2018 LAS/ANS Symposium Panel #2
Stability of Power Transmission Systems
Prof. Glauco N. Taranto, Ph.D.
COPPE – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Wednesday, 29/08/2018
• Power System Structure
• Stability of power systems
• Frequency Regulation
• Newcomers
• Concluding remarks
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Summary
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems
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Power System Structure
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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The Electric Power System
• Essentially formed by:
o Three-phase AC circuits;
o Synchronous machines;
• Considerable energy is stored as kinetic energy in the rotating masses
o Diverse energy sources;
o Long transmission lines.
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Power System Structure
August 2018 Slide 5 de 42
Power System Structure
Generation
Transmission
Subtransmission or HV Distribuition
MV Distribuition
LV Distribuition
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2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Generation
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Physical Structure – One-line Diagram
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems
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Power System Stability
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
2008 / 2 Curso COE754 - Glauco Taranto
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ESTABILIDADE DE SISTEM AS DE POTÊNCIA
Capacidade de permanecer em equilíbrio operativo Equilíbrio entre forças em oposição
ESTABILIDADE ANGULAR
ESTABILIDADE DE TENSÃO
ESTABILIDADE A PEQUENAS PERTURBAÇÕES
ESTABILIDADE TRANSITÓRIA
ESTABILIDADE M ID-TERM
ESTABILIDADE LONG-TERM
GRANDES PERTURBAÇÕES
PEQUENAS PERTURBAÇÕES Capacidade de manter sincronismo
Equilíbrio de torques nas máquinas síncronas
Grandes perturbações Primeiro swing Estudos até 10 s
Capacidade de manter perfil de tensão aceitável em regime permanente Balanço de potência reativa
Perturbações severas
Grandes excursões de tensão e freqüência
Grandes perturbações Eventos chaveados Dinâmica de OLTC e cargas
Coordenação de proteção e controles
Relações PxV e QxV em regime permanente Margem de estabilidade Reserva de reativo Ponto de Colapso Métodos Lineares INSTABILIDADE
APERIÓDICA
INSTABILIDADE OSCILATÓRIA
Torque de sincronismo insuficiente
Dinâmica rápida e lenta Período de estudo de vários minutos
Freqüência do sistema constante e uniforme Dinâmica lenta Período de estudo de dezenas de minutos
MODOS INTER-ÁREAS
MODOS LOCAIS MODOS DE CONTROLE MODOS TORSIONAIS
Torque de amortecimento insuficiente Ação de controle desestabilizante Métodos Lineares
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Equilibrium Points
SEP
UEP
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Dynamical Systems
• A child swinging in the park
• Mechanical spring-mass systems
• Electrical circuits
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
• Is a hot coffee mug left on a table standstill a
dynamical system?
August 2018 Slide 13 de 42
Vital Signs!
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems
Vital Signs
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Os sinais vitais do corpo humano
são constituídos pela temperatura,
pulso, respiração e pressão arterial.
Vital Signs
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Os sinais vitais do sistema
elétrico são constituídos pela
frequência e pela tensão.
Two Fundamental Quantities
• The electrical power systems are operated such that when the consumer will plug-in an equipament, there is not a doubt that the quantities:
o Frequency
o Voltage (magnitude)
• Are not close to their nominal values
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2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
The Frequency
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Frequency Control
• Generation x Consumption must match at any time
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August 2018
Hydro Power Plant
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Nuclear Power Plant
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Large rotating masses
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Large rotating masses
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Frequency (Speed) Control
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems
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The Apples that have changed the world!
As Leis do Movimento – Sir Isaac Newton
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Controle Carga-Frequência
• Based on the movement laws.
2ª. Lei – o somatório das forças num objeto é proporcional à sua massa multiplicada por sua aceleração
• The system frequency is determined by the rotor speed of the synchronous generators
• The rotor speed is determined by the balance between the input mechanical torque x the
output electrical torque
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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Curva Típica da Carga
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Medição de
Frequência
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Curva típica da carga em um dia de jogo do Brasil em Copas do Mundo
Fonte: ONS
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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Synchronous generator and Kaplan turbine
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Bulb Turbine
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The newcomers!
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Wind and Solar
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Wind & Solar
• WIND
o Type 3 – induction generator
o Type 4 – connected via inverter
o Does not add responsive rotating inertia
o Uncertainty in the output
• SOLAR
o Connected via inverter
o Does not add rotating inertia
o Uncertainty in the output
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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Eclipse Solar (20/03/2015)
Fonte: entso-e
• Houve uma perda rápida de 17 GW
• Uma reintegração ainda mais rápida de 25 GW
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Estrutura Física do Sistema Elétrico
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
Fonte: Nabeel Kouka (google images)
The Power System Structure
Geração Transmissão
Subtransmissão
Distribuição
Nirvana or Nightmare?
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August 2018
• They do not add rotating inertia into the power system
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Impact on frequency control caused by Distributed Generation
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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• The (frequency) stability of power systems is based on the laws of motion. It is given by the balance between electrical and mechanical torques.
• Uncertatinties used to come essentially from the loads.
• Now they are coming from the generation as well, considering the newcomers (basically Wind & Solar).
• The newcomers does not add responsive rotating inertia into the system.
• The future system must rely more on quick-responsive controls and energy storage.
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Concluding Remarks
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium –Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems
Pump-storage Power Plants
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OBRIGADO!
[email protected]
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The Spring-Mass Analogy
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The Spring-Mass Analogy
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Spring Mass Analogy x Electrical System
The electrical power system when composed by the so-called
“synchronous machines” is analogous to a mechanical Spring – Mass system.
N
NE
S
SE
N
NE
S
SE
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018
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Angular Stability
• Is the ability a power system has to maintain synchronism after a large perturbation, such as a short circuit.
• It is usually perceived in the first seconds after the disturbance.
• It yields large variations of power flows, voltage magnitudes and electrical currents.
2018 LAS/ANS Symposium–Panel #2: Stability of Transmission Systems August 2018