HAL Id: hal-00778655
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00778655
Submitted on 21 Jan 2013
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Les discours de René Lévesque au regard de la statistique lexicale
Denis Monière, Dominique Labbé
To cite this version:
Denis Monière, Dominique Labbé. Les discours de René Lévesque au regard de la statistique lexicale.
René Lévesque. Homme de la parole et de l’écrit., Nov 2011, Montréal, Canada. pp.45-65. �hal- 00778655�
1 1 1 1
Les discours de René Lévesque au regard de la statistique lexicale
Denis Monière
(Université de Montréal) Dominique Labbé
(Université de Grenoble – PACTE)
1
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1 Pour une description exhaustive du corpus des discours des premiers ministres québécois de 1960 à 2005, voir Dominique Labbé et Denis Monière. Les mots qui nous gouvernent. Montréal : Monière- Wollank Éditeurs, 2008, p. 16. Ouvrage en ligne sur le site : http://classiques.uqac.ca/
2 Ces discours ont été archivés par la Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale. On les retrouve aussi sur le site www.archivespolitiquesduquebec.org
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3 La méthode est présentée dans : Cyril Labbé, Dominique Labbé et Pierre Hubert. "Automatic Segmentation of Texts and Corpora". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, december 2004, 11-3, p. 193- 213. Document en ligne sur le site : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/
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4 Sur la méthode, voir : Cyril Labbé, Dominique Labbé et Denis Monière. "Les particularités d'un discours politique : les gouvernements minoritaires de Pierre Trudeau et de Paul Martin au Canada".
Corpus, 4, 2005, p. 79-104. Document en ligne sur le site : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/
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5 Le concept est principalement utilisé pour désigner les nations autochtones (13). Lorsqu’il se réfère à la nation québécoise, il la qualifie le plus souvent de nation française (3) ou de nation française québécoise (2).
6 Martine Tremblay. Les coulisses du pouvoir. Montréal : Québec-Amérique, 2006, p. 57.
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7 Émile Benveniste. "La phrase nominale". Problèmes de linguistique générale. Paris : Gallimard, 1980, 1, p 154.
8 Yves Roche, cité par Pierre Guiraud et Pierre Kuentz. La stylistique. Paris : Klincksieck, 1970, p 234.
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9 Nous suivons la dichotomie proposée par E. Benveniste selon lequel, en particulier, la troisième personne est une "non-personne". Naturellement, dans le corpus étudié, le "je" est toujours le locuteur puisqu'il n'y a pas de discours rapporté.
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10 Denis Monière, Cyril Labbé et Dominique Labbé. "Les styles discursifs des premiers ministres québécois de Jean Lesage à Jean Charest". Revue canadienne de science politique. 41:1, mars 2008, p. 43-69. Document en ligne sur le site : http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/
11 Dominique Labbé. . Le vocabulaire de François Mitterrand. Paris : Presses de la FNSP, 1990, p. 178.
12 Marcel Cressot. Le style et ses techniques. Paris : PUF, 1963, p 207.
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9u point de vue de la "physique" de la communication, la taille des phrases donne une idée approximative de la quantité d'information transmise. Elle permet ainsi de juger de la qualité de la communication, c'est-à-dire la possibilité d'être compris par le destinataire du message. En effet, il semble que la capacité de décryptage du message oral soit principalement liée aux dimensions de la mémoire immédiate (dite encore "de travail"). D'après F. Richaudeau, moins de 20 mots, au maximum, pourraient rester en même temps présents à l'esprit du lecteur ou de l'auditeur13. Deux circonstances peuvent élever légèrement cette limite. D'une part,
13 François Richaudeau. Linguistique pragmatique. Paris : Retz, 1981 p. 178-181 et Ce que révèlent leurs phrases. Paris : Retz, 1988.
les destinataires exercés et familiers avec le sujet traité peuvent décrypter des passages plus longs en "anticipant" le sens. D'autre part, la présence de "mots de liaison" faciliteraient le décryptage de la phrase par fragments successifs, le destinataire gardant en tête non plus des mots, mais le sens de blocs entiers.
Même en tenant compte de ces deux réserves, la taille moyenne des phrases de R. Lévesque excède nettement les limites énoncées par F. Richaudeau.
5. Un souverainiste discret
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