Syntactic differences in oral and written scientific discourse: the role of information structure

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HAL Id: halshs-00199788

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00199788v2

Submitted on 3 May 2008

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Syntactic differences in oral and written scientific discourse: the role of information structure

Shirley Carter-Thomas, Elizabeth Rowley-Jolivet

To cite this version:

Shirley Carter-Thomas, Elizabeth Rowley-Jolivet. Syntactic differences in oral and written scientific discourse: the role of information structure. ASp - La revue du GERAS, revue.org (en ligne) / Bordeaux : GERAS (imprimé), 2001, pp.19-37. �10.4000/asp.1752�. �halshs-00199788v2�

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