C1D".C1)16A13CEBFB91J6C991)16A81DA1676E2C9F6L1

C1 9C)CC1)1 25325C9FC5A1 D41 DCFAB911 DCEBA1 3C91 6A1 #ABDA451 F846FB91 DA1 DCFAB913C916A126F5FCAB1

CDC91)163A1DA16A995A1DCEBA14B1F5F83491

C&&C&&CC1)1ABA86A1DA1(29EA14C13B9195FC91<16F18C7#5A125CA1DFB14BA1FA29C3B16F5EA1 234#FB91CB645A1DA12F96363ECA13A16A12F64DCA11

8)81)C91)1F4#FCA15AB3B95A1

8D%DC1)16C99913413A16C85A1DCEBA16A1DAABDFB91DA1F29C81 ,,1)136AC61

CA!C1)15A"3CB914BA1A59FCBA1CDA1DA167ZA11 )C"CA1)125#AB9C3B1

8!C1)167AF41

5C"01)1CEBC9FC5A16F34F11DCEBA16A16A81

5C!"1"8!C1)1DCEBA14BA1385A111

28+81.&1)8+C1)16CA41DA1F6DC9C3B1F1DCEB12ABDFB916F125C3DA1363BCF6A116F1D4BA13I1 673B1BA15A#CAB912F1CB9F91

5CA1)185FS6A451

5C!&C!C1)1CB346F9C3B1DCEBA1EF6AAB916F1#FCBF9C3B1

&1$1)12A451

!8A'C1#1&C"CC81)13414C17C38C6CA11

!8A'C11%1ACA1 ,A,1)16A1341A919C51341#F1AB1F55C75A1 3C1+C1)1DCEBA1DA1EBCA112A9C91@95A1DA16F1835@91 28!C1)1F6B495C9C3B1

/C 8%A(/C 8%A1)185C3B1

/C1)16F6A451

Table des matières

5

INTRODUCTION GENERALE...15

1.1 Questions épistémologiques et postures méthodologiques ...26

1.2 Appréhender l’objet de recherche par le biais de l'interdisciplinarité ...29

1.3 Question de sources :...32

PARTIE I : LES ÉPIDÉMIES DE LA PÉRIODE COLONIALE À L’INDÉPENDANCE ...35

Chapitre 1. Les épidémies de méningite dans la colonie du Niger ...38

1.1 Les années 1920 ...38

1.2 Les années 1930 ...48

1.3 Les années 1940 ...49

1.4 Les années 1950 ...52

1.5 Conclusion : Un demi siècle de « mort rapide » ...55

Chapitre 2. La construction de la méningite épidémique...57

2.1 Léon Lapeyssonnie, un expert désigné ...57

2.2 Une histoire de délimitation ...65

2.3 La méningite, palliatif à l’échec de la campagne d’éradication du paludisme ou intérêt conjoncturel ? ...67

2.4 La construction d’un espace écologique coupable :...71

2.5 La nouvelle endémie africaine : ...85

2.6 L’invention des cycles :...86

2.7 Un phénomène transnational ...91

2.8 Envisager le contrôle de la maladie...92

2.9 Traduction scientifique...94

2.10 Naissance d’une technologie de l’urgence ...97

2.11 Briser l’épidémie ou « suspendre la mort »...101

2.12 Conclusion de chapitre ...102

PARTIE II: DES SENTINELLES SANITAIRES À LA PORTE DU SAHEL. ESPACES ET JEUX D’ACTEURS...105

Chapitre 3. Institution 1. Parler d’un terrain qui n’eut pas lieu et d’autres choses…Anthropologie des dispositifs de résistance dans un laboratoire de recherche...106

3.1 La petite histoire des représentations et des discours sur la recherche en coopération..106

3.2 Retour de terrain :...117

3.3 Les différents moments critiques de la négociation ...120

3.4 Surveiller l’anthroplogue...126

3.5 Assignation et Intégration : ...130

3.6 Verrouillage du terrain d’enquête : ...132

3.7 Ouvrir le terrain ? ...133

3.8 Résistance et intimidation ...134

3.9 La faillite de l’entreprise ethnographique ...136

Chapitre 4. Le temps de la pandémie ...141

4.1 Une pandémie qui ouvre la boîte de Pandore...142

4.2 Diagnostiquer un événement ...147

4.3 Une épidémie noyée dans « l’ère de l’euphorie démocratique » ...159

4.4 Tourments de l’après pandémie. Des controverses scientifiques au cœur de la question

vaccinale...168

4.5 Premier round : traductions foisonnantes et contradictoires autour du vaccin ...171

4.6 Second Round : La preuve dans l’épreuve. La rationalisation du monde chaotique des épidémies...184

4.7 Troisième round : la controverse dans les médias...193

4.8 La table ronde de l’OMS ...196

Chapitre 5. Institution 2. Une ethnographie au ministère. La fabrique de la santé publique en période épidémique au Niger. ...198

5.1 Extrait de naissance :...201

5.2 Ethnographie des lieux :...209

5.3 Des acteurs hétérogènes dans un univers du risque : ...213

5.4 Ce que préparer implique ...235

5.5 Ne pas décider de ce qui sera fait :...240

5.6 Se donner les moyens...244

5.7 L’ennemi extérieur ou la théorie frontalière de la transmission...254

PARTIE III : PRATIQUES ET CONCEPTIONS AUTOUR DE LA MENINGITE EPIDEMIQUE DANS L'ADER...266

5.8 Rappel méthodologique : ...267

Chapitre 6. Une analyse situationnelle de Keita ...268

6.1 Un terrain « surinvesti » entre aide au développement et programmes humanitaires....273

6.2 Une société au miroir de ses médecines...278

6.3 Le système de gratuité des soins ...281

6.4 Soignants, rapports de pouvoir et maladie ...284

6.5 De l’aide au développement à la mission d'urgence. Les Médecins du Monde France .295 6.6 Entre faire vivre et laisser mourir ? Les implicites de la prise en charge ...302

6.7 Pratiques autour de la vaccination...311

6.8 Les responsables administratifs, les chefs traditionnels et coutumiers et les relais communautaires ...318

Chapitre 7. Conceptions populaires autour de la méningite. Éléments pour une anthropologie de la méningite chez les Haoussas de l’Ader ...322

7.1 L'environnement coupable ou une « maladie de passage » nommée dan-sankarau...322

7.2 Le 1an sankarau , un mal boudé par les tradipraticiens?...330

7.3 Halimatou Dawi: ...334

7.4 Aïchatou Aboubacar...339

7.5 Kariya Muhamed:...349

7.6 Saguiru et famille ...358

CONCLUSION : ...364

BIBLIOGRAPHIE GENERALE : ...371

ANNEXES ...385

Liste des sigles, acronymes et abréviations

21)19C3B13B95A16F12FC1

.1)1C9FBA1.DCF6A11BDCE7BA1 1)156C#A1F9C3BF6A1DA1CFA(1 2)185C4A1CDAB9F6A125FBFFCA1 1)1EAB91DA1FB9134BF49FC5A1

1)1AB9A518351CAFA13B95361FBD15A#AB9C3B1 /1)13C91F9C3BF61DA1/A9C3B1U2CDC4A1

,.1)1AB95A1DA1,425F9C3B1A91DMUD4F9C3B1495C9C3BBA66A1846F93C5A1.3D51 ,1)1AB95A1DA1,425F9C3B1A91DMUD4F9C3B1495C9C3BBA66A1B9ABC81

,1)1AB95A1DA1,425F9C3B1A91DMUD4F9C3B1495C9C3BBA66A1846F93C5A1#75A1 ,1)153C?1,34EA1B9A5BF9C3BF6A1

1)1FA1DA1FB91

1)1AB95A1DA1FB91B9E51

1)1C66353DC26AB(6195C66353A96FBA1

.1)1C5A9C3B1DA16F1499A13B95A16F1.F6FDCA1A916A1BDCA1

,1)1C5A9C3B1DA19F9C9C4A1DA16F1FB91A91DA16F1,C239A1F4?1U2CDCA1 ,1)1C5A9C3B1,EC3BF6A1DA16F1FB91486C4A1

1)1U4C2A1FD5A1C95C91

*1)188CA1D7CDA1*4FBC9FC5A1DA16F13CC3B14532ABBA1 1)12CDAC1B9A66CEABA1A5#CA1

1)1U9F86CAAB91486C1<1F5F975A1CAB9C8C4A146945A61A91A6BC4A1 21)123BD1D7CDA1F41#A6322AAB91

21)1233D1FBD1E5C46945A15EFBC;F9C3B1 2,1)123541FB91CEA51

/31)1/638F6166CFBA183513FCBA1FBD13FCBF9C3B1

*1)1*E2C9F61DA1C95C91

*1)1*E2C9F61F9C3BF61DA1CFA(1 /1)1B9A5BF9C3BF61335DCBF9CBE1/53421

.1)1B9C9491DA1.DACBA1532CF6A1D41A5#CA1DA1FB91DA15A1 ,1)1B9C9491DA1,A6A56A1234516A1#A6322AAB91

1)1 F835F93C5A1 D794DA1 A91 DA1 5A6A56A1 451 6A1 D(BFC4A1 3CF6A1 A91 6A1 D#A6322AAB913F611

,1)1C4CDA126F6355F6CDCAB1 ..1)1.DACB141.3BDA1 .21)1.DACB1FB1253B9C75A1 .1)1.CBC975A1DA16F1FB91486C4A1

*1)1F9C3BF61B9C949A1381*AF6961

*1)1F9C3BF61B9C949A13816C6D1*AF6961FBD1*4FB1

/1)15EFBCF9C3B1DA1335DCBF9C3B1A91DA13325F9C3B1DA1/5FBDA1BDCA1 .1)18"A9C81D41.C66BC41234516A1#A6322AAB91

.)15EFBCF9C3B1.3BDCF6A1DA16F1FB91

/1)15EFBCF9C3B13B1/34#A5BAAB9F6A1 -1)15EFBCF9C3B1DA1F9C3B1-BCA1

1)15EFBCF9C3B14A9185CFCBA1DA16F1FB91

,.1)188CA1DA16F1,A6A56A1CAB9C8C4A1A91A6BC4A1D7495A1.A51 31)153E5FA16F5EC1DA13FCBF9C3B1

1)16FB1DA1#A6322AAB91FBC9FC5A1 1)153E5FA12CF61D415CDAB91

[.1)153"A91DA1#A6322AAB913F61DA513496C1.FEECF1 /*.1)1A5#CA1EB5F61D7*(EC7BA1.38C6A1A91DA15326(6F?CA1 1)1(97A1F9C3BF61D7B835F9C3B1FBC9FC5A1

-1)1-BC3B14532ABBA1

-21)1-BC9AD1F9C3B16C6D5AB7124BD1

-1)1-BC9AD19F9A1EAB(18351B9A5BF9C3BF61CD1

1EF2732E7F16F6611 1

FB1 $B5 4DAB5 8B45 989B411 2486C1 2F51 6A1 D39A451 25FBF3C1 ,3D6FCB1 A91 'AFB525FBF3C1 F64;;311 6F1 BCBEC9A1 <1 BCBE334A1 A91 D6F5A1 =1ABBAC1 2CDC4A1 B\%1>1 2F51 F1 2532ABC3B1<17F99F4A51F4?1366A9C#C91A91<1A1DCCBA5195715F2CDAAB911B39FAB91DFB1 6A12F(13I16F1DCF6CF9C3B1A918FC86A1A913I1A66A1D954945A16A1(97A1DA1FB91A?C9FB9

9141 CEA511 6A1 F4935C91 DA1 FB91 2486C4A11 67F22A66AB91 =16F1 6FB9A1>1 F51 A66A1 5F#FEA1 AB1 6FCFB91 DA1 95FA91 FB1 4B1 DC95C91 FBC9FC5A1 F22A61 4AC9F1 4C1 CEBC8CA1 D7FC66A451 AB1 6F34F1 6F1 6FB9A1A914C18FCFC912F59CA1DFB16A1FBBA1%:O$1DA1A14C1F191DB316F1=1;3BA1534EA1>11

=16A1 9A55FCB1 DA1 2F53451 8F#35C1 DA1 2CDCA1 DA1 . 1>11 3B1 AB4@9A1 F45F1 F326C1 4BA1 8346A11 A66A1 D74BA1 F6FDCA1 5C9F66CFB91 8CAB1 DA1 85F(A451 A91 DA1 26FB9FA11 9FB91 D41 E91 CAB9C8C4A14A123246FC5A911

1

6351473B1DB385A1AB125FBA1%1<1&1F1DA1BCBEC9A123451%$$1$$$16F8C9FB912F51FB

11F41 CEA5116A19F4?1D7F99F4A12A491F99ACBD5A1%$$$1F[%$$1$$$

9134516A1DACB116A1F4935C91DA1 FB91 2486C4A1 A91 6A1 63A1 236C9C4A11 6A1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 3B91 4BA1 45EABA1 DCF6A11 3CF6A1 A91 236C9C4A91 C1 4B1 DAC5C76A1 F42F5F#FB911 6F1 BCBEC9A1 585352CBF6A]

D735CECBA1 8F95CABBA11 <1 BA1 2F1 3B83BD5A1 F#A1 6A1 F495A1 9(2A1 DA1 BCBEC9A11 B39FAB91

#C5F6A]4C17F99F4A1F41A5#AF41A91<16F13A66A12CBC75A119FC91D6F5A13A14BA1F6FDCA12A41 854AB9A1 DFB1 6A1 2F(1 A4532AB11 F41 D8491 DA1 FBBA1 O$11 A66A1 A91 2A5F4A1 3A1 4B1

=1253867A1 2CDC363EC4A1 2C8C4AAB91 F85CFCB

1>91 6F1 6F5EA1 DA1 358CDC91 47A66A1 5A#@91 DFB16A13B9CBAB9164C13B875A14BA126FA12F59C46C75A1DFB16A12F(FEA1DA16F1FB912486C4A91FB1 6A1 FBBA1 %:O$11 C61 A91 FDC1 4A1 A1 253867A1 A91 <1 AB#CFEA51 341 =67FBE6A1 A?64C#AAB91

%1,*1A91-BB11 $$K112FEA1 &:1 1011%:O&112FEA1Y1

&1'345BA1AB163FEA1<1F2A(3BBCA11-/11111 $$ 112FEA1&%K1

N1617FEC91D74B19F4?1D7CBCDABA1446A16354A16F123246F9C3B1A91A?23A12ABDFB914B19A291A19F4?1D7F99F4A1A91 F6461AB183B9C3B1D74B19A211J4BA1AFCBAL1A913BA5BA16A15F223591AB95A16A1B385A1DA1F6FDA125AB91A91 67A88A9C8 1DA16F123246F9C3B91

K1011CDA112FEA1K1

F85CFCB

1>91A4?1#FCB1A53B91C1F4123CB91DFB16A1FBBA1%:Y$14C1C86AB916A153E5342A1 1A911JD3CBFB9L1FC1A53B9149C6C1A63B14BA195F9ECA14C15A95ACB913B14FEA1<16F125C3DA1 DA1 2CDCA1 F#A1 DA1 3BDC9C3B1 2F59C46C75A91 A1 A?2A591 A91 6A1 35EFBCF9C3B1 CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 D3B91 67.1 AB1 9@9A1 "49C8CA53B91 A99A1 95F9ECA1 2F51 6F1 6CC9A1 C4BC9FC5A1 DA1

#FCB1 236(F6F5CDA1 4C1 BA1 25397EAB91 4A1 D45FB91 &1 FB91 A1 F6A61 D2345#41 D7349C61 DA1

#FCBF9C3B1 A88CFA1 A5F1 FB93BB1 <1 49C6CA51 4B1 #FCB1 DA1 =1#CAC66A1 EB5F9C3B1>91 41 3AB91

@A13I1A99A1967A17F67#A114B1#FCB13B"4E413B95A16A11DA9CB1F4?12F(1F66CAB1F1#41 6A1 "34591 3C93C5A1 6F9FB9A1 DA1 6F1 5A6A56A1 DFB1 6A1 2F(1 D41 4D1 23451 6A1 2F(1 D41 4D11 4B1 6F835F93C5A1 CBDCAB1 F1 3B95C841 F41 D#A6322AAB91 D41 #FCB1 A91 67.1 DA1 D6F5A51 95C326F6AAB911)1=14B1 B34#AF41#FCB15#3649C3BBFC5A1253A91DA1A995A18CB1F4?12CDCA1 AB1 85C4A 1>1 24C)1 =1F1 BCBEC9A1 8CB1 D74B1 86F41 AB9ABFC5A

1>1 A91 .DACB1 FB1 253B9C75A1 J.2L1 DA1 5AB65C51)1 =1.F6C1 #A51 6F1 8CB1 DA1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A

1>91 51 67A5EABA1 D74B1 B34#AF4153E5342A116A1T%&K18359AAB912F963E7BA11BAC9A12641DA1254DABA91B1 $%$116A1 CEA51F18FC914BA12CDCA1DA1T%&K14C1F13BA5B1Y$^1DA1F911

1

A12359A451DA1BCBE334A13B91F2F86A1DA1D768A5EA51264CA45153E5342A91351D41 253A41 D72CDCF9C3B1 B3B1 AB35A1 53641 2F51 6A1 2CF6C9A11 C61 A1 253D4C91 4BA1 329C9C3B116A153E5342A14C1EFEBA16F12F59CA1A91A64C14C1F4A5F14BA12CDCA9161F55C#A14A1 DA4?1 53E5342A1 2F5#CABBAB91 F41 @A1 3AB91 451 6F1 6CEBA1 D7F55C#A1 A91 474BA1 2CDCA1 326A?A1 BAC9FB91 DA4?1 9(2A1 DA1 #FCB1 A1 23A1451 6A1 9A55FCB91 A1 2CF6C9A1 A9CAB91 4A1 6F1 D34#A59A1 D74B1 B34#AF41 #FCB1 23455FC91 @95A1 <1 6735CECBA1 D41 253A41 DA1 5A26FAAB918F95CAB91

1

%1DA112FEA1&1

134BC41.11_1AB16CEBA`1)1

6992)[[DDD9D639CB9[ADCFAB95A[BAD[5A6AFA[ $%$[ABCBEC9Ca $%$% $O[85[CBDA?969613B46916A1%O1"4C66A91 $% 1

3 Bulletin OMS, 2011;89:550–551

N1.211 $%%11_AB16CEBA`1)16992)[[8985[25A[#CDA3[F6C5#A558CB5A2CDACA5ABCBEC9A13B46916A1%O1"4C66A91% 1

1

A99A1 F2FC91 D41 BCBE334A1 <1 6FBEA51 DA1 #CFEA1 F1 CB2C51 A59FCB1 CAB9C8C4A1 DA1 67,.11 4C1 32F5AB91 6F1 8F95CA1 <1 51 'AC(661 A91 .1 *(DA91 88C6A1 D41 8C61 FDF291 2F51 ,348AB1.F346CFB11%:&%91

1

76C93C5A1 DA1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 AB1 85C4A1 5#76A1 D76F9FB91 5A83BDCAAB991 4"345D764C11A66A1B3414EE75A14A16F12FEA1A9163CB1D7@95A19345BA917C4A1D413B86C91AB95A16A1 BCBE334A1A916763A1BA1A86A1E475A12AB6A51AB18F#A451D41A3BD91B1 $% 13A1 CB1DABBCA1F42F5F#FB9116F1345A13B95A16F1 3B95A12F5FC915A6FBA9173B1A15A35A16F1 265FA1D41DACB1C6C9FC5A13B1F2A(3BBCA1DFB16A125F846A1DA13B15F223591DF9FB91DA1

%:O&1 A91 FD5A1 <1 67.1)1 =16F1 BCBEC9A1 B341 263BEA1 DFB1 4B1 25AB91 CB4C9FB9

1>91 6351 47C61A?C9A1DA1A45A125#AB9C#A1AB125FBA12F514BA1FB9C8C3965F2CA1DA12536A1D41F6FDA1 2A5A99FB91DA1FCB9ABC5167CBCDABA1DA16F1BCBEC9A1<14BA195718FC86A1A?25AC3B11AB185C4A1 DFB1 6A1 FBBA1 %:O$1 D"<11 A1 "3CA51 9FC91 24C91 A1 5C9FBA1 DA1 BCBE334A1 F4?1 468FCDA116F5EAAB9149C6C1F41ACB1DA16F123246F9C3B113BD4CFCAB91<15A2ABA516F195F9ECA1DA1

1 LEON LAPEYSSONNIE, op cit., page 4

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

1 F#A1A2ABDFB914BA125D3CBFBA1D411DA24C14B1C76A9134#AB914BA12CDCA1A12532FEA1 2F516A18CFC1DA1DA4?153E5342A11A911A91DA24C1A1DA4?1DA5BC75A1FBBA11A91T%&K91A1 BCBE334A1 F1 4B1 4BC4A1 5A5#3C51 3BB41 4C1 A91 6763A91 F1 2642F591 D41 9A211 A99A1 8F95CA1A91CB388ABC#A111A66A1A914BA16F8C94A1D4156CB326F5(B?1A91A163EA1DFB16F1E35EA1DA1K1<1

&$^1DA12359A4591A156CB326F5(B?1A91AB15F6C914BA1BC6A1363EC4A1DA1FEAB912F963E7BA1 4A1 3B91 6A1 BCBE334A91 A59FCBA1 C53B9FBA1 3A1 4BA1 26F5(BEC9A1 8FBF6A1 FB95CA45A1 2A4#AB91 5ABD5A1 6F1 8F95CA1 DFBEA5A4A1 A91 #C546AB9A1 A91 "49C8CA51 6F1 DA5C29C3B1 8FA4A1 4A1 64C1 F1 D3BBA1 6A1 DACB1 C6C9FC5A1 3B1 F2A(3BBCA)1 =1A1 94A451 345B3C1 A91 C25#CC86A 1>91F18F95CA1A1D9F6A1F6351DA13B1FE5EF912F516A18CFC1DA12A9C9123C61B31 2C6C11363BCA16735EFBCA1A912B795A1DFB16A1FBE

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

1 Epidémie qui part dans la communauté d’une petite proportion d’individus sains

2 idem

&A99A13BBFCFBA1A915A6F9C#AAB91B34#A66A113B167F1D3C91<1674C2A1D4151/4C66F4A14BC6116A1%%18#5CA51 $%%1)1

6F395,33CA11'46CF11A91F6911 $%%113995FB6F9C3BF61.3DC8CF9C3B138 1C6C1423B1A6613B9F915CEEA5191ABCBEC9CDC1 CACBF9C3B911C9BECB%1&&%JO$%!L)YY!5Y! 91

1D5349FB9A115ABD1DC88CC6A16F125CA1AB16F5EA1DA16F1F6FDCA1A91DC4F6C8CA16A13D76A16FC4A1DA1 6F1 25#AB9C3B91 F1 BCBEC9A1 A91 4BA1 2F96363ECA1 DA1 67CBA59C94DA1 F4?1 (A4?1 DA1 DACB11 A66A1 B7A91 2F1 6CA1 4BC4AAB91 <1 4B1 3D76A1 6FC4A1 DA1 6F1 3B9FEC3B91 B1 CEB35A1 6A1 8F9A451 25CBC2F61 D7A5EABA1 A91 6A1 253A41 4C1 3BD4CAB91 <1 6F1 4A29C8C6C91 24C1 <1 67CB8A9C3B11 264CA451B39C3B1DA1672CDC363ECA1DA1A99A1F6FDCA13B916F835A1341835A1D76(23967A91 A63B16A1A?2A591DA1FB912486C4A1A916A16CF9363E4A116A12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A13B91DA1 26B37BA1 (6C4A1 4C1 A1 253D4CAB91 9341 6A1 &1 <1 K1 FB1 DFB1 6F1 8FBDA1 F66CABBA1 79ABDFB91D41BEF611<16796C32CA91A16CF9363E4A19F86CAB914BA18359A13556F9C3B1AB95A1 6A16CF91A916A12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A11B39FAB916A12F59C46A1DA1 234C75A1 D5FCBA12F51 676F5F99FB1 A91 A91 6A1 9F4?1 D764CDC91 DA1 67FC591 A1 2F5FDCEA1 D3CBFB91 DFB1 6A1 C6CA41 9ABD1 <1 5D4C5A16F1BCBEC9A1<167A?A26A1DA16F16A5AA1<1F1DCABC3B1A?64C#A1D7F6F16CF9C4A

1 1

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

1

145+49%1+%194).%1#99%1 %.1

FB16F18CB1DA1FBBA1%::$116A1234#3C512486C1BCE5CAB13B91FD651<14B183B1B385A1DA1 DC23C9C81 A91 6F8351 DA1 D6F5F9C3B1 D7CB9AB9C3B1 F8CB1 DA1 5AB835A51 6F1 45#AC66FBA1

%1'1911%:YO1

2CDC363EC4A1 A91 8F95C363EC4A91 F1 DC88C4691 DA1 25#3C51 6A1 2CDCA1 AB1 8FC91 4B1

#BAAB91 C25#CC86A1 "49C8CFB91 6F1 95F9ECA1 DA1 5F9C3B1 F4?1 2CDCA1 4C1 3BC9AB91 <1 2A5A#3C51 DFB1 6A1 A4C61 D7F6A59A1 A91 D72CDCA11 DA1 CEBA1 38"A9C#F86A1 2A5A99FB91 <1 6F1 236C9C4A1DA1FB912486C4A1DA1A1D263(A51DFB19349A1F1E5FBDA451A9134#AB913B1CB45CA91A1 DC23C9C81A918F14516A125CBC2A1DA1145#AC66FBA14C12A5A91DA1A1252F5A51A91DA1523BD5A1 F4?12CDCA91F145#AC66FBA12CDC363EC4A1A914B1A?A5CA1DA14FB9C8CF9C3B1A91DA1#AC66A1 4C1 C26C4A1 D7AB5AEC95A51 DA1 F1 4C1 3B91 91 CDAB9C8C1 2F51 6A1 2A53BBA61 DA1 FB911 DA1 6A1 CEBF6A5111D7FBF6(A516A1D3BBA132C6A1A91D738"A9C#A516A15C4A12CDC4A91617FEC91CC1DA1 6F1 63C1 DA1 E5FBD1 B385A

1 MA95<5DC5A1 D74BA1 CA1 AB1 9F9C9C4A1 D41 5A691 F1 45#AC66FBA1 2CDC363EC4A1A913269A12F516F145#AC66FBA1C538C363EC4A1F326CA12F514B1FEAB91DA1 6F835F93C5A14C1D3C91CDAB9C8CA516A1EA5A15A23BF86A1DA16F1F6FDCA1167AB5AEC95A51A916A1CEBF6A591 A99A145#AC66FBA1F41AB1EB5F612A5A91DA1D9A5CBA516F1#F6ABA1DA16F18F95CA1<1DA18CB1DA1 95F9ECA1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A91 FB1 6A1 2F11 DA1 2CDCA1 2F59C46C75AAB91 A4595C75A1 A91 DA95495CA1234516A1(97A1DA1FB91DA12F(1<18359A1CBCDABA13B913BD4C91<1C26FB9A51DA1 9A61 DC23C9C81 D3B91 6F1 326A?C91 A91 6F1 FS95CA1 3B91 91 4A9C3BBA1 <1 DC885AB9A1 5A25CA1 D45FB91F15A6A56A91C1A99A195F9ECA1A915A6F9C#AAB915AB9A1J8CB1DA1FBBA1%:!$L1A91F1A1 6CC9A11A66A1BA18FC912F16738"A91D74BA15ACA1AB14A9C3B1F41ACB1DA167A2FA12486C1BCE5CAB91'7FC1 913BD4C9A1<17CB95AA512F59C46C75AAB91F4?1CAB9C8C4A1A9126412C8C4AAB91F4195F#FC61 DA12CDC363EC9A14C13B91CB2C516A195F9ECA1DA1FS95CA1DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1A91 6A1B35A1DA1FB912486C4A917A9125CAB916A1534FEA1DA1A99A1FB912486C4A1AB195FCB1 DA1A18FC5A11F183C9A1<1349C614A1"7FC1#34641CB9A553EA511<195F#A51DA4?1FBBA1D7AB4@9A1AB95A1 CFA(1A914AC9F1F41CEA5 91

1

-BA1 25386F9C4A1 F1 91 5A9AB4A1 6A1 63BE1 D74B1 6ACBAAB91 CB9A66A94A61 A91 F41 8C61 DA1 A1 AB4@9A1)1 A66A1 4C1 3BC9A1 <1 325ABD5A1 3AB91 6A1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 3B91 91 3B954C9A13A1253867A1DA1FB912486C4A1F#A14BA14A9C3B1341"FAB9A1)14A66A1A916F1

%133C51,,111%::&1

1 A1 9A21 C2F59C1 <1 A99A1 967A1 4C1 B7F1 D8491 4A1 83591 9F5DC#AAB91 23451 DA1 469C26A1 5FC3B1 D3B91 6F1 25AC75A1 8491 45934918CBFBC75A11F191953213459123451ABEFEA516A195F#FC61D7F225383BDCAAB914A1A59FCB16F2C95A1F45FCAB915C911A1 B7A91FB1D349A14A12F59CA15ACA91

63EC4A14C13419ABD16F1236C9C4A1D745EABA1F493451DA12CDCA1R163514A1"79FC12F59CA1451 4B1 253"A91 DA1 3256ABC3B1 DA1 6F1 FS95CA1 DA1 6F1 F6FDCA1 DFB1 67A2FA1 2486C1 BCE5CAB11 6F1 3B853B9F9C3B1F#A16A125F9C4A1DC45C#A1A91B3B1DC45C#A1DA1F9A4517F1FABA1<1A1 23A51 DA1 4A9C3B1 451 6F1 AB95F6C91 DA1 6F1 P2ABA1 2CDC4AP91 A91 CB95@91 7F1 3BD4C91 <1 3BCD5A51 6F1 F6FDCA1 341 F1 FBC8A9F9C3B1 2CDC4A1 A91 D3B1 <1 7CB9A553EA51 451 6A1 3DF6C91DA1F13B9549C3B91495AAB91DC911C617FEC91DA1#3C513AB91DA13BA291253D4C91 3B91 DA#AB41 DA1 6AB91 DA1 6F1 5F6C91 3CF6A1 A91 3AB91 6A1 F9A451 7F224CAB91 451 A4?1 23451 D9A5CBA51 6A451 95F9ECA1 A91 6A451 63C?91 7F22536A1 25C#C6ECA1 DFB1 6A1 253A41 DA1 5A6A56A1 7CB2C5A1DA1 95F#F4?1DA13B9549C#C9A1AB1AF(FB91DA1325ABD5A13AB916F1 CA1AB1#CC8C6C91D74B1253867A1A916A163C?14C13B919132513B91F88A916A1@95A13CF4?91F1 95F9ECA1D7FBF6(A125C#C6ECA1F1916794DA1DA16F1CA1AB1#CC8C6C91DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1 CB2C51 2F51 6A1 95F#F4?1 DA1 .C6A61 A983B1 451 6A1 CDF

91 341 #A553B1 3AB91 6A1 3BA291 253D4C91 F493451 DA1 26B37BA1 D72CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 3B91 DA#AB41 26ACBAAB91 DA1 6AB91 DA1 6F1 5F6C91 3CF6A1 FD#ABFB91 DFB1 67CB9C949C3BBF6CF9C3B 1 DA1 6F1 FS95CA1 DA1 2CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1F41F6A6116A195F9ECA1A916A163C?1DA1F9A451DA1FB9911

1

A99A1 967A1 A91 DC#CA1 AB1 953C1 2F59CA91 F1 25AC75A11 323A1 DA1 DA4?1 6F2C95A11 5A95FA1 4CB9AAB91 6A1 2CDCA1 DA1 6F1 363BCA1 D41 CEA51 AB95A1 %: %1 A91 %:O$11 9A61 47A66A1 3B91

#34A1DFB16A15F223591DA1FB91A916A12486CF9C3B1DCF6A1DA1DACB1363BCF4?14A1

"7FC1 3B46991 61 MFEC91 DFB1 A99A1 2F59CA1 DA1 5A9C94A51 6A1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 DFB1 6A451 2FCA4519A235A66A1AB19FB91F99AB9C#A1<16A4513BBA?C3B13455EC3BF6A1A91CB9A5BF9C3BF6A91 B1#A55F14A16A12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1BA13B912F1DA126B37BA1C3613415AB91DFB1 6F13C91BCE5CABBA1A914A16A45195FC9AAB91F138C6C1DA163BE4A1DF9A1DC885AB91F9A451D3B91 6A1DACB1C6C9FC5A91F15A#4A16CBFC5A1DA19AB9F9C#A1DA1FS95CA1DA12CDCA12ABDFB916F1 25C3DA1363BCF6A12A5A91D7F2256ABDA51A1<143C19FCAB913B853B9A16F1DACBA1363BCF6A1 A91 6A1 23246F9C3B11 A91 3AB91 4B1 8C6FB1 2A491 6FCA51 325ABD5A1 47<1 6F1 #AC66A1 DA1 CBD2ABDFBA116A1253867A15A9FC91AB9CA591

1 SETBON, 1993

2 L’institutionnalisation étant pris comme habituation ou routinisation de pratiques collectives avec mise en exergue d’un contrôle social sur les pratiques et typifications des actions (le fait d’établir qu’une action X sera exécutée par un acteur Y dans un contexte donné) Voir BERGER & LUCKMANN, 2012, page112

A1A3BD16F2C95A1A18FA14516794DA1DA1A14C1A913BCD51<167.13A16F1=18C86A1DA16F1 BCBEC9A1>11 6A1 5F223591 D41 DACB1 C6C9FC5A1 A91 3B469FB91 <1 67.1 3B1 F2A(3BBCA91 61 7FEC5F1 D7FBF6(A51 6A1 96F9C4A1 6A1 2641 AB95F6A1 DA1 3B1 94DA1 F41 CEA51 A91 2641 EB5F6AAB91 AB1 85C4A91 '7AF(A5FC1 D7FBF6(A51 2F51 4A61 95F#FC61 DA1 DC885ABCF9C3B1 AB95A1 6F1 F6FDCA1 A91 3B1 26B37BA1 F26C8C1 672CDCA11 6F1 3B9549C3B1 3CF6A1 DA1 672CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A13A1253867A1DA1FB912486C4A1F19123C86A91

1

F1 A3BDA1 2F59CA1 3BA5BA1 6F1 95FD49C3B1 CAB9C8C4A1 A91 236C9C4A1 D41 253867A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A11CBF5BA12F51DA4?1CB9C949C3B1AB95F6A1F41CEA591F125AC75A13BA5BA14B1AB95A1 DA1 5A6A56A1 451 6A1 BCBEC9A1 3I1 6A1 95F#FC61 A96B3E5F26C4A1 F1 91 5ABD41 C23C86A1 2F51 DC885AB918F9A4514C13B912A5C1DA16C#5A514B195F#FC61586A?C814516A1C94F9C3B1DA15A6A56A1AB1 3B9A?9A1 239363BCF691 A1 CB4C7A1 6F2C95A1 A91 6794DA1 D41 3C91 F9C3BF61 DA1 /A9C3B1 U2CDC4A1 D3B91 6F1 BFCFBA1 A91 3B49C#A1 <1 6F1 2FBDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 DA1 %::K1 JN

1 6F2C95AL91A1953C16F2C95A13BF51<1A99A12F59CA15A#CABBAB914516A12F5FDCEA1 D3CBFB91 DA16F145#AC66FBA1A9145167C2359FBA125CA12F51672CDC363ECA1DFB16A13B95E6A1DA12CDCA1 F41CEA591

1

F1953CC7A12F59CA1A914B1C53C519ABD41F41C6CA41CB9C949C3BBA6114BA1A96B3E5F26CA12F516A18F1 4C19AB9A1DA1"A9A514B123B91AB95A16A1DC23C9C81236C9C4A1CBF5B1F41AB95A1JCFA(L1A916F1FB91 2486C4A12F519A21D72CDCA1AB125C265CA1J4AC9FL91617FEC5F1D7@95A1F99AB9C81F4?1F59C46F9C3B11 F4?1 CB365ABA1 A91 <1 A1 4C1 A91 AB1 F5EA1 DA1 6F1 236C9C4A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A1)1 6A1 5A25AB9F9C3B13CF6A1DA16F1F6FDCA12F516A12F9CAB916F34F1AB1C6CA41632C9F6CA591

1

A1D342FEA1DA16F1967A1355A23BD1<16F1D(BFC4A1DA15A6A56A1A91<167CB95@91CAB9C8C4A1 4A1"7FC13BF41234516A126B37BA12CDC4A1A91<1F19AB9F9C#A1DA13B95E6A91B1#A55F147AB1 5F6C91 672CDCA1 A1 DC3491 #C9A1 DA#FB91 6A1 253867A1 4A1 23A1 6F1 523BA1 F22359A1 F41 253867A11 673B3CA1 DA1 6F1 2B45CA11 6A1 3DA1 DA1 E34#A5BAAB91 2F51 67FCDA1 CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 A91 67F71F4?15A345A19A66A14A16A1#FCB91

1

A4?1 25F49C3B1 FB9C4A1 5C9AB91 D7@95A1 25CA1 F#FB91 D7F66A51 2641 63CB91 F1 25AC75A1 3BA5BA16F1FB912486C4A91AB9A51D7AB1D3BBA514BA1D8CBC9C3B11@A1F25714F95A1FBBA1DA1 5A6A56A11DAA45A1 253294A4?91A1 2CF6C9A1DA16F1 4A9C3B1 4C1 3B91AF(1DA16A18FC5A1 A9CAB9167A?A5CA125C66A4?119FB91C61A91#5FC14A1264CA451D8CBC9C3B13A?C9AB991'A15A25ABD5FC1

<13B1329A16F1D8CBC9C3B14C1AB1A91D3BBA12F51CDCA512FCB1A91'AFB5CA55A13;3B13A1 67FDCBC95F9C3B1366A9C#A1DA16F1F6FDCA1A91D413521F41B31D418CAB1@95A91F1FB912486C4A1 A91=1#34A1<1@95A1CA1AB1H4#5A1>1F41A5#CA1D41366A9C811A66A1253D4C914BA1A?2A59CA1234516A1 3BDA1 DA1 DCDA4591 7CB2C5FB91 DA1 67FBF6(A1 DA85CABBA11 6A1 FB96532363E4A1 DA1 6F1 FB91 D5C#AB916A1DACB1DA1FB912486C4A13A16A1F#FB916FC5FB916A1236C9C4A

9153C1F495A1 2F59C46F5C91C2359FB9A1DA16F1FB912486C4A13BA5BAB913B149C6C9F5CA113B125FEF9CA1 A91 3B1 9A6BCCA1 FB1 4BA1 2A52A9C#A1 D3B9549C#C9A1 A91 5C9C4A11 6A1 F49A451 3B91 EF6AAB91C1AB1F#FB9167FB5FEA146945A61DA16F1FB912486C4A1MA95<5DC5A167CB5C29C3B13CF6A1 A91 (836C4A1 DA1 A1 FA59C3B91 A99A1 967A1 3B95A1 4A1 A66A5C1 BA1 #F1 2F1 DA1 3C1 A91 6F1 5A6A56A1ABA14516A12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1F1A5#C1<1D844A51A14C1A91DA16735D5A1DA1 C26CC9A1 DA1 A99A1 4A9C3B1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A11 DA1 6F1 =1BF945F6CF9C3B 1>11 D41 26B37BA11 5469F91 D74B1 63BE1 253A491 C1 AB1 25FBA11 6F1 FB91 2486C4A1 A91 F4A1 DA1 95321 AB1 8FC5A1 A91 D7CBF5BA51 4BA1 CD363ECA1 AB#F6CFB9A11 F41 CEA511 A66A1 A5FC91 2649E911 6A1 5A86A91 D71=14BA1 4932CA1 3B95F5CA1>

1A1D39FB91DA1B35A124CA1DFB16A1236C9C4A1DA1FB912486C4A1CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 47A66A1 2ACBA1 <1 234#3C51 F226C4A591 A99A1 FB91 2486C4A1 DA1 67CBFAC86A1 A1 95FD4C91 AB1 3495A1 2F51DA1CB"3B9C3B1FBC9FC5A1DFB14B13B9A?9A1DA12B45CA1A91DA1P8C3236C9C4A1D6E4AP91F1 EA9C3B1 DA1 6F1 #CA1 DA1 23246F9C3B1 5A#ABFB91 DA1 8FC91 F4?1 FEABA1 D7FCDA1 A91 F4?1 CB9C949C3B1 CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 4C1 F58C95AB91 6A1 63C?1 FBC9FC5A1 DA1 2F(1 D41 4D1 9FBDC1 4A1 6A1 F4935C91 DA1 FB912486C4A1<1676A66A1BF9C3BF6A12ACBAB91<1D8CBC516A45125C35C991

1

F1 A3BDA1 25F49C3B1 FB9C4A1 3BC9A1 <1 D8CBC51 672CDC363ECA91 511 67A?2A59CA1 2CDC363EC4A1 DA1 FBBA1 %:O$1 A91 A66A1 D7F4"345D764C1 3B91 DA1 DC885ABA1 B39F86A91 C1 672CDC363ECA185FBFFCA1F13BB414BA1E5FBDA1C246C3B1DFB16A1FBBA1O$11A99A1DCC26CBA1F1

%1'51B1A91121JDC59L11 $$%112FEA1!11 12111CDA1

&1.-,,1A91B0+,.11%::O1

48C1AB125FBA1DC885AB9A19F2A1F#FB91DA18FC5A136A9141+A56C#A91F16C#516A15A3591DA1A99A1 C26FB9F9C3B1DA13B1=1A3513B95F5C1>167AB5FCBAAB91D74B1B34#AF413DA1D7CB#A9CEF9C3B1DA1 F6FDCA1 83BD1 451 6F1 3256ABC3B1 DA1 8F9A451 DA1 5C4A1 AB1 7F99F6FB91 <1 5A95FA51 4B1 5AF41D72CDC363EC9A1D3B916A1DACB1C6C9FC5A13B91F8AB9

91513B123455FC91A995A1 676(23967A1 4A1 672CDC363ECA1 C6C9FC5A1 F1 6F5EAAB91 8FC91 36A1 DA1 FBC75A1 2F5F6676A1 AB1 7F99F6FB91D74BA1FBC75A1636C9A1<1D5C5A16A1F4A1DA1F6FDCA1CB8A9CA4A913B1A?2A59CA1 F1916F5EAAB91D263(A1F41BC#AF41DA12F(19532CF4?91F2A(3BBCA14C1F1912538AA451DA1 A99A1 DCC26CBA1 <1 6736A1 D41 6F531 24C1 DC5A9A451DA1 6F1 DC#CC3B1 D72CDC363ECA1 DA1 67B9C9491 .5CA4?116C#5A14BA1D8CBC9C3B14CB9A1DA1672CDC363ECA1DFB16734#5FEA147C612486CA1AB1%:Y:1

<1253231DA12CDCA1)11 1

=172CDC363EC9A16A56A1<1325ABD5A16F19ABDFBA1DA12CDCA1A91<1D8F995A1D416ACB1 4MA66A1 2F5345AB91 6A1 B34#AF4?1 6CA4?1 4MA66A1 #F1 F99ACBD5A91 61 AF(A1 F4C1 DA1 25#3C51 6F1 5F22F5C9C3B1 DFB16A1 9A21DA1 234A1 2CDC4A)1C61A5FC91@A1 AB6CB1 <1#F9CCBA51 4516A1 5A93451CB649F86A1FC126413413CB12536A1DA1A59FCBA1F88A9C3B12CDC4A 1>1

1

+CAB14A1A99A1D8CBC9C3B13B9CABBA167AABA1DA16F1DCC26CBA1F4"345D764C1167FBF6(A1DA195F#F4?1 DA12CDC363EC9A1DA167234A1346CEBA145934914BA1FBF6(A16A45C9C4A1DA12CDCA114B1 CB95@91 25D3CBFB91 23451 6A1 F6FDCA1 CB8A9CA4A1 A91 4BA1 DC885ABA1 DA1 963D363ECA1 F#A1 672CDC363ECA1 3DA5BA91 B1 A91 63CB1 DA1 =16F1 63C1 DA1 E5FBD1 B385A

1>11 DA1 963DA1 DA1

#F6CDF9C3B1 F94A66A1 6A1 3556F9C3B1 9F9C9C4A91 51 672CDC363ECA1 C6C9FC5A1 5C9A1 4BA1 26FA1 C2359FB9A1 DFB1 676C93C5A1 DA1 672CDC363ECA1 85FBFFCA11 6A1 C6C9FC5A1 3B91 91 63BE9A21 6A1 E5FBD1 2CF6C9A1 DA1 F6FDCA1 9532CF6A1 95FBCC86A91 72CDC363ECA1 C6C9FC5A1 F1 FCBC1 8345BC14B135241C2359FB91CB2C51DA16736A1D76(ECBCA91A135241F1913B9C941DFB16A1 FD5A1DA167342F9C3B1363BCF6A185FBFFCA1DFB16A12F(19532CF4?91A59FCB1DA12545A451DA1 A99A1 2CDC363ECA1 5A9AB91 FB1 D349A1 6F56A1 329A51 A91 4A661 1 1 21 1 3BB41 23451 6A1 95F#F4?1451672CDC363ECA1DA1F6FDCA1CB8A9CA4A1DFB16F125AC75A13C9C1D41 $

1C76A1 A91264CA45183C1C91DFB16A195F#F4?1DA13B1F2A(3BBCA91Q4FB91F4?195F#F4?1D41DACB1

1 BERLIVET L, 2005c

1011%:Y:112FEA1%&!1

&1-1+,311 $$%1

C6C9FC5A11C613BC9AB91AB14BA12CDC363ECA1E3E5F26C4A1F3CFB916F1BCBEC9A1<14B1C6CA41 363EC4A91 61 A5FC91 CB95AFB91 4A1 6A1 6C935CAB1 CB97E5AB91 A99A1 2FEA1 3486CA1 DA1 672CDC363ECA1 85FBFFCA1 DFB1 676C935C3E5F26CA1 A91 B341 6FC5AB91 451 6A1 35CAB9F9C3B1 DC885AB9A1AB95A1672CDC363ECA185FBFFCA1DA16736A1DA1,ABBA1A91672CDC363ECA1C6C9FC5A

9161 5A#CABD5FC91 2538F86AAB91 <1 676C93C5A1 DA1 CABA1 D76FC5A51 A1 4C1 F22F5FS91 3A1 4B1 PFBF653BCAP1DFB167S6391DA1672CDC363ECA185FBFFCA1DA167234A911

72CDC363ECA1 9A66A1 47A66A1 A91 D8CBCA1 F4"345D764C1 A91 6F1 CABA1 4C1 9AB9A1 D79F86C51 DA1 3556F9C3B1CEBC8CF9C#A1AB95A14B18F9A451D7A?23C9C3B1A914BA1F6FDCA91-B1DA1A138"A9C816A1 2641F8C9CA4?1A91DA12FA51D418F9A451DA15C4A1F418F9A451F4F612F514B1A59FCB1B385A1DA1 5C975A1 D8CBC1 2F51 4B1 DA1 6A451 2CF6C9A1 B31 +91 *C661 A91 5AB8351 2F51 C6CAB8CA6D 91 72CDC363ECA1 A91 1 6794DA1 DA1 F4A1 FC1 EF6AAB91 DA1 E5FBDA1 63C1 4C1 57E6AB91 67F22F5C9C3B1DA16F1F6FDCA16A;167CBDC#CD41A91DFB16A135213CF691

1 1 1

%1-1+,3111

133C51<1A19C95A1+,3111CDA1A91,,0111 $$%1

66 78%&.&145&.49D)88%&1%.15&.8%&194.+D)88%&11 1

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

"34591 A2ABDFB91 6A1 9A235F6C91 BA1 3B91 2F1 6A1 @A1 47C61 7FECA1 DA1 6F1 DCABC3B1

#ABAAB9CA66A1 #4A1 <1 67F4BA1 D41 (6A1 2CDC4A1 2F51 6A1 A?2A591 AB1 FB91 2486C4A1 A91 F1 DCABC3B1 DA1 F6FDCA1 3BB4A11 F6FDCA1 #BAAB91 6A;1 6A1 AB1 34B91 F1 2ABA1 DA1 6F1 BCBEC9A1 2CDC4A1 3A1 #BAAB91 A1 C94A1 FCBC1 DFB1 264CA451 DCABC3B1 9A235A66A11 BAC9A1 264CA451 6A945A1 D41 9A291 FB1 938A51 DFB1 6A1 2C7EA1 D41 ABF9C3BBF6CA1"345BF6C9C4A

113B1#A55F13AB916F12FBDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1DA1%::K1#4A1F41 CEA51 8FC91 6738"A91 D74B1 95FC9AAB91 DCF9C4A1 CB9ABA11 3AB91 672CDCA1 A91 F4C1 CA1AB1 7BA91 7FB96532363ECA1 DA1 6F1 BCBEC9A1 2CDC4A1 B76F22A1 A88A9C#AAB91 2F1 F4?1

1 BENSA A et FASSIN E, 2002

DC88C4691 6CA1 <1 676C93C5A1 #BAAB9CA66A11 67FBF6(A1 23A1 6A1 253867A1 DA1 6F1 =19532A4A1 D45A

1>15C9C4A12F512A5BFBD1+5F4DA61 C1639C6A1<1676C93C5A1#BAAB9CA66A11=1A91CB9FB9FB1 D76C93C5A 1>91 3451 +5F4DA611 93491 #BAAB91 A91 2F51 AABA1 857#A11 C61 BA1 7FEC91 2F1 2641 4A1 D76C93C5A1 5C91 D3B91 6F1 259AB9C3B1 A91 DA1 DC5A1 =16A1 63A1 3A1 A66A1 A1 3B91 5A66AAB91

2FA

1>9134515325A1F#A14B19A614AC611F#A16F1@A1A?CEABA14A1A66A1DA13C363E4A1

3B9549C#C9A1DA16F1FB912486C4A

1116A1F54A451341DCABC3B19A21F19125C1AB1329A1 23451 DAA45A51 F99AB9C81 F41 3AB91 3I1 6A1 253867A1 F1 91 CDAB9C8C11 D8CBC1 24C1 E591 F1 95F"A93C5A1DA1F9A451A91FCBC1 25CA1 AB1329A9134"3451DFB16F1@A163EC4A1DA15A84A51 674AC61 DA1 6F1 =19532A4A1 D45A1>11 953C1 5AEC95A1 DA1 586A?C3B1 3B91 91 63CC1 A91 4C1 3BA5BAB91)1 4BA1 6C93C5A1 DA1 2CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 F41 CEA511 6F1 523BA1 236C9C4A1 F41 253867A1DA1FB912486C4A1A916F1EA9C3B13CF6A1DA16F1BCBEC9A12CDC4A911

A125ACA515AEC95A1DA1586A?C3B1A918F1F4123CB91963D363EC4A145167A?FAB1A9167FBF6(A1DA1 35241C2359FB91DA1676C935C3E5F26CA1DA16F1FB91363BCF6A1F41CEA51A91AB125FBA1FCBC14A1451 67FBF6(A1D4135241C1F41C7EA1DA167.1/AB7#A91

1

A1 A3BD1 F?A1 D794DA1 3BA5BA1 4BA1 A96B3E5F26CA1 CB1 C941 DA1 DA4?1 CB9C949C3B1 FBC9FC5A1 BCE5CABBA16F5EA1DA16F1523BA1F4?12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A14516A126FB1CAB9C8C4A1A91451 6A126FB1FDCBC95F9C81A91236C9C4A91F125AC75A1CB9C949C3B13BA5BA14B1AB95A1DA15A6A56A1451 6A1BCBEC9A1D3B9167AB4@9A1B7F12F1F8349CA91.7F224(FB914514BA1F22536A1586A?C#A1451F1 23C9C3B1451A19A55FCB1A914516A1AB"A4?196C4A1DA16F15A6A56A11"7FC15A9C9416A1D9FC61D74B1 95F#FC61 A96B3E5F26C4A1 A2@61 A91 DA1 6F1 BA495F6CF9C3B1 DA1 6F1 5C9C4A1 FB96532363EC4A91 F1 A3BDA1 CB9C949C3B1 3BA5BA1 6F1 EA9C3B1 DA1 2CDCA1 F41 3C91 F9C3BF61 DA1 /A9C3B1 U2CDC4A1 J/L1 D41 CEA591 A1 2539336A1 DA1 5A6A56A1 8C?1 F41 D8491 DA1 6F1 967A1 F1 91 P3B95F5CP1 2F51 4BA1 45CA4A1 5AB3B95A91 -B1 3325FB91 85FBFFC11 3BAC66A51 9A6BC4A1 D41 CBC975A1DA16F1FB915A3FBD1DFB16A1346CA1D41CBC975A117F1CB#C9A1<138A5#A516A1 H451DA1DCC3B1F493451DA1F6FDCA12CDC4A116A1/91'7FC1D716F125AC75A154BC3B11

%1+,-1211%:!K1 1DA112FEA1 1

&1DA111

N1/+,11A91F611 $$:1

FA291 6A1 #A5941 6A45C9C4A1 D74B1 9A61 4BC#A51 DA1 5A6A56A91 7AB95A1 B3B1 FBB3BA1 DA1 6F1 25AC75A1 83C1 F1 91 2F51 6F1 4C9A1 355CEA1 2F51 4BA1 25AB9F9C3B1 AB1 57E6A1 F493451 DA1 A85A1 2A5FBAB91 DA1 A1 3C91 A91 DA1 67A?26CF9C3B1 DA1 F1 DF56A91 A66A5C1 B7F1 2F1 934"3451 91 325CA1 9FB91 D3BB1 4A1 3B1 9F9491 F1 91 6A1 25ACA51 9A211 C1 AB1 2F5F6676A1 F#A1 A64C1 D74B1 "345BF6C9A91 .F1 25ABA1 6A8D3FDFC5A1 451 DA4?1 FBBA1 F1 2A5C1 DA1 DCC2A51 6A1 F6AB9ABD411 FCBC1 4A1 6A1 DC4C3B1 F225383BDCA1 2ABDFB91 6A4A66A1 "A1 4C1 5A#AB4A1 451 3B195F#FC61F#A1A59FCB1A85A1<16F18CB1DA16F154BC3B917F4AAB91DA125ACA51"3451F1 9571 #C9A1 8FC91 26FA1 <1 4BA1 359A1 D7CBDC885ABA11 F1 25ABA1 A88FA1 F1 A861 @95A1 3486CA91 A59FCB1 F9A451 D41 3C91 B73B91 2F1 A41 3BBFCFBA1 D41 95F#FC61 A96B3E5F26C4A1 4C1 A1 D5346FC91 F41 @A1 3AB91 DFB1 6F1 A45A1 3I11 9341 6A1 A85A1 BA1 234#FCAB91 2F1 @95A1 25AB91 <1 6F4A1 54BC3B11 25C1 2F51 D7F495A1 2553EF9C#A1 6CA1 <1 6A451 CC3B1 A91 9FCAB91 5A25AB91 2F583C11 FC1 2F1 934"34511 2F51 D7F495A1 3667E4A1 DA1 6A451 CB9C949C3B91 61 9FC91 DC88CC6A1 DA1 8FC5A1 4BA1 25AB9F9C3B1 529A1 DA1 3B1 25325A1 95F#FC61 9FB91 47C61 B79FCAB91 2F1 366CC91 DC5A9AAB991 A1 AB95A9CAB1 3B91 91 5F6C1 F41 ACB1 DA1 CB9C949C3B1 5A2A9C#A1 D7F9A451DA1FB9195C14516A1#36A991A163C?1F19139C#12F5167C2359FBA1DA16A451C26CF9C3B1 F41BC#AF41D41/91

738A5#F9C3B1AB1C94F9C3B1F12649E918F#35C14BA1963DA1D7C25EBF9C3B91A1B39A13B9191 25CA1 4A1 5F5AAB991 A1 95F#FC61 451 35DCBF9A451 A91 6A1 3421 D7HC61 "A91 <1 B31 B39A1 2F51 6A1 2A53BBA125AB9A1<1E91DA13C1CB9A5DCFB916A1264134#AB91DA19ABC51DA1586A?C3B1A91DA1 3AB9FC5A1 4A17F4935CA16A16A56A451DFB14B1F5BA91DA15A6A56A91'A1A14C125@9A16A1 2641 34#AB91 F41 "A41 DA1 A?2A591 A91 A1 4C1 5A9534#A1 D45FB91 6A1 3AB91 DA1 5A6A56A1 AB1 23CB9C6611<13BCEBA51DA19F9C9C4A116A1B385A1DA1#FCB15A9FB913416A16FBEA12F583C1 455F6C9A1DA1F9A451DA16F1F66A1134#AB9125C1DFB16A1"A41D413AB99161F18F66414A1"A19534#A1 AB4C9A114B1AB1<1A1C533A1326A?A11<13B195F#FC61A91<18F85C4A51DA16735D5A1A91DA16F1 365ABA1DFB1A13524911

1 1

A1953CC7A1F?A1D794DA14C13BA5BA14BA1A4CA1D74BA1FB96532363ECA1DA16F1BCBEC9A1DFB1

6F1 63F6C91 DA1 4AC9F1 7A91 8FC9A1 2ABDFB91 672CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 DA1 $$:91 A1 F#3C51 A91 6A1

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

1

69 554%+%1D1 %.1+%1%#%#%15C1D%1 C&1+%1D:.%+&#5DC.411

A99A1 967A1 A91 4B1 95F#FC61 DA1 CABA1 3CF6A11 2641 474BA1 967A1 FB96532363EC4A1 245A11 F41 5AEF5D1DA1F195F"A93C5A1AB1.F9A51A91D3935F91DA1FB913246F9C3B1A9136C9C4A13CF6A11F1 2645F6C91 DA1 67FB5FEA1 DCC26CBFC5A1 A91 D4A1 EF6AAB91 <1 6F1 835F9C3B1 AB1 CABA1 236C9C4A11 6C93C5A1 A91 DACBA1 DA1 A1 DA4?1 DC5A9A451 DA1 5A6A56A1 4C1 3B91 8CAB1 #34641 ABFD5A51 A1 95F#FC691F1967A1A916A15469F91DA1A1DCF63E4A1DA1CABA1A91"7A275A147A66A1F45F195FD4C5A16F1 83BDC91DA16F1E5C66A1D7FBF6(A147A66A1253A4991

794DA1A9135EFBCA1F493451DA1953C1DCC26CBA1)1676C93C5A11167FB96532363ECA1A916F13C363ECA91

F1 2A52A9C#A1 DCF653BC4A1 2A5A91 AB1 3495A1 D7F2256ABDA51 3AB91 DFB1 6A1 9A211 6A1

2CDCA13B91913B954C9A13A1253867A1DA1FB912486C4A914C#5A16F195FA16C935C4A11

7A91 A1 D3BBA51 6A1 3(AB1 DA1 325ABD5A1 3B1 23CD1 F41 25AB991 A1 253"A91 D74BA1

A96B3E5F26CA1 DA1 672CDCA1 DA1 BCBEC9A1 B7F1 2F1 23451 38"A91 DA1 DC345C51 DA1 FBC75A1

FB6C935C4A11 3B1 CB95@91 A911 93491 AB1 38A5#FB91 6A1 F9A451 D263(A51 6A451 95F9ECA1 A91 6A451

DC3451 F41 3AB91 DA1 672CDCA11 DA1 DAA45A51 #CEC6FB91 2F51 5F223591 <1 6A451 25383BDA451

6C935C4A11D7FDA995A16F1D(BFC4A19A235A66A1DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A9161(1#F1@A1D41

5A841DA16F1BF945F6CF9C3B1D41253867A1DA1FB912486C4A91FB16A1DC9F9C3B12FF6CABBA11 CA55A1+345DCA41F18FC914BA14EEA9C3B1)1

1

=11F1CABA13CF6A14C1A913BDFBA1<16F1542945A15C9C4A1F#A16A1#CDABA125AC75A11B7F1 2F1 DA1 AC66A45A1 FCA1 23451 67325A51 4A1 676C935CCF9C3B1 4C1 2A5A91 DA1 BA495F6CA511 F41 3CB1 DFB16735D5A1DA16F19635CA116A1A88A91DA16F1BF945F6CF9C3B11A91AB12F59C46CA5167FBCA1DA16F1EAB7A1 CBDC#CD4A66A1 A91 366A9C#A1 D74B1 D3BB1 4C1 A1 D3BBA1 9349A1 6A1 F22F5ABA1 DA1 6F1 BF945A1 A91 DAFBDA1<1@95A125C123451F5EAB91329FB911D7)BE5&2A5A7EDB8

91>1

1

161B7A912F1B34#AF41AB1FB96532363ECA1DA15A3B9A51DFB16A12F123451325ABD5A1A59FCB1 26B37BA1 6C935C4A91 EB35A51 A99A1 2A52A9C#A1 MA95<5DC5A1 6F1 3B9CBEABA1 DA1 6738"A91 D794DA11 7A91 23A51 67C23C8C6C91 DA1 325ABD5A1 6F1 BCBEC9A1 2CDC4A1 3A1 3B9549C3B1 A91 6F1 23C8C6C91 DA1 3B9A?94F6CA51 A99A1 3B9549C3B91 66A1 3885A1 6F1 23C8C6C91 D74BA1 25383BDA451 D41 6F21 DA1 586A?C3B1 A91 D7FBF6(A1 A91 D7F59C46A51 6F1 3B9549C3B1 D74B1 253867A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A1 F#A1 3B1 253"A91 236C9C4A1 A91 CAB9C8C4A91 MF22536A1 2F51 4BA1 FB96532363ECA1 6C935C4A1 2F59CC2A1 DM4BA1 DF56A1 5C9C4A1 A91 CB9A5DCC26CBFC5A1 5A66A1 4A1 6A1 B4531N1DA1BBF6A1CB9C9461$+7EDA22629B5&7CB5735DB41F19AB41<15F88C5A59161346CEBA1B3B1 A46AAB911 6F1 BAC91 23451 6MFB96532363ECA1 DA1 A1 D2F59C51 DA1 F4F9C3B1 DM35CAB9F6CA11 DMAAB9CF6CA1 A91 DA1 25CC9C#CA11 FC1 EF6AAB91 6MC2359FBA1 DMF66CA51 <1 6F1 5A6A56A1 DA1 9A55FCB11674FEA1DA1F56C#A123451CA4?13BBFS95A16A146945A14A16M3B194DCA 91A99A1967A14C1 5A#ABDC4A1 F4C1 A91 4593491 6M329C3B1 DM4BA1 FB96532363ECA1 6C935C4A1 A1 C94A1 DFB1 A1 =1 34C1 DM6F5ECAAB91 469C835A>1 DA1 6F1 3B3E5F26CA1 DA1 9A55FCB11 D41 5A841 D41 46945F6CA91 72CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A13A1253867A1DA1FB912486C4A1A916A1854C91DA1586A?C3B1A91DA1 25F9C4A1 DF9A11 6A451 25386F9CF9C3B1 5A67#A1 D74BA1 234A1 8CAB1 25CA91 F51 FC66A4511 67FB96532363ECA16C935C4A1B7A912F1B34#A66A113B12ABDFB915F94F6C12A5A91D7F88CBA51A91DA1 5A6A#A51 6A1 489C6C91 DA1 6F1 3B9549C3B1 DA1 26B37BA1 2CDC4A1 F41CEA51 A91 DA1 #3C51 38CAB1 672CDCA1 3A1 #BAAB91 D3C91 @95A1 5A6F9C#CA91 F1 25C3DA1 6C935C4A1 A91 6738"A91 63CC12A5A99AB91AB13B64C3B1DA1DEFEA51953C196F9C4A183BDFAB9F6A1)16A15A6F9C#CA11

%1+-,-111%::Y112FEA1 %Y1

133C51<1A19C95A16MCB953D49C3B1DA111.11 $%$112FEA1!Y&5!!N1b16A195F#F4?1DA1,311'11%::O11'A4?1D76A66A91F1 C535FBF6(A1<167A?25CABA11F5C11A4C65/F66CF5D91

67F22536A1#BAAB9CA66A1A916A15A841D4146945F6CA91F14A9C3B1DA167CB9A5DCC26CBF5C91BA1A1 D579A1 2F11 C61 3B#CAB91 EF6AAB91 DA1 346CEBA51 6A1 6CC9A1 DA1 A99A1 F22536A11 B39FAB91 6354A1F6E516F1#CEC6FBA12C9363EC4A14C17C23A11C61A91DC88CC6A1DA125ABD5A1AB1329A1 93416A1AB"A4?1DA167F22536A16C935C4A1AB1DACBA1363BCF6A91

111

'7FC1 EF6AAB91 A41 5A3451 <1 6F1 3C363ECA1 DA1 CABA11 <1 6F1 3C363ECA1 25FEF9C4A1 A91 <1 6F1 3C363ECA1 DA1 F6A59A1 A91 DA1 5C4A1 23451 D3BBA51 <1 6794DA1 DA1 3B953#A5A1 A91 DA1 6F1 3B8CE45F9C3B1DA16F1FB912486C4A1F41BC#AF41CB9C949C3BBA61J/L14BA125383BDA451586A?C#A1 A915C9C4A91F13C363ECA16F9345CABBA1B39FAB91F12A5C1D7F88CBA516794DA1DA1AB9C9125ABFB91 2F591 <1 6725A4#A1 DA1 6F1 2FBDCA1 DA1 %::K1 A91 DA1 DAA45A51 #CEC6FB91 <1 67EF5D1 DA1 DC885AB91 5AF4?1DA1F9A451CB9A5#ABFB91DFB16725A4#A91A195F#FC61A1C94A12F51FC66A451DFB16F16CEBA1 DA1F49A451DA16F13C363ECA1DA1F6A59A1A91D415C4A11B39FAB916A195F#F4?1DA1.C6A61F663B11 /C68A591 *AB5(11 25FBC1 6F9AF45A(BF4D1 A91 CDCA51 35B(1 4C1 AB1 7CB95AFB91 F4?1 5A3B8CE45F9C3B1 DA1 3C91 4C9A1 <1 4BA1 5CA1 FBC9FC5A1 3B91 346CEB1 67C2359FBA1 DA1 6F1 26FBC8CF9C3B1 A91 DA1 6F1 845AF45F9CA1 9A6BC4A1 DFB1 A59FCBA1 F57BA1 CB9C949C3BBA66A11 93491 AB1 CBC9FB91 451 6A1 5E6A1 DA1 5CA1 DFB1 A1 6FBEAAB991 F1 2FBDCA1 DA1 %::K11 93491 AB1 2A5A99FB916F1CA1AB126FA1D413C91F9C3BF61DA1/A9C3B12CDC4A11C66495A1A19(2A1DA1 3B8CE45F9C3B11 A2ABDFB91 671 FBF6(A1 DFB1 6F1 967A1 93491 AB1 BA1 5A9FB91 2F1 CBDC885AB9A1 F4?1 95F#F4?1 DA1 3C363E4A1 DA1 F6A59A1 A91 DA1 5C4A11 F1 #34641 D3BBA51 4BA1 2F591 8A66A1 <1 67A96B3E5F26CA1AB1C94F9C3B1A915A6A#A51B3B12F16F15F9C3BF6CF9C3B1DA1A13BDA1FC1A995A1AB1 F#FB916A1C94F9C3B14C1DB39AB9167CB365ABA1167CBA59C94DA116A185C36FEA1A916F1CA1AB17BA1 DA16F1FB912486C4A12F519A21D72CDCA91

1

A99A1 967A1 A91 4BA1 3B95C849C3B1 <1 67FB96532363ECA1 DA1 F6FDCA1 CB8A9CA4A1 AB1 3B9A?9A1 D7FCDA1F41D#A6322AAB91A918345BC914BA1FBF6(A14516F1D6C#5FBA1D74B18CAB1DA1FB919A61474B1

#FCB91A195F#F4?1DA167FB96532363ECA1D41D#A6322AAB913B91B3455C16F12F59CA1A96B3E5F26C4A1

AB1 C6CA41 CB9C949C3BBA61 A91 F41 BC#AF41 545F611 B39FAB91 AB1 2A5A99FB91 DA1 D#A6322A51 4BA1

FBF6(A1 5C9C4A1 25ABFB91 AB1 329A1 67CB9A5F9C3B1 AB95A1 F9A451 DA1 67FCDA1 CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 A91

5C2CABDFC5A1 DA1 67FCDA11 DFB1 4B1 3B9A?9A1 FC661 2F51 67CB9A5#AB9C3B1 DA1 FEABA1 FBC9FC5A1

CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 A91 DA1 35EFBCF9C3B1 64FBC9FC5A91 7CB95@91 DA1 67F22536A1 2F51 6F1 3C31 FB96532363ECA1 D41 D#A6322AAB91 A91 DA1 2A5A995A1 4BA1 3256ABC3B1 DA1 6F1 63EC4A1 DA1 F9A4511 6F1 2359A1 DA1 DC3451 5C9C4A1 451 6F1 D6C#5FBA1 DA1 8CAB1 2486C1 AB1 FB91 A91 67F59C46F9C3B1A916F1DF59C46F9C3B1AB95A16A1DA4?91B125C#C6ECFB914BA1FBF6(A1D3B9549C#C9A1

<1676A66A1E638F6A1DA125F9C4A1D41D#A6322AAB9116794DA1A91F66A1F41DA6<1DA16F1DC6393CA1 63F6[E638F61A91DA16F1DCF836CF9C3B1D41D#A6322AAB912F516A1F9A451D4135D

1AB123CB9FB916A1 CB365ABA116A13B95FDC9C3B1A916A1CBA59C94DA14C1FC66AB916F1EA9C3B1DA12CDCA1DA1 BCBEC9A1 2F51 6A1 F9A451 BF9C3BF4?1 <1 676A66A1 63F6A91 3491 AB1 #C9FB91 6A1 2F59C1 25C1 DA1 67FBE6CA1 DA1 5C2CABDFC5A1 DA1 67FCDA11 67FBF6(A1F1 25C1 AB1 329A1 6A1 5C9C4A1 FD5AA1 F41 23246CA1 963D363EC4A AB1 5A9C94FB91 F41 2641 2571 6A1 25F9C4A1 DA1 DC885AB91 2539FE3BC9A1DFB1673B3CA1DA16F1#FCBF9C3B911

1

6; 78%&.1+%1&8#%&1<1

A1352414C13B9C94A16F18FA1DA1A195F#FC61A91C41D7F56C#A1469CC94A911

41CEA51)1A156C#A1F9C3BF6A1DA1CFA(13B9191366CC9A11B39FAB916A183BD1DA16F1 5CA1 *1 JFB9L91 F1 3B469F9C3B1 B7F1 2F1 91 A?9ABC#A91 A1 D34AB91 3B9CABBAB91 AAB9CA66AAB91 DA1 5F223591 DA1 FB911 DA1 355A23BDFBA1 A91 DA1 96E5FA1 A91 #3B91 DA1 FBBA1%: $1<1%:O 91A1F56C#A1D41.CBC975A1DA16F1FB91486C4A13B9191EF6AAB91CA1<1 3B95C849C3B1A913BA5BAB916A1F56C#A1D41.16FA1F41BC#AF41DA1911

A1 345A1 C4A1 DA1 6F1 25AA1 DA1 %::K1 3B91 91 2F51 FC66A451 366CC9A1 F41 BC#AF41 DA1 6788CA1 F9C3BF61 D7DC9C3B1 A91 DA1 5AA1 A91 3B91 3BA5B1 9341 6A1 "345BF4?1 2486C1 A91 25C#1 DA1 67234A911

A1F56C#A125C#A1A91B3B16FA1DA167,.1325ABBAB91DA16F125C3DA1%:! 1<1%::&11DA1 355A23BDFBA11DA1F59C6A1CAB9C8C4A11DA15F223591DA1CC3B11DA1329A15ABD41DA1 54BC3B1A914A64A15F223591D7F9C#C991

41 BC#AF41 DA1 4AC9F11 "7FC1 C1 <1 3B95C849C3B1 6A1 F56C#A1 DA1 6F1 3325F9C3B1 C9F6CABBA11 B39FAB91 6A1 D34AB91 4C1 2A5A99AB91 D7F#3C51 4B1 F2A5F41 451 6A1 DC3451 3BA5BFB91

1 Page 4

2 FERGUSON, 1994 et J P O de SARDAN,

67FCDA1 2486C4A1 F41 D#A6322AAB91 DFB1 6A1 FBBA1 !$1 A91 :$91 A2ABDFB91 9349A1 6A1 F56C#A1 B73B912F191366CC9A1DFB16F1967A91

1675EFBCF9C3B14A9185CFCBA1DA16F1FB91D41+45CCBF12F311DA4?1D34AB913B9191C91 4516A1F56C#A13B469A114C13BA5BAB916F13B85ABA19A6BC4A1DA167/1DA1%:O!1A91 6F1 %

13B85ABA19A6BC4A1DA1%:!%91

1

B1 25FBA1)1 A1 F56C#A1 DA1 67.1 F41 6F531 <1 .F5AC66A1 3B91 91 F26AAB91 CA1 <1 3B95C849C3B11B39FAB91AB1A14C13BA5BA167A?2A59CA14516F1BCBEC9A1F41CEA511<12F59C51DA1 FBBA1O$1F#A16A1D#A6322AAB91D41#FCB12F516F56A1.5CA4?91A1F56C#A13B9C94AB916A1 D34AB91 2A53BBA61 DA1 3B1 F2A(3BBCA11 5A#A51 F41 6F531 <1 .F5AC66A1 A91 4C1 325ABBAB91 6A1 253"A91 D794DA1 451 6F1 BCBEC9A1 AB1 85C4A11 4A64A1 FB45C911 DA1 355A23BDFBA11DA1237A11A13451F416F531A914BA15C6A1366A9C3B126393E5F26C4A91 1

B1 4CA1)1 c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

#A5A516A451355A23BDFBA1F4?1F56C#A1DA167.

1116A1D34AB916C1F4?16FBEA1A91<16F1 3FBDA1 DA1 67.1 3B91 4A29C86A1 A2ABDFB91 DA1 A1 5A9534#A51 <1 6A?FBD5CA1 A91 @A1 <1 +5F;;F#C66A11 F6E51 6F1 DA9549C3B1 D74BA1 E5FBDA1 2F59CA1 DA1 F56C#A11 4C9A1 <1 6F1 E4A55A1 A91 <1 67CBDA?F9C3B1 326A?A1 A91 2A41 2A59CBAB9A1 DA1 D34AB91 5A9FB91 DA1 67.1 +5F;;F#C66A1

%166A1BA13B91934"34512F1386CEA1DA16A18FC5A91

5A#A51 <1 67.1 <1 /AB7#A

91 -BA1 D34AB9F9C3B1 9571 CBA1 5A3B9A1 F45DA6<1 DA1 FBBA1

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

%1A152A593C5A1DA1F56C#A1DA1+5F;;F#C66A14C17F19134BC412A5A91DA1#3C514A16F1D34AB9F9C3B15A9FB9A1A919571 5AB9A1J<12F59C51DA1FBBA1!$L1

=2E61E1<1651>=E>E651611=>E761377FE61?1 1EF>=6FF361

1

A99A12F59CA13BA5BA1676C93C5A1DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1F41CEA511DA16F125C3DA1363BCF6A1<1 6F1 8CB1 DA1 FBBA1 Y$91 A1 DA4?1 6F2C95A1 4C1 4C#AB91 A1 25323AB91 DA1 5A9C94A51 6F1 DCABC3B1 6C935C4A1DA12CDCA1A916A1AB"A4?14C13B91FC6616F14A9C3B1DA16A4513B95E6A91A1DA4?1 6F2C95A1 #3B91 9AB9A51 D7@95A1 F99AB9C81 F4?1 3BBA?C3B1 3455EC3BF6A1 A91 <1 6F1 DCABC3B1 CB9A5BF9C3BF6A1 DA1 6F1 D8CBC9C3B1 D41 253867A1 DA1 FB91 2486C4A1 F41 6ABDAFCB1 DA1 CBD2ABDFBA11FCBC147<16F15A6A56A1DA1A13649C3B91

1

.FC1B393B1D7F835D14A11C1264CA45193CEBFEA15A6A#FB91DA1DACB15A6F9AB9167F22F5C9C3B1 DA16F1BCBEC9A1585352CBF6A11F41D8491D41 $

1C76A1AB185C4A1DA16734A9185FB3263BA11 6A1FBCABBA1363BCA185C9FBBC4A1CEBF6AB918AF4342126419E91DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1<1 67913A1<1674A91D413B9CBAB991F1DB3CBF9C3B16F34F1DA16F1BCBEC9A1)1 7E5!7E271 341 17)7A73

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

%!:!1 4C1 F1 32231 67F5A1 F6DC9A1 D41 34DFB1 F4?1 95342A1 FBE635E(29CABBA1 A91 4B1

%15963E5F26C19A614A612F51,1*,T/11%:!N112FEA1%N91

3AB916C935C4A15A9AB412F51264CA451A?2A5911B39FAB916A1DACB185C9FBBC4A1D3B91 +1+1TFDD(

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

1

=11794DA12CDC363EC4A1DA16F1F6FDCA12A4912A5A995A1DA19C5A514A64A13B64C3B14C1BA1 3B912F1F8364AB918F#35F86A1<1A99A1FBC75A1DA1#3C511A914C13BD4CAB912649E91<12ABA514A1 6F1BCBEC9A1585352CBF6A13B9C94A14BA1DA1E5FBDA1ABDCA1F4?4A66A11DA1934919A2116F1 23246F9C3B1DA1A15EC3B1F1934"34512F(14B1C163BE195C849

91>1

1

7C61 8F4D5FC91 F#3C51 4BA1 3BBFCFBA1 A?6F49C#A1 D41 3B9AB41 DA1 345A1 DFB1 A99A1 25C3DA1 23451 3B8C5A51 6A1 57EBA1 DA1 6F1 BCBEC9A1 2CDC4A1 F41 CEA51 A91 DFB1 6A1 2F(1 F66CAB1 F41 9A2125363BCF6116F13B8C5F9C3B1DA13B1FBCABBA1CB5C29C3B1DFB16F1#CA1DA123246F9C3B1F1 91 D3BBA1 <1 264CA451 5A25CA91 A2ABDFB911 6A1 51 TFDD(1 346CEBA1 AB1 7F224(FB91 451 6A1 345A135F6A15A4AC66CA1DFB167F94A61/6FBF1]B39FAB916A193CEBFEA1DA16A81A91DA1 F4935C913494C75A]14A16F1F6FDCA1F18FC913B1C55429C3B12ABDFB916F1F2FEBA185C9FBBC4A1 A91 A5FC91 D3B1 3B9A235FCBA1 <1 67342F9C3B1 363BCF6A1 FBE6FCA91 7A91 A2ABDFB91 DFB1 6F1 253D49C3B1 DA1 5F223591 DA1 9345BA1 DCF6A1 2ABDFB91 6F1 363BCF9C3B1 85FBFFCA11 F41 8C61DA1 96E5FA1A91C546FC5A11AB95A125F9C4A1DCF6A1A916(ECBC9A1A91<195F#A514BA1236C9C4A1

%1T01J%:KYL1A91/,T1J%:::L1 101111%:O&112FEA1K:1

&151+,,11321C9112FEA1:!1

83BDA1 451 DA1 25342F9C3B1 B35F9C#A1 A91 DCC26CBFC5A11 4A1 673B1 2A491 FCC51 P6A1 E5FBD1

D5FBEAAB9P1DA12CDCA1DA1BCBEC9A1DFB16F1363BCA1D41CEA591