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a p p o r t

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ISRN INRIA/RR--5923--FR+ENG

Thème SYM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

On solving the direct kinematics problem for parallel robots

Jean-Charles Faugère — Jean-Pierre Merlet — Fabrice Rouillier

N° 5923

May 2006

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