HAL Id: tel-00010695
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010695
Submitted on 20 Oct 2005
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Contribution à l’étude du comportement viscoplastique des glaces des calottes polaires : modes de déformation
et simulation du développement des textures
Maurine Montagnat
To cite this version:
Maurine Montagnat. Contribution à l’étude du comportement viscoplastique des glaces des calottes polaires : modes de déformation et simulation du développement des textures. Mécanique [physics.med-ph]. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2001. Français. �tel-00010695�
! "#%$'&)(*,+-&.*(0/21&.(43516/
798 :79;<=> ?@AB CBDEFDE
GIHKJLNMOGQPSRTMUVXWKNOYZV[]\EHKNN^_H6MO`VaOcb`d6O:NUIH6e:PfcV
gih
jkal2=@=m j=>?nDE8#op8q=>?>?@r<sBtu2`vBwxly z:r<sBs9{Z|
}~5=n?>=@NKS !S"
B y ¢¡..£y
¤¥¡#¦§¥E¨ #¥ª©«¦##¥¬#¥ª,®¥
¡¦B#¥c¯I°#¥± y²'Q¢# y ¥}£4#
2¤y,¡#¡#¢³ #¥¬2´c#¥
}7B8j8K?>K{9vµ7¶}l'; j{9wBwEr4DE¶9E?n,579l2l2=@=>792D·R¸¹ql2579l2~7}[<¦DN
º»q^ z¼57B=nYPH6MIJLN k[=mDE
º»qG¶E=nDyaº#eM6O½ O`~79 <8
º»q\BbP~8~4e:H6MIJL¾ O`~79 <8
º»q=> j 4e
h
V ¹ql2=@~j8
º»~H`?>=>¶=>< :J
h
PfU
h M ¹ql2=@~j8
º»q8q?GM`W
h P G:=@ ¿8 ÀDE4ÁÂ
ÁÂ[K j~ K8#=>)DE8
Pf;~7B z79=> FDExd`?mB¿=>7B?@7BA9=>Kd`7BqÁEÃq[=nÄZ8YDEK?XRŶE=@ 79l2<EbÀJLUOY
ou, j84º.7B?>=@Â bÀecs9ÆFbLv9tuÇwB{.}`º# j=@.DfRÅ:Â jÈJNkDE¹^ C~¿
?
g
v9vZ|ÀwuyÉÆ'tB{xu}{'wBw¦b^~¹
g
v9vZ|ÀwuyÉÆ'tB{xu}{'wEr
!#"%$'&)(+*,&.- $/(1032 &45$6'7984:;<>=?$'- $'@(A64B=7CEDFGHI +JK'&4=L$6'MFN
JK' +7O @(P@=Q:0R(P$#SK' UT3$' +<>2 &+V=L&WYX$ZF%$'SSK'64:SAJ[U +6'$' 4=\<F%=?K'MF$' + [:SF]64SK/(^(P$'OSK'$/=L7K' )0J+K'&.
=LK' `_aK'MFaK' + [ .=>6X764:SFWS==?$bS$<J$' @=Q:Wc'JE(P$'7S,!Ud(P$' +<e(P$]f>$'W,64;(P$bWK/=?7-a$/=?7K'
!UC$'2a&ghOS$'MFSFGe64,WK'$/(@i7i7i
j+K'&'=QBW$WSSK' + +$'MFSFa$' +<]!`*,$'-Z%WO &4k#2a&4\$W$'S<?JE=Q:B6Xmld=?S>$<J'JK'S=n&.V64;<>W$' &oFN
@=p0%S=2 &.$=?$'-ZFG:B(Xq>=r(P$' 4=L72 &+ tsMFa$'&'=64JA&.<Gs3JK'&.B$ZFSFaMF=Qe!u(v$wFaK'&)=Q +$' < i
*WF;Sax 4=7FB:2 &.7- $/(@U 4=pFy!#zE$' 4Nx{I&4V|>K'&.UCE};2 &.~$I_a$'@=EJAUU&4-Z%64>O<$'&.SK'&Ju6Xm 4N
=7CK'&oFa7$ZFay6'$' )FeFaK' /(@y64,$<J'JK'U=Q&.i
t V!R$' 4GK'MFe{K'&4UCEd=p0"%xUB|]$ZF=?xd=e V(P7- x$ZF=nS(v +$'&uJK'&.`(@U&4BJ$'U=L7 1J$/=?7K'
_aK'S=IFakJ$/=pC72 &+e!WK' `a&4k64;=pCEDFG i
t \!h"%xU|>$ZF=Lx0> (P7- x|>MFSFa$'&.6Z0|;< $'6`y$'S(P7 YS==LK'&)=QB(Xm:2a&41JEe64;6';$'<N
=L7K' 64e(X{\{0~JK'&.B<FhW$' +1JX/Fa4_a&4=?&+&/FGFS=V(@U&4,6'MFQJ+K' 7O @(P@=Q:BFa$' )F_a$'@(@(@ i
j+K'&/FFS x 4=7F!Y;7S$'6'K{O< 'FaKZC S=#Fa$_a$'W@(@(@2 &.#YXK' 4=h$'S &gU@(@(PxFa
UC$/(@U&4S&oFGU 4=>6'$' )F,(@_aK'7664e(XC7-Gyq;r84 4=L7 [i
t e!zE$' 4Nx"C@(P1J'JE0UU&4 S&/0(v$'&464td=W=?K'&'=n(Xm:2 &.1JE=QUC +72 &+JK'&4(@U&4$'764
2 &.$ZFa7 )F=L$' 4=?$' E:S i#5 8'$' +6U $'&oFSFa!*,$' +xDS(@;J+K'&.`Fa$8o$'@=n:64wUC$'2 &+]aK'&.0BS=; +KZF
SK' +-ZUdFa$/=L7K' )Fh$'W7S$/(@FS0%$'7 )Fa2a&IX!$'xVJK'&.]FaK' Y@FaK'&'=?xU Y7 U_aK'W$/=L72 &gs]Fa$/(P- $/=Q&.i
t !YCMF=?7$' JK'&.B(@FFaS$<J+$'64F#Fa&.`(@Fy8/(P$' xUdFS0;!FSK'& CE:d(P7SK<JE=nDUU0FaK'&oF,(@
FaK/(@@(5K'&b6'$' )F,(@,O K'&4@(^(P$'6Z064FWWK'U 4=pF`64_aK'&)NQ7U,S=64,64:d=n .=nh7 +K'&.O<(P7$'O<(@FGi7i7i7i
=JA&.MFWi7i7i
<(P7 6XK/@(%!"%$/=L<7UJK'&4(^FFa>OSK' )FWK' 4=7FS0,64F- K'k/$ 84FWJ$'U=L$ 84:F,J$'6'7$<JKZF
7 4=Q?J+KZFG:SFGi +-a@=?$/=L7K' )F!(X$'SSK'JE(PMFSFG .=>64FGFhUlU-ZFGi7i7i
tU B!E=nLJ+CX[JK'&.wFaK' $'Sa&g@(>SC$/(@&.U&/c-GdFa7K' P8'7JK'&4@(^(@GsxihCK'&4 $' [!|]<&. +KZ0
E=Q?J+CX0q>(@c~X0$' +&/0V:d(P7 [0*WS(J+CXmi7i7i+JK'&4(^FJ$'&oFGFe98'K/(P$'64F;Fa&4(^FrKGUCEF;64VJE(v$ZF=?@N
2 &+GsM0]K'&64U- $' 4=(@F_a@=nF,6'&SF=?K3i7i7i
% UT )0e3,!>K/(P$' +6Z0wKZSKtS=BAMFSFaK'&J+K'&.(@C$'O(PMFS0e(@F8'K'&G84DSFS0S=e(@UF=n i7i7i;S=
RFa&.S=?K'&'=!h{I&4SCKZ0{,X%Zi90$'<xdNxq; + [0"%K/=LKn_S0VS=+EXm K'&4O(Px0=?K'&'=Fa7JE(@ .=JK'&.(@
OSK' )CE&.#64y- K'&/FW$'-aK'7`S +SK' 4=LU:FJE +6'$' 4=%<F,=?K'MFW9JE(P&/FhO<S(@(@Fse$' + [:SFGi
Pf2DE !79 ly=@7B)DE¦?nµA9?m954DE`?@7Bj79?m=> kÈ=@l2?>=nÄZ8qDEkȶ=>jDExD !7B jlyj=>7B
=> ! =@8 k¿»SPf-A9?m952'DE !79 l24Ej=>?@?>l'~ KAB?>=nl2:=@Ej z95 =n[z?>?@=>
8ÄZ8<?[79EFBj[75=@¦?>K 7¿8~xDE2A9 7}j[=n[<l2Iq7B l-?NxD2 ¿ =mz?>?>=n=>79DÃE~b
l2=nÄZ8Ç»EPf,?>79=DE~8ABF[4 zB¿ j=m[K~ 8.<¹E~7}jD57B C=@Eja=@ ! =@8 ,{»
P~Kl2=ml,ÁÃ=mÄ}8Ä}8==@Ej ¶=><8]5798 zKDE'?myDE !79 ly=@7BDE,?n2AB?m95'7b
?m=> j27Bx8~D=>~ ¦?XR¸=> jl2DE=@=> FD·R8ql27DEÂ?@xÁÃ=mÄ}8,;B[)8 ¦?iRÄ}8=>?@=>; j¦¿ 7B8q=m b
AB< z8 z=>79»G`,¹~Â =@~5'DEDE=f zB¿=>79DE2 zÃ}79~! "Á~8q2< AB=@'[7B
k?>=n['[8q 2DEk,l27Bq75 =n[z8¹DE.?n< 79j#DE#WN7}7$#
gih
z C5=nÄZ8qB|z»NJN,l28 k¦7B
~ l=m`DE' CB5j =n[ 6?>D=m[j7B C[=>79~KDE8 85 =n[C?>?@=>DE'5:A9?m95:4DExq 5=n[ `?>k
l27DEk:DEFDE !79 ly=>79»P~kDE=m?>7=@7B~:A97Bl j=mÄ}8l'ENk5j=@ 8¹Ä}8?@?>7BKBXb
[7¿=>'?>xÁj 79AB<=>k,DED !7B jlyj=>7B«D-?@xAB z=>~y7ByDE2D=m[?@7j=>79~,;~9?@
DE2Ã~,¶=mF57B=@»SU:7B8~K k[79~I8<j8~DEyD,?n.[=@l,8q?mj=>79DE8]DE¶}<?>7Bq<l2DEk
<¹Ej8 ~ N?>`l27DEÂ?@¶E=n579?m9[=nÄZ8q`8j7b 57BÁ< NWKJ&%5rzb=>j'`DE4P~;~~[79Á2L7Bl2
g
r<sBs9vZ|z»JN6DE j=> l7DE=)(~À*(~D·RTl2?@=>79 f?m =n['¿7Bl2jDEk CB5j =n[j=mÄ}8SDE
?m'DE !79 ly=@7B.=@Á j48¹)?>79kÈ~7B?n=@ ¿»M:K;~7Bqx[j=>ly=>79)DE8DE¶}?@7B~lE
DEN¹8q LDEAB?nB5kDEWN7Ç[7$#2ÀDE¦d6O:V
g
d` j7}?m~D|L[L7B;j8}»P~Y57B8q?mA9+¦8
l27DEÂ<?>KDE4 ¿ =mz?>?>=n=>792~ : j7Bz=@7B.q¦~ l~9:D¦l279Ej L?XR,·<DEl2<=n[l2
DExA9 l2=@~j=>79³<KDExAB j7}j[=mj[lE`D:AB C=@~K[8 ?@xDE<¶}?>79~l2DEk:¹8q ¿»·(~-
8~ C[~5j=>¶}L[798¶} j8 8q`[=>l'8?n=@7B4DEÃ.%Eb [=@'/-B?>Ll27DEÂ?@L^^?m;~7B
P~;~~7BÁ
g
{BwBwr|/-< l2jzE4DE2q ~D ']579l2x?@IÁq j7BA9=@KDEyD !7B jlyj=>7B
D~È?@AB C=@~-?@=>< zB¿=>79~a<Ej A9 z=@~5»
Á`DE !79 ly=@7B¦7 f=m5L=>x~7B?n =n5ÁC=>l2q?>=>k·[j z=>x zS?>7 SÁ
»ÇÁ
Áq7B?@7BABÃy7 N~7B?m =m¿=mAB7¶} jD2;EÃ=> z95 Ãq[C?@?>=>qK[?@=>)~D.=nBj[75=nkD=>Á)ÁK7¿8Eb
<~5K7 LAB C=@#AB 7 jÁ~D. j5 Ãq[C?@?>=k=@7B»qÁ'[j jÈ<¹E~7BqE !7B 6ÁF[579~D Ã#¿
=m?@7 LÁ~#{E»
h
DE, !7B l-=@7B2l7DE?·;B[kD³7B)Ä}8=>?@=>; j=>8l ;<LL7B #ZbiÁ~ CDE=@A~D
k57¶} Ã2=@#=m5F[Á<:=nDE¶}<?>7B~Df»· zD :bi zÃ)DE=· CB5j=>79#¹E~ j=>l2<EC x~ !7B jl2D27B
=m¿2l27Bq75 Ãq[C?m¦C #} ?>79AÁ)DE< WN7Ç[7$#]579 gXh
z z5j=m}|z»SÁyl29[8 jD?nj=m5
DE=n[79 j=>7B¦;~yDEj5 =@;kD®;Ã#;~Bj?LAB79l2 j=m?>?@óq5j jÃDE=m?>7=@7B~K7 6¿ ~D
DEA9y[Ã~}»NG: !79 ly=@7Bl27D¦7 K~79?m '=m¿y j#DEj l=>D.;ÃC #=>A=>7957B8qExjÁ
l2zÁ~=m?N;<Á~¶E=@7B8 '~D jÁ# zAB<l2¦7 IDE=m?>7=>79~5»NÁq#[=@l,8q?mj=>797 KÁyj¹Zb
8q 6DE¶}?@7Bl2<E=n_~ !7B jl2Dx;EÃ48~[=@A¦jÁ:W6=m¿7b _?nB=m}? SJN7B~=m[j
g
WYÀqJ| %¿r b [=@'
l27DE<?SDE¶}?@7B~D³;Ã#P~;~~7BÁ6 79l2
g
rsBs9vZ|C»Áq=m:l27D?=ml27DE=(~D³j72z #}¦=@Ej729 b
5798EÁ=m7B j7BÃc7 ¦jÁ#=m¿.l27975 Ãq[C? -~Dc~7B?m y=m5DE !7B jlyj=>79579~DE=>j=>79~5»
h
AB7}7D2=@lyj=>7B47 Sj¹Ej8 `D¶}?>79l2}S?>79A¦jÁ:WN7Ç[7$#'~DydO`V®=n5`579 =m79;z=>Df»
¹E~=>7B7 KÁq.l27DE<?7=> 7D8~5y 79zj=>79 5 jÃz?>?>=j=>79]DE7},q7B'79=>27B8q,jÁ
=>~8~¿x7 jÁ'Bj[75=njDl2zÁ~=mly7B¹8q 'DE¶}<?>7Bql2»^S=>~?>?>Ã -· %Eb [=>j'i[Ã~
7 _l27DE?@?>=>qA¦8~=>Ay^~9[6^798 =@ ` z !7B jl
g
P~;~~[79Á -f{Bw9wEr|`=n=>¶}[j=>A}D2j72=>l'8?m
ÁqIÁq j7BA9=@=>k=>jÁ=>-5 Ãq[C?m~D³=@l2 j7¶}`Áq¦<?m¿8?m=>7927 _AB z=>)=> CB5j=>7B5»
"! # %$'&()*"!
3¿ ,+.-/S102+3-~ 4
5 /27686N":9! <;3;89 3-7=·76SS S"E >
rB»@r }j 8~5j8 45 j=mz?@?>79AB zÁ=nÄZ86`DE i8z~7B~5j8?nDEK?mxAB?m95KVXÁ »I»K»4»I»4»K» s
rB»@rB»@r } j8~58q 45 =n[C?>?@=>F»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» s
rB»@rB»T{ G: i8qz79~5j8?m'»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» rw
rB»@rB»Tv P~x579l2~7B jl2?nB=mÄ}8KDI?n¦AB?nB5 »4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» rw
rB»T{ P~`DE=m?>7=@7B~`DÈ?n¦AB?m95 »¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» rBr
rB»T{E»@r Uj8 4DED=m[?@7j=>79~2»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» rBr
rB»T{E»T{ Pf,5 jj=>79³<?XRÅ=@Á=>?n=@7ByD:D=m[?@7j=>79~%»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» r{
rB»Tv JN7Bl79 jl2Nl2=mÄ}86DE8yl27B7¿ =mz?SDEKAB?m954»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» rv
rB»¸u P~`DE=)f jzl27DEkDE~8~ABFDE8y79?>Ãq5 =n[C?SDEKAB?nB5 »¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K» ro
rB»To P~¦A9 7Ç[=nl2DEkAB z=>~?n¦ 5 j=mz?@?>=nj=>79»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{Bw
rB»ToE»@r P~¦AB j7}j[=mj[lEL7B jly? DEA9 z=@~ »K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{Bw
rB»ToE»T{ Pfµ j5 =n[C?>?@=mj=@7B2 ` 7BCj=>7B »I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{Er
rB»ToE»Tv Pfµ j5 =n[C?>?@=mj=@7B2 `l2=>A9 zj=>79 »4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{Er
rB»TÆ O5 =n[C?>?@=mj=@7B2<`DE¶}?@7B~l2<ENDIj¹8 jDÈ?@AB?nB5~79?m=@ ¿»E»4»K»±{u
rB»TÆE»@r d:< z?>=@ »K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{u
rB»TÆE»T{ P~:¿7B~DE=@=@7B~DE4DE, !7B l-=@7B)DE<?>79j~7B?m=> j5»»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{Bo
rB»TÆE»Tv JN 7B=nj~5)7B jly?@2x j5 =n[C?>?@=mj=@7B7B;~ ¶}<xDµ?@x?@7Bj
79?m=> k »I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±{BÆ
rB»TÆE»¸u P~Èlq=m[lDE4DE¶}<?>7Bq<l2NDEK¹8q ]»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vBw
rB»É JN7B5?>8~=>79~ »K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vBv
?
*2 S79S <"@/S" <ACBD0} S EA " /S"*/1B2FG-~.A D+H-~ I/S" J=K9!70}" J6-L9 q" 2M*N686.-0S"E
+8B:-~ S"y"O+'"QP86BE3A]"} ,+79!"LM RK4
{E»@r VXEj 7DE85=@7B§»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vBo
{E»T{ P~l27DED¦D !7B jlyj=>7B-DEAB?nB5k79?m=> k»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vZÉ
{E»T{E»@r M:xl27DEÂ?@DE`D !7B jlyj=>7B4;~B8 ?@ j758~NDE k5 =n[z?>?@=m=@7B
~ ` 79zj=>79 »K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vZÉ
{E»Å{»>r9»>r aÄ}8~=>79~`57B~=@8j=>¶}NAB< z?@»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±vZÉ
{E»T{E»>r9»Å{ O9?>4DE8yAB j7}j[=mj[lEL7B jly?SDAB C=> »4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±vBt
{E»T{E»>r9»Åv VX~85KDEK?mx k5 =n[z?>?@=m=@7B'~ ` 79zj=>79 »K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±vBs
{E»T{E»>r9»u h
?@=m=@7By8¹)?@7Bj~7B?n=> j »¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬ur
{»Å{E»T{ P~AB z9DE=><ECDE4DE !7B jlyj=>79y»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬u}o
{E»T{E»Å{»>r Pf¦DE, !7B l-=@7BDa?>k_l-< =m8¹¦q?mB=nÄZ8<l2792Á7b
l27BA9Ây»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬u}o
{E»T{E»Å{»Å{
h
?@=m=@7B x?m¦A9?mB¿ »K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬uEÉ
{»Å{E»Tv P~7B= DE~8~AB »K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬u}t
{»Å{E»¸u PSRÁÃE~79ÁÂ4DE8.A9?>=mj[lEL8¹Kp7B=@ECDEKAB C=>,»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»¬u}s
{E»T{E»uq»>r d`?>=mj[lE_8¹6p7B=@ECDEAB C=@~a~7B8q DEkaAB?nB5k ¦AB C=@~ (~~oBw
{E»T{E»uq»Å{ ¹Ej z~79?mj=>79#8q¹³A9?m95DE<?>79j~7B?m=> j »4»I»4»K»¦»K»±oEr
{E»Tv º.=n5 7Ç[ j8~5j8 65 =n[C?>?@=>ÀDENAB?m95NDEL?@7Bj~7B?n=> j}7B;[ j¶B=@7B~~
DE=f zB¿=>79#DEK CkÃ}79~ DE8 C
g
rw9wkbiu}w9w #}W¦|C»»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±oBv
{»ÅvE»@r Pf,D=)f z95=@7B#D zÃ}7B %D8 z¿»~_ j=>~¿=>~4DEK?m¦l2jÁ7DE}» »I»4»K»¦»K»±oBv
{»ÅvE»T{
h
?@=m=@7B x?m¦A9?mB¿¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±oBÆ
{»ÅvE»Tv
h
~?>Ãq[4D·Rk Á~Ej=>?@?>7BaDI?nx?@7Bj
h
z C5=nÄZ8q »K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±ÆBw
{E»TvE»Åv»>r H`;~[ j¶9=@7B~ »¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±ÆBw
{E»TvE»Åv»Å{
h
~?>Ãq[»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±ÆBÆ
{E»TvE»Åv»Åv }ÃEjÁÂ[4»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»ªÉv
{»ÅvE»¸u
h
8j ?>=nj=>79~-j8~DEq ?@=>l2=@~=@ <»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»ªÉv
{E»TvE»uq»>r H`;~[ j¶9=@7BDEK;=m5 j=mz8q¹,~8 j?m »K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»ªÉu
{E»TvE»uq»Å{ H`;~[ j¶9=@7B~`DEKl27975 =n[C8¹2<.¿7B8 CDE4DE !7B jlyj=>79¬»K»ªÉBÉ
{»ÅvE»To }ÃEjÁÂ[4DEk~?>Ãq[DE4DE=f zB¿=>79 »¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±tEr
{E»¸u JN79~5?>8[=>79~±»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±tB{
R HA19!:+3-~ "/ /8Bf"D9H-L686N":A]"} ,+ /S"E +k"OP+S"E /" N=K9!70}" N6-L9 !"E 6) S"
7686.-0S"# + -0Q-8B" ,+k" 89!"@A -/:9!"y
vE»@r VX 7D8~5=@7B »I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±tZÉ
vE»T{ P~l27DEÂ<?>Nl2=m5 j7bilyB¿ 7»Çe7B q=> !< =><8 ``[8q< =><8 }»~»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±tBt
vE»Tv P~l27DEÂ<?>LDEK[Ã~K8q7b 579Á <E~?>6l27DEÂ?@WKJ`»#»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±tBs
v»ÅvE»@r NÄZ8~=@7B~`57B[=@8j=>¶},- !79 l'8?m=>79 »K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sBw
vE»TvE»>r9»>r P~x579l2~7B jl2<END8³l7B75 j=mz?»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sBw
vE»TvE»>r9»Å{ P~x579l2~7B jl2<END8³~79?>Ãq5 =n[z?»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sEr
vE»TvE»>r9»Åv
h
8j z95 j=m=mÄ}8'»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sBv
v»ÅvE»T{ PSRÅ 7¹=>ly=@7BCA9Ej)?@=mÄ}8y8579l2~7B jl2<Elq=mÄ}8
DEK?m¦A9?mB¿I<`8#D¶}?>79~l2NDEKj¹Ej8 k5»2»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±su
vE»TvE»Å{»>r G:j l2=@~j=>79yDE~ zl2 jK»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±su
vE»TvE»Å{»Å{ G: !79 ly=>79y8=m¹E=n?@KD·R8q³~79?>Ãq5 =n[z?c»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sBÆ
vE»TvE»Å{»Åv JN7Bl2~79 <l2l2k=nÄZ8q=>[zECÇ»}OÈ<ly CÄZ8k[ÃEjÁ5b
=nÄZ8k¬»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»±sBÆ
vE»Åv»Å{»u G:¶}?@7B~l2<ELDEK<¹Ej8 »I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±sZÉ
vE»TvE»Tv G:=mj58~=>79~ »K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»±sBs
vE»¸u PSRÅ j7¹=>l-=@7B %j57Bl2q?>=m~5'`¶9 =m;?>YDE8.l27DÂ?>`WKJ »K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<wB{
vE»¸u»@r d:< z?>=@ »K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<wBv
vE»¸u»T{ _ j=>~¿=>~DEK?m !79 l'8?m=@7ByDE8yl27DÂ?> '579l2?>=n~¿:¶9 j=m;?>}» »I»4»K»:r<wBo
vE»¸u»Tv
h
?@=m=>79y8B`DEK?m¦A9?m95-D jl2=>=@7ByD~ Cl2Â< k5»ª»4»K»:r<wZÉ
vE»uq»Åv»>r JL z95< =m=nÄZ8k »¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<wZÉ
vE»uq»Åv»Å{ G:< l2=@~j=>7B-DE~ zl jI»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<wBt
vE»uq»Åv»Åv JN7B~5?@8~[=@7B~]»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r9r{
vE»¸u»¸u OÈ8?>CC »4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r9rv
vE»uq»uq»>r G:¶}?@7B~l2<ELDEK<¹Ej8 »I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r9rv
vE»uq»uq»Å{ JN7Bl2~ z=m[79¶}¦?@:j¹Ej8 k:7B;j8:?@x?>7BqA.D,?n2kb
7Bj4DEKWN7}7# »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r9rÆ
vE»uq»uq»Åv V ~8~¿¦DI?n¦¶9?><8 `DEK?XR¸¹E~7Ç`DE¿7B z=>0»I»4»K»:r9rs
vE»To JN7B5?>8~=>79~ »K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<{Bw
3A19!:+3-~ / /1B f":93-L616N"DA]"E L+ /" C+k"OP+S"E 6S 9 " A -/ D9!" y ~
7;89!"N! " 80}"@/S" 9!#"D0} +7939 ! :+3-~ I6S2.-7+:+3-~
5 ? R
u»@r VXEj 7DE85=@7B§»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<{Bv
u»T{ P~¹8q LDEx5=n=>?>?@l'E_[=>l?>`~j8 <?>?>ka¹~ =@l2z?> »K»4»I»4»K»:r<{u
u»Tv }=@l,8?nj=>7BDE<¹Ej8 LDE45=mj=@?>?><l2}L[=@l2?>±»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<{Bt
u»TvE»@r V j7DE8~5j=>79»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<{Bt
u»TvE»T{ JN7B8?nA9KDE8'l27DEÂ?@WKJ¶B =n;?@8'l27DEÂ?@=>l2?@=)(~LDE` k5 =n b
z?@?>=nj=>79³ ` 7BCj=>7B » h
?@=m=>79 x?m¦AB?nB5Ç»»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<vEr
u»Åv»Å{»>r }=>l'8?m=@7ByDEkÈj¹Ej8 kDEx5=n=>?>?@l2¿EL=>l2?@~ :?@Il7b
DEÂ?>K¶9 j=m;?>}»»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<vEr
u»Åv»Å{»Å{ º.7DEÂ?>4=>l2?@=)(~6DEK k5 =n[z?>?@=m=@7B'~ ` 79zj=>79»K»4»I»4»K»:r<vu
u»Åv»Å{»Åv OÈ8?>CC-<¹Ej8 D5=mj=@?>?><l25N=>l2?@%»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<vBo
u»¸u G:=n58~j[=@7B»~VX~8q~54DEK?m¦ j5 j=m[C?@?>=mjj=>7B-[8 ?@¦D¶}?>79~l2NDEKj¹Ej8 kr<vBt
4 "AC-/D9"S! 0Q-L689 + S" (±768619!!1B 9!'= 9 70}"
55
oE»@r VXEj 7DE85=@7B§»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿ur
oE»T{ G:j5 =@=@7ByAB< z?>4DE8yl27DEÂ<?> »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}{
oE»T{E»@r º.7DE?>=n=>79)DE8.~7B?@ÿ =mz? »K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}v
oE»T{E»T{ ^79 l'8?m=@7ByDE8)57D »K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}v
oE»Tv
h
q?>=m<=@7B x?m¦A9?m95'»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}o
oE»TvE»@r JN7Bl2~7B jlENl2k=nÄZ8q¬»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}Æ
oE»Åv»>r9»>r JNÁ7B=@¹.D~ Cl2Â< k »I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿u}Æ
oE»Åv»>r9»Å{ H:;[ j¶B=@7B~ »¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r¿uEÉ
oE»TvE»T{ G:[79 =@ECj=>7BÈÀDE¶}?@7B~lELDEKj¹Ej8 k »¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»:r<oB{
oE»TvE»Å{»>r G:7B =@zj=>79~ »K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:r<oB{
oE»TvE»Å{»Å{ G:¶}?@7B~lELDEKj¹Ej8 k »K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:r<oBv
oE»¸u JN79~5?>8[=>79~~ zk5=@¶}»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:r<oBo
-~ 80Q9 S 3- S 5 47>
h
q¹EFr »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:r<ÆB{
h
q¹EY{ »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:r<ÆBv
h
q¹EYv »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:rÉ}r
h
q¹E6u »K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»4»K»I»4»K»¦»K»¦»K»¦»K»4»I»K»4»I»4»K»¦»K»:rÉv
$@) $'&
P~`?@7Bj79?m=> k gih
EC C5=nÄZ86d` 7}?n~D~| ! l2<ELDE` C Áq=>¶}N8=mÄ}88
?XR¸¶}7B?@8=@7BDEy?XR¸E¶=> j7Bql2}4jl27}Á j=mÄ}8''DE8¿?>=>l-K85798 z'DExDE< =@ 45Eb
z=>k,DEyl2=@?>?@=> CIDfRÅq
g
<=>4?X»-rs9sBsZ|C»?>?@p7B8<Ex8 B?@³=@l2~7B jz'D~,?>
[Ãq[jÂl265?>=@lyj=mÄ}8?@8 ¶}79?>8j=>7B-µ¶=mDl2l'}N8K=>~¿=mDE58 `?>=@¶}8-DEl2 z,-
?m'5=@ z58?nj=>7By75k=nÄZ8Ç»>»>»f»·Pf,l27DE<?>=mjj=>7B)DEK?iR5798?><l2NDEx¿:<?>79j~7B?m=> jÈ~ b
l2LD·R¸8DE=> N?@8 N 95=@7B ¦8q¶9 j=mj=>79.¿?>=>l-=nÄZ8q}»B?@?>`[À8~j[==>57B798 ~;?>6798
?mxDqz=@7B#D j7Bj 7 !7B~D5»
PSRk57B8?@l2D¦?m'AB?m95x7B8~?iRf`DE4?m,A9 z¶=>4[6Bj[75=@ ,?mDE !7B jlyj=>79.¶=m¿7B?nB b
=nÄZ8q`DE?mA9?mB¿:L82AB?@=ml2 [8 L?>?>=@N 7zÁ8¹x?@7B zjÄZ8q:?nYjl2~ C8q 8'~7B=@EÀDE
!8~=>7B » h
=>~= -fD~?n- j=>'5<Ej z?@'DEx?XR
h
z C5=nÄZ8q¦D,?iRÅN[ -?n-jl2~ C8q ¦l7Ã}<
[8 iB54<8j ¦=@ ! j=>8 j µb oBwEJj=>~D ¦?@K79=>KDE !8~[=@7B#7B8~?@8~`DExv9wBwBw
l±D·R¸~=m8 `DEKA9?mB¿}»
PSR=@EjAB Cj=>7B)D·R¸8OSK' + [L?>79=S57B~=@8j=>¶}~7B8q KDE5 j=> j?>K¿7Bl2~7B jlENl2k=nÄZ8qDEK?n
AB?nB5`~7B?n=> jDq~N?>l7DEÂ?>kD·Rk57B8?@l2a8q,79;p5= f =@7B =@z=> Ç»EP~N~?>Ãq[L[j 8~ b
8q z?@DaA9?mB¿a¹ C=@DE=)f jz=>jNDE?XR
h
z C5=nÄZ8qÀDE8.d` 7}q?mD-79EL ¶}<?>
8`¶}79?>8j=>7BDEN¹8q
g
7B j=>z=>79~aq ! j=><?>?><SDE¹Ek0E|_¶}?mK 7 !7B~DE<8 »G:8
i=@`DEK?XR¸¹¿=@7Bq?>?@`=n[7Bj 79=>K¶=m¿7B?nB[j=mÄ}8KDE85 =n[C?DIA9?m95
g
G:8¶9?À?i»-rs9tBv}| -
?>k_j¹8 jN57B !Â< .I?nAB?m956DE<?>79j79?m=> ka8` j !7B jK=m7B j7B=@
g
JLB?@~8
6?i»-rs9sBÆ;·|z»VX?S¿RÅA9=>6DE7B¦D·RT;~7B8j=> ,8Kl2<=>?>?@8 jDEk5 j=>j=>7B)DE857Bl79 jl2Nl25b
=mÄ}8'DEKAB?nB5K=m7B j7B~,-~7B8 FDE¶=>k[kDEDE !7B jlyj=>79#=> ! j=>8q & -
*(]DE2 j~DE j,<579l2j'5j2=m7Bj 7Bq=>yD~I?@l27DEÂ?@D·R¸5798?>lE
g
º#AB<Ã-
rs9sBÆ ·dAB?@=m CDE=>q= -~rs9sBsZ|C»PfxDE=y¿8?>jCDE657B[ j8=> jDal27DÂ?> [8~j5j=>;?@NDE<?b
58?@ N?mK ~7B[Kl2=mÄ}8ÀD·R879?>Ãq5 =n[C?D:A9?mB¿! !79~5=@7ByDK¦j¹Ej8 -Bly=nN8~j[=
D·R¸=>A9 L?XR<¶}7B?>8q=>792D¹8q !79~5=@7B)DEK?XR¸Á=m79=> YDE4DE !7B jlyj=>79»
JN~~Dq-~?>`57B C=@EjÈ=@l2~7}~ ?>`57DEkDEx<?m¿8?SD·Rk57B8?@l2L[79Ej?>?@Ä}8
[<8?mKDEl27DÂ?>6[=>l?>~8¶}j '8=@?>=n[¿» 798, !7B=m,-798 x;~7B8j=> 28q,l2<=>?>?@8 j
< zj=>79.D8.¿7Bl2~7B jlENl2k=nÄZ8qDEkAB?m95~7B?n=@ ,-8q¦¿7B~=mj5x 7b
!7BDE=>'DEk:l2=ml2LDE'DE !79 ly=>79#DEx?n2AB?m95x8¹ i=@;?>k:579Ej z=>:k[k5j=@ }»
798 5<?m-9=>?~[L=>~D=m[~;q?>6DE¿RÅ8Ã} L8 ?@7Bl'; <8~[NDE79ka=@ kDE?iRÅ?>Ãq[
DEAB?nB5k:DEk !79 zA9: j7 !79~D- =>[= ÄZ848 KDEl27DE<?>=mjj=>7BDE8#579l2~7B jl2<ENl2<kb
=nÄZ8 -?@?>`ÄZ8q¦?>kÈl2<Á7DEk:D·R¸Á7Bl7BAB<=mjj=>7B »·J`RD~K5x<BDE j¦?@8~: k[ j=>`Ä}8
5R¸=>~j5 =@?@Ij z¶9=@?· j[Ç»
G~È?@579~DE=>j=>79~:D¦D !7B jlyj=>7B-DE?>7Bj~7B?n=> j-?n¦AB?nB54[4DE, !7B l~ `AB?@=mXb
l2=> CB5 j=mz?@?>=@ -8ÄZ8<?7B'Bj[75=@¦?> j75j[8~xDEAB 7Ç=ml2K7B jly?NFDE
j5 =n[C?>?@=mj=@7B
g
DEKPfµJNÁ~~?>?@N?i»-r<sBs9tZ|z»~P~: B?@`DE¿l2<=n[l2¿7Bl2l2N j75j[8~
DEK j[C8 C=@7B)`DÈ?n !7B l-=@7ByDÈj¹8 ja~579 4Bj[4ly?~¶9?>8}»
G¦RT8j K~ -~?mx?>79=SDE~8~ABxDq~:?@579~DE=>j=>79~:D¦D !7B jlyj=>7B)DEk?@7Bj79?m=> kÈ
z95 j=m: `82¹~7}E6DEL57B C=@Eja=@ ! =@8 '{x?>79 zÄ}8R=@?~[ j7 ÁqKDE4v¦~7B8
?@579Ej z=>L¶E=@j[LDEKDE !79 ly=@7B'AB< z?@l2=@l2~7}[<2?m;~7B z79=> Ç»798 ¹}b
?@=mÄ}8 65x¿7Bl2~7B jlEÀDEx?m'AB?m95'8q¹ i=@;?>k57B C=@Ej-=@?[65j=> FD·R=nDE=(~
?@l27DELDE4DE !79 ly=>79)ÄZ8=f=> j¶E=@<ELD~È?@?>7Bj~79?m=@ ¿»
PSR79;p5j=) qDEÀ5N z¶9=@?}[SD7B8;?@}»VX?}¶E=n[LD·RT;~7B CD `l2?@=>79 ~?m`579~=nj~5ÀDE·l27D
DE'D !7B jlyj=>7B#<¦D:l2<=n[l2D'DE¶}?@7B~l2<E`DE'<¹Ej8 ¿» PSRTB¿EY[ C-l=m`[8
?@ lq=m[lÁÃq[=mÄ}8 ÄZ8==>< ¶=>qES8'57B8q zNDE?m6DE !7B jlyj=>79xDESAB?m95~79?m=@ ,-
YÄZ8=L7B¦975=> 2857Bl79 jl2 i=@;?>lEq7BEbi?>=@=@
g
`{Z|z»PfyzÁ=nÄZ8FDE
DE=f zB¿=>79 8¹)Á~8q:< A9=>6,~ l2=n:Dx zB¿ j=m[< ?>`DE=n[79 z=>7BID8# 85 j=mXb
C?>?@=>»·JN<x<8~DEF2< l2=nDE'57B(~ l2< ?>¦ B?@'DE¦?n, ¿ =mz?>?>=n=>79.~ 79z=>79Dq~
?iRÅB<57Bl2l'7D=>79yDE8yAB?@=mj[l2<EN;~9?i»
VX? 5RÅAB=@K8~j[=LDE4l27DE?@=m[< ?>'579l2~7B jl2lq=mÄ}8KDE`AB?m95:~79?m=@ `798 4[=@l,8?@
?@yDE¶}?@7B~lEYDE¦<¹Ej8 ¿»aJNy C¶B=>?`¿R=>5 j=>4DE=> j5jl2 #?m#[8q=>-DE8] z¶9=@?`DE
jÁÂ[YD·RH`?>=@¶E=@ JL9[<?>~8
g
r<sBs9ÆZ|z»~U`7B8~8j=>?@=m[< 7BDE79~ =@~5=>?><l2?n¦¶} z=>7B %5rzb=>,'
DEP~;~~7BÁ'7Bl
g
rs9sBvZ|'l27D=)(~~ y7Bl
g
rs9sBsZ|F798 2 j~DE jy579l2j.D
=@Ej z95=@7B~¦A9 z=@ l- j=m5-ÄZ8=6DE~DE'DE.?iR7B j=>z=@7B]DE8AB C=>-5)Ä}8=`[<l,;?@2?@8~
579 !7B jl28¹]¿7B~DE=@=@7B~4DEyDE !79 ly=@7B]DEkIAB?nB5k¦79?m=> k5»aPSR¸fxD¦l2=ml2<DE
A9 l2=@~j=>79xl2=@AB z=@7B'DE~p79=>zNDE`AB z=>y975=>.K?m ¿ =mz?>?>=n=>79'[ CK~?>Ãq[`~
?@K57B8q?mABx8#57DIWYÀqJD·R¸8yl27DE?@=mj=@7By=>l2q?>=)(}»
P~K?m#DE8ylyE85 j=>k[?>Y[8=@¶BE
M:q=>~D=m[~;q?>4~?>Ãq[4;=>;?@=>79AB zÁ=nÄZ86[ j[<EjK8 076S +" 5 »
U:798~aq Ej7B~8*06 +"
?
-8l7DE?>=n=>79,qÁEÃq[=nÄZ86DE?nxDE !79 ly=>792D?mKAB?m95
8¹ i=@;?>K579Ej z=>,-DE7BK?>';8K¦D2579~[=nDE j ?>' 9?>'DEkIl2<=n[l'DE'AB 7Ç=m b
l2N7B jly?`DI j5 j=m[C?@?>=mjj=>7B~ ` 79zj=>79» P~4l27DEÂ?@4D·R8q³~79=>DEK¶8
ly95 7Ç579=mÄ}8L~ N?>kaD7B<NDE=m79=>;q?>¿7B~5< ~EN?>k j7BjzA9DdO`VNDeà zD·»
M:qx?>Ãq[Fq 7 !79~DE=@'DE¦?n,l2=m¿ 7} j8~58q K5 j=mz?@?>=@4DE¦l27975 j=m[C8¹y=n[8DE¦?n,<kb
j7Bj2D,WN7}7$# -~ ¦D=)f z95=@7B8¹ zÃ}7B D8 z,- q7B8~K< l2YDE,lj ¦<#¶E=nDE~¿
?@x B?@'DEKDE=n[?>7<=@7B~A97Bl2< =nÄZ8ql,<EL5j=> kDI?>k:l27DE6DE2D !7B jlyj=>7B » Pf
DE, !7B l-=@7B'DE85 j=m[C?f[<?>7B'?XRT¹0I~8À?@7B zN¿R¹?>=nÄZ8q ?n~¹=>7BDE?n~LDE`;~B}»
h 8 06 +" R7B8BDE7979~?n !7B l'8?n=@7BD8 l7DEÂ?>WKJ %¿r b [=>j'&% ¿7Bl,b
?@=m~5¦¶9 =m;?>,'¦q 7B~7Ç['~ 47Bl2
g
r<sBsBs}|`798 4[=@l,8?@ ?>FDE¶}?@7B~lEÀDE:j¹8 j
D~?>6?@7Bj~7B?m=> j5»JNxl7DEÂ?>4~ l2<DE i=> jx¶B =@ ?my7B8?@'DE'?XR=@Ej z95=@7B
AB C=@ ly j=m5< !79~5j=>7B)DEK?iR7B j=>z=@7ByDEkAB z=>~¿»
G:?>;q8Dx579~[=nDE < ?mxAB< l2=@~j=>7B?mxl2=>A9 z=>79yDESp7B=@ECDEKAB C=>Bj[75=@
?n ¿ =mz?>?>=n=>79D~2?@,<?>79jµ~79?m=@ ,-?> 076S +"
k[)?>#¿7B8?nA9DE8
l27DEÂ<?>KWKJ ,8#l27DÂ?>4[=@l2?@=)(~KD¦ k5 =n[z?>?@=m=@7By~ K j7Bz=@7B»PSRfYDE=> j5`DEx?n
k5 =n[z?>?@=m=@7By8 ?>4DE¶}<?>7Bq<l2NDEj¹Ej8 kRŦ~9È<4DEl279Ej }»
(~ -?@N0S76+" 4 79~7}[y8q. j7 Á)DE[Ã~ %Eb=>j '-ÄZ8q=¦?m !7B jl,8?nj=>7B
%j^9['^7B8q =>< ¦ z~ !79 l!'D¶}?>79~'~ 2P~;~[7BÁq
g
{Bw9wEr|C»JNjyDE j=>Â< [l';?> j
86?@ j~j=>¶}L=> jj~798 ?n57B[=mD z=>792DÁ< 7BA9=@ DE`DE !79 ly=>79x
AB C=@~S7B8 jEj7B~ DEDE,(~=> ?@¶}7B?@8=@7B~·k5j=@ È8q?>=nj=>79x8q¹Il-< =m8¹
q=m[79 j7B~579l2l2?n¦AB?m95}»
! "
$#& $@)* %
&
$#'# 1! &1&)( )'*#
"
&+ "!
,.-, /
\ b b\ .01032.4, 576b8 b 9 ;: + 5<2.=b b>0
9?0 4.0,V'@6
ACBADBA
¥;EFGIHJEGIFKLHMFNPOEQCRSRSNTIK
PfAB?nB5) 57B j#8 2 j .q Ej.8q#[j 8~¿8 j#5 j=m[C?@?>7BA9 zÁ=mÄ}8yÁ¹qA97B~?>
DE79EK?XRT¹'DE[Ãl2 j=>KI?iRŹE47Bj=mÄ}8,798¹E 0»JN'ÃE~'DE'AB?nB5'[Y~?@,A9?mB¿2VXÁ»
Pf.~7}=>=@7B]D¦7BlKD·R7¹ÃEA9Â-· j j[<'[8 x?n (AB8 j#rB»@r-k[x< z95< =mx~ x8
z~7B jKDEl27DE8?@DE`¹`5 =n[C?>?@7BA9 zqÁ=mÄ}8` xAÇ? ³r9»ÅÆB{9s, j¦wEJbCrwBwEJ -
¶9?@8 j7 Á4DE45<?>?>`7B;[ j¶}K798 `8yl2=@?>l'Á¹qA97B~?579l2~95 gUWVWXZY
[]\^^}|z»
P~279l2'D·R7¹ÃEA9Â)[79E2?@=>¦ 28q.?>=n=n[7B«DE#ÃE~)ÁEÃqDE 79ABÂq}»Pf][ j8~5j8 DE.?n
l279?>58q?>LD·Rk8xCN57B[ j¶}`D_?n:AB?nB5 -}5?@?>5b 5=}~8N j~DE j`ÆY79 =@ECj=>7B~7}=>;?@
D~È?nx[j 8~5j8 Ç»
Structure hexagonale de la glace Ih
axe-c
Plan de base
axe-a
_C`acb r9»>redbE=L<&.<=L&4Se64;(P$`8(P$'<BCEiEB?JAS:FG 4=L$/=L7K' uFaUCE:W$/=L72 &+,64B(P$eJ+KZFa@=L7K' b64F,$/=LK'F
FGS(PK' 6'e:S 4=7FJE(P$' )FS0>S=\J+KZFa@=L7K' 64FW$ZcoFh <MF=L$/(@(vKU8o$<J+C72 &+F
ACBACB
QCGeEOCTIHJEGIK RPO
H`2 <~57B jDq~?nIAB?nB5`?>kDE i8zN~7B~5j8?n5?nB=mÄ}8=mDEj=mÄ}8 ¦?nI?@8~ D
ly j=m8¹¿ =mz?>?>=@~
g
?nB58q-79l2·=>< z[j=>j=>?n5»>»@»Å|z»5JN~D-8À CB5j =n[=nÄZ8qNDE?n
A9?mB¿`V Á'7BN?>D i8CDE~7}=>j=>7BDE j7Bj7B~¿»JNkDE i8zNDE¿7B8?@E DE8'7B' k[~5ND
jÂAB?@DE`e j~?qN^7 ?>
g
e ?_^7 ?@ -rs9vBvZ|_[?@7B'?>jÄZ8q?>?@- jl2=@Â l'} -zÁ~BÄ}8
7BlxD·R¸7¹ÃABÂFDE7B=@j ¦<Ej7B8 j'DE'DE8¹) 7979~798 K?m2¿7B~ ¶9j=>79DEx?m2 j8~58q
DE#?nl27B?@58?@.DfR8 -)DE8q¹E=@Âl2l'5- ÁBÄ}8#?>=n=m7BHbH qDE7B=@.¿7Bl2~7B j -ÄZ8R¸8
8?q 7Bj7B»NM`]DE i8'DE=>4=>79=mÄ}8 g
798
!
|6['¿ '~ x?@2~9ABDE8] 797B
D·R¸8yl279?>58q?> ?XRT8j }» M:DE, i8DE=>'D#ep j 8l D³Ã~P
g
P~ 5|47B8«G
g
G:7B~?@5|
j7¶E=@E_D·R8q 79zj=>79yDE"#
V
^¦DfR8`l279?>58q?>8798 `D·R¸86DEa?@=m=m[79~ÈHbjH4»EM`yDE i8
DE-ep j8l£DE2Ã)P579 j[~7BD ³8qy?>=m=m7B]j~¦ j7Bj7B] -DE8¹7¹EÃABÂq-4?>
Ã4G x8K?>=n=m7B)¶}DE<8¹2 j7B79~-~¶}7B=@ (~A98 rB»T{E»
_ `a>b r9ȁ{Idb*W:@_a$'&'=pFy7K' +72 &+F%$
&
0
('
S=64:@_a$'&'=pF`64]|AG<&.)$7{\0\*
'
6'$' 'FB(P$,8/(P$'<C
ACBACB*
.K H+-,.CF EK, K T;E/ RSQCOEN10>G K32IK RSQ54DRPQCHMK
# z=m[79Dxy 858 jx5 j=mz?@?>79AB zÁ=nÄZ84 7zÁ'D·R¸8F[ j8~5j8 xÁ<¹AB7B?>'¿7Bl,b
~95 -E?>Kl27975 j=m[C? DEKAB?m95K k[K8 i=>;?@K=n[79 79=>4?m9[j=mÄ}8}»
798 '85 j=mz?LÁ¹qA97B~? -N?>y[8 'D,¿7B~zkµ?nB=mÄ}8¦~7Ç[ÂkDE#o57Bl7ÇEj
=@~DE~~Dq¿»
798 N?>`l27Bq75 =n[z?~DE`AB?nB5`?>?@7Bj`DE< l2=@~ Le9a<N?i»
g
rs9oZÉB|/-GEj?
g
rs9ÆBt}|
~ l28 8?@ CB[79=mÄ}8798.~ `[~5j 7Ç579=>4e =@?>?@7B8=@»EPf'DE=)f j~5<Ej `?>l27D8?>
?nB=mÄ}8K57Bl j[=@7B~ z?>?>Â<?>l2<E .?iRŹE*0#'D~x8)DE=> j5j=>7B ÄZ8<?m579~ÄZ8q2DE8
?n)DEK;~9[¦k[=> ! =@8 yrw%62»
P~]579l2~7B jl2x?nB[j=mÄ}8DE8§~7B?@Ã5 j=mz?4DEAB?nB5[ zB¿ j=m[~ #[k³l27DE8q?>
D·R¸½a798A4DE65=n=@?>?@l27B)57} -5=@E_DEK79=m7B»qVX?m¶9?><EN k[~5j=>¶}l2<ES¶E=@ 7B
sBv9wBw2º# -v9oBw9w2º#¦`w»Åv
g
d6l2l7B'`?i»-rs9tBv}|z»
,.-
9 032 \32.= )9 = 0 4.0,V
ACB>BA
Q EGIFK 2IK O 2INPO R >HMQ EN TIO
PfxDE !79 ly=>79,¶=mj57Bq?mB=nÄZ86DE8y¿ =mz?DEA9?m95¦?@=>8' j=>~5=@~?@l2S~ LAB?>=nl2
DE6DE=m?>7=>79~D~?>?n~Dx;~B'ÄZ8= [79EK?@Èq?m:~ ~~D=m58?n=@ ,?XRT¹<0»P~
¶}5j8 CDE4e8 jAB C:DEkDE=m?>7=>79~;~Bj?>k:7B:?@ j7B=m¶}k58q zD8. k[8#DEK?m !79 l2
XV
^ "K»
P~KDE=m?>7=@7B~Dq~?m2A9?mB¿x7B47B;~ ¶}<:j[=@?>?@l,<EL~ KDl2Áq7DE`DE
79~7BAB CÁq=>x~ DE=f zB¿=>79
g
`=>A}9[Á= -rs9tBt h
Ály9D-<=>Á 79 jÁ -rs9tBt S}Á 7}7D.<
=>jÁ L7B jÁ -frsBt9s e #} <`?X»-{9wBwBw}|
g (~A98 'r9»ÅvZ|C»
2 z=m7B)DEKj i=>;q?>`lyBj[679l2=mÄ}8-9?mIA9?m95[8 yjl2l2<ES C~~ jEjK8q¹2 zÃ}7B
DEL?>7BqAB88q DfR7BDE=@ ! =@8 j w»Ås4»BG:q?>8~,-B=>?[ 7Ç=>;?@`D·R79;q=> DEl27975 j=m[C8¹
¶}84DE~=>jKDEKDE=n[?@7j=>7B=>=@=m?>6Bj[ i=>;?@
g |N~7B8q 798¶}7B=@ ?>LDE=m=@AB8<
=>DE=>¶=mDE8q?>?@l,¿-xAB B5 ?m#79~7BAB CÁq=> -?@¦=mDE<Ej=)(~ x< !79~5j=>7B«DE8¶}5j8 FDE
DE=· CB5j=>79
g
:=@A}9[Á= -rs9tBtZ|C»JN~~DE -798 'Ä}82¿7B;~ ¶9j=>79~x[79=>K7Ç=>;?@-?@?>
DE79=>¶} j Kf5j8N?>79 zDE jl2=>< zN[CBDEDI?n,D !7B jlyj=>7B g
`w»ÅwBwr|C»
G~?>`9aD?m (~A98 4rB»Tv-B?@DE=n[?@7j=>7B[79EN¶=m[=@;?>k8 N8~ =@`l2=@~5=@D?XRk Á~Eb
=@?>?@7B -:8qK[j=>ly=>79yDE4?mxDE[=>j4DE4DE=m?>7=>79~
g
¶}7B=> À Á=@ 4{}|798~DE79 Cµ8q
?>=@l2=>j`[8~ j=>8q 4DE ~7B8q 5< Á=>?@?>79»
2mm
_C`acb_r9ȁv d*,MF(PKGS$/=?7K' 'FWK'OSFG<-G:SFBJ$'e6';$'<=L7K' $'kK' + [ .=VFak/ +UCK/=?K' $7+>0
U K'O<(@ ' 6'$' )F>&. u:SC$' 4=?@(^(PK' b64\8/(P$'<>64%Ur8.S(+6'&e(P$'VFaK'&oFN78(P$' 7$'7U]64+KZF=?KZ $PJAKn_aK' +64&.
"!#$ ' i{$w=LUDF5_a$'7O<(@h64 )Fa@=Q:,64,6'MF(PKGS$/=?7K' )F%J[U<S=<S=r=QWK'OUFGU<- $/=L7K' [i
P~yDE=n[?>7<=@7B~y?>'?>8~y5798 zEjy[79Ey?>k2DE=m?>7=@7B~y¶E=n2DE¶}5<8 2De8 jAB C
X V
^ $ " K?@KDE=m?>7=>79~¦l2=@¹Ej:D7B¦?>kY?@=>A9¦7B )ÆBwxD2?>8q I¶}k58q KDE
e8 jAB C XV
^ " -?@DE=n[?>7<=@7B~`ÆBw»JN¦7B:?@`DE=m?>7=>79~ z?mx?@8~
i=>;?@ jAB=@¦D¦D=m[j7B C[=>79)DEK 8
g
S=@;~7B8 -rs}ÉtZ|C»
)B¿7B zD)¶}5N 8?>CC-·P~=>8y`?X»
g
rsBs9{Z|79El7B `~ :j7B~7BA9 zqÁ=>+ %Ä}8K?>kDE=mXb
?@7j=>7Ba;~9?@=>Â< D:Ã`¶=mÆ9w ¦N~ j=>?@?>D:Ã`v9w -DE`¶}5j8 NDe8 jAB C
$ " -fz=>4DE,?@7B=@?@?>8~79l,;q 8~- D~K?>657B~D=>=@7B~4DEDE !7B jlyj=>79#< [b
l2<zEN?iR7B;[ j¶B=@7B»
:79~DE79Áx?X»
g
r<sBsBw}| -EÇÁ 7}7Dx =>Á 79 jÁ
g
r<sBt9sZ| -}Áq 7}7Dx Áq=> 79 Á
g
r<sBsBv}| [
7B=>< j[82AB?@=mj[l2<E DENDE=n[?>7<=@7B~N7B;~Bj?>k5»VX?m7B579~[CjÄ}8`?>NDE=n[?>7<kb
j=>7Ba792;~Bj?@7B82;B?>LBj[75=@ I8qy[Ãq[jÂl2`DE`AB?@=ml2792;~9?S7Bj7B8p798 z
7B8~ !7B jl2KDE45798 C[A9l2z5»
G:k¦;798~5?@xDE)DE=m?>7=@7B~'Dµ?@2?mDEy;~B-NDE=>j¦;~7B8~¿?>¦ j=mlyj=mÄ}8
g
\B79x
d`?>< -rs9ÆBsZ|`79E68~j[=<K7B;~ ¶}<5»·P~8q ¶}5j8 Dxe8 jAB CÈ~7}j[ÂDx857Bl7ÇEj¦5b
?@7B?XRŹE 0³6?>8 6AB?>=nl2[K=@l2~7}=>;?@}»~?>?@:'~7B8 j z=@KDE7Bµ~9I j7¶}7ÄZ8< KDE
DE, !7B l-=@7B2l-B5 j7}¿7B=nÄZ8Y[?@7By?XRT¹ 0µ<.DÁ7B C:D¦¿?>?@9[7¿=> ¦?mxl27BÇ»
. C=m7BDEK?m i=@;?>K¶9?@8 `DEK?iR< AB=@KDE i8q4D·R<l2=>?@l'5ND~:?m¦A9?m95-?>kDE=mXb
?@7j=>7BDÈ?@¦?n#D¦;~9[¦79E`<~D5 '[FDE=mj[75=@ :<#DE8q¹.D=m[?@7j=>79~È j=>?@?>
~ j: 8q i8j'D·Rl=>?@l,¿
g
`7B~DE79Á -r<sBsB{}|z»P~KDE=n[?>7<=@7B~`~ j=><?>?>k:7BKDE
ÃF57B=@ -~7B8&2 z95Â jxv9w »JN<FDE=mj[75=nj=>7B#<l2 Áq?>4AB?>=nl2`DE`DE=m?>7=@7B~
;~9?>Á79 zKDE8?mDEx;B[D~?>Ä}8? ['=>8q,?n i8j2DfRl2q=>?>¿l'}
g
:79~DE79Á -NrsBs9{
h
ÁqlyBD,<=>Á 79 jÁ -·r<sBtBt}|z»
ACB cB
.Q H F( Q EN DT KME RQCTITININSRQ E N1 T 2IK O 2 NSO R1>HMQ EN1CT O
G~2?>xl27Bq75 =n[z8¹DE#AB?nB5 -a«DEÁ79 z2D#?m5 =@7B[8q 2?>x;~7B CDyDE85 =n[C? -
?n-l'8?@=>q?>=m<=@7BDEKDE=m?>7=@7B~4³?>=@8 =@~5=>?><l2~ 4?>'AB?>=nl2: C=nDEyDE[<Ab
l2<ECDE'DE=m?>7=@7B~¿7B=>:7B;~9?@
g
}Á 7}7D Á=@L7B jÁ -Srs9sBvZ|C»JN[<ABl2z
79;B8¹ z><EKD j=> j¦8¹DE'?>7BqA.ABlECȶ=m~7B8q¶BEj '7B8 C5KDE5 =@7B
DE7B8¶}<?>?>kDE=m?>7=@7B~
gih
Ály9D. =@Á 7B jÁ -Nr<sBtBt }Á L7}7D =>jÁ L7B jÁ -LrsBt9s
}Áq 7}7D#Á=> L7B jÁ -SrsBs9vZ|C»VX?mAB?@=mj[¶}`8¦¶=>j4D·R8)7B CDE 'DEKA9 zDE8 K8Eb
~ j=>8 j x?m¦¶=>k[YDEKAB?>=nl2LDEDE=n[?>7<=@7B~`D~È?@K?m.DI;B[Ç»
G~È?@a~79?>Ãq5 =n[z8¹ -E?>k·p7B=@ECDEKA9 z=@~[<l,;?@ j?>ka j=>~5=@~?@N[798 z5kDE4DE=mXb
?@7j=>7B
g
P~=@8F?X»-NrsBs9vZ|C»N_f-S?m !79 j2=m7B j7B=@)DE8l27975 =n[C?LDE2A9?mB¿,
?iR7B j=>A9=>ÀD·R=@~57Bl~j=>;=@?>=>jDE`DE, !7B l-=@7B'Ä}8=~5 jDN57B C=>k=> jÄ}8=~8q¶}E
j F57B~Ä}8`8=>¶}k8#Dp7B=@EC:DxAB z=>~,-·KD~Bj[ 6#=>[=>jK?>`57B C=@Ej
?>=nÄZ8q
g
G:8q¶B??X»-·rs9tBv}|z»·Pf'5 =@7ByDEYDE=m?>7=>79~;~9?@[798~ !7B jl26DEK;798~5?@
[<l2=·Á<¹AB7B?>kÈ~ jl2D¦ <?BzÁ L. j=>45Áj 79ABq=>jDEF57B C=@Ej Âk:DEk
p7B=@EC5»
P~=> CB5j=>79~ jN?>}p79=>zDENAB C=@~ <?>DE=n[?@7j=>7BDE<<~DE !7B jl2<E DEN?XR79 =@Eb
z=@7B#D8¦p79=>-~DEk?m~:DI;B[FDEA9 z=@~`BDpz95z-<`DE¦?nxDE=> j5=@7ByD¦7B?@?>=m¿=>z=@7B»
P~=>8?X»
g
rs9sBvZ|N79E79;~[< ¶}6ÄZ8YD~8q2AB C=>)DE79EL?XRT¹0¦~ z?>?>Â<?> ¦?m¦D=> k5=@7BDE
zÁ~ jABl2<E -E6DE7B?@p7B=@E6BD<pzB5K27B#?n#~ j<~DE=m¿8?m=> 25j4DE=@ 5j=>79 -=@?RÃ
,=Sl2q=>?><l,z,-}=;~[79 j=>79DEkDE=m?>7=@7B~8'p7B=@E -·5<?m`p8~Ä}8R'8x¿7B z=>FDE
vE»To,º# E»
P~Lp7B=@E`DEKA9 z=@ -~5R¸=>?f[8q¦7B8 C54DE4DE=m?>7=@7B~=><?>?><l,N8.D;8`DEK?n,DE, !7B [b
ly=>79 -p79848~j[=S8y 9?>K=>l2~79 zEÀDÈ?@ 7¿8~:DfRÅq=>Á=@?m=>79)DEDE=n[?>7<=@7B~¿»
z=n[79DE.?n®~8 jDE=mj[75=@)DE2D=m[?@7j=>79~,¶=m¦;~9?@-L?>.l7B8¶}l'4DE#5k
DE=n[?>7<=@7B~Áq7B z`DE8y?n)DE;~9[K ÂkDE=-5=>?@}»EP~KAB?@=mj[l2<END¶E=@KÄ}8=·~ jl2 xDE8¹
DE=n[?>7<=@7B~6DEx=>ABqÈ79~7}KDEx¿RÅq=>Á=@?> ?@7B CÄ}8R?@?>A9?>=n[<E6DDE?m~:~ z?>?>Â<?>
¦?>79 zIj Â~8q 7B;;?@,KRT¦pzly=n:'7B;[ j¶}x¹E~ j=>l2<EC?><l,¿E
g
}Á L7}7D <
=>jÁ L7B jÁ -frsBt9s h
ÁlyBD'=>jÁ L7B jÁ -·r<sBt9tZ|z»
G:4ll2-9?m'[ j8~5j8 FDE¦?nµA9?mB¿¦4[<l,;?@~9 i¶}7B z;?>+,?n,D=)f8~[=@7BDE`DE=m?>7=>79~
~ ~DE=m58q?m=@ lES8,q?mDE`;~B:<a?nl27BÀDENDE=n[?>7<=@7B~N8,lq=m[lD7B
?m65=><=mÄ}8L[ j?m=@¶}l2¿E i=>;q?>x C=m7BDE?m i=>;q?>¶9?@8 NDEk57} -5=><ECDE`D=)f8~[=@7B
g
G`8¶9?S?X»-r<sBt9vZ|z»
PSRÅ=@Á=>?n=@7Bx~ Nl27BÀDED=m[?@7j=>79~RÅpzly=nj7B;~ ¶}Ç»B7B8j !7B=n-}=?ml279Ej
:8)l2=ml2`DE79E?nx5=>q=nÄZ86[`?> -E?@?>KK~8j K¹q5?>8q?>79 z`DE¦?nµ j57Bl';=b
~=m[79.798#DEK?m !79 ly=@7ByDE47B8~ j8~58q ¿»
G~È8q2~7B?>Ãq5 j=m[C? -E?>kDE=n[?>7<=@7B~¶}79EÀDE7B < `lyp79 =@z=@ lE q=>Á=@?>k8y=@¶}8
DEp79=>zDEKA9 z=@~5»
c k[8l2 - ?@4p7B=>'DE)AB z=>«AB=@x?>8q B579l2l2'8)[798 z5)x8]8=@z'DE)DE=m?>7b
=@7B~=>l~ i=>C-DE79E`?>K¿7Bl2~7B jlELDE<<~DyDE`57B~D=>=@7B~?@7?@D·R¸7B =@zj=>79³<`DE
[79?>?@=m5=@zj=>79»V ?~`8~j[=f8y7B;~zB¿?>. i¶}7B =n[?n¦5 jj=>79yD·R<l2=>?@l'5zDKDE=m?>7=@7B~¿»
,.-
2+ 5<2# \ >= .=b8 b 9 2= 2 .0 9 4.0,V
G:Kj=m4DE ~8~A9y4DE2D !7B jlyj=>7B ³¶=>j,=@l2~7}'[8 FDEl27975 =n[C8¹#8q z
l279Ej N?>457Bl79 jl2 < K8 :?n (~AB8q 'rB»¸u»
PfxAB?m95K¦8)579l2~7B jl2<E< 8~A9I=@Á~;=>j8?< ?n¦¶E=@j[KDKDE !79 ly=>79y8qABl2
¶}?>N<l2~D~?m` l=>Â j~ j=>-?@ ~8~AB j=>ly=> j-z=>~DE=nÄZ8Ä}8N?>Llyj =n845RTBDE798Eb
5=@,~ 2l'8?>j=>?@=m¿=@7BDE'DE=n[?>7<=@7B~
g
d`?>-:r<sBoBo}|z»`~[8q=> -a8?>=@ '=>~DE=nÄZ8q#Ä}8.?n
¶=>k['D2DE, !7B l-=@7BDE¶=>K579~[C-¿'ÄZ8=L579 j[~7BD y8 8~A92zj=>79~=@ '7B8
[k57B~Dq=> j}»VX?SÃ#y?@7B z`8kÄZ8=@?>=@; K j¦?my5 jj=>79#DEKDE=n[?@7j=>7B:?@8 KDE=n[~ =@=>79
}| ;·|
_ `a>brB»u>dw$ ' FSFa$'MF%64SK'JAUFSFa7K' #!BN
#
Fa&464F>WK' KZa<MF=L$'&ocJK'&.6'e:U .=nF]- $/(@&.F
64(P$- @=QFSFGb6464:@_aK'W$/=?7K' '0eS?JK'U=Q:SFb &. +@=n:F64 $7eK'OaOUFS0 # ' i{F$Zc'F 0
64F:UC$' .=?@(^(PK' )FFaK' 4=7 +@=L7$/(@ 4=! 64b(X$Zc'64SK'JASFSFa7K' [i;O ' FSFa$'MF64
f]&4$ 84WJK'&.64F=QJE:$/=L&4SF 4=LUbN #$ S=,N ## ViV{\$ - $/(@&.64b(P$ SK' 4=?$'7 4=Q$'7 )Fae2 &g
(XK'x 4=L$/=L7K' 64Fh$Zc'F 0FaK' 4=%7 +6'72 &+:SFSH>6X$<JASDFyK'O OUF $ # ' i
8 ?>;~79 zDD8³l7B75 j=mz?
g
\B79d`?> -frs9ÆBsZ|C»
P~ ~8~AB)[¿7B~D=> jyDE8l27975 j=m[C?ÀDE !7B jl2x~ x?>2A9?>=mj[lE6;~Bj?¦;=@]DE¿ =>
~ :8qK?>7B=f8=n~5N
g
rB»@r|
¶}.?iR¹~7}j`DE579Ej z=@Ej
8y~ Cl2Â< YDE~~DE`DI?nµjl2~ C8q }»
G¦RT jÂ'G:8¶9?`?X»
g
rs9tBvZ|F?m#¶B?>8q 2DEy?iR¹~7}EDE'579Ej z=@Ej¦x 7zÁ#D#{#
?iR< AB=@DfRÅB¿=>¶9=>79y798 `?m¦¶9 j=mj=>79#DE
¶B8`ÆBv! #" %$'& »
h
~ =@ D¦?m¦?@7B= D·RH` j7 À -(
)
+*-,/.
-710
*
?m'DE~=>j¦DxDE=n[?>7<=@7B~l279;=>?@-
,
?XRTl,b
?@=>j8~DExD8.¶}5j8 6DExe8q AB< z:
.
?m,¶=>j4DExAB?@=ml2DDE=n[?>7<=@7B~6D~?@¦?n
DEKA9?>=mj[lE -EP~?>=@;~7B8j ÃyG`8¶9?
g
rs9tBo}|¹?>=nÄZ8<EN?XR¸7B j=>AB=@6DEK?mx¶B?>8q {'DEK?XR<¹E~7}j
DEk:579Ej z=>~ 84DE<~[=@xDxDE=n[?>7<=@7B~ j7B~7B j=>79?@?> µ?n,579Ej z=>-?nµ¶=>j
DEkDE=m?>7=>79~zE?@?>68~j[=S 79~7B j=>79?@?>+µ?nx57B C=@Ej}»
O`~?@7B~`ÄZ8qI?n,D !7B jlyj=>7B)DE8yl27975 j=m[C?SDEKA9?mB¿x[ i=>`~ `AB?@=ml2LDÈ?@
?n~NDE6;~B:j[=@?>?@l'E<»2 jl2=@Â Lq 7¹=>ly=>79 -B?@:l2798¶}l'SDENDE=m?>7=@7B~
D~?>k?m~DE;~9[K=m[79 j7B~}»~VX?·Y[l';?>BÃ2¶}7B=@ DE4DE=@ ¿=>792 j=>¶=>?><AB=><` L?>
A9?>=mj[lEN~8`4DE579l2~7}[< `[?@7By?>j 79=m¹DE8)?m)DEK;~B g2
l,; -~r<sBÆEr|z»
G:kÈj=m`[8 KDÈl7B75 j=mz8q¹2ly?f7B j=>~7B8 `?>4AB?@=ml2N;~Bj?79E`l279Ej KÄ}8¦?n
DE, !7B l-=@7B~ xA9?>=n[<l2KD¦?>K?m~I79];~Bj8¹q5j[=>j,8qy579Ej z=@Ej2¶E=@ 79