القيم الثقافية و دورها في نقل التكنولوجيا

c,tt§\lV

MtCotl

l+rgJg§iJl dii d ^llrOre d{rllfll Êall

ar 1l-,iia)l"

..;tq i**i li b.ÿy

^4{elijJl

4t Lÿy

JUÇ

r ^a-Ul

^;l-r.LJt

é i-|>j.tdl _fe, j

^{JJ^i;} 69.r ,rL"+- i"À1"- ^{:â.r!l o.ia} J+hl

W ^{4ilÉll i*;Jl}

g..tL:" Ct+j! ^.J

i"ÂUl

abLJl

.i

^Y {plJill ^" ÈJJlÊ,6rJ ^{l- l'} O3;i1t ^-JJ Oÿ-Ul

q l3*t

^J!

^{-àta g;r;i}

i.*-à)

)-L;e ijÿ.i

.-'.',+2,-:

,l

t*..-tJiSJl

Jliii

L6jl)l.e9 'i+"Ul

p++U J91t

t')Àl æé, sl

^{.6etrtt .i.5ti9}

^;.itiJ

^{L-rji. J!}

^el-)t, dr:

^{AU:.f r}

,fl

^+*-,*,jr +!r9Jl p+atÀ

,ÿ-f * ^{)ri tt'} "

^4+tiiJl

.i,q--rllnr -))- 4.--;iJl

j

4.itnjjl .,iJl

#b J"

ÇEf .l+-.,JfSlt ..p,

-i- -.- y - l" J- (-,

.-jfrl jq

^jl.qsJl

.,;lrl iq

^.

j,,ll -+Lrl j f^;i; l1-LÏ

--,- :t \5 'J YJ YJ

.iji>tJl 6î ^U*# iJlUlJ ^4{9tËJl

Ér ;o

^4r)Ul

§lt

^{l.iJL39 c}

érUr -rrrl

^{l-f.Âi +.!-9}

e,l;*&

LJS-*..

é .1jti"

_'i!)t.c c,.a! L"f*'

.4{elii,l ;*,iJl &L>

,/tf

^{t+t: 4{91ôll} p..;Ut9 C*.ft ^jljüJt

æ

rlJa.i

rl.tc.o.t*3:.1

,i*

td*:nr

û-i4t z*v

qorr«l

JÀ-r .*u:Jl

.;X

^guJl

,-eJt !

^.

p;4Llr iiæJl rêl & \j t;,

^uÉl'êàJ

L^i-*Î

;::È & \Éy.rJurJlr ,;t:tJtg

^a;JJt

ç

i^:",rlr

ôV i.=r,«l ÿj ,,üÎ -,L-Yl

^..t+

.kll-lt

_Ji-rjl

^{Ll^,} Jt^:r!

,JI9 J^-,- kÿl-,r!

w^*;fl _èJl ^{a.JtJl i,plâJl} djl ^(.rb.

^Çür

(e WS.;l*:Jt ,ÿ _é

^{ar,tjJl ÔlrUl}

^o!-*:a

Uft:ltt,-|.Jl Jl

^a!.rl-Ül

ew\s

^{c.:^i!1}

flr,-l

Tlre subject of cultural values is very importânt to both fie developing ^as well as the cleveloped counu-ies'.This paper

aims to understand ttre developing countries cuhral values that have direct or indirect relationshep with technolory t-ansfer. lt is written in three major sections with an inhoduction and a

& ^tÉ y

(-S-uJl

,rie :L^:cll1

^+U(Jl

ç.r1

conclusion. In tre first section,.some

rL:lrd',Çs r**r !

^r]i'Y

Q!*u ^ô:srb iï"ffiiîffiI*.-ffi':ï"Ï

\F.JlJ'isill _{dÂ.! u^ô} ta.,p.rj 4.i" tiilt _ëôlt

.uË-t ;j/ .5;r,

Ct JtL*\) ^o)\jç.|

^èJriJt

/rj*lt

ua-a;1

Lb-,v

aiu:Jl

r"dr Jtpt F

^t5l

u ilr _o .-, :',.'.",:lJ"ïi.::"J::T;îi.Ï;

technology transfer. Also, ^horv cirlhrre affects personality and behavior rvas given. However, in the

values such as ^language and

traditions and anegative cultural values such as low work motivation, dislinking of blr"re collar jobs _and

JÀ e b ê

^b_,Lo!

^{â;s-p) a,.arr} _,rr T:liliÏ;:r_::;i:rff,ï:

ërb § ^C JÉ -t ^ ^J*J t^f -t-rÿ«1

^{of the} deveroping countries rvork

k., §*ll, t"-rr«l N WS t'-{-Él

^coneepts mainly cultural values and

1984

u" rJ! _Jly ürt-f

t^PJ

.b;i

Jç;l ;4-)J"(

.1971

i,- _{dllt{ àtJl} eJl

^:lr1--!

^ü;§

^S

4"*Î *t'

^-t{

g }K{

^ærr)t

i!, ^,ro-yt _é

.;.ii:r.Il a*-r1l ^{disasters such as} the bhopal disaster in India 1984 that were the result of

uYr ttrü1 oll -r ,.:ÇJ1 3

^:a,o'to

11

^{not taking curturar values inro}

..ilsQ.,\-r-*ill JÀ J

a."Lll

jlJJl Js.r;

consideration while translerring

.r* -,_, " technologv.

;lt: iil _{È\ :* kK^-"}

.-iÀJl li"----.

;i

-ra,;

üi ÿJJ

..-trÀJ

l* _Jl kr" ^{û"ÿ ,-tî} *\ ^,s-r-.,

prLJt ^ôrjt.:

Jl ^.ni,ujl

*./\s

i1r:)t;."-r,-J.t

dlrul ;/ t-rr«t Jà +

ar"ttJt ôtJJt

rE^" c--çÿ

;ç ^{-iJJ +":t!}

^Â.re-r,

^otJ"J ÿtyS,ç;Jr ^tr"

,*tiJ."l.c:Jt

J_rli1 ^-{tiil

ëî

"* I+t;:" Jr; ^Y çLJt rtdlJ t*}rfir _JÀ Jî

_lKumar 199g;

,G-{

r+ Jjjl r}*" ^oK o-ü1 oll ^,.:u.1; ÿ

^.-ni+:Jl

æ4 # r,

^4l<-i

ful

^{Jâ:JIJ lForeign direct} investment;

;Çlt .r;*Vt rL.i:*"!l ^ab-ty

,-rr;Jl

.:Ls-; _;."

+l.r1t

;(J

clGlobal technology transfer)

L-ré;lj

ab-\t

_,-tr1

é ^{ct-*r; u-rrfu} rut

^JÂJr

^ab*t,

J,Àlr

*(*:, r,r;rlt

- ÿf ^{;ç L.f} -

^eU:

?)

cl::-e-:-.

f:!.:rl

:1:rT ;1,1.t

d*Vl ^Jl*.-Yl

)llbl;rj _,rLl: gr.t"- È ^.,,

^L"LJI

^ôldJl 6

^..r.r--

^L Jl Lt-Î ,ro .rf :dtl ,t;!t e *:) I Ct .r>t(:'lt ;t ^{*Slt _É} '

_U,t

_{ôtdJl .>î+ al,:trI{ à-J ôp U} uj; t!çrt o$y dJ ^l=-rr«t j;

^ot=L-c

_{e TsAt ,ÿ ô'ry} §

(.:r)lJÂl)

6_N\s ^(.r_ô ;,#ll _Çtlt

.-)Â5-:11

kpî-r

^caJr,ilr

q-rÿ«t,

40

Èi^

,!lÉ. llâ.4 .J .l

!+

^{i-,frfr Jtrl*JI}

^{c.jijÎ *1 ,alüt} c,>t(:Jt upl Uls.(.)JlJtJl)

U"trf-l

t--,,

,ÿ ^r;:[i § / ^:y:]'r

^a\

* ^qor]'«l & ^{Jtèl ]ua"} u;; _^)v

A

^\J:S

é- | i ^.,-,)\sJt

";(+

;;i\*'u ':E;Jl ^{éit5- üt '}

^4ttô!

^{6 L}

ôtt t!r1 .:,>t(:Jt oé l^it ^.r+i

^e;r-o:Jt

^{Ôlr'l u§} Ari

^ÔlÀIJl

t-§ ols.(eÜ.t,,l/l )

^{arJl c-^.,-y'}

,f -§ ^{-\,. J!} c.-Àt- dr<r q-r,ill

er.Lll

,ü1 Y1 l-r> ^a;.1.r

Éil5- aJtll U*, §lt ^{a;* J+ .+ttt}

^ÔUlJl

^ù/

ùl .ql.* *J!

e.,_rr, r"r,

ÇrJr*jt ÿ Jèt ^{4 wsr:r.-r. Ç(J r}

^G

U\;-o.«t zçlæ)t.jtül oli iJt ^a*és t"*rr«l

V""

f .i Ct

^o.rlt

-,,. ^o.,LJr

ôlrlJl J! ;:;7*-fl q-rr«t

Lp-:Î

a:* v1 .é\h V

^L6+

..i,'Jl

oirs;a-1 a-,l-Jl ôuU\

ê

^ar,

#: J**4 ,::lr,!l f é:-rç ^.qiç!l ':;lrlt

orrfq,,q;lf §

^.;rrrlr

^{J\ çre;Vr}

^ç;...,

⁾ cry é-t-r ?r-r

_':':lr'J-l

,::1r"ll ,-jt-' Jl

^.

""rL§jt

^s\

*-êl ^lr-rr«\ ÿe ^Jt æ-êt;f ^æu

çuJr

^or.il.Jr

3

^{crLUJ\ G}

.r*- _c' ^*.*r' ;rr"Yt ^{J! ;rt*i'!l}

'-q+ ^6arc'l

fl;;Tlr iÉl y

^-,rts

⁴ ,Çtà\ '>l-ÿ

Lw-,1

-f

^g*LJt

-^lt ^tg",

d ^ç6Jr .:,!!l; ;r^:tr ^;-;<-! r.:Jl çl'u':-!l ;e

^a+uJt

^{q].2ll a:^!Jl}

ir,tl^:U c.,tr-üt

r*li _J,,

^a,+t-Jl _J4)\

iêv),r;;lr jÉl _e\-r\s ^r'-;L(ll

.12000

:lr;" ÿ:l;

(4,-JL5:1y"" cJl-1 ^«,;Lè)

'lll ^d i)

J,,JI

-«" $

^{c U-s}

.rfi _f+ I ^\,

^Ln-,o'-t

^d\-J'

^oj'a

^{;!:r'!l -n*} rj;i

ô-É -" Îk, ^;-:*-It

^.-},t-uYl

üi,>.r, ^Ô-É $J ^a'-"u gtÿ _{JÀll aJ^'} W a-r"oK t _{éê t} ^{ü!f , i.->U}

"* ^{I ul ,tr;4; 3. JrJl "i*Jl} ,

a+,î 6;r;;

;r

⁽²⁰⁰⁰⁾

^{>ru, o(; uJ}

-1t991 Shahnawa'

,bi; ^jl-utÎ ;"

f*4 ^t-j-,-b irî) J"rJl tio f ôé ^:lo-tù.) ilsl** bJ-, .:L-'Î

,*-,!r

_«r:.;JD

e}(*ty

^a.â,uJl

ülill ,J $itlJl '.;'àtt ^lrorrfur .:y*fr ^{,\-o\s ,;.x3$t} _{4l^t 'ÜÎ} ^{u ;Jr-aIlJ} t*rÿfu ^aà;Il

^ÔlrlJl

"pJf .rÇl^c ,J,

^{.-oJtJl et^:Àl}

fe k/Ît ^{Gli -r- ,i Ji'Jl tL'r}

^4bJJ'l

j*, _Ct .:t;Jli _üâ'\eL\t ^U

^aEujl

^o*lt.rÎ r"-rÿfu

^;-rÀêll

^z'$\ *l;*

ôl ^.aiuiJl ô)\r.il\)'aor-É!l iïrl _{crJlll kpi;}

a'"1'Jl

ùldJl

^U

4l

ffi,

\§.JfuÉsïtt cJij çl ^{u.5r3 4+ili:ll} èÉtl

ar* JJ

+. f ^lil

^++r-.

^ü6 ês \* q t

.:"L^:;

." j_É 3r çlrflr .k,;r,Jl

-}r-r-.ryt

_ü/

^{V Gî} r_r_-;S.^lr

;-, _ç;l:= +rtj.

J+ q-y'J

a*"LJt

,rrrul t

^npwjr _F.Jr

_,Jc §,!t

^a-tJrr

^ôiâ

^JJt4

t"-rr«l J. qt" *

{-J1 ^0.,-n

jÿ

.nS

_t,L*!aÉtr

. ^{,lg[i,l[ Àl o}

c+-,3Jr _r.ÂrÀr ^.,.

_aii.rjr

_().eÀ-Jj ;ruyr -r ⁴ Siîfr1l'

Âjt^;Yl frlJl ;r ^ü:--Ut u" _6

_fLdÀt

f y .;! ^{!-\,t â_6}

^.__:G+

-tô

1...11

^,:t-ar;Yt

,t"=!_rJrrYl cr;Jt fb,Lby, _dr )

a,sL^>ÿ1,

*:Ju ^*;J .ÿt-; {<J tà-" l4r-,

«Herskovits 194g7

J,*§.*rt^ q,

ts*grlund _11985; t-î

";Jr ü,y ^J" çJt Llt ,î

^o+Jr

ç_ç

_Lj ^a-ài,uJt,,

t-, l-rç

t,

tÀ :y,>.y

y

a-iLAJl" :yG _-rrJ

.l=f,_

.-a,-,,j L^t

ro

^{-r-âi and araki}

t- -iL ,g ^,-ê çP _C-r

^.LeJl

^or.+ _,-rJr :llyt JIL t

^L6-

J*+

.";t;yt ;f ^*L+ !ÿ _,:

Â,,G .>V_e

u" Xb-

atiî é ^{üt, p,rb.r}

and Ember 1l9S5y

.*,.r,;J

^{L^t_,rg}

,fz ^Ws

L*àl .tn* L';

_-,î

t., t-^:4 ,*i

&Jf crLaf.ayl.9.:l-r.LJtJ _{i.L_J.t}

JrtJf

r-S

^aL.-p

i/

(1952; Moore and

Lewis;5i

-rr;

,+-Lyt

t+_e,t*_-

ua*

:,r^ o.^.LYt ütüJl

üët4È

^Oî

;1 l-r;

₁

cr)b+\t J9

^{._5- U}

.

F)At;l

^{l:-Lc ô;4}

_f-4

LSy_ê

rrfJ L,il

I .t+-tü _F

;J,

^orrUe-It1

.:t,.rLlrr ÇUyt jrtJr _Jl r.- ^r,st

²

.ns Jl $t ^,t;Yt , §lt _{-t-b ,y ,-rt$} ^{Li! .rrt^r*t} ;j,.. Gl

3

.çaa

a{

p*,:e, ,dtJtrf ,V.;î çç, .Jt"*Î *

"Fs

^GV

^ay].q r-i ^Gl

⁴

.qlrt+ â;s,a.t

4*a; :-r

^ôî

Jl J"r tiU,;*

,-ry

"Lt(:, Gr

5

42

*$,

rl.ri" ,L:.o ..1 .i

io\A\

)^"W,tî

lHofstede ^1990y

r.:--r;n

_.-ç .üJ

:qit&Jt étt

^Z.t.Z

:. -s ^{a-, ,î}

.*.! çJt

"/UlJlJ

LLiXt ji)

^{À.bi,JJl ailJt}

'l..;l

^lSymbols;

)y)\ -

'kJl .r^*;Jl arL"=lJ:fl

eY1

jP & J"-" ^u §r:llYt É

^r-r;.r*q

.-rir"X

^;J-D

C-:+t ei-.a ^JrJl eJ

lHeroesy JUqÿt

,'

^{'1^'a- clYL+1}

frs ^{,=*; ,f-Jl} ;f r" d,

^a=,1\

^c,L+f}l

".|^;;_, lRitualsy 6-,;,Dt

-

: ^.t rff

f_*jf

Jÿ- _.-r !l _eL-" !

cçjJl a-iL":Jl

,l u:Lt .it41 ç^f

^«Values;

,rêl -

aiL;.lt

aiu:Jt

ç,1:* J" ^L;3 l-utj lrt* _JK^:; c*; ^{.:tlYt JrL}

*-aLi.,.:$'.L;-.

êt ^fXo

^{-rÎ «19901}

€ÿ æJ.5i"* _*lc -ç

^-rJ

;f

^_e-S

⁽

^è,-F

V çÂ1 .i1l! 4f lY

^{Lry^-c Â.,t*;Yl}

e;iJl

e)\ &:.ér.\ ^aç o, .>Jl-Ilj

_f-y'Jl

;" ^aeye a ^tç.-;rî

* ^{.*Lt lt} *)

^,-\-6-,-)

.i)tirl f

-t "' i^"ÂU

ôr*:f r;lrl,;

_-{U" ,ri

,,

;ç

^{1Rokeach 19731}

é ^St

a."-ri

ç;jJl .A-A\ _rt .l §Î ^Y!

^c,-rl-rJl

J./

^CLJ

,rcL*l tî ,*;; _-çà é

-r.*-.r;-*" ^..r,r

LJl" oî

e -t

,-/ L\rî "i')L -ry é-,és., iî ÉiJ!

^;-r-J=r

u) ")-*.lr .:!tç

ôr,!l .:l-r;:J11

A*/-ÿuJI ,.:l-r;:,Il-9

apr)t .:1-ri,I1 :C ol-r;:.ll

:nr.r*.'J"**o,*,

sî

^u._f

r Wy ^o[-Uly ,]Lrl ,]r é-J-'

^ar..

u<j dl ^«,o+u*r€ æ

.:l-r,o:*...; cJUJr

Lll ,: gl.ti:-, ol fJ' si

,"r*,- _f

j. ÿÿ./ .ÿ t$Yt9 .>Vt;!\ ^ol4 _./t

^Jl

dJ.-r .-r*{

^.r.r-+ _csÀr

(.reil-l ,"!l

,Çt_l ,ôr-!l

_-9Î

afUt

cY1Î :,r+,

**)t ,tt*- ^{t î}

^{.lRokeach 19731}

a-*Jl .>l*3,,

cüJü9

,6,ob-l üritt , d".t"

_dr"

W

^U

é

^a-J.tll

LrJ' il-*/ _{Jl J-r--)\} ^r-t{ ,ll Çl -5.-{ ^3Jt ué: _cs;Yr

.:L,Lllj qi

^tjJl

.,"JlJtt

:t-À3

-;Jt ilL*. a-lrJ _d-rU J" ,-!t ^{er\; tS-#}

43

Æ:! i

l++JJJisllt _rJrj *.i ^{tl,,Àrr3 4+ri:lt ÊÉJl}

L,rl-ç-ÿb;\

)- X*S;/ _{*Jl & -{t",J-rJt _:": t,>\-or>}t

_Jyus

ll

.."rjl

_/ ^Lp

^.t*Yl

^l-rÂ

ô/:{ ,}: .É ;t' ^ovyby't

^JJl,

e ç-b ^t" çi

.lSkinner

ÿ)\

⁽¹⁹⁰⁴

^{- t99gT*} .r-È;.érV'

^:t}!l fr_: %Lt-- -b ^ç:J/ ^Flt .k f t éJt

^{_r"_r c.:tr.àYt Jsts 12}

érV' _"-^Jl iLe

^ot4Yr

rir oriA jr) .üêt-;;Vr UU* r.f _gi

cùr*Jr gt:Jl ot4Yl a3;;Jt

oj,t g+

^.qMaslow 1970

ÿ:t1 dg - 19y;Â-t çt"rrî

fT ^{Jl -r!} .-r

^aJ,,ilt

çrtr*lr

^dî _-rt--r,

^:rrlyr _{ki-4 Ct fpt} & -t ;:

;/ ;,^( ^uy _ÉK,J- 'k æ* t-rl#.i-r

alt s

or*,-

₁ ^o>t4i

kJ" J^"

'€ 't

^Wt-ts

,r\ ^{a{* Jl}

^4+>

.t ç}r<Jt }ç ^u u+s:§jly.ilt ,ÿ ^I

^3.1.2

'r"*,rJ _.L-;i ç_)ç*tr )vî _{uza Ja *i} t-Vr os

^oî

;*": ^.é.nî

,*J^p

:W ;* ^{Ç j:Sdl}

^.:-,t

;L*, J^f JÀ v _f"- >f"u C§ ôî j«-

J1 a,-r.ilr ôr"r!1

,y ^ô_&

^ùî

^j<r-

_ÇF:Jt

Jt ctir Jl ar*)q .d ^,Lr:

çuJr

^.rr-rlJt

,t :î

^.a,-ri,!r

^üuUt

J1

+"uJr rlrLjt ;t' )i

.+L,Jt dtrUt

.rti _{ô-É C!} çrl,;«t _#iJl

^li.À

_J^-r-

^._,î

^;rUt _s,1

^{ca,.*àAt üt_rlJl}

_Jl Lf

^.a..-uilt

rlJJl

^t-6â:s

dt t=*rr<rJt Litj, ÿ ^,:ts1 üt

^e

*- U )î .a""rilr ôtdJt

r.(-".jj

dt q-rr+r

,-.1*<;

.tt ^q-rr-*Jr

^{,J^_i}

' ;r.9

^)-.4:-*. J-LJI

U Llt ^l-u -,:b ^{t;l .çr;Jr rtrlJt} Jl +t

^Jr

^ôtrljt

L-rÿ«t

^{Oî e.U:}

çuJt

^.'tr-rlJl

é L-:Jt

"r";ê e ^4jt*i,

,","u< oî

;ifr

v ii!{,J o'r.:j rr! _k"t' ;ÿÀt) _k+ é.{Jt *"s:.-ç)L. ,5t u:* * .r§ oÎ .r<{ t^f .:-;y*lt

JLJI ar"J

t rr olu"

"* ^{ê ôl}

^{tr-rs ,-nV;}

LÀli

,étJt,;

.a"-r;.J.t ôlÀlJl

ü, :rr;*; ,rJl ç!y*rt ,, ü ue;rl

e \*)-&t

,.sle a-.ujt ot-rlJt .t-Éia;i

ejl

^aLt-ul

JtJ'"!t ,q

'2 a,tu;

J. ^{,p c,31jl oj,}

^,J

^{. é_iî} _ëJUt" ^,J k- ^{ô:Ui.*)J Glj}

a1"LJl ùUUl

J*l,;l t,

_{Ut-c &Jt}

;-.r,i:lt

_ôt-rlJt

U t

^g;-rlt

^{;liJt ;»}

.:r"e-;lt

t*rtyfut 'üüt ,: ^{l*t-; U}

Çt,i, 6Jt

çLJr

^üt-ttJt J1

,il,r:,tr jî ^;:rUt .jtüt t

.art-lr ;rtJ-r

,î ^{ÂL)t ô)tLl}

.*Li

tlrfu.rru .r.i

:

ir4.J"lJréL!ü1}t ,at4v

^1z.z

.:Ç[Jr iirJt olJL *a;," :+i]l .rllorJr;

+prn:Jr

fr.o.,,

I

^t.2.2

.-i+ ^ll l4r) ^(\4r, _ÿt*Jl-r .:t _rirtt

o_{t*"

;r ^{Çü_r, :r;Vr} _{_Sa}

_;.lr

i:-r-u,;r.rr r _"r*!r 1r;î .,y f,ï":,*;:§tt;î"

il'l^,

-}l;"oyt

,:(,

c--.4

rrki ,j

t4"-æ;

Çt:-êt;/, d_fu ^ce',a)

Bossel-.ryY JL; _u,r: ^s:-J.o.;

,.,!t

*

^ÂLr-r.,

_-ÿ) ,L|lt:f;î ;É 4

75 a:-,lr> o+c c-J^t,

c-- Jlt ^{JUti u;J}

-n

*.Jr

_.rlo ;r.r.iJt

y

Lagos

.:t!l

^acr

* :j§-e)^1Jt ;+-..; i:

^rr"_,

l4i,>tç* _6.,*. _*;, a1l

*:qLU ".:q.p, ^oa-r. ,Çt"-!r

^{5-4 ;;lJt}

) ^ÀrJt -:ç

^a;

^Jt

^Ltr

^+y;r

^g1

æ4.1

^aixr

.,J<+ çÇyr j)rJt

^{a;1r .:u-l}

,*t(, ]r,

^{r a.*r^_+,}

:r,îgc' _{;,. c--ut} ,)L .a*î _;auî & ^tc, ,üA,r;ri,)t _;ç;b)t g o:a Jf Jt .r^s

^oi

"<t ^C,

^.-,1:yi!l

^{.r" ;5q b} "Si ^t-rr.l ii

^a*tr

, -.s$)t

j

«>l ;r4-^7t

j,.7t§t1

^"rn{t

_r,üt,

c: yr)t

1 rçt r\t ^:Ulr ;fr-yr

4^*bt)

c:lÿ _as.lt .tî -r*y d ..r*}lt) ÿLt).

^(JÂJl

JLly ^,Jwyry

*é) ;t rVt J,; ^W"r;t f dt ^{ot:yür âttf} é;çcr^4r ;a{

^t-r_

il-,b ;*- _*SAt 2c)è\ _JUtî .:r:;. stÿ

^,.;J

_.Jafr

_üUSS

_{_,Uyt}

.;,ttç _.-ç

ôr_r*-/l

.rLi)ü..!t ,ric

^J.rr;

c*r ^{.qrjr açrèt}

^Ju-bî

^crr:;r.

d!, ,lj-!,--itâ Jl ^{.., ôy-ul;*,}

cS.rjt

-hlf 7el*.:>f:*t, ya,é: Jtilll

.c-.--Ut

l+)- ,j*

^gJt

_{EUlr +} ^{k6- dÉ_}

-r,

try:

aJJt

a+ty:jy

\r* ^{ù[ j<4 Jrüyr ôf} _,Jr dr:-Ut _.r,+

_TSORTING;

;lr ^:ç§

q C* tAt li J-dt *+ é .fe t é

^ôt,>

^ôrr*;1 ;r;)t

^n)*,;

Ç tlt;tl" ^ott

^ti1

^uî .,ill _Jti:^f e-ts,,tv.rnuî ,ÿ i ^{til Jtj-tyt}

çv) ô;6 y ₄

^Yl

c

_rt*Jt

;. u;i, ^y _é!, ,L,rl, **f tr;

lLJl

Jr"

r-(i

i3Çt^:â-Vt

z-*§t

or,o

t;tJr ^ô! Lrcf.ruyl _;,-

_-r+

.lEvans ₁₉₇₅

y:" ,b\

^*.

45

.i*=,**'*,,,,r'r* ^{-r (#fJ,î} ï:;;

4+'ür _Èc'

-r.pL*; _.-i-^y

t*-,-Î

^aÀ-È

éÿ' ^{G:f u-}

_J'+, ^(Âi1;.=

éÿt ..t>/1, 'çYt

Jér

^r-ra

é

^c-.;_?î

Cl eL\;-Ül J*r lfr.Jl ^{;*t^,}

a: ;ts1-Ül

.;At _u"*î

cr)\;;! - ^ô{.rç o\ÿ- ^iL,) - tç

^-r;J

.f'4

^b

r*Jf ^aL-Tf ,.c

^cL*)U

ô,ye,

o*"Yt

o-, ,Î çVl ^{c,t*^ét} ,) * .fril

^{a.t^.c}

^oÎ

^{Bartlett 1932}

-u,

..ty-r-.:",- o*"!f c-,U^-:Al

:lr!Î JÎ éX!

.a."'Vf

;r ^,.:t ^-*l j \*

^z.;):=

r<p "."vr

ar

^{crL^:Ar}

r-l:titrt ^t î.;flJl : -{tJt ÿt-.+tt

^{t:t^:ct ;,1-rJ1}

J_,l ^up lié.JK-i,Yt , §:, ^ç!;y-rrJt } ^{c,u;L^fl} fX

C ^oyr-:r2

+ ^4/U ô,* u _-5rJ1 ^{èl-,k- oi} tr4 _lCole

and

Gay

19721eG1

+r;Jl ^c,UK..! ,Lk;Yy

^À-4>

u"

^1u<Jl

oUK-l ;i çü

^o*,Tt

^{c,U^êt} Srlblf

_JgVr

j-t;r _{;_r}

_ç-rc

^oÎ cotlUl olj,r

-r.;:o .,.1U-.lJt

C*lJ lrL:il ,}3.,

^.:1.:c!13

Çr-u.:-r jr;

_,S*rJl

.:l;k+

_-,J

J!

cg:;2 ÇL:ll

ÿ1ll

,,>\S-u1 ,,-:{ 3,

^;f-l-rrJl

.>UK-.l }i ô!, ,Sfî

^44>

t)

^.Q*ll

,rf-r:lt ül-,k.. csV>! J! çtÿ aiÉl J.=;t ^,rqiô ,l 6ÿ-l ;:*§:

.j")\ ))-/ e ^.-r,4:

^{Gï a--r-iJ}

,Âf

_S cQ^l^*-i

*It J^,

^toY

ÿ\j çt*:-l ^(;JtlJl é ;ÿ,tÎ

^daitrlt

r,iij "<r" .;§ as* 4

^/-J-rÜ

Jy'Yr

:.-- d-=

oar.lJl;rtlJl*J ^{x'*L^11}

;JtliJlx ,P

(Wagnerl981) ,lUJl

;'.,- rn)

ci-rt-^:Jl

)\üj) ^6rJt et@;flJl

^ôeUÿ

)'\i ^;ft-tJl

^ar1

rechearsal t\,fr\ J- ^ôfuJl 4

¹⁴

^}u:-yt, euyJ-"Il o+\-r ql^,

-,o i>;*:,oe aJtc ^aJ-æJr ôÉUJl

o\ i-t,,fpl ^üS .LVrll o!*=;l-,"-l;

ora _cr-r-.a:.

rÿi:lJ .iifÀJl

_ÿl,*Jt.1

;d "a;;.l[l ^âfUJr

^oi

,r

^(ajLaJl

jÎ .lr pstL"r\ 1s\* Çr Ut,

³⁸⁴

;" ^utK, t-r è>Ul Jti,l ,i*j\

û ^ô\;)\ ëW;.JI

_aa+y

Â",#l.L,"JlCl

_q} ,JJ)^lJl

,-4*

^{.e,u' 19 - 07}

;flJl ôrüf

_grtÀJ

.*\:)\: ^{ol:l.o^Jl} ti\ (pJ ,*b ,&;,c ^ç{t<Jl

oui(Jt -i\ f

^-s

& ^;S-f\ \" J-& !-5.r;

^1r\-:rl

.>Ut

_ç-r-*:-l

ck+l cÇL*r:-l ,c\ÿS oUyt't! _-Eti:-)l .rteçlr;t

"r[d-r ^{.u;LJl ,t}

J oL.Jit J)î fk & i§jl ^{+ ôÉ} u-'fJj lrt-:rl .>ur _r-rr.i-l

ata;!'

ll$. !.:.â 'l ^.l

\

i:,-., j\ÿ

_Recency Effect ^a;r-r-lt

jr iÎ 'r--l d W ^:t'lt

^a;LJt

rtÿ

Primacy Effect

tlilr jr ^;Î æ ê ^{caji.Jl oLrtêt}

"re

\4Lir"j

cr..,LJl

.**T

_,

1l ;ç-;lJ\

^{ae)^4}

d4--

'r;J

'.>Ler^}t .,l:

u'L=1 tr'L:'

j*, It ^,-"r, _é

^u-y.-l\

^{a^-;rr}

-ts,

,ÿ ^{J+ trF} 'ë ^{-ÿ J: o!} r-'

.

Lr:\iÎ

ç5-Ü

"F* ælr ,(;tr

:Problem Solving

':)t(:Jr J- & ^;'Jr'l

^:1'{l)

,, er ,(;lr ^{üë\e; rrÎ ;* z-zé v--jo: i;oJ\ J^Jr Jtfui} ,

i,b-, a;J>-

Jt Jr-;r il:\g Jl P- ^e':)t çf uâ'Jl ,(lr

1a'orvi;dK;î GÎ

eË.--

^{ro; -;iYr}

3 a;§l _-^-.Jr

""* ^gi,

^t;1

)\i _'ieL

c''l"-u"

, Lr*,41 ^ç-rx.'l

,=J;J' -tu:-Jr ^l-Lo

i ^{ajui\ rtu} J/jj j, '

E*:_{ry

î,r," rt;Î ^03;*

J)ç.:'"1.Ji1

r;q- \i^^*';jJl

^(Cole

^etal'197\ asf\:

:(rrti.pr)

t-rJ;* t""iri ( æy4./ _f-e;'ll) ^zt* ''§ *s'C ⁾ q ₎

\-;a\

,>i,-\

_JJt

_Jiae ^ya1

^tst-ualr3

JlitÎ & o-r\ il.l é#'l ^{\er^1} t* àtr )s It)e*-ti .^lr

^V1Î

^{'re:-U\ 1-l}

^'r;J

"'6s ^JutÎ

^.,Ic

* tÇel

^ç'-t

^{a,vr*it 'c$}

^'!-*1-r.,

'r--il ')t ^{L;> li -'Çr 6,} err-' uf ^.cul _i:r:;r(J\ :)\,* h;àr1 e 'A

^..7u

^{6, ro";-{}

æw

^JÉ,-b

é;-flts ^ôrr-*l ü) ( ^lil

^r*Je

^)t*Lt r);i\- ^JÎ

^LJr'i

,\ ,\/t *U

^.i1c.

ra L,* Llo

^a'L.

^{g^+}

^ç'rJt

- '*t ^'\'o é

^ol-Io-/

.r,al

.pr tu ^{g^-lr} y -bs,;ra;}):Jt ^{el;*!l otv\} ÿ ( lr\'C ,»t ,f* ^al(*J'

^.-r,"

^{J- 4} *.ÿ ^\)b)

^a'-Jr

^:r;Î Jf ^{JÎ oy-Ul 'r*9}

otraï^Jd]t

^{a:^Jt}

,9:ri*-;*JJr .r"{a^^l.Jl

^siJïir

o§s 'lt f éJ ^ilLe *K _,k4l

_C" JPI*'J\

é +)\

^.JÎ

;* d ':l/!t i

^\'*'b\)

.;r*lJr -ÿ ét ^{Ulr Âit'}

^{1î z*z;'+u}

^c''É

^s

i*lJt ÿ1

^:Verbal logical rerasoning ;Ja;lJr

Jtutl ÿ à*ltpt -

²

y æÉÿ ^k:-tt:

^{"^t*}

-i-fi ^-r!

^.Luria

^lg76\tj

^a,4âUl

^{-r k'-t*:-t}

47

€,'

!|+JJÉs:ll cjÂi

j

ta.rrl ^4.i- ri:lt _#1. I

ir"Yl J4

+ h-É lrk _J-Jl

^{ga-),tiJl ae1}

^s,)

^j4.,.Vt ;a,->\Jr ^ae)

e..r-*\Jl

I r - -l

Jy ^tAz*

tt> Âiÿ:., U"t-;; ;a;cr^*^-iJ ç-ü .gjJt Jt+rYl

Je râ .i:- ;J

:UYr a-ài.]t

Jb \f

_{_[jL-,}

JJ'- ;!r ^\.b-, ,t:

^t

J9)Jr k

^tt- _ltU-,

,,ej.

Jr..!l És *-\t.-ry ^.j)\:-Yt

J,n-

i ,".tlt CtUl f,t,.<ii

,tà

.JU,o a-.rjr

;rl .rÎ t^ÿ

a*Jr _,r-r.,

,rtc e!' o-, dl^;Jt ,-b;)t j _-

'"J4.1

.Jr;ir *aî e ^*Uuj l*;in

z,;,b;"

u; _-

ÎÇi;:,*rlt

a.-rJt o_J

r^

^U

-

;î ^a=Ut kJ" c-l-"-

^,;Jr _Er;Jr ^c--1

.t.u l*5 _utf J, ^ç-t*

^ôt-f

^;ay!t

^oî

^c-aL.:-t

^.r;,

..*."Yt

Èfu&çn-_Al

_Cr.bJt

^.-t,

,: ;ÿ

^{aiLa:jl üÎ (Ratner 2000; _rtt}

^æ

^{-r-;J :iibrrJtf nog'eJr}

_r*ô'

^{I 2.2.2}

É dr w-HtsW érUt

^{r^dJl3 G.r:-r a;tUr}

^{ipy :+j!r}

^a,üUr

'êsta>

.k +t,i,r

_k"Yi

-fu ^ü!i

^ct,

^ôui t t*s u-{ _uat*Lt

^5-gr .t6r_.

}ujr

^U

& *- 6y

Q

"-l\

^t+

^{,'-a Cl Âilul} vÿ üÿ ^:a;tUl ft ^:I9Î

rLe" _çg:i

;\ ^{,S d .r^*} li! ..*;iJt ,-lt _,S-*-

-ti|

.oy-al _{"r_Jl} ^gul _f<,

3 ,*rlt r1i ^ô!i

^,..JUt,r .1-r^-*:,. J_rlJr

CJ+

_{1U _oâyl}

,î Jryr

^u;ç\s

ei:t-. .--.-Lc, _GJI

aitul

oî

f ^éUi ,J, #Jlf ^.to e ^{a;tUr Uy +.tt}

C-p- çî .f

^,*b'J-

^$ )i",ÿLJtr ^.k+

^r;n<i,

)ll r..r l,rp çi $

^ci;.*.,

;r'1

^cY

ap

^ru

^k*a;

^ai;t-lt

⁴ ,(;lr ^,*-l é

^{L-uc aj=.:}

^lY

^o<*-r

*

*)t otL- d .*-

^-ri

^g;iil _;e-uJt Ji ^*_r q. J_f";î +-r ^orÿ

^{o!î oî}

,.iqtl (e.Jt)

_-,,:tt

)yî ^{:o^} Cl .rr.l _,.cW

_f-6,

,lt _,rll

,ri,o

f, ^.y:,

oct^+Yt .r-Jl Çtif ,(..àl

^{(1, jJJJ-}

(t ,;

rV Laî; ca;-*" ai:t--; aibUJ

.ôJ>

_6;iJt a-6*trl ôit)ri1:7àjl

.rl-*L-

Ulü3 r,r!.t

ç

^{.>_r* cSjJl}

;JUYI

-i ^,rl f<;t qI."

^{ôî Good 1985 )\:" J-r>}

^CpÇ\ U ^_r§.-ç

^.uJ

oî Solomon;1978

"ry ^-r;J

y:" .r5 ^.r- _Jl

^aitjjjt{ _-)bS

_{*V, +.r.)\eî}

^t6J!

.l:,,

rlri. .rs.r ..r .i

'rl i

t-* ,),.*>At;;t! &J*.,.olt

^+iU:lt

³ ptt ^{*4ra*^lt} il"j*Jtx

_f,.6i,

ÿ:, .5f

^î

oliGi é ÿb * *f s.q,*1

^,tî

.É ÿL'

^Ju,r

^;rÿ

^L-.lf

^;ry1lr

,Jdlrr J'.r:ru )\

,rp

c-$tr1 Olson, 1981 -|Jlriv\J

.*zJt -e )i ç*+ ^{Y 4j!i (aïtlt}

^arLaJt

æ.-l\ _{-ç 3*l1} ôb &;;;Jt #ts +Jt{ tt ^At

^uÎ

.x

^{Murphy 1978}

LÀ .',-,

Jl *ü

^{.-ç UL=}

tr;

^o:lr,J-l

tr:r/î

"* ^dt

^c,t-sü:Jl

^{J rUt, tJ} Ç)

.iJil)l

^.:titâJl

_,y -6 ^J

^Jt-J-r

g tJ y

^Jt-J-t

p tJ _3rlr :lt e,ÿ

a;"tUr

;rj;.-rji:a,üUr â-u

:Uti +r*Yt

;, e;ç ^aIJ :lr

dt{Ât

je

^i,+UJt "-bJ*l

i>r: jî

_)U" a}L\St

a*L^:*Yt .il=J-

LJl{f ,l ;r-rjr

,c*r"i:lJ

i*rjti ;|Jl

t-6<k"

,l

^a..U:Jl

Lÿ

Jo

^Gr":.

J.9 _;-ÿ

^ùl-LÀà

ÿ

^a,+ttjt

.r/t ^a*r:

oti

,i:l!1. a-i*lr cs*-s ,*'§{J,.:Él ,!, Llt ^tS -r ^ü.:t- .:; ^y i.,ll

^aiLaJl

ê(

^e

;i

1 a;r;

*rxjfur rî

^urrî

fJ{

^csjJt

^{4.r:Jl ô+\} & ^é.,:/

^{Lr ali*Ir ,i-o}

/:;

^{t^+}

.dlJi

&

JU" Yl

îv ^l4*l.ôtii

^-r+

^cLJt

^{a^as}

^t,,ca1f1

^üU:Jt

,11

té

,,,, dt ^q.P\ J ^a,*b\)

^{o1j.a,.1 Ârld\}

;§:ilbt

^Jt

&

_"o..lt

a;lUt 32 yÀt ü ^rt*Jly Jt*rl æ é1/t,st1 ^o*a ,l #

ejr ,"üUr ;r,c

Jr*ll

^ôÎ IKASSON ^1990y

o-r§

"ç

^-üJ.

^irrrJl oi, t ..f+ ^;î

JSr-

JC CLJI d-lt #

^.++Jt

^,**zA\)

^-r:41

^oÇl:

^{4-u:Jl eJ.*;Ju}

,Ay

^ts,t§

;-r-lt oj"r

#r.aitul ÿ

^)"-4t

^{1Ç1 y\t}

-0l; tp-r+

§ ,* jdt) ÿe

;ïJ-.-riÀ

,-rî

,ù-K

d,ry

.',r-

r,. ,+*ÀJ.

JrilYl -sÿ A;.- ^Jy.r, tr

§î _';l,r.r§ ,rÎ .rll

^{:La:it aÀ-1,}

ü!

^VtS_e

otÿ a;tUr ,f -él

és- é.:rJt U ,* tl Ylf ,.;LtrÀt,

_ft^iJt

f

1r,L:*tr ^ssL. \_17;,,14+yie

ÿl\

üb4 ^oÎ Yl ^c,

tjtË.ij;=

^4,àtur

;t ^*$r.tî ," ar;r J,s) ihJ:l ^u;ult Jlt

^oî

t"+

"« ^.alr t

^r.,üX ft-:tYr

yi. _k--r

_t.iui

Ut*. dÉ ^a;tut _J, f ^{,J,t*lt JrUt}

^Yl

f,

^Y

^{;r.- aip}

^L6;c

^.*#t f>u ^{Jy,. ;*}

^a,üUr

*;,

^,sî

a;tUt

oY r,-ürr"Jt

oj-o;r,.*.lJ

trr*-r.-;.4

dt *-r4t:,-6;btg ar,I:rlyr ,ÿS: æf

-riJ ..rlôti:Jt

o>{:-! _-àLs

all;=

è"4 k- #l j(4

^;-r.*trt

,-f ^{ott*- ô+r{r} Ç", -r :t;\ lrr+;§rlr A *,rb

^{lRussell 19911}

§

.€f '

!+JJJisill rJÂi sÉ ^tÀ./3.r3 4*ti:ll _ë.Jl

\ÿ;%27 ₎ i+\a.àb\e ry;:r;)1 ,

^{L;; % L8 ô\}

^r*y d

. ^"4A3:

JLtÿ os-,nt;Ér!

_-tsç

,f

^{ae) 1ô4-r-J't}

^{t-r :ljÎ do} ,rf

^{ôÎ üJ}

^.-*àJ\

^alb?

..-;Jf

^{-^-;b\e Â;}l;l} ;.ü; oy;s+ J!.r.Jl ,lÎ

.r-l c,t/\

^ÂÀbV _;ro

fj6.Jl

.,le

a;tul

ôrl:!

g

cr"t-Jl l.gtle -r^:+

6lt

^14ÿ)\

,trli

^{:i.nbt lt altr1}

é-ÿl\.t1:;l

;"_*ul

Jt*; _r

^.l=.ô

>l;i

_{oü JuIl}

J*" stej ^.Gli

Â,àttJJ üLaJl

é 4- rti .r

^a,étUl

Jf ^4rjJl #1

^{4^--- ùÎ}

É" ^{[r l-i;-i: tsi- ô9V} -e éî,fu" U" 1t!*-ft ^{;.r :t'+Y\ ô)))\1} f-p ^lrÀ .

a"9L^:-Yl

.:li)i,Jl

ell1W k-

""*rlt & at-ê r# ^aitul

^;JÜl

c.j;î ^,:-r--

^{l:!y r ÂüUl}

.(Rosaldo l9Sa

ÿ:\

.U;"-'

,<-e-';ç ^{a^}

^{.J-t .rt3)\Jl L51t -EUfl}

r" ,t-ê\ ^JL;JI * _'rbl-,Jr ^{;a3:ll ôî J)}

^;rL:,Vl

,f." ;\ ^{JU^iJ}

ir*LÀFgl-r;Jt JÉ

e*Ul o*l t;";;*Jr é ^{L.W a+rt}

o;,-r.*:^4 ^r-uirU

v,il

;,, rr;Vi'ëEYrÎ q uÿ-ç,ÿ.;ç a;'"P\

oÎ _el

eJ; \s.;ÿ _Gr*il d ail ^'li

^:rr-à!r ,Yy» -u:',-. .:,tr,.!11 rL.-Vt _a\s-,\

Jr

op\a c-,l-ti:^,

I ,) _'q-Yl ^{:l---.i Ji Jr'rlt J1V \^sy \à4,} Cp ^{tiàU, V-f o-f-}

V-f o-f-,.f a»

^a'-:V

^{ôyya' kJl _l-*}

^gJt

_-UJt ^{d--t' Jt ,,1}

3"",

çJ, "-, ^{,) ô*\} a *"c _"Si

^d,l-\--!

^lit*:,Jt CJJI liÀ Jlia .!:tr

:l r : lt

(-,v*, _{)-* a)J,} t" e --ll flf! ^Ôill

^l-LÀ

"o ^*;§.ll É"

.r"!'-, .(Kleinman 1985 iJâÎ)

albât)

a.ir*ll

Çrllt ^é

^arLÀ:Jt

;ÿ 6 ^{::l;LJt1 {itôJl} _*ât

^ç3.2.2

ôJÿî Y .rÎ

,,(lt éJ

^.tà'-\

^{G*)\L\ É}

^J,L-

€\_ÿ eb"i ;§

^{GV c}

^:yill

a,itall

,-iX l-Él ù_É tr! :lt .:l5-r- u !ÿ ^{ùÎ ci,}

^l5l

^{cjJtl ri}

o,o

;-trr oia .t ;-î _{o|a-î 3} ^{,*a 11 ,-l\.rJ,}

^OÎ

^)r*c..

^{t-61^4} _èJl

§ ^,_e? ,*s ^{.Çr :14 éiJl}

^ôq(J,

C.,

C^:+l

d

""Eu:Jt

rdl fr

t-t!t (i#l;lr,rt! ^{ait*;Yl a#*A\} ,:

^+tËJl

"J1

o-tÂ

-Vè .ÿ ,r")t

cÇU:Jl f-.*X

+t*,Yl "dlJl ..r-* _.rl"

_#*1J

_{s @A\:} ^gl-r*rJl

a^It+l)

i^i l* ,J, J, _Cl

ak"'Yl

.>l! J

^{,.rkr. .'tt-:J-}

,*élS .-+üt

^Op

.e-rJl thinese Foot

- Bindin).eJl

_eurYl

,* ü ^{-Ui ôJl*ill} ü«

c,r";ül

ÿ.

,,*Ë,

?-*

rlÉe r"- r .,1 .i

+

pÇ;Jl

ê rÿ*

o)n?à\

ôtÿ .1";i

.iUVt

C" "^"r4il

Jr .-ee) il_rl, ;n

i$ -j:t ^.,*Jl J,,

^é.,1.*;

_*o

,,[

3ri _],f

^_tl

c.rl _,^, _F t

^-uç

u(g U f- ⁰⁵ 4\r 4>f Cÿ, .03Jtr- ^rÀp e!

^{ô:r^.a, al,i,ul}

Ç;u

^-ul;;

ô:L"Jl

oj,s c.-;tÿ

.(frJl

"-+iy

J"*UJI J1 _ç-r;Jr

CÇÎ ^ùn q>

o;c; .V-,ü

a-o>s>-

-r4l::'"

rli-- u;i,JÎ ^k " +r,- ott c!f; ^c!ÿ

^l-ui;

':'s1

;**P: .»t-.--e

^{ot-J.âJl La.r-.,}

ep .p Jlf f-iJl è

^{a.I^,}

;Î;.t ;! ^{dl:ÿ ;.rt}

_{,-|^Jr_r}

_{odr_,} ^.oÿ_# _{Ç:sj)\ rrrllr}

_È-^,=u

_ùtiiy

uî

r^ -irl ^sui * ^iiLi

^,Jts-

^{uJ .c^rrt Jÿ ;r;ty} J! .--r- é æ

és .bo,.>\;^:;* l0

_1Î ^g

J\r ^nÿ 3l* rr; *fi 6,it gy _J:,yr

_.-r;Jr

*. ^{a.I^, it{ Jtà "Lrr,} :u

^t.é

,;.Àt,ti-J-r -J(,";;,

^ldr

^Ju

^,rj.s

.+'J*dl c-^<-

^g;-rJl

_-JrJl

_,J,.çÎ

cry." 618:yE _é

_u:.àt

t.:T*

^ç-r;Jt

.

^ail:r=ll

*àt 7tt I ^{V-tü;JJ, .r,, o.;jt1}

^.1Tang;

_Cu irî

r"4 W Jy,.!t a;Jl ,r,t; ç ^1911a;'

^a1U

a§t

^o-ra

a-rLr

,>r^:-,1

.^;.àt

4rlJ,e^*U

abj\\

^À*13)l (Sun yat-sen)

;f ü! ^os- Çt

^;rJijl

c^;tÿ

,Jt *r/t

^üU:Jl 1+

;^"r;Jl è ^{U^t L-,k} d" C-- ^U

^oî

^a4;lr

;Eÿ

^LÀu$

^ô_ÉV

_&Jt

^é-JlJ .o*:/t fdt :" ç)»t fuJl

^,rî

.si

ô-:!, .aJ a:.."LYl

b:-*Jt f b,i -,L, üS _.etSlt r"

^t-eL-

^JLi

^{V ôî}

^j<4

.ib_l

^L,À .{FjJtJ

Cs}\ ^k "Ur-! ^{o_Éy; *-Jt} t

^{ajtüJt ôLi ct-ra} ,rlc

.r*ill ^.q'l!

^.'-,r;t

* fi:

^:r:À1

^{.)za * fJ4 t- J!}

^{;Jt*:yt 5i,s-}

^,atlt ,,

d ôfrtjlt _".

_î-n-

l,

_;N.

,J

.(Thaiposam)

1LylJl f

^l

^4o

^{o jAb,- çs.tJ\}

<,afVt 11

\$*rj ùÿ

,,>tst"-,

tl

_{-,,r-Jr_r}

il.;J Jt;.î

_ç!-tS

_{_*}

.:,yLà;--yl

J-y-4 ^{a;4A, ô-É} ..tl .l*ti,JlJ .rl;L;-lly

,,-*!.rJl+

a,r:t--*î ,/y

7VU

6*tt d ,;t

^:1r!î

^s;ai

^J,!

:y"r^i

_{_rru}

k-r

^J-,o _,^u

k- ^Jt"-t

§ y

r-r+ :-"":it Jî I

V! ,j*;

^rs1>

ti^ Jÿ

_r,-, ^.éiJ,

J3t-

^t:t .:),i-Â;yl

;,

OÎ

ç;t, ^l|-rilt

^a;L;.It ,.:làtr,o::Jl

3:trlYt ,J f)p):;Jl ^{,yj,o q}

f-"l1-v

/>tt ^oî o ;) &:.:trr)U éÿt ^{+r4l J& ÀÀe.rtfb}

^ür.i:lJ

.l.r* a-(r uJ,tr

ôî V!.c(1t.rJr ,J

/!t,1

^qr.L---yt

ftA ^{+)y_* *,t_r*}

51

&

."r4,_+';

'*jl3i5:Jl JÂi qÊ lÀ.,13rj ^iri. tÂ:ll _ârôJt

dUÂ

ii

(coon l99S1..ref _Jri{ ^.r,cJ

14)e;»t .,":lt _J,ila

"-n5 ^_KJ

,,.*r l:t ^{,J" i,ÿ*Jt}

^-,"

^{;trlYr Si} ut1*

_31î

.;tU;r*nt

Ie

t^lt 4;- _)'.,il\ ÿÿ ^{r*lt :éÿt3} dât ^I

.r ,"1---!l

Jc

t^lf _{/V' ,rt"}

^,

j)t;ÿ* o:t:;t LJf :a-!rrlr

Z

.*.

1y):t.:;l l^lf _/:nt :r;lt

oÇt .:t:rt

tJf :oL-.;It

3

.W _ÇfA

"rr9 f ^Vt

is _..r

4S-

*

_/>U

:ritr

a,La

6nt;Jl ^:,[*JùJt

⁴

ary,Jl

J!

.r"t lt

.l ot/rl le ^,y

^{:.:J3LJI3 qetêJr}

,rJ'

^{Ctt aelrJr 13.21}

,^;:Jt

,r*tr ^*i).Jr

^c-iu

â-t;{ r-t sr ^J_lJt:

^iptâJl

_rJ, ^{;o i:r,*rlt}

fldÂl

^.:l:11

gr[rill _r;o + ùV520 i]l éS

^{.19 ,:;St}

j-.

.rct^*Yr

&Jr :,rt,aJt

-;lr ^;î ,ÿ +o,trî â* Jj:

^a-*;;

or&s

cqi)\Jl

,.rr..L-Ut

,ô i*r ü)\- ^q 4t

,§s"1

JrLJJ ç; u-fi cî ;5r- :r;yr kL4

,>ts§:,

W é*-s) ta»-ç

^{L§! (;y'U4}

^ù-Éy

^L,e

*

+i)\Jt oî

Vrn

-t

.:J:lJt_r

+tiijt _,''é, ;o 4-lt;1:

^r.--*b

^{.>tyt e>J} t§

^{-r!y .ô.r.r.:.}

.iiuijl _r*;i' ÿt- ^{,_lts k*i;}

^ieu:J,

_{,*i,r ";rlr} :cr

,*ê' ;o L-lt _,);*.§

^{a."lî tÀ}

_{eit .rr.t ,et* raa}

_-{Ea :r-,ô;rLr 11.3.2 .-bS

) ,"ult ;Jl*r .)S jç _Cr .r,orlr C: ^.rcüt k-r ^j-ÀJrr

^aju:Jt

jFtr ,-irll xb §

^,L--*

^u*i ,lt _J^4 $

^ut

-i

^.;o'*..

^6_r é ^,:gre:;

L;l: ôLfl ^\4>a

aî

,-e_d.{^J

^!*Ut"

.*f ^3-:lJ!

^el

g^Jy ^Ç

.r*t_,,,,- g;-rJI

Y

$ ;T

^,ü{

Jl ,lt*r

^U-rro

^cti

^ro-r!

t

^;_/r)l

ç

^,-i:,.Jr ç)Àiî

.r-r;

s-b

,a,V .;ilrJl é ,-iJt

_ç>tif -r*rr;

e +t-

^Y

Jr;

^Y

_{ci ac, sui J*i}

_{,rlc rr:6}

o§

ræ _f J-y'Jtr .çuijl _,-ri' ;"

^u>\,Jl

_{é ;§ dt} .s;fr ^.-r-Jl _-ew ,t:

l3ir.+ lÎ

^.**rrJt

,t ^{o-S'.s.é« ci;Jr :rj)ü ô-É} !

^{u.r;c .c-i;Jt}

_éi,

oqr q+j Jr- Jl ^otgJ-

^c-3r)t

o*)J Éli

^,-drJJr

wS Jj- à-r

_-ttÿ

Uô1 :rrlYf

éll*r

^.:-3rt

_é-b Jôl-r,J

ôU ^(UÂ .a:ritlJt fJJl ^eit1

J-l- _k+f

\tw \ÿ

^ÇrâJt

_rrêrt ^J-/-it ,ç

^+i)\,Jt

o_fis (rirj^4 ct

^ajrâJl

_rix

..*ult

^i_/*Jr

_rt.-t-l

_,.<-U

_3Klr

c-r,/r

Ç:r/)\J _{ô-É Cl} .rtJi!

ü,

+,"

:w: ^i-/Jr_r

ijtËJr

ré,;, ^L-ël

çLaJl

râr :Ii _-r-É -;,r{ 6;î;-rLo _ti )/l

^t-eL4

_Cl

^aitü.Jr

rl' ÿi ^-

e-b\ f ^{,-lt en a-&}

^{a;jJl Çt;Jl}

^{-ar ;i}

^oLtr.rJl

^c;4

^r;J

.:lt

6;-il

J-É _dr cs;lr

^ail*Jt _,,ë,

;r ^,stî aK;;t-lt ^{;-ètt Àe;.A\}

^4.-rÀ\

;-èt,-,rÿ ÿ ^J-*

éJl

aital ,'iJ,üÎ

^{JU;r,aE ->tlr}

;i

1t^:-Yt,-ÿ-ÿ

f

.o.;-\t

^üLaJl

_rëtr utw ltl)L _!y

^t-burt

_W;;y'Ltt j-/J! _{ktU.ll orÿ utf ,*-ÿ} *dl _rJ, ^{g;tÿ t^-lf}

^:Çl;:Jt

_dlt ^{;y -}

: Q"*î

6ür ^jA

^{ze)^1}

o-

^{apt alt}

ét

^;

ÿ

^{ory. r*;:î !-20}

.4j a*:Jt{ t^.g-,4pütJl

glr

^..lf

,-ll al-,s*

_Çi

Jl ;--r

^a,iu:Jl

aJr -r"Î -

^Î

.s,+r

_iprj:Jr

,';lr

^c-r,o

t-lt i-*- é-v çî Jl ;s*,r iitÀJl

"ilt

absu,

-+

i4É-- ^,

.a§

ÿ d

L"rr't,

é ,-lt

_J.Ê,

_J!

_Çt;:Jl

ê\ ;é ^{aor. +L.,i--r}

o"rwl,

r,!, ^1yb> --

.;ryJl

.rr.l .r ^{,î Jl} J-rll

Jr, ,JJ:-U,

'r5, _.r;i :Çt&ll

fÂJl.J.aLr

,-it

I 3.3.2 ar" o": ^A

jÀrt _{irtâJl f.é'}

_Co ^Ü)\,Jl

ê l:st.*1, .r' ^{a:-É^)\ otr"}

a-oî

Debono

1995

)u, tÿ:t ôp\Jl -r*J -r;j

(Self-monitoring)':'t-rJt

f;s d6 _,y a-ü *ÿ ^{ô-É iltJl3}

^Çu:Jl

_,-ni' io

^a>\,Jl

^gî

land ^Snyder)

æ r+J ^;t-fi ,l

^çg-tJ

^a;-*

^aiy,Jl

^;r-&:

^cz-bj*:-.

^otjJt .-!u; * _r«J

.ilb .:rjJl

_,xl:u;

J- + ,E ^+rrlt _-ar ^.rî é r§Y ^,!âr3r.É J.r

^çtÂiJt

*ilt

¹³

e ;ÿ

^&Jr

^iiLall ê\ tç.ù^i ^)\ *V _,) trtt t)ÿ çJ-r ,çriytlt

:t-*;a"*i _{Jl k**JJ}

"fué c>rsr1t.-rr* J-

:WsJÀJI

^{;y,l^,}

"ljî

,t^roYt ;,^*,

Lrj.'Î ".4,r1 ^;4tét

^{a.rt;Jl r'-d'}

/ t

Ct

^.')utJt;

lï-rr«J

^a.*;.tl

dulJl æ.

L§-Jl

"-l*ÉYl

^{.r! :;rJJt}

/

^1.1

lManualsy

çyyÉlt ;ti: ^t4 .r,f, _Cl

^a;lJl

^{d! .$->}

_ebt

)

^La:-;-e;*;

-S'r

t++Jlj§ill cjÂj (,! ^{laJ,rr.r 4.À- li3$} ÈÉll

,q-rr(U _e4'

^{.ttJ, a,l} ..r,"

J-ÉU

â:tr- L,rrp1 ^{ajla'3'll c}

J.-.:it ;'L"L;1 Chapanis.r.+!t, .*r

^-riJr

.À:rr;*lr jlrul *l _Jt

oL^J"-Jr

f ^)-

^uL=Î-r

:l;Î e trlf

{i\-ê-.â'\:A

UUÎ rtJ oL"t*Jt .r<, Çr oi

₁₁₉₈₈

."r /LIr

_{.Jl_-'vv}

À; ..r.5.J! *r ^{æ-t j)<b}

,c-.-i-r--

l:! i+/t ^jl1..lv:Lr

ot:y.-JJ i*-lt .:L-Yr r"Î -r ^q.- ;ÿ{ Je\ÿ ,}

^+ilJi

uK ^*J,

;Jr

^airKJr

.;L-Y

^4ll-4

,tji

_lMeshkati

1986;+K:"

"ç

^-r;J

^ü)\r«\)

ôÇ1,

.::;Î

_éJt ^aiJKJl

Jb _{.:L-Î ;./} rÏ

1984 .uÀl

t ^J!-r

^a;:r"

J

^ë-r->

../Tq a;lJr c,uJ*Jt Jt ^{ôÎ éUi a;l]l Jfu"} r" iK ^c;çtllt jY]

fb" q

^{..tK g;-r,Jt}

-irl

^,J

qlg)l cjlq ^a,r<,. s;tf

^{+;Ç.^1t,}

-["J']t1

.a,-rrÀl a;Xl Y!

oÿ;r-

Y

dt _J

.*LUlt

;Sri1S-ecular ^change

)*b t*

^a;

^iî -*- :O"Jr3 ^grJr _"Çr

12.1

,i j-K"'.ijJry çLJl ùlJJl 3 ^:rj)Ü .r4lr ,r^*4r 'Çl J aÿt

^4t-i'ÀL1,.

eL,l-!t ÿis 4L ^Jr-î -é *..r.,ül ^{ofl -r}

gt:Jt i,,'a-Jl

J

^è-t->

y ^)-r), _{Jru d-} I ^u\ *

^cafL,Jt

;ty\\1

^ae9!l

.rt ^,çÀtt

^a?4)\

ot-rUt

oi* t

++Jr

,Çr

^{,-rl col-rlJl}

,y ^6És

^e=,tjJt otrUr-3 -:riYr ..l:

.i>gt .(l d; Jirlr ^rpr )çrlrill

^{a*:J.l Ôlrul}

t ^,."u +!l ^,Çr

^3o

^À:t"

.e,1) qf,-fu _â:rrJt

_çt-Jt ,lr-rlJ\

üb4:lriÎ :t-Î

_eê-ÿ- 1

4; ^Jr'r*

.t"-r,fu

^a*:J.t a"-u-J.t olrlJt

(r)

_r.+lt tbs ^(gls) _ê.*Jt ^{613 r-r tcll} À+."iàll

;§t

^ôu!

^{:.f t}

^ôu!

161.6 54.8 ^{Manuba and} Nala (1969) ,'.UrgO.fr)l

167.5 Al- Haboubi ⁽¹⁹⁹¹⁾ _{,i u.l or-rJl}

173.2 54.8 ^Davies, etal(1976) ùJiül.rfl

172.2 64.0 Mokdad ⁽¹⁹⁸⁹⁾ og-rl:+,1

170.0 63.3 Koyis and Oezok (1-?9t)

st;:t

54