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Stability of power transmission systems

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2018 LAS/ANS Symposium Panel #2

Stability of Power Transmission Systems

Prof. Glauco N. Taranto, Ph.D.

COPPE – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Wednesday, 29/08/2018

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• Power System Structure

• Stability of power systems

• Frequency Regulation

• Newcomers

• Concluding remarks

August 2018 Slide 2 de 42

Summary

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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Power System Structure

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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The Electric Power System

• Essentially formed by:

o Three-phase AC circuits;

o Synchronous machines;

• Considerable energy is stored as kinetic energy in the rotating masses

o Diverse energy sources;

o Long transmission lines.

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Power System Structure

August 2018 Slide 5 de 42

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Power System Structure

Generation

Transmission

Subtransmission or HV Distribuition

MV Distribuition

LV Distribuition

1

2

3

4

5

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Generation

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 7 de 42

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Physical Structure – One-line Diagram

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

August 2018

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Power System Stability

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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2008 / 2 Curso COE754 - Glauco Taranto

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ESTABILIDADE DE SISTEM AS DE POTÊNCIA

Capacidade de permanecer em equilíbrio operativo Equilíbrio entre forças em oposição

ESTABILIDADE ANGULAR

ESTABILIDADE DE TENSÃO

ESTABILIDADE A PEQUENAS PERTURBAÇÕES

ESTABILIDADE TRANSITÓRIA

ESTABILIDADE M ID-TERM

ESTABILIDADE LONG-TERM

GRANDES PERTURBAÇÕES

PEQUENAS PERTURBAÇÕES Capacidade de manter sincronismo

Equilíbrio de torques nas máquinas síncronas

Grandes perturbações Primeiro swing Estudos até 10 s

Capacidade de manter perfil de tensão aceitável em regime permanente Balanço de potência reativa

Perturbações severas

Grandes excursões de tensão e freqüência

Grandes perturbações Eventos chaveados Dinâmica de OLTC e cargas

Coordenação de proteção e controles

Relações PxV e QxV em regime permanente Margem de estabilidade Reserva de reativo Ponto de Colapso Métodos Lineares INSTABILIDADE

APERIÓDICA

INSTABILIDADE OSCILATÓRIA

Torque de sincronismo insuficiente

Dinâmica rápida e lenta Período de estudo de vários minutos

Freqüência do sistema constante e uniforme Dinâmica lenta Período de estudo de dezenas de minutos

MODOS INTER-ÁREAS

MODOS LOCAIS MODOS DE CONTROLE MODOS TORSIONAIS

Torque de amortecimento insuficiente Ação de controle desestabilizante Métodos Lineares

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Equilibrium Points

SEP

UEP

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Dynamical Systems

• A child swinging in the park

• Mechanical spring-mass systems

• Electrical circuits

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

• Is a hot coffee mug left on a table standstill a

dynamical system?

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August 2018 Slide 13 de 42

Vital Signs!

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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Vital Signs

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 14 de 42

Os sinais vitais do corpo humano

são constituídos pela temperatura,

pulso, respiração e pressão arterial.

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Vital Signs

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 15 de 42

Os sinais vitais do sistema

elétrico são constituídos pela

frequência e pela tensão.

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Two Fundamental Quantities

• The electrical power systems are operated such that when the consumer will plug-in an equipament, there is not a doubt that the quantities:

o Frequency

o Voltage (magnitude)

• Are not close to their nominal values

16

??

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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The Frequency

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 17 de 42

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Frequency Control

• Generation x Consumption must match at any time

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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August 2018

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Hydro Power Plant

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 19 de 42

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Nuclear Power Plant

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 20 de 42

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Large rotating masses

August 2018 Slide 21 de MAX

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Large rotating masses

August 2018 Slide 22 de 42

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August 2018 Slide 23 de 42

Frequency (Speed) Control

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 24 de 42

The Apples that have changed the world!

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As Leis do Movimento – Sir Isaac Newton

Slide 25 de 42 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

August 2018

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Controle Carga-Frequência

• Based on the movement laws.

2ª. Lei – o somatório das forças num objeto é proporcional à sua massa multiplicada por sua aceleração

• The system frequency is determined by the rotor speed of the synchronous generators

• The rotor speed is determined by the balance between the input mechanical torque x the

output electrical torque

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Curva Típica da Carga

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

Medição de

Frequência

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Curva típica da carga em um dia de jogo do Brasil em Copas do Mundo

Fonte: ONS

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 29 de 42

Synchronous generator and Kaplan turbine

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August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 30 de 42

Bulb Turbine

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The newcomers!

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Wind and Solar

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 32 de 42

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Wind & Solar

• WIND

o Type 3 – induction generator

o Type 4 – connected via inverter

o Does not add responsive rotating inertia

o Uncertainty in the output

• SOLAR

o Connected via inverter

o Does not add rotating inertia

o Uncertainty in the output

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Eclipse Solar (20/03/2015)

Fonte: entso-e

• Houve uma perda rápida de 17 GW

• Uma reintegração ainda mais rápida de 25 GW

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Estrutura Física do Sistema Elétrico

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Fonte: Nabeel Kouka (google images)

The Power System Structure

Geração Transmissão

Subtransmissão

Distribuição

Nirvana or Nightmare?

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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August 2018

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• They do not add rotating inertia into the power system

Slide 37 de 42

Impact on frequency control caused by Distributed Generation

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 38 de 42

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• The (frequency) stability of power systems is based on the laws of motion. It is given by the balance between electrical and mechanical torques.

• Uncertatinties used to come essentially from the loads.

• Now they are coming from the generation as well, considering the newcomers (basically Wind & Solar).

• The newcomers does not add responsive rotating inertia into the system.

• The future system must rely more on quick-responsive controls and energy storage.

August 2018 Slide 39 de 42

Concluding Remarks

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems

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Pump-storage Power Plants

August 2018 2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems Slide 40 de 42

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The Spring-Mass Analogy

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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The Spring-Mass Analogy

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Spring Mass Analogy x Electrical System

The electrical power system when composed by the so-called

“synchronous machines” is analogous to a mechanical Spring – Mass system.

N

NE

S

SE

N

NE

S

SE

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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Angular Stability

• Is the ability a power system has to maintain synchronism after a large perturbation, such as a short circuit.

• It is usually perceived in the first seconds after the disturbance.

• It yields large variations of power flows, voltage magnitudes and electrical currents.

2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018

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