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Evaluation of ATP photometer for toxicity testing using Microtox luminescent bacterial reagent

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Evaluation of ATP photometer for toxicity testing using Microtox luminescent bacterial reagent

Judy Awong, Gabriel Bitton, Ben Koopman, Jean-Louis Morel

To cite this version:

Judy Awong, Gabriel Bitton, Ben Koopman, Jean-Louis Morel. Evaluation of ATP photometer for

toxicity testing using Microtox luminescent bacterial reagent. Bulletin of Environmental Contamina-

tion and Toxicology, Springer Verlag, 1989, 43 (1), pp.118-122. �hal-02726351�

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Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1989) 43:118-122 9 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t a m i n a t i o n

~and Toxicology

Evaluation of ATP Photometer for Toxicity Testing Using Microtox Luminescent Bacterial Reagent

Judy Awong, 1 Gabriel Bitton, 1 Ben Koopman, 1 and Jean Louis Morel 2 1Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611 USA and 21~cole Nationale Superieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaries, Vandoeuvre, France

T h e M i c r o t o x a s s a y , b a s e d o n t h e i n h i b i t i o n of l u m i n e s c e n c e of P h o t o b a c t e r i u m p h o s p h o r e u m i n t h e p r e s e n c e of t o x i c c h e m i c a l s , is w i d e l y u s e d to a s s e s s t o x i c i t y of s u r f a c e w a t e r s , c o m p l e x i n d u s t r i a l e f f l u e n t s , air p o l l u t a n t s , r a d i a t i o n a n d m y c o t o x i n s , a n d h a s s o m e p r o m i s i n g m e d i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s ( B u l i c h 1986; R i b o a n d K a i s e r 1987). M i c r o t o x a n d o t h e r s h o r t - t e r m m i c r o b i a l a s s a y s m a y a l s o p r o v e u s e f u l i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e t o x i c i t y of n e w c h e m i c a l s t h r o u g h q u a n t i t a t i v e s t r u c t u r e - a c t i v i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s (QSAR)

(Ribo a n d K a i s e r 1984).

T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of l i g h t o u t p u t f r o m b i o l u m i n e s c e n t m i c r o o r g a n i s m s o r l u c i f e r a s e - d r i v e n r e a c t i o n s n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e u s e of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c a p a b l e of m e a s u r i n g e x t r e m e l y low q u a n t i t i e s of l i g h t (Kricka et al. 1984; S c h o l m e r i c h et al. 1987). L i g h t e m i s s i o n is m e a s u r e d w i t h l i q u i d s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r s ( U l i t z u r a n d W e i s e r 1 9 8 1 ; U l i t z u r e t a l . 1 9 8 1 ) o r p h o t o m e t e r s / l u m i n o m e t e r s c o n s i s t i n g o f a p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r t u b e (PMT) e n c l o s e d in a l i g h t - t i g h t c h a m b e r . The p h o t o m e t e r s are g e n e r a l l y e q u i p p e d w i t h a r o t a r y s h u t t e r t h a t p r o t e c t s the P M T f r o m a m b i e n t l i g h t (Bulich 1986). T h i s b a s i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n is c o m m o n to b o t h the M i c r o t o x p h o t o m e t e r a n d p h o t o m e t e r s u s e d for A T P m e a s u r e m e n t . The M i c r o t o x p h o t o m e t e r , in a d d i t i o n , is e q u i p p e d w i t h i n c u b a t o r w e l l s t h a t p r o v i d e t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l for the b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t , b l a n k s and s a m p l e s , w h e r e a s A T P p h o t o m e t e r s do n o t a l l o w for s u c h c o n t r o l .

S u r o w i t z e t a l . ( 1 9 8 7 ) h a v e u s e d a p o r t a b l e l u m i n e s c e n c e p h o t o m e t e r t o m e a s u r e t h e l i g h t o u t p u t f r o m b o t h c e l l - f r e e a n d w h o l e c e l l s of P. p h o s p h o r e u m . T h e l i g h t o u t p u t f r o m w h o l e c e l l s w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y d i r e c t r e a d i n g w h e r e a s the l i g h t e m m i t t e d b y the cell S e n d r e p r i n t r e q u e s t s to J. A w o n g at the a b o v e a d d r e s s .

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free s y s t e m w a s i n t e g r a t e d o v e r a l O - s e c o n d p e r i o d . A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o n t h e u s e o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l A T P p h o t o m e t e r in the M i c r o t o x a s s a y has n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d , h o w e v e r . The p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h w a s t h e r e f o r e u n d e r t a k e n t o a s s e s s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l A T P p h o t o m e t e r in c o m p a r i s o n to the M i c r o t o x p h o t o m e t e r f o r m e a s u r i n g i n h i b i t i o n of t h e b i o l u m i n e s c e n c e of P.

p h o s p h o r e u m in the p r e s e n c e of t o x i c p u r e c h e m i c a l s a n d t o x i c w a s t e w a t e r .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

A l l c h e m i c a l s w e r e A C S g r a d e o r b e t t e r a n d w e r e p r e p a r e d in a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s u s i n g d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . T h o s e t e s t e d i n c l u d e d Cd 2+ (CdCl 2 2H20), Cu 2+ (CuSO 4 5H20), f o r m a l d e h y d e , a n d s o d i u m d o d e c y l s u l f a t e (SDS).

The pH of the c h e m i c a l s o l u t i o n s w a s n o t a d j u s t e d . The B u c k m a n c o l l e c t i o n and a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m i n J a c k s o n v i l l e , F L w a s u s e d a s a m o d e l w a s t e w a t e r s y s t e m . S a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i o n s y s t e m , p l a n t i n f l u e n t a n d s e c o n d a r y e f f l u e n t b e f o r e c h l o r i n a t i o n . E a c h c o l l e c t i o n s y s t e m a n d p l a n t i n f l u e n t s a m p l e w a s s e t t l e d f o r o n e h o u r , t h e n t w o - t h i r d s ( 2 0 0 0 m L ) o f t h e l i q u i d v o l u m e w a s d e c a n t e d . A 1400 m L a l i q u o t of s e t t l e d w a s t e w a t e r was m i x e d w i t h 6 0 0 m L r e t u r n a c t i v a t e d s l u d g e f r o m t h e B u c k m a n p l a n t a n d a e r a t e d v i g o r o u s l y f o r 4 . 0 h o u r s . T h e a e r a t i o n p e r i o d w a s f o l l o w e d b y o n e h o u r o f s e t t l i n g . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 600 m L of t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t w a s d e c a n t e d f r o m the b a t c h r e a c t o r . S a m p l e s w e r e s t o r e d at 4~ for 24 h o u r s b e f o r e a n a l y s i s .

A s s a y s w i t h a n A T P p h o t o m e t e r w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n p a r a l l e l w i t h the M i c r o t o x a s s a y s u s i n g a l i q u o t s of the b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t / d i l u e n t a n d t o x i c a n t t h a t w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r M i c r o t o x . T h e v o l u m e s o f b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t / d i l u e n t and t o x i c a n t w e r e e a c h i00 uL. I n i t i a l l i g h t o u t p u t of t h e b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t w a s m e a s u r e d , f o l l o w e d i m m e d i a t e l y b y a d d i t i o n o f t o x i c a n t . A d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s of l i g h t o u t p u t w e r e t a k e n at 5 m i n u t e s and 15 m i n u t e s . T h e A T P p h o t o m e t e r w a s M o d e l J 4 - 7 4 4 1 ( A m e r i c a n I n s t r u m e n t C o m p a n y , S i l v e r S p r i n g s , MD) u s e d in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h an i n t e g r a t o r - t i m e r (J4-

7462A, A m e r i c a n I n s t r u m e n t C o m p a n y ) . L i g h t o u t p u t w a s d e t e c t e d b y t h e p h o t o m e t e r ( 0 . 3 s e n s i t i v i t y ) a n d i n t e g r a t e d o v e r a 3 s e c o n d i n t e r v a l b y the i n t e g r a t o r - t i m e r . T h e q u a n t i t y o f l i g h t e m i t t e d w a s m o n i t o r e d f r o m the d i g i t a l r e a d o u t . All b i o a s s a y s w e r e c a r r i e d out i n a c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e r o o m at 15~ E C 5 0 a n d p e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n v a l u e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e s e m p l o y e d for M i c r o t o x a s s a y ( B e c k m a n I n s t r u m e n t s , 1982).

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T h e m i c r o t o x a s s a y s w e r e p e r f o r m e d in d u p l i c a t e u s i n g t h e M i c r o t o x T o x i c i t y A n a l y z e r M o d e l 2055 ( M i c r o b i c s , C a r l s b a d , CA) a n d r e a g e n t s ( i n c l u d i n g f r e e z e - d r i e d P.

p h o s p h o r e u m ) s u p p l i e d b y M i c r o b i e s . L i g h t e m i s s i o n b y r e c o n s t i t u t e d b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t w a s m e a s u r e d i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e a d d i t i o n of t o x i c a n t a n d a g a i n a f t e r 5 m i n u t e a n d 15 m i n u t e p e r i o d s o f c o n t a c t . T h e r e s p e c t i v e v o l u m e s of b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t / d i l u e n t a n d t o x i c a n t a f t e r s u b s a m p l i n g f o r t h e a s s a y s w i t h A T P p h o t o m e t e r w e r e b o t h 400 uL. A c h a r t r e c o r d e r w a s u s e d t o r e c o r d t h e l i g h t e m i s s i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s . A s s a y t e m p e r a t u r e w a s 1 5 U C . P e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n a n d E C 5 0 v a l u e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d b y B e c k m a n I n s t r u m e n t s (1982).

R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

T h e E C 5 0 s of t h e f i v e c h e m i c a l s t e s t e d a r e s h o w n in T a b l e I. T h e E C 5 0 s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e A T P p h o t o m e t e r w e r e g e n e r a l l y l o w e r t h a n t h e E C 5 0 s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e M i c r o t o x p h o t o m e t e r . H o w e v e r , t h e m e a n d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o m e t h o d s a f t e r 5 m i n u t e c o n t a c t t i m e w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) .

T a b l e i. E C 5 0 v a l u e s (mg/L) f o r s e l e c t e d c h e m i c a l s as d e t e r m i n e d by t h e M i c r o t o x a n d A T P p h o t o m e t e r s .

5 - m i n C o n t a c t 1 5 - m i n C o n t a c t C h e m i c a l A T P M i c r o t o x A T P M i c r o t o x

Cd 2+ 20.5 2 9 . 5 8.76 23.9

Cu 2+ 0 . 5 0 1.33 - -

F o r m a l d e h y d e 9.54 i0.I - -

S D S 6 . 2 2 3 . 0 2 4.04 1.80

W M e a n d i f f e r e n c e w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) .

P e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r 44 w a s t e w a t e r s a m p l e s t h a t w e r e c o l l e c t e d o v e r a 3 m o n t h p e r i o d . H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s ( P < 0 . 0 1 ) w e r e o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o m e t h o d s w h e n c o m p a r i n g p e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n at 5 m i n u t e s (Fig. i) a n d 15 m i n u t e s (Fig.

2). M e a n d i f f e r e n c e s at e i t h e r c o n t a c t t i m e w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) .

E C 5 0 s f o r t h e t w o m e t h o d s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e 14 s a m p l e s t h a t s h o w e d p e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n s of g r e a t e r t h a n 2 0 % a t a w a s t e w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 4 5 % . H i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s ( P < 0 . 0 1 ) w e r e o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n

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the d a t a sets o b t a i n e d w i t h e i t h e r a 5 - m i n u t e c o n t a c t p e r i o d (Fig. 3) or 1 5 - m i n u t e c o n t a c t p e r i o d (Fig.4).

M e a n d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n n e i t h e r the 5 - m i n E C 5 0 s n o r the 1 5 - m i n E C 5 0 s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t (P<0.05).

The h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o u n d b e t w e e n the M i c r o t o x A n a l y z e r a n d the A T P P h o t o m e t e r a n d a b s e n c e of s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p e r c e n t i n h i b i t i o n s o r E C 5 0 s f o u n d v i a t h e t w o m e t h o d s i n d i c a t e t h a t c o m m e r c l a l l y a v a i l a b l e p h o t o m e t e r s c o u l d i n d e e d be u s e d in lieu of the M i c r o t o x A n a l y z e r . R e a g e n t s a n d f r e e z e - d r i e d p r e p a r a t i o n s of l u m i n e s c e n t b a c t e r i a c a n b e p u r c h a s e d f r o m M i c r o b i c s (Carlsbad, CA). T h e e a s e of p e r f o r m a n c e a n d s u i t a b i l i t y f o r u s e w i t h a r a n g e of t o x i c a n t s is c o m p a r a b l e to the M i c r o t o x assay.

A s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n t a g e o f a s s a y w i t h t h e A T P p h o t o m e t e r is the n e e d for s m a l l e r v o l u m e s of b a c t e r i a l r e a g e n t i n e a c h c u v e t t e . H o w e v e r , t h e p r o b l e m o f t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l m u s t be a d d r e s s e d . A t e m p e r a t u r e of 15~ m a y c a u s e c o n d e n s a t i o n in the c i r c u i t r y (Bulich, p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . T h i s p r o b l e m can be a v o i d e d by p l a c i n g b o t h the p h o t o m e t e r a n d the s a m p l e at 15~ as was d o n e in this study.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s . S u p p o r t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n (Grant # C E S - 8 6 1 9 0 7 3 ) , a n d F l o r i d a D e p a r t m e n t of E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e g u l a t i o n ( C o n t r a c t #WM222).

R E F E R E N C E S

B e c k m a n I n s t r u m e n t s (1982) M i c r o t o x s y s t e m o p e r a t i n g m a n u a l . B e c k m a n I n s t r u m e n t s , C a r l s b a d , C a l i f o r n i a B u l i c h A A (1986) B i o l u m i n e s c e n c e a s s a y s . In: B i t t o n G,

D u t k a B J ( e d s . ) T o x i c i t y T e s t i n g u s i n g M i c r o o r g a n i s m s , v o l I. C R C P r e s s , B o c a R a t o n , F l o r i d a , p57

C h a n g JC, T a y l o r PB, L e a c h F R ( 1 9 8 1 ) U s e of t h e m i c r o t o x a s s a y s y s t e m for e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a m p l e s . Bull E n v i r o n C o n t a m T o x i c o l 2 6 : 1 5 0 - 1 5 6

D u t k a BJ, K w a n KK (1981) C o m p a r i s o n of t h r e e m i c r o b i a l s c r e e n i n g t e s t s w i t h the m i c r o t o x test. Bull E n v i r o n C o n t a m T o x i c o l 2 7 : 7 5 3 - 7 5 7

G r e e n e GC, M i l l e r WE, D e b a c o n MK, L o n g MA, B a r t e l s CL ( 1 9 8 5 ) A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h r e e m i c r o b i a l a s s a y p r o c e d u r e s f o r m e a s u r i n g t o x i c i t y o f c h e m i c a l r e s i d u e s . A r c h E n v i r o n C o n t a m T o x i c o l 1 4 : 6 5 9 - 6 6 7 K r i c k a LJ, S t a n l e y PE, T h o r p e GHG, W h i t e h e a d TP (1984)

A n a l y t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n s o f B i o l u m i n e s c e n c e a n d C h e m i l u m i n e s e n c e . A c a d e m i c P r e s s , L o n d o n .

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M c F e t e r s GA, B o n d PJ, O l s o n SB, T c h a n Y T ( 1 9 8 3 ) A c o m p a r i s o n of m i c r o b i a l b i o a s s a y s for the d e t e c t i o n of a q u a t i c t o x i c a n t s . W a t e r Res 1 7 : 1 7 5 7 - 1 7 6 2

N a c c i D, J a c k i m E, W a l s h R ( 1 9 8 6 ) C o m p a r a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n of t h r e e r a p i d m a r i n e t o x i c i t y tests: sea u r c h i n e a r l y e m b r y o g r o w t h t e s t , s e a u r c h i n s p e r m cell t o x i c i t y t e s t and m i c r o t o x . E n v i r o n T o x i c o l a n d C h e m 5 : 5 2 1 - 5 2 5

Q u r e s h i AA, F l o o d KW, T h o m p s o n SR, J a n h u r s t SM, Innis CS, R o k o s h D A ( 1 9 8 2 ) C o m p a r i s o n of a l u m i n e s c e n t b a c t e r i a l t e s t w i t h o t h e r b i o a s s a y s for d e t e r m i n i n g t o x i c i t y of p u r e c o m p o u n d s a n d c o m p l e x e f f l u e n t s . In:

P e a r s o n JG, F o s t e r RB, B i s h o p W E ( e d s . ) A q u a t i c t o x i c o l o g y a n d h a r z a r d a s s e s s m e n t : F i f t h C o n f e r e n c e . A S T M S T P 7 6 6 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g a n d

M a t e r i a l s , p 197 "

R i b o JM, K a i s e r K L E ( 1 9 8 4 ) T o x i c i t y of a n i l i n e d e r i v a t i v e s to P h o t o b a c t e r i u m p h o s p h o r e u m a n d t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h e f f e c t s o n o t h e r o r g a n i s m s a n d s t u c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s . In: K a i s e r K L E (ed) Q S A R in E n v i r o n m e n t a l T o x i c o l o g y . D. R e i d e l P u b . C o . , D o r d r e c h t , H o l l a n d , p 319

R i b o JM, K a i s e r K L E (1987) P h o t o b a c t e r i u m p h o s p h o r e u m t o x i c i t y b i o a s s a y , i. T e s t p r o c e d u r e s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s . T o x i c i t y A s s e s s 2 : 3 0 5 - 3 2 3

S c h o m e r i c h J, A n d r e e s e n R, K n a p p A, E r n s t M, W o o d s W G ( 1 9 8 7 ) B i o l u m i n e s c e n c e a n d C h e m i l u m i n e s c e n c e : N e w P e r s p e c t i v e s . Wiley, N e w York, p 600.

S u r o w i t z KG, B u r k e BE, P f i s t e r R M (1987) C o m p a r i s o n of c e l l - f r e e a n d w h o l e c e l l l u m i n e s c e n c e a s s a y s i n t o x i c i t y t e s t i n g . T o x i c i t y A s s e s s 2 : 1 7 - 2 7

U l i t z u r S, W e i s e r I (1981) A c r i d i n e d y e s a n d o t h e r D N A - i n t e r c a l a t i n g a g e n t s i n d u c e t h e l u m i n e s c e n c e s y s t e m of l u m i n o u s b a c t e r i a a n d t h e i r d a r k v a r i a n t s . P r o c N a t A c a d Sci U S A 7 8 : 3 3 3 8 - 3 3 4 2

U l i t z u r S, W e i s e r I, Y a n n a i S (1981) B i o l u m i n e s c e n c e t e s t of m u t a g e n i c a g e n t s . In: D e L u c a MA, M c E l r o y W D (eds.) B i o l u m i n e s c e n c e a n d C h e m i l u m i n e s c e n c e . A c a d Press, N e w York.

R e c e i v e d A u g u s t 5, 1988; a c c e p t e d F e b r u a r y 2,1989.

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