• Aucun résultat trouvé

A Sufficient Condition for the Liveness of Weighted Event Graphs

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Partager "A Sufficient Condition for the Liveness of Weighted Event Graphs"

Copied!
18
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-02545677

https://hal.science/hal-02545677

Submitted on 17 Apr 2020

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

A Sufficient Condition for the Liveness of Weighted Event Graphs

Olivier Marchetti, Alix Munier-Kordon

To cite this version:

Olivier Marchetti, Alix Munier-Kordon. A Sufficient Condition for the Liveness of Weighted Event

Graphs. [Research Report] lip6.2005.004, LIP6. 2005. �hal-02545677�

(2)

4 576!)

89;:=<>:;?@ACBD@EGF?IHHJ:KBDLM3NO9P:=Q3ASRL:P?@TUWVX@MVXL

Y

BDZ[VD@JB\H]VX:;@?OM^`_L"abVX@cdB\H]:;efR?M?hgiBD@]:PjlkmTngKoX9;?p%qsrut

v

L:P<D?@]j:PH]wxg,:P?@]@??IHOACBD@:;?hyzR@:;?

{

g,9|B\E?x}DRj]j:;?IR~g[NO€_.‚XƒX„XƒD„myz?M?uQ†…Xƒ*~0‡7€lNˆOy‰

VD9;:P<>:P?@Š`c‹BD@]EGF?ŒH]H]:Ž9;:P0k"Аab@~‘BD9P:=Q[Š`c’RL:P?@G9P:;0k"Аab@

„\LMSˆWV“<D?c’Zs?@O„D…X… {

”l•–—˜G™›šu—

œ›žŸŒ ¢¡¤£u¥"¦§› ©¨ ª«ŸŒª\ž¬  ­¨¦®£l¯“ž°Iž±­£ŒªŸ¨³²“´lµ ¢ž¶I¦Kµ£Œ¶«¯› `¦® ¢£I¶O£Œ¥"±­ ­°Œž¶«ž¨®¨£u¥"Ÿ·¸ž ­¹Œ¦®ž¯

ž°Œž¶¦º¹Œ¬'Ÿuª›%»= ¢¶¼¨³›£I¬³¦i½¿¾[À,ÁºµÂ£Œ¡ª›²›¦®Ÿuë±¢žn ¢¶ªD£Œ±­ÄŶ›£Œ¡ ©Ÿu±*¦§ ­¡žŒÆ,ǟu¶ÅÄO ¢¶\¯“²«¨³¦§¬® ­ŸŒ±*ª›¬®£ŒÃ›È

±­ž¡(¨¡(ŸJÄ%ÃDž¡z£“¯“ž±¢±­ž¯‹²«¨§ ¢¶«¹¼½¿¾¸ÀŸŒ¶«¯dŸh¥=ŸI¨b¦(ªD£Œ±­ÄŶ›£Œ¡ ©Ÿu±ÉŸu±­¹Œ£I¬§ ¢¦§«¡Ê¦§£m¯“žµ ­¯›ž `¥,Ÿ

¨§Ä“¨b¦®ž¡Ë ©¨ ±­ ¢°Iž,¡(ŸJÄÃDž, ¢¶¦§ž¬§ž]¨b¦® ¢¶«¹( ¢¶Ÿu¶£Iª“¦§ ­¡ ¢Ì]ŸG¦§ ­£Œ¶µ£Œ¶¦§žÍ¦]Æs½¼ž,ª›¬®£G°Œžº¦§«Ÿu¦iŸu¶ÅÄl²«¶› `È

¦'Ÿu¬®Ä½¿¾[À ¡(ŸJÄÃDž¦§¬'Ÿu¶«¨³¥Î£Œ¬®¡ž¯ ­¶¦§£ŸW¶›£Œ¬®¡(Ÿu±­ ¢Ìž¯½¿¾¸À˨§²«µ'x¦§«Ÿu¦º¦®›ž°GŸu±­²›ž¨7£Œ¥s¦§«ž

ŸŒ¬®µ¨ŸŒ¯JϳŸIµÂž¶I¦s¦§£ŸŒ¶Ä¦§¬'Ÿu¶«¨§ ¢¦§ ­£Œ¶l¯“žª\ž¶«¯(£Œ¶¦®›ž ¦®¬®ŸŒ¶«¨³ ¢¦§ ­£Œ¶>Æ"ÐS¨³ ­¡ª›±¢ži¨³²“´lµ ¢ž¶I¦¸µÂ£Œ¶\¯“ `¦® ¢£I¶

£Œ¥±­ ­°Œž¶«ž¨®¨ÉµŸŒ¶Ã\žnžÂ͓ª›¬®ž¨®¨³ž]¯W£I¶¦§› ©¨i¶›ž·†½¿¾[ÀŸŒ¶«¯ª\£I±¢ÄŶ›£I¡ ­ŸŒ±¢±­ÄOµ£Œ¡ª›²“¦®ž¯‘Æ ½¼žŸŒ±­¨§£

ª›¬®£G°Œž]¯(¦®«ŸG¦ ¦®› ­¨KµÂ£Œ¶\¯“ `¦® ¢£I¶W ©¨¶›ž]µÂž¨®¨®Ÿu¬®Ä¥Î£Œ¬ÉŸµÂ ­¬®µ²› ¢¦É·  `¦®W¦b·¸£z¦§¬'Ÿu¶«¨§ ¢¦§ ­£Œ¶«¨Æ

ÑÒӑÔÕ ˜GÖ*–×¸Ø žÂ¦§¬® ¢È;¶›ž¦®¨Ù›Úf ­°Œž¶›ž¨®¨Ù«Û“›ž¯“²«±¢ ­¶›¹«Ù\ǟu¶Å²“¥=ŸIµ¦§²«¬§ ­¶›¹«Æ

Ü ÝXÞnß>à"á(âOãOäß*åáÞ

æ¸çJèéêºëfçJèÂìíéÂç’í%îºçJïðïiñDëfòuî,ëCóŽòÅéôhíïðêÎìôõó|òÅéOôò\ö‘çJïðïðêðë‘÷¿øGòÅôù‘ïÎç]úSìÂûDìèÂçJôì¼üðý]þ³ÿ3çJêð÷«èÂçGö

æ[çJèéêëfçJèÂì"êðë î‘êÎø¿ç ›çJéû íéÂøGìíéÂç“íïfçGö\û‹íxë‘ô"çJé(òóKèÂòÅñ›çJëfì>í›ç"çGçJë‹ó|çJî ìèföXêÎçGö0ÿ

‹ò“ìÂèòó,èfçxí‘èfòÅéÂì¼üÅþ,íéÂçêðë«èÂçJéÂçGìÂèÂçGö.êðë3÷›çJëfçJéíï7øJï=íÅìÂìÂçGìWòóæ[çJèéêºëfçJèÂì "!#’î,êðè.ëfò

ù>íéèêÎø ‘ï=íélíÅìÂì‘ôù‘èêÎòÅëfì(òÅëdèfçWìèéføJè‘éÂçòóKèfçW÷“éíù$&%]ÿ'3çJêð÷«èÂçGö¿ç ›çJë\è÷“éíù$fìlíéÂçOí(›çJéû

ìêðôù‘ïÎçhøJï=íÅììòóæ¸çJèéêiëfçJèÂìOìêðëføGçèfçJéÂçhêÎìëfò‹øGòÅë)fêÎøJèçJè³îºçGçJëSèfç(*féêðë‘÷›ìOòó7èfçhèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì

íëfö’÷›çJëfçJéíïsèÂòDòÅïÎìfì>íïðïðû¼÷“ê›ç(ùò\òÅé,éÂçGì‘ïðèÂìŒÿ

+§ëCè‘êÎìù>íù"çJéKîiç%íéÂç’êðë«èÂçJéÂçGìÂèÂçGö êðë í øGçJë«èéíïö‘çGøJêÎìÂêÎòÅë ù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô.-¼êÎìídîiçJêð÷«èÂçGö ç ›çJë«è

÷“éíù$

G

êÎìïðê›çKî‘êÎø/ ôçuíëfìè>íèç ›çJéûSèéíëfìÂêðèêÎòÅë ôhíGû0"ç*féÂçGö†êðë*fë‘êðèÂçJïðû†òó;èÂçJë21435fç ôhíêðë‹ù‘éíÅøJèêÎøuíï¸êðë«èÂçJéÂçGìÂèzòóÉè‘êÎìzîiòÅéñ%øuíë6ç(óŽò,‘ëfö%êðëdèfçö‘çGìêð÷“ë òóÉêðëföfìèéê=íïòÅézçJô"çGö‘ö‘çGö

ìûXìèÂçJôìuÿ

+§ëfö‘çGçGöKêðë èfç%øGòÅë\èÂç]úDèxòózêðëföfìèéê=íïnìûDìÂèÂçJôìKç ›çJë\èh÷“éíù$ íëfö†îºçJêð÷«èÂçGö ç ›çJë«è÷“éíù$

ôhíGû7ç8fìçGöóŽòÅéiôòDö‘çJïðïðêðë‘÷øJûDøJïðêÎø9›çJéÂìêÎòÅëfì7òósøJï=íÅìÂìêÎøuíïìÂø/fçGö‘ïðêðë‘÷ù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJôìuÿ:35fçzôò\ö‘çJï"îºíÅì

*féÂìè7êðë«èéÂòDöføGçGö;«û=<>‘é?JèêÎçJë‘ëfçhü@Iþ³ÿ:35fçlí‘èfòÅéÂì8fì>íïðïðû¼ì‘ù‘ù"ò“ìÂçzè>íè,èfç÷“éíù$mêÎì,ïðê›çlíëfö

ABCDE FGDHFI/E JKBMLINDPO,I/EHQ CRI/ST9DHUOVOWNEHQ FXZY[TMI>O,I/EHQ \VFE DHBCO^]`_bacdKebf`g7hjiakmlVnolVi,pbaVkq_bhjic

(3)

øGòÅëfìèéíêðë«èÂìWü$Œþ³ÿ

zòuîiç ›çJéDíëfòÅèfçJéÉøJï=íÅìÂìêÎøuíïføJûXøJïðêÎø7ìÂøfçGö‘ïðêðë‘÷lù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô øGòÅëfìÂêÎìèÂìêðëôêðë‘êðôêGêðë‘÷lèfç7ë‘ô"çJé

òó¸îºòÅéñ bêðë bù‘éÂòDøGçGìÂìuÿfòÅéç ›çJë«è÷“éíù$ ‘è‘êÎìøGòÅééÂçGìùòÅëfö‘ì,èÂòôêðë‘êðôêGêðë‘÷hèfç(ë‘ô"çJézòó¸èÂòÅñ›çJëfì

êðëdìòÅôçøJêðéÂø ‘êðèÂì(òóÉèfçOìûDìÂèÂçJô%ÿZ3sòÅñ›çJëfì(øuíë6ç DêÎçJîiçGö íÅìzù‘éÂò\öføJèÂììêðô‘ïðèíëfçGò,fìïðû èéÂçuíèÂçGö

êðë èfç‹ù‘éÂò\öføJèêÎòÅë ø/>íêðë níëfö öfç èÂò.èfç‹ìèÂòÅéí÷›çdøGò“ìè,è‘êÎì¼ëm‘ô çJé¼ôfìè "ç ôêðë‘êðô ‘ô%ÿ

nòÅèêÎøGçè>íè[êðë¿è‘êÎìøuíÅìç0èfç÷“éíù$3êÎì(ïðê›çêCèfçJéÂçêÎìWíèlïÎçuíÅìèlòÅëfçèÂòÅñ›çJë3êðë3ç ›çJéû¿øJêðéÂø ‘êðèuÿ

ò$¸èfçôêðë‘êðôêŒíèêÎòÅë†ù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJôêÎìlêðë

N P

¸î‘êÎø íïðïÎòuîìOôhíë«ûCí‘èfòÅéÂìWèÂò‹ö‘ç ›çJïÎòÅùCçhøJêÎçJë\è òÅù‘èêðôêŒíèêÎòÅëdíïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ôìèÂòìÂòÅï›çêðèü$0ýIþ³ÿ

3ç ù‘éÂò#›çÉêðëlè‘êÎì0ù>íùçJéè>íè0óŽòÅé[íëlêðôùòÅéèíë«è¸øJï=íÅìÂìòó‘îiçJêð÷\èÂçGöWç ›çJë\ès÷“éíù$øuíïðïÎçGö ‘ë‘êðèíéû

÷“éíù$ ‘îiçøuíë%ù"òÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íïðïðû¼èéíëfì'ó|òÅéô èfç(÷“éíù$%êðë íìfø/%îºíuûmè>íè,èfç(ë‘ô"çJézòó¸èÂòÅñ›çJëfì

éÂçJôhíêðëfìøGòÅëfìèíë\èêðë ç ›çJéûmøJêðéÂø ‘êðèÂìuÿ +§èôçuíëfìè>íèèfçlôêðë‘êðôêŒíèêÎòÅëdòó èfç(îºòÅéñ bêðë bù‘éÂòDøGçGìÂì

ôhíGû >í[›çWíOù‘éíÅøJèêÎøuíïsôçuíë‘êðë‘÷xç ›çJë’óŽòÅéè‘êÎìøJï=íÅììòó¸ëfçJèÂìŒÿ

+§ë èfçOøGòÅë«èÂç]úXèzòóÉèfçOö‘çGìêð÷“ë òóKçJô çGö‘ö‘çGödìÂûDìèÂçJôì#fèfçWôhíêðë‹ôòDö‘çJï[øGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéÂçGödêÎì

û\ë

ø‘éÂòÅëfò,fì(íèí H)>òuîêðë\èéÂò\öføGçGö «ûçGçzíëfö dçGìÂìÂçJéÂìÂø/‘ôêðèèüðý“ý"ýIþ³ÿ ìÂçJèºòóù‘éÂò\øGçGìÂìçGìiøGòÅô

ô ‘ë‘êÎøuíèÂçGìlöfíèí fìÂêðë‘÷ +!#" *fïÎçGì7$0çJéÂìN%]ÿ +§ëdóŽíÅøJèèfçøGòÅëfìèéíêðë\èÂì^"çJè§îiçGçJë3èfçù‘éÂòDøGçGìÂìÂçGì

øuíë çôòDö‘çJïðïÎçGö fìêðë‘÷¿í’îºçJêð÷«èÂçGö ç ›çJë«èO÷“éíù$ -èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfìøGòÅééÂçGìùòÅëfö3èÂò èfçhù‘éÂòDøGçGìÂìÂçGì

íëfö èfçù‘ï=íÅøGçGì(èÂò’èfç $0çJéÂìuÿnòŒîºíÅöfíuûDìsèfçøGò“ìèlòó7èfçôçJôòÅéêÎçGìlêÎì'›çJéûdêðôù"òÅéèíë\è(ó|òÅé

èfçö‘çGìêð÷“ë3òó7èfçGìÂçìûXìèÂçJôììÂò¼èfçö‘çGìÂêð÷“ëfçJéÂì(èéû‹èÂò’ôêðë‘êðôêuçèfçìêuçòóièfç7$çJéÂìüðýIþ³ÿ

3çò,fìÂçJé›çè>íènè‘êÎìnù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô$êÎìç%$m‘êÅíïÎçJë\ènèÂòhôêðë‘êðôêuçWèfçWò›çJéíïðï¸ë‘ô"çJé(òó èÂòÅñ›çJëfìòóÉí

îiçJêð÷\èÂçGö%ç ›çJë«è,÷“éíù$ÿ`35fçö‘çGøJêÎìêÎòÅëmù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô íÅììÂò\øJê=íèÂçGö¼êÎìXíïÎìÂòOêðë’è‘êÎì,øuíÅìÂçDèfçzïðê›çJëfçGìÂì,òó

èfç÷“éíù$móŽòÅéníO÷“ê›çJë%êðë‘êðèê=íïôhíéñDêðë‘÷fÿ

fòÅé8òÅè øJï=íÅìÂìçGìòóÉíù‘ù‘ïðêÎøuíèêÎòÅëfì"í‘èfòÅéÂìnìÂòÅï›ç(èfç(ïðê›çJëfçGììù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô òóKí ‘ë‘êðèíéû’÷“éíù$

fìêðë‘÷dí ùfìÂç fö‘ò& bùòÅïðû\ëfòÅôê=íïíïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô üðý Ký@ KýIþ(ÿ=+³ëfö‘çGçGöêðèOêÎìlù‘éÂò#›çGöCêðë üðý'Œþ7è>íèíë\û

‘ë‘êðèíéû îiçJêð÷«èÂçGö†ç ›çJë\è÷“éíù$.êÎìWç%$‘ê“íïÎçJë«èWèÂò íë.ç ›çJë\èW÷“éíù$CòóºùfìÂç fö‘ò& bùòÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íïºìêuç“ÿ

35fçïðê›çJëfçGìÂì,êÎìø/fçGøÂñ›çGö‹òÅëmè‘êÎì,÷“éíù$ ‘î‘êÎø û\êÎçJïÎö‘ì7èÂòhíWùfìÂç fö‘ò& bùòÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íï¸íïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô%ÿ ò$

ê©ó¸èfç'“íïfçGìòÅë%èfçWíéÂøGìíéÂç(èÂòDòêðôù"òÅéèíë\èfèfçGìÂçlíïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ôìzøuíë‘ëfòÅè8ç'fìÂçGö0ÿ

+§ë è‘êÎìnù>íù"çJéò,‘éù$‘éùò“ìÂçWêÎìèÂò¼ö‘ç ›çJïÎòÅù¿íùòÅïðû\ëfòÅôê=íï íïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô èÂòhö‘çGøJêÎö‘çOê©ó

G

êÎìïðê›ç“ÿ

35‘êÎìíïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô ô fìè çOóbíÅìè;ëfòÅèlùfìÂç fö‘ò& bùòÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íï"%èÂò;ç fìÂçGödó|éÂç%$fçJë\èïðû¿êðë fç ‘éêÎìèêÎøGì

òÅé)(ºéíëfø3íëfö*(7ò,‘ëfö‹ôçJèfòDö‘ìuÿ935fçWøGòÅôù‘ïÎç]úXêðè³ûdòóÉèfçïðê›çJëfçGìÂìòóií(‘ë‘êðèíéû=,+.- êÎìnìèêðïðï

òÅù"çJë 0íëfö‹îiçOîiçJéÂçëfòÅè(í‘ïÎçOèÂò¼íëfìÂîiçJéèÂò¼è‘êÎìnêðë\èÂçJéÂçGìèêðë‘÷’ó‘ëföfíôçJë«èíï/$mfçGìèêÎòÅëÿ0nòŒîiç ›çJé

îiçxö‘ç ›çJïÎòÅù"çGö†íëCòÅéêð÷“êðë>íï^;èÂò ò,‘éWñ\ëfòŒî,ïÎçGöX÷›ç#%WìhøJêÎçJë«èøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë òó7ïðê›çJëfçGìì >íÅìÂçGöCòÅëCíë

òÅéêð÷“êðë>íïù‘éÂòÅùçJéè³ûmòó ‘ë‘êðèíéû’÷“éíù$fìî‘êÎø‹øuíë;ç(øGòÅôù$‘èÂçGö%ùòÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íïðïðû›ÿ

35‘êÎì[ù>íù"çJé¸êÎìsòÅé÷«íë‘êuçGöíÅìsó|òÅïðïÎòŒî -ìçGøJèêÎòÅë êÎì[ö‘ç ›òÅèÂçGöWèÂòèfçºö‘çGìÂøJéêðù‘èêÎòÅëòófèfçKù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô%ÿ

+³ë%ìçGøJèêÎòÅëXîiçù‘éÂò›çlìÂòÅôç >íÅìêÎø(ù‘éÂçJïðêðôêðë>íéû’éÂçGì‘ïðèÂìòÅë îiçJêð÷«èÂçGö‹ç ›çJë«èn÷“éíù$fìuÿ çGøJèêÎòÅë=

ö‘çuíïÎì7î,êðèmèfçëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅë òóíWîºçJêð÷«èÂçGö ç ›çJë\è,÷“éíù$ -¸îiçù‘éÂò#›ç(è>íèíë«û‘ë‘êðèíéûx÷“éíù$

ôhíGû"çzèéíëfì'óŽòÅéôçGömùòÅïðû\ëfòÅôê=íïðïðûxêðë%ìfø íWîºíuûxè>íèíïðï0èfçM“íïfçGì,òó[èfçlíéÂøGìíÅö&ÂíÅøGçJë«èèÂò

í(÷“ê›çJë¼èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëmíéÂçç%$m>íïbÿ+:›çJëxê©ó0è‘êÎìièéíëfì'óŽòÅéôhíèêÎòÅë’ìçGçJôìKèÂò "çêðëfö‘çJù"çJëfö‘çJë\èió|éÂòÅô èfç

ç]úDù>íëfìÂêÎòÅë *îºçWìfòuî è>íènèfçJéÂçOêÎìíhìÂèéÂòÅë‘÷xéÂçJï=íèêÎòÅë çJè³îiçGçJë¿èfçWë‘ô"çJé(òóiö‘ù‘ïðêÎøuíèÂçGìlíëfö

èfç8“íïfçGìiòÅëxèfçníéÂøGìuÿ +§ëxìÂçGøJèêÎòÅë @«îºçù‘éÂò#›çílìhøJêÎçJë«è,øGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë’òóïðê›çJëfçGìÂìºíëföhîiçnìfòuî

è>íèWêðèWêÎìëfçGøGçGììíéû ó|òÅéíë«û.øJêðéÂø ‘êðèOî,êðèCè³îiòdèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfìŒÿ1¸êðë>íïðûbîiç¼øGòÅëføJïfö‘ç¼î,êðèCìÂòÅôç

ù"çJéÂìÂù"çGøJèê›çGì,êðë%ìçGøJèêÎòÅë2Xÿ

(4)

çJè fìhøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJémí.îiçJêð÷«èÂçGöç ›çJë\è¼÷“éíù$

G(P, T )

+.- êðë ìfòÅéèN%÷“ê›çJë «û í.ìÂçJèxòó èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì

T = {t 1 , ..., t n }

íëfö ídìÂçJèòózù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

P = {p 1 , ..., p m }

ÿ +:›çJéûCù‘ï=íÅøGç

p ∈ P

êÎì

ö‘ço*fëfçGö çJè³îºçGçJë.è³îºò%èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì

t i

íëfö

t j

[ìÂòmîºçëfòÅèÂç

p = (t i , t j )

|ìçGç *f÷‘éÂç ý#%]ÿfòÅéOíë\û èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t ∈ T

XîiçlìçJè -

P + (t) = {p = (t, t 0 ) ∈ P, t 0 ∈ T } P (t) = {p = (t 0 , t) ∈ P, t 0 ∈ T }

35fçíéÂøGì

(t i , p)

íëfö

(p, t j )

íéÂç “íïfçGö \û%è³îºò’ìèéêÎøJèïðû%ùò“ìêðèê›çlêðë\èÂçJ÷›çJéÂì(ö‘çJëfòÅèÂçGö‹éÂçGìÂù"çGø èê›çJïðû \û

w(p)

íëfö

v(p)

íëfö¿øuíïðïÎçGö¿èfçOôhíéñ\êðë‘÷mó ‘ëføJèêÎòÅëfìuÿ3çíïÎìÂò’ö‘çJëfòÅèÂç «û

M 0 (p)

èfç

êðë‘êðèê=íïôhíéñDêðë‘÷hòó¸èfçlù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

ÿ

t i

p

M 0 (p)

w(p) v(p)

t j

¸êð÷‘éÂçý-Ëù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

î,êðè è³îiòèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì

t i

íëfö

t j

fòÅéÉíë«û *féêðë‘÷lòó>èfçºèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t i

;éÂçGìùÿ

t j

%o

w(p)

;éÂçGìùÿ

v(p)

%sèÂòÅñ›çJëfìÉíéÂçºù‘ï=íÅøGçGöèÂò ;éÂçGìÂùÿ éÂçJôò›çGö%ó;éÂòÅô%,èfç(ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

ÿ ò$fê©ó

ν i

;éÂçGìùÿ

ν j

%ºêÎìèfç(ëm‘ô çJézòó *féêðë‘÷›ìnòóèfçlèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t i

;éÂçGìùÿ

t j

%oXèfç(ëm‘ô çJénòóèÂòÅñ›çJëfì,êðë%èfç(ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

êÎì^-

M(p) = M 0 (p) + ν i w(p) − ν j v(p)

fòÅéníë\û

ν ∈ N ?

íëfö’ó|òÅéíë\û

t ∈ T

< t, ν >

ö‘çJëfòÅèÂçGìèfç

ν

è *féêðë‘÷hòó

t

ÿ

+³ó

w(p) = v(p) = 1

óŽòÅéhíë«û†ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p ∈ P

ÉèfçJë

G

êÎìhíë ç ›çJë«èx÷“éíù$ÿ fòÅéxí ìíñ›çmòó ìêðôù‘ïðêÎøJêðè³ûb>îiçlìçJè7ó|òÅéíë\û¼ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p ∈ P

-

ý“ÿ

gcd(w(p), v(p)) = gcd p

èfçl÷“éÂçuíèøGòÅôôòÅë‹öXêDêÎìÂòÅéòóèfç(êðë«èÂçJ÷›çJéÂì

w(p)

íëfö

v(p)

Xÿ

lcm(w(p), v(p)) = lcm p

èfçlïÎçuíÅìèøGòÅôôòÅë ô‘ïðèêðù‘ïðêÎçJénòóèfç(êðë«èÂçJ÷›çJéÂì

w(p)

íëfö

v(p)

ÿ

çJè fìøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJé¼ídù>íè

µ

òó

G

ö‘ço*fëfçGö íÅìxí ìÂç%$fçJëføGçmòó

n

ù‘ï=íÅøGçGìhìfø/ è>íè

µ = {p 1 = (t 1 , t 2 ), p 2 = (t 2 , t 3 ), . . . , p n = (t n−1 , t n )}

ÿ 35fçîiçJêð÷\èOòó

ν

[ö‘çJëfòÅèÂçGö «û

W (µ)

êÎìö‘ço*fëfçGö íÅì -

W (µ) = Y

p∈P ∩µ

w(p) v(p)

ç ›çJéíïºí‘èfòÅéÂì¼üðý'qPIþKëfòÅèêÎøGçGöSè>íèWí’ëfçGøGçGììíéû3øGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅëSòó,ïðê›çJëfçGìÂìWòóí; +.-

G

êÎì

è>íèç ›çJéû%øJêðéÂø ‘êðèZ>íÅìníîiçJêð÷\èzç%$m>íïèÂòòÅénì‘ù"çJéêÎòÅénè>íë

1

ÿ>35‘êÎìnøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë‹êÎìèéê\ê=íïðïðûmëfòÅè ìhøJêÎçJë«è -lóŽòÅélêðëfìèíëføGç[ê©ó,îiçxøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéOíëCç ›çJë«èO÷“éíù$ "!

w(p) = v(p)

ó|òÅéç ›çJéû ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p ∈ P

%oKèfçJë è‘êÎìøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë êÎìíïðî7íGûXìó‘ï*fïðïÎçGö íëfö†êÎìëfòÅèìhøJêÎçJë\èhèÂò¿ö‘çGøJêÎö‘ç%íò,‘èèfç ïðê›çJëfçGìÂìuÿ

+§ë¼è‘êÎì7ù>íùçJéDîiçéÂçGöføGç(ò,‘éìèföXûxèÂòìèéÂòÅë‘÷“ïðû¼øGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö ,+.- ìfø/mè>íèç ›çJéûxøJêðéÂø ‘êðè

>íÅìÉíM‘ë‘êðèíéûWîºçJêð÷«èuÿ`35‘êÎì øJï=íÅììÉòó&,+.- “øuíïðïÎçGö ‘ë‘êðèíéûO÷“éíù$fì›î7íÅì *féÂìè êðë\èéÂò\öføGçGöêðë%üðý'Œþ

íëfö¿êÎì^fì>íïðïðû ìhøJêÎçJë\èïðû¿ï=íé÷›çèÂòmôòDö‘çJïÉèfçéÂçuíï bïðê©ó|çhù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJôìuÿ7+§ëfö‘çGçGö¸íë\û ëfòÅè ‘ë‘êðèíéû

(5)

ìèéÂòÅë‘÷“ïðû øGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö ÷“éíù$

G

î,êðïðïZ>í›ç=‘ëm"ò,‘ëfö‘çGö ù‘ï=íÅøGçGìuÿ êðëføGç%èÂòÅñ›çJëfìôòDö‘çJïù‘éÂòDöføJèÂì

;êðëdíë íÅìÂìÂçJô ‘ïðû ïðêðëfç#%,òÅéöfíèí ;êðë¿íøGòÅôù$‘èÂçJéìûDìÂèÂçJô%ofèfçJêðézë‘ô çJéêÎìëfçGøGçGìÂìíéû;"ò,‘ëfö‘çGö

êðëSù‘éíÅøJèêÎøuíïíù‘ù‘ïðêÎøuíèêÎòÅëfìŒÿ +§èWôçuíëfìè>íèê©óèfç¼÷“éíù$ ò,‘èíêðëfçGöCêÎìëfòÅè ‘ë‘êðèíéûb èfçJéÂç’îºíÅì

øGçJéèíêðë‘ïðû%íOù‘éÂò,‘ïÎçJô êðëmèfçlö‘çGìêð÷“ë‹òó¸èfçïðêðëfçlòÅéêðëmèfçlö‘çGìêð÷“ë%òóèfçlìûXìèÂçJô%ÿ

†à Âå åÂÞ,àå

3çzù‘éÂò›çêðë¼è‘êÎì,ìÂçGøJèêÎòÅëmìÂòÅôçM>íÅìêÎøzèÂçGø‘ë‘êÎøuíï0ù‘éÂòÅùçJéèêÎçGì,òÅë’èfçnôhíéñDêðë‘÷›ì,òó[èfçzù‘ï=íÅøGçGìuÿ

çJè

p = (t i , t j ) ∈ P

ÿ`3çlìíGû’è>íè

p

êðëföføGçGìíù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçøGòÅëfìÂèéíêðë«èM"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

ê -

< t j , ν j >

øuíë="ç(ö‘òÅëfçWíIó;èÂçJé

< t i , ν i >

< t j , ν j − 1 >

øuíë;"ç(ö‘òÅëfç "ç]óŽòÅéÂç

< t i , ν i >

$‘èëfòÅè

< t j , ν j >

ÿ

"!

!$#&%')(+*/!

p = (t i , t j ) ∈ P

,.-0/ !1'324(5%6!7*/!

/

!18*/!*

-

892;:<6=(8>:@?!;:<A>!!;8B:C$!

ν i

:CED6o8GF

-=H

t i

(I8

/

:C!

ν j

:CJD6N8GF

-=H

t j

K L

w(p) > M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

M56

-0-=H

¤ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p = (t i , t j ) ∈ P

ôò\ö‘çJïÎìzíOù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçWøGòÅëfìèéíêðë\èZçJè³îºçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfömèfç

< t j , ν j >

ê <ºòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅëfì

1

íëfö

2

fòÅïÎö0ÿ

ý“ÿ9<ºòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë

1

êÎìç%$‘ê“íïÎçJë«ènèÂò

M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ 0

Xÿ9<ºòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë

2

êÎìç%$‘ê“íïÎçJë«ènèÂò

v(p) > M 0 (p) + w(p)(ν i − 1) − v(p)(ν j − 1) ≥ 0

<ºòÅô ‘êðë‘êðë‘÷xèfçGìÂç(è³îºòêðëfç%$m>íïðêðèêÎçGìfîºç(÷›çJè,èfç(êðëfç%$m>íïðêðè³ûméÂç%$m‘êðéÂçGö0ÿ

"nëfç øuíë ò,fìÂçJé›ç%è>íèxèfç%ö‘çuíÅöXïÎòDøÂñ ó|éÂçGçJëfçGìÂìhòóí¿ìÂèéÂòÅë‘÷“ïðû øGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö îºçJêð÷«èÂçGöç ›çJë«è

÷“éíù$%êÎìç%$m‘êÅíïÎçJë\èèÂòèfç(ïðê›çJëfçGìì - êðëfö‘çGçGö‘èfç(ïðê›çJëfçGììêÎìç%$m‘êÅíïÎçJë\èèÂòèfç(ëfòÅë‹ç]úDêÎìèÂçJëføGç

òó(í3øJêðéÂø ‘êðèhêðë èfç‹ö‘ç ›çJïÎòÅù"çGö ÷“éíù$ "!Oèfç êðë*fë‘êðèÂç%÷“éíù$ ôò\ö‘çJïðïðêðë‘÷†íïðïèfçmù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGç

øGòÅëfìèéíêðë«èÂì¸òÅëlèfç *féêðë‘÷›ì[òó‘èfç èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfìN%]ÿ 35fçGìÂçÉøJêðéÂø ‘êðèÂì¸øGòÅééÂçGìùòÅëföç]úfíÅøJèïðûnèÂòö‘çuíÅöXïÎòDøÂñXìuÿ

N@OQP RSUTWV7XZY\[^]`_`T>a$S

b"! !cdC!68 <:<(^'

,

(I6fe#8GF

M 0 (p)

-=H (I8Wgh%')(+*/!

p = (t i , t j )

, (Igi?!6!Q%')(+*/!

/

?1g

M 0 (p) = j M

0 (p) gcd p

k .gcd p

A::C

-^j

:E(I8Wg 80k

j

!18l*/!

-

8m:C!n%6!o*/!

/

!18l*/!p*

-

8921:<67(,8>:2 8

/Ij

*/!

/

?1g

p

M56

-0-=H sçJè

p = (t i , t j )

ç‹í ù‘ï=íÅøGçdòó

G

ÿ 3ç%ìÂçJè

A

;éÂçGìÂùÿ

B

%èÂò3èfç ìçJèhòó(ù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGç øGòÅëfìèéíêðë«èÂìêðëföføGçGö=\û’íë%êðë‘êðèê=íïsôhíéñ\êðë‘÷hòó

M 0 (p)

;éÂçGìÂùÿ

M 0 (p)

%]ÿ`3ç(ù‘éÂò›çè>íè

A = B

ÿ

qzìêðë‘÷èfç +:føJïðêÎöXê=íëdöXê\êÎìêÎòÅë%òó

M 0 (p)

gcd p

Xîiç(÷›çJè -

M 0 (p) = M 0 (p) + R gcd (M 0 (p))

îfçJéÂç

R gcd (M 0 (p)) ∈ {0, ..., gcd p − 1}

ÿ

(6)

t i

p

M 0 (p)

w(p) v(p)

t j t i

p

M 0 (p)

w(p) v(p)

t j

¸êð÷‘éÂç -nòÅèêÎòÅë‹òó fìÂç]ó‘ï0èÂòÅñ›çJëfì

A ⊂ B

çJè fì7øGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJé7íù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçøGòÅëfìèéíêðë«èòó

A

"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

ÿ(ºû

ïÎçJôôhí7Xÿðý

w(p) > M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

ò$‘îºç(÷›çJè -

w(p) > M 0 (p) + R gcd (M 0 (p)) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

<iïÎçuíéïðûb

w(p) > M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j

zòuî 0ìêðëføGç

M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≡ 0(gcd p )

max(w(p) − v(p), 0) ≡ 0(gcd p )

íëfö

R gcd (M 0 (p)) ∈ {0, ..., gcd p − 1}

>îiç(÷›çJè -

M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

íëfömèfçù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçWøGòÅëfìèéíêðë«è9"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

"çJïÎòÅë‘÷›ìíïÎìòèÂò

B

ÿ

B ⊂ A

çJè:fì øGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJé ëfòŒî ínù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçøGòÅëfìèéíêðë\èKòó

B

"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

ÿ

(ºû¼ïÎçJôôhí7Xÿðý

w(p) > M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

<iïÎçuíéïðûb

M 0 (p) + R gcd (M 0 (p)) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

zòuî fìÂêðëføGç

M 0 (p) + ν i .w(p) − ν j .v(p) ≡ 0(gcd p )

‘îºç(÷›çJè

w(p) − gcd p ≥ M 0 (p) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j

R gcd (M 0 (p)) < gcd p

w(p) > M 0 (p) + R gcd (M 0 (p)) + w(p)ν i − v(p)ν j ≥ max(w(p) − v(p), 0)

íëfömèfçù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçWøGòÅëfìèéíêðë«è9"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

"çJïÎòÅë‘÷›ìíïÎìòèÂò

A

ÿ

+§ëhèfçéÂçGìÂèiòóèfçù>íùçJé\îiçíÅìÂì‘ôçè>íèºèfçêðë‘êðèê=íï"ôhíéñDêðë‘÷Oòó[íë\ûù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

êÎìií(ô‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎç òó

gcd p

ÿ

(7)

3îºò ù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

p 1 = (t i , t j )

íëfö

p 2 = (t i , t j )

íéÂçhìíêÎö.ç%$m‘êÅíïÎçJë\èWê©ó,èfçJû¿êðëföføGçxèfçhìíôç ù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçøGòÅëfìèéíêðë\èÂì8çJè³îºçGçJë èfç'*féêðë‘÷›ìnòó¸èfçJêðéníÅö&ÂíÅøGçJë«èèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfìuÿ

"!`!mcA

-

%')(+*/!f2

p 1 = (t i , t j )

(^8 /

p 2 = (t i , t j )

2 j *1Ci:C(^: H - 6

w(p w(p 2 )

1 ) = v(p v(p 2 )

1 ) =

M 0 (p 2 )

M 0 (p 1 ) = ∆ ∈ N ?

(I6! ! j

(I'!18>:K

M56

-0-=H

sçJèZfìzö‘çJëfòÅèÂç \û

A 1

;éÂçGìùÿ

A 2

%7èfçìçJènòóÉù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGçOéÂçJï=íèêÎòÅëfìZçJè³îºçGçJë èfç *féêðë‘÷›ì òó

t i

íëfö

t j

êðëföføGçGö;«û

p 1

;éÂçGìÂùÿ

p 2

%]ÿ/çJè5fì,øGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéíWù‘éÂçGøGçGö‘çJëføGç(éÂçJï=íèêÎòÅë

a ∈ A 1

ö‘ço*fëfçGö

"çJè§îiçGçJë

< t i , ν i >

íëfö

< t j , ν j >

ÿ:35fçJë «û¼ïÎçJôôhí7Xÿðý‘îºç(÷›çJè -

w(p 1 ) > M 0 (p 1 ) + w(p 1 ).ν i − v(p 1 ).ν j > max(w(p 1 ) − v(p 1 ), 0) m ×∆

∆.w(p 1 ) > ∆.[M 0 (p 1 ) + w(p 1 ).ν i − v(p 1 ).ν j ] > ∆. max(w(p 1 ) − v(p 1 ), 0) m

w(p 2 ) > M 0 (p 2 ) + w(p 2 ).ν i − v(p 2 ).ν j > max(w(p 2 ) − v(p 2 ), 0)

35fçGìÂçï=íèèÂçJénêðë$>íïðêðèêÎçGìzíéÂç(ç%$‘ê“íïÎçJë«ènèÂò

a ∈ B

Xî‘êÎødøGòÅôù‘ïÎçJèÂçGìèfç(ù‘éÂòDòó'ÿ

á,à" Âå 7ß*åÂáÞ á å,ß â Þnß!,à #"$

3çù‘éÂò›çKêðë(è‘êÎìsìÂçGøJèêÎòÅëè>íèsíë«û'‘ë‘êðèíéû' +.-

G

ôhíGû'çèéíëfì'ó|òÅéôçGölêðë«èÂòíëç%$m‘ê“íïÎçJë«è ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGöC÷“éíù$ 5H!‹í=,+.- ìføCè>íè¸ó|òÅéOç ›çJéû3èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t i

¸èfçhôhíéñDêðë‘÷‹ó‘ëføJèêÎòÅëfì

òóKêðèÂìlíÅö&ÂíÅøGçJë«èíéÂøGìlíéÂçç%$>íïbÿ ¸êðéÂìèïðûbîiçö‘ço*fëfçOóŽòÅéôhíïðïðû èfçOëfòÅèêÎòÅë3òóiëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö ÷“éíù$

íëfö îiçìfòuî è>íèlèfçøGòÅôù$‘èíèêÎòÅëCòóºèfç “íïfçGìlòóíë.ç%$m‘êÅíïÎçJë\èlëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö3÷“éíù$3ôhíuû

"ç¼ìÂòÅï›çGö0fìêðë‘÷3ídìfòÅéèÂçGìèù>íè íïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô òózídìêðôù‘ïÎç ÅíïfçGöC÷“éíù$

G

ÿ 35fçJë îºç’ù‘éÂò›ç è>íèèfç ÅíïfçWòóiíë«û%øJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó

G

êÎìë‘ïðï ìÂòè>íèzç ›çJéû;‘ë‘êðèíéû%÷“éíù$ ôhíuû=ç(ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö0ÿ

¸êðë>íïðûb‘îiçlìÂèföXûxèfç(éÂçJï=íèêÎòÅë "çJè§îiçGçJë‹ç]úXù>íëfìêÎòÅë‹íëfö%ëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅë‹òóÉí ‘ë‘êðèíéû’÷“éíù$ÿ

% '& )( ! ! #b:<67(I892o: - 8

t i

2J*(I''! / 8 - 6 , (I'j+*V!

/ K :C!16! !,,21:2

Z i ∈ N ?

2 j

*1C :C(^:EL

∀(p 1 , p 2 ) ∈ P + (t i ) × P (t i ), w(p 1 ) = v(p 2 ) = Z i

∀(p 1 , p 2 ) ∈ P + (t i ) × P + (t i ) w(p 1 ) = w(p 2 ) = Z i

∀(p 1 , p 2 ) ∈ P (t i ) × P (t i ) v(p 1 ) = v(p 2 ) = Z i

# FI6=(1%>C

G

2 2;(,/ 8 - 6 , (I'j-*#! / K (I'':2 :<67(I892o:-

892 (I6! 8 - 6 , (I'j-*#!

/

(ºûWïÎçJôôhí Xÿ«çuíÅøhù‘ï=íÅøGç

p a ∈ P

øuíë "ç7éÂçJù‘ï=íÅøGçGö(«ûíù‘ï=íÅøGç

p 0 a

ò,‘èíêðëfçGö7«ûOô ‘ïðèêðù‘ïðûDêðë‘÷

w(p a )

v(p a )

íëfö

M 0 (p a )

\ûSíë†êðë«èÂçJ÷›çJé

α a

ÿ35fçxêÎö‘çuí êÎìWèÂò $‘êðïÎöóŽòÅéOíë\û ‘ë‘êðèíéû ,+.-

G = (T, P )

KíëfòÅèfçJé ‘ë‘êðèíéû +.-

G 0 = (T, P 0 )

fìêðë‘÷ è‘êÎìOï=íÅìèOù‘éÂòÅù"çJéè§ûCíëfö†ìfø†è>íè ç ›çJéûxèéíëfìÂêðèêÎòÅë êÎì,ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö0ÿ

çJè fìøGòÅëfìÂêÎö‘çJéhídèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t i ∈ T

ÿ 35fçJë \ûCö‘ço*fë‘êðèêÎòÅë2fÿðýÉè‘êÎìèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë øuíë "ç ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö%ê èfçJéÂçlç]úXêÎìèÂìí ›çGøJèÂòÅé

α ∈ { N ?+ } |P |

ìfø è>íè -

(8)

fòÅéníë\û’øGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ (P (t i ), P + (t i ))

α a .v(p a ) = α b .w(p b ) ⇔ ( α

a

α b 6 w(p b )

v(p a ) α b

α a 6 w(p v(p a )

b )

fòÅéníë\û’øGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ (P + (t i ), P + (t i ))

α a .w(p a ) = α b .w(p b ) ⇔ ( α

a

α b 6 w(p w(p b )

a ) α b

α a 6 w(p w(p a )

b )

fòÅéníë\û¼øGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ (P (t i ), P (t i ))

α a .v(p a ) = α b .v(p b ) ⇔ ( α

a

α b 6 v(p a )

v(p b ) α b

α a 6 v(p b )

v(p a )

+§ë òÅéÂö‘çJéxèÂò.ôò\ö‘çJïðêuç‹è‘êÎì¼ìÂçJèxòóøGòÅëfìèéíêðë\èÂì,îºç $‘êðïÎöí “íïfçGö öXêðéÂçGøJèÂçGö ÷“éíù$

G = (V ∪ {s}, E)

íÅì7óŽòÅïðïÎòuîì-

në«û ›çJéèÂç]ú

a ∈ V

øGòÅééÂçGìùòÅëfö‘ì,èÂòhíOù‘ï=íÅøGç

p a ∈ P

+:›çJéû‹íéÂø

e = (a, b) ∈ E

êÎìzíÅìÂìò\øJê=íèÂçGö î,êðè íxøGò,‘ù‘ïÎçWòóºíÅö&ÂíÅøGçJë«èzù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

(p a , p b )

ÿ)çJè

t e

çèfçJêðéøGòÅôôòÅë%èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëÿ>+bó¸îiçlìçJè

β(t e , p a ) =

w(p a )

ê©ó

p a ∈ P + (t e ) v(p a )

òÅèfçJéî,êÎìÂç

èfçJë ‘îºçløuíë‹íÅìÂìò\øJê=íèÂçèÂò

e

èfçó|òÅïðïÎòŒî,êðë‘÷høGòÅëfìèéíêðë\è-

log α b − log α a 6 B (a,b)

î,êðè

B (a,b) = log β(t β(t e ,p a )

e ,p b )

ÿ/néÂø

(a, b) ∈ E

êÎì,èfçJë;ÅíïfçGö=«û

B (a,b)

• ∀a ∈ V

XîºçíÅö‘ömèfçíéÂøGì

(s, a)

“íïfçGö;\û

0

ÿ

fòÅéníë\ûxù>íè

µ

òó

G

‘îiçlö‘ço*fëfçGö%èfç^Åíïfçòó¸èfçù>íè‹íÅì -

B(µ) = X

e ∈ µ ∩ E

B e

qnìÂêðë‘÷(7çJïðïðôhíë fòÅéÂö íïð÷›òÅéêðè‘ô üðýþK

α ∈ { N ?+ } |P |

øuíë;çù"òÅïðûDëfòÅôê=íïðïðûmøGòÅôù$‘èÂçGömê

G

>íÅì

ëfòøJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó ìèéêÎøJèïðû’ëfçJ÷«íèê›ç^Åíïfç“ÿ

( ! ! !;6fgB* 67*

j

:

-=H

G

A:<:C

q = 2

!16;: */!f2 C(I2 (.8 j '' (I'j !

M56

-0-=H

83ç(øuíë‹öXêÎìèêðë‘÷‘êÎì%è‘éÂçGçløuíÅìçGì,î‘êÎødøuíëmïÎçuíÅömèÂòhíøJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó ìêuç

q = 2

êðë

G

-

(9)

t 1 t 2 p a

p b

¸êð÷‘éÂç -¤ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö%÷“éíù$%î,êðè è³îiòhù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

ý“ÿ83sîiòxù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

p a = (t 1 , t 2 )

íëfö

p b = (t 2 , t 1 )

óŽòÅéô$íøJêðéÂø ‘êðèêðë

G

ŽíÅììfòuî,ë‹òÅë *f÷‘éÂçb%]ÿ +§ë

G

«èfçJéÂç(íéÂçè³îiòíéÂøGì

(a, b)

ÅíïfçGö«ûéÂçGìÂù"çGøJèê›çJïðû

log w(p v(p a )

b )

íëfö«û

log v(p w(p a )

b )

ÿ êðëføGç

G

êÎì5‘ë‘êðèíéûb

w(p a ) v(p a ) . w(p b )

v(p b ) = 1

ìÂò$èfçGìçhè§îiò¿íéÂøGì>í[›ç¼èfç’ìíôç(“íïfç“ÿ "nëSèfç¼ìíôçxîºíuûbÉèfçxè³îiò3íéÂøGì

(b, a)

íéÂç

“íïfçGö;«û

log w(p v(p b )

a )

fìÂòèfç'“íïfçlòó¸èfçøGòÅééÂçGìù"òÅëföXêðë‘÷xøJêðéÂø ‘êðèÂìòó

G

êÎìë‘ïðïbÿ

Xÿ83sîiò ù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

p a = (t 1 , t 2 )

íëfö

p b = (t 1 , t 2 )

êðë

G

ì>íéÂç èfç¿ìíôç êðë‘êðèê=íïíëfö *fë>íï èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë=ŽíÅììfòŒî,ëòÅë*f÷‘éÂç m%]ÿ +³ë

G

ÅèfçJéÂç,íéÂçºè³îºò(íéÂøGì

(a, b)

“íïfçGö«ûéÂçGìÂù"çGøJèê›çJïðû

log w(p w(p a )

b )

íëfö;«û

log v(p v(p a )

b )

ÿ

zòuî ìêðëføGç

G

êÎìíxìèéÂòÅë‘÷“ïðû øGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö6‘ë‘êðèíéû%÷“éíù$ èfçJéÂçWêÎìzíhù>íè

ν

ó|éÂòÅô

t 2

èÂò

t 1

ìfø/%è>íè

W (ν). w(p a )

v(p a ) = W (ν). w(p b ) v(p b ) = 1

ò$\èfçè§îiòíéÂøGì

(a, b)

òó

G

>í[›çzèfçnìíôçZ“íïfç“ÿ"nëhèfçzìíôçnîºíGûbXèfçíéÂøGì

(b, a)

íéÂç

“íïfçGö;«û

log w(p w(p b )

a )

fìÂòèfç'“íïfçlòó¸èfçøGòÅééÂçGìù"òÅëföXêðë‘÷xøJêðéÂø ‘êðèÂìòó

G

êÎìë‘ïðïbÿ

t 1 t 2

p a

p b

ν

t 1 t 2

p a

p b

¸êð÷‘éÂç^ -¤ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö%÷“éíù$%î,êðè è³îiòhù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

Xÿ83sîiòzù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

p a

íëfö

p b

êðë

G

ì>íéÂçièfçºìíôçKêðë‘êðèê=íïXèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëòÅé¸èfçºìíôç`*fë>íïDèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

ŽíÅììfòuî,ë òÅë;*f÷‘éÂç@b%]ÿ

+³óèfçJûSì>íéÂçxèfçmìíôç(*fë>íï,èéíëfìÂêðèêÎòÅë ÉèfçJë îiç¼÷›çJèêðë

G

èfç%íéÂøGì

(a, b)

íëfö

(b, a)

“íïfçGö éÂçGìÂù"çGøJèê›çJïðû \û

log v(p v(p a )

b )

íëfö

log v(p v(p b )

a )

ÿ

ò$,èfç “íïfçdòóèfç‹øGòÅééÂçGìÂù"òÅëföXêðë‘÷

øJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó

G 0

êÎì,ë‘ïðïbÿ

(10)

+³óKèfçJû‹ì>íéÂçWèfçìíôçOêðë‘êðèê=íï èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë èfçJëdîºç÷›çJèêðë

G 0

èfçíéÂøGì

(a, b)

íëfö

(b, a)

“íïfçGö éÂçGìùçGøJèê›çJïðû \û

log w(p w(p a )

b )

íëfö

log w(p wp b )

a )

ÿ ò$ièfç;“íïfçmòózèfç%øGòÅééÂçGìÂù"òÅëföXêðë‘÷

øJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó

G 0

êÎìíïÎìÂòë‘ïðïbÿ

p a

p b p a

p b

¸êð÷‘éÂç @-¤ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö%÷“éíù$%î,êðè è³îiòhù‘ï=íÅøGçGì

( ! !P! : ?! ( ,!161:K!,

i

-7H :C!B* 6=* j <:

C = (1, . . . , q, 1)

A:<:C

q > 2

2 j *1C:C(^: (I67*12

e i = (i − 1, i)

(^8 /

e i+1 = (i, i + 1)

* - 6f6!f2Q% - 8 / : - :C! 2;( , !J:<67(I892o: - 8

-=H

G

!

t e i = t e i+1

cdC!18

C 0 = (1, 2, . . . , i − 1, i + 1, . . . , q, 1)

2(I'32 - ( * 6=* j <: -=H

G

(I8 /

B(C 0 ) = B(C)

M56

-0-=H

>òÅïðïÎòuî,êðë‘÷(èfç,íÅìÂì‘ôù‘èêÎòÅëòó>èfçºïÎçJôôhí“ïÎçJè fìö‘çJëfòÅèÂç5«û

p i−1

p i

íëfö

p i+1

èfçºù‘ï=íÅøGçGì íÅìÂìÂòDøJê=íèÂçGöméÂçGìùçGøJèê›çJïðû’î,êðè èfç^›çJéèêÎøGçGì

i − 1

i

íëfö

i + 1

òó

G

ÿ (iû’øGòÅëfìèéføJèêÎòÅë òó

G

íëfö

ìêðëføGç

t e i = t e i+1

Xîºç(÷›çJè -

B e i + B e i+1 = log β(t β(t ei , p i −1 )

ei , p i ) + log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei , p i+1 )

= log β(t β(t ei , p i−1 )

ei , p i+1 )

êðëføGç

p i−1

íëfö

p i+1

íéÂçlíÅö&íÅøGçJë\èèÂò

t e i

XèfçJéÂçlç]úXêÎìèÂìíë íéÂø

(i − 1, i + 1)

êðë

G

ÅíïfçGö

log β(t β(t ei , p i−1 )

ei , p i+1 )

|ìÂçGç*f÷‘éÂçb%]ÿ ò$èfçì$ ³øJêðéÂø ‘êðè

C 0 = (1, 2, . . . , i − 1, i + 1, . . . , q, 1)

ç]úDêÎìÂèÂì

1 2 3

i−1

i

q i+1

q−1 i+2

¸êð÷‘éÂç -:+§ïðïfìèéíèêÎòÅë òóÉíìùçGøJê=íïøuíÅìÂç“ÿ

íëfö >íÅìèfç(ìíôç ÅíïfçlíÅì

C

ÿ

( ! ! !161gB* 67*

j

<:

-=H

G

C(U2(p8 j '' U(I'j !

M56

-0-=H sçJè

C = (1, ..., q, 1)

ç(íøJêðéÂø ‘êðèòó

G

ÿ/nù‘ù‘ïðû\êðë‘÷ïÎçJôôhífÿXîºçløuíë%ì‘ù‘ùò“ìÂçzî,êðèfò,‘è ïÎò“ìÂì,òó÷›çJëfçJéíïðêðè³ûmè>íè

C

ó ‘ï*fïðïÎìnòÅëfç(òó¸èfçóŽòÅïðïÎòuî,êðë‘÷xù‘éÂòÅù"çJéèêÎçGì-

(11)

U

q = 2

U

q > 2

íëföè§îiòzøGòÅëfìÂçGø ‘èê›çºçGöX÷›çGì[òó

C

íéÂçºíÅìÂìÂòDøJê=íèÂçGölî,êðèWöXê0çJéÂçJë«èèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì -

t e 1 6= t e q

íëfö

∀i ∈ {1, ..., q − 1}

t e i 6= t e i+1

ÿ

(ºû%ïÎçJôôhífÿðýê©óiæ éÂòÅùçJéè³û

1

fòÅïÎö‘ì#èfçJë

C

êÎìzë‘ïðï ÅíïfçGö0ÿ ò$îiçì‘ù‘ùò“ìÂçëfòŒî+è>íè

C

›çJéê*>çGìWæÉéÂòÅù"çJéè§û

2

ÿ 3çhö‘çJëfòÅèÂç7\û

e i = (i − 1, i)

óŽòÅé

i ∈ {2, ..., q}

íëfö

e 1 = (q, 1)

ÿ (iû

i − 1

e i

log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei , p i−1 )

i

e i+1 log β(t β(t ei+1 , p i+1 )

ei+1 , p i )

i + 1

¸êð÷‘éÂç q-:3sîiòhîiçJêð÷«èÂçGö íéÂøGìòó÷“éíù$

G

ö‘ço*fë‘êðèêÎòÅë òó

G

B(C) = P q i=2

log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei , p i−1 ) + log β(t β(t e 1 , p 1 )

e 1 , p q )

=

q−1 P

i=1

log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei+1 , p i ) + log β(t β(t eq , p q )

e 1 , p q)

nòŒî Dê©ó

p i

êÎìºèfçù‘ï=íÅøGç(íÅìÂìò\øJê=íèÂçGöxî,êðè

i

\èfçJë

p i

êÎì7íÅö&ÂíÅøGçJë«è,èÂò

t e i

íëfö

t e i+1

íëfö

t e i 6= t e i+1

ÿ

35fçJë ‘îiç $‘êðïÎö íøJêðéÂø ‘êðè

C

òó

G

íÅì7óŽòÅïðïÎòuîì-

35fç(èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfì

t e 1 , ..., t e q

çJïÎòÅë‘÷èÂò

C

+³ó

p i = (t e i , t e i+1 )

îiç÷›çJè

β(t e i , p i )

β(t e i+1 , p i ) = w(p i )

v(p i ) = W (p i )

ÿnçJéÂçXîºçlíÅö‘ömèÂò

C

èfçù‘ï=íÅøGç

p i

+³ó

p i = (t e i+1 , t e i )

èfçJë

β(t e i , p i )

β(t e i+1 , p i ) = v(p i ) w(p i )

ÿ êðëføGç

G

êÎìníhìèÂòÅë‘÷“ïðûmøGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö6‘ë‘êðèíéû

÷“éíù$ [èfçJéÂçêÎìí¼ù>íè

µ i

ó|éÂòÅô

t e i

èÂòmèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t e i+1

ìfø3è>íè

W (µ i ) = w(p v(p i )

i )

ÿ 3ç

íÅö‘ö

µ i

èÂò

C

ÿ

t e i t e i+1

µ i

p i

¸êð÷‘éÂç - <ºòÅëfìÂèéføJèêÎòÅë‹òóÉíøJêðé‘êðèòó

G

nòŒî fìÂçJèèêðë‘÷

U 1 = {i ∈ {1, ..., q}/p i = (t e i , t e i+1 )}

íëfö

U 2 = {1, ..., q} − U 1

(12)

W (C) = P

i∈U 1

log w(p v(p i )

i ) + P

i∈U 2

log W (µ i )

= P

i∈U 1

log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei+1 , p i ) + P

i∈U 2

log β(t β(t ei , p i )

ei+1 , p i )

= β(C)

G

êÎì‘ë‘êðèíéûb

W (C) = 0

ìÂò

β (C) = 0

ÿ

‘éù‘éêÎìêðë‘÷“ïðûb“èfçJéÂçiêÎìíìèéÂòÅë‘÷zéÂçJï=íèêÎòÅë "çJè§îiçGçJëèfçiëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅëhíëföèfç7ç]úXù>íëfìêÎòÅëOòó*í

‘ë‘êðèíéû ,+.-ÿ35‘êÎìséÂçJï=íèêÎòÅëêÎìíëfòÅèfçJé¸î7íGûlèÂònù‘éÂò›çºè>íè íë«û ‘ë‘êðèíéû÷“éíù$OêÎì[ëfòÅéôhíïðêŒí‘ïÎç“ÿ

çJè8fì,éÂçGøuíïðïsèfç(ö‘ço*fë‘êðèêÎòÅë‹òóÉíë ç]úDù>íëfìÂê‘ïÎç^ + -Êüðý'Iþ -

% '&

( !

!P!;:

G

?! ( Z

G

2 !,f% (I892o?;'!;K :C!16!=!,2;:2

(N 1 , ..., N n ) ∈ { N } n

2 j

*1C :C(^:EL

∀p = (t i , t j ) ∈ P, N i

N j

= v(p) w(p)

( ! ! !;:

G

?! ( Z

G

2!,1% (I892o ?1'!K

G

2J8 - 6 , (I'j+*( ?1'!

M56

-0-=H

A ⇒ B

+³ó

G

êÎìzç]úXù>íëfìê‘ïÎç>èfçJëdèfçJéÂçOç]úDêÎìèÂì

(N 1 , ..., N n ) ∈ { N } n

ìfødè>íè

∀p = (t i , t j ) ∈ P, N i

N j

= v(p) w(p)

ÿ

3çÉìçJè

N = lcm i∈{1,...,n} (N i )

λ = lcm a∈{1,...,m} (w(p a ), v(p a ))

íëfö

∀i ∈ {1, ..., n}, Z i = N.λ

N i

ÿ)fòÅé(ç ›çJéû%ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p a = (t i , t j )

*îiçìÂçJè

α a = Z i

w(p a )

ÿ83çWù‘éÂò›çOè>íènèfç›çGøJèÂòÅé

α

êÎìíìòÅï‘èêÎòÅë%èÂòèfçù‘éÂç DêÎò,fììûXìèÂçJô -

ý“ÿ (ºû’ö‘ço*fë‘êðèêÎòÅë‹òó

Z i

α a ∈ N ?

ÿ

Xÿ fòÅézíë«ûmøGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ P (t i ) × P + (t i )

α b w(p b ) = Z i = N λ N i

çJèèêðë‘÷

p a = (t j , t i )

‘îºç(÷›çJè -

N λ

N i

= N λ N j

v(p a )

w(p a ) = Z j

w(p a ) v(p a ) = α a v(p a )

Xÿ fòÅézíë«ûmøGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ P + (t i ) × P + (t i )

α a w(p a ) = Z i = α b w(p b )

fÿ fòÅézíë«ûmøGò,‘ù‘ïÎç

(p a , p b ) ∈ P (t i ) × P (t i )

î,êðè

p a = (t j , t i )

α a v(p a ) = Z j

w(p a ) v(p a ) = N λ N j

v(p a )

w(p a ) = N λ N i = Z i

ò$

α a v(p a ) = Z i = α b v(p b )

(13)

B ⇒ A

<ºòÅëm›çJéÂìÂçJïðûbÉïÎçJèfìì‘ù‘ù"ò“ìçè>íè

α

êÎìí%ìÂòÅï‘èêÎòÅë†èÂò%èfçxù‘éÂç DêÎò,fìOìÂûDìèÂçJô%ÿ35fçJë

∀(p a , p b ) ∈ P (t i ) × P + (t i )

α a v(p a ) = α b w(p b )

ÿ/sçJè

Z i

ö‘çJëfòÅèÂçGìè‘êÎìZÅíïfç“ÿ

zòuî XìÂçJèèêðë‘÷

Z = lcm i∈{1,...,n} (Z i )

«îºçù‘éÂò#›çnè>íè

∀i ∈ {1, ..., n}

N i = Z Z

i

›çJéê*>çGìièfç

ç%$m>íèêÎòÅëfìòóèfç(ç]úDù>íëfìÂêÎòÅëÿ`+³ëfö‘çGçGö‘ó|òÅéíë\û¼ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p a = (t i , t j ) ∈ P

N i

N j

= Z j Z i

= v(p a ) w(p a )

î‘êÎø/‹øGòÅôù‘ïÎçJèÂçGìèfçlù‘éÂò\òóÿ

U ( ! ! P! :

G

?! (m21:<6 - 8GF^'3g* - 8W8 !7* :K! / Z

G

2 8 - 6 , (^'-*#! / K

G

2 j 8 <: (I61g

- 6!

-

!;6 E:C!16! !,,21:2

K ∈ N ?

2 j

*;C :C (^:

∀i ∈ {1, ..., n}

N i .Z i = K

M56

-0-=H sçJè

G

ç¼í‹ìèéÂòÅë‘÷“ïðû.øGòÅë‘ëfçGøJèÂçGö ,+.-ÿ +³èOêÎìWù‘éÂò›çGö†êðëüðý'Iþºè>íè

G

êÎìí=‘ë‘êðèíéû.ê

G

êÎì(ç]úDù>íëfìÂê‘ïÎç“ÿ (iû‹èfçGòÅéÂçJô fÿ0îºç÷›çJè(èfç*féÂìè(ù>íéèòóºèfçøGòÅéÂòÅïðï=íéû›ÿ 35fçéÂçJï=íèêÎòÅëfì‘êðù

"çJè§îiçGçJë›çGøJèÂòÅéÂì

(Z i ) i∈{1,..,n}

íëfö

(N i ) i∈{1,..,n}

êÎì,êðë%èfçù‘éÂòDòóòóè‘êÎìï=íÅìè,èfçGòÅéÂçJô%ÿ

3çOêðïðïfìèéíèÂç «û íëdç]úfíôù‘ïÎçèfçOëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅëìlôçJèfòDö¿íëfö‹èfçìÂèéÂòÅë‘÷¼ïðêðë‘ñ "çJè§îiçGçJë

ëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅëOíëfölç]úXù>íëfìêÎòÅë|ìçGç *f÷‘éÂçb%]ÿ "nëfçKøuíëøfçGøñ(è>íè

∀i ∈ {1, ..., 5}

N i .Z i = 2520

î,êðè%èfçzóŽòÅïðïÎòuî,êðë‘÷xç]úXù>íëfìêÎòÅë=›çGøJèÂòÅé

t N = (84, 70, 35, 70, 40)

ÿ

5

6

5

10 4

2 18 15

11 10

21

21

24

21 12

7 4

23 9

0 0

9

7 21

t 4 t 2

t 1

t 3

t 5

30

36

36

72 72

36 36 30

33 30

63

63

72

63 36

63 36

69 54

0 0

18

63 63

¸êð÷‘éÂç -/"nëèfçïÎç]ó|è“÷“éíù$

G

êÎì ëfòÅë bëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö0ÿsçJè fìÉö‘çJëfòÅèÂçè>íèKèfç,ëm‘ô çJéºòó0èÂòÅñ›çJëfì òÅëSçuíÅø/Sù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

êÎìOí%ô ‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎç¼òó

gcd p

ÿ 3çxìfòuî èfçxíÅììÂò\øJê=íèÂçGö.ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö.÷“éíù$†òÅë.èfç

éêð÷«èìÂêÎö‘ç“ÿ

(ã ä¸å Þnߤä¸áÞOâWå'ß"åÂáÞ Gá,à ß Âå Þ á ÞOá,à" Âå â

3çøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéfçJéÂçlíWëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö;,+.-

G

ÿ¸êðéÂìèïðûbXîiçù‘éÂò#›çlíWìhøJêÎçJë«èøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë%òÅëmèfç ïðê›çJëfçGìÂìlòó

G

ÿ735fçJë îºçìfòŒî è>íèlè‘êÎì(êÎìímëfçGøGçGìÂìíéû øGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë3óŽòÅéíë«û¿øJêðéÂø ‘êðèlî,êðè3è§îiò èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅëfìuÿ/¸êðë>íïðûb‘îºç(÷“ê›çíë%ç]úfíôù‘ïÎç(èÂòìfòŒî è>íèè‘êÎìøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë‹êÎì,ëfòÅè,ëfçGøGçGìÂìíéû›ÿ

! !P!;:

G

?!B( 8 - 6 , (I'j-*#! / ZJcdC!;8\:C!p8 j,

?!16

-=H :-

e,!1892

-=H

! !161g * 67*

j

<:

6!

,

(892*

-

8921: (I8:K

(14)

M56

-0-=H sçJè

C = (t 1 , ..., t q , t 1 )

çOíxøJêðéÂø ‘êðè(òó

G

íëfödïÎçJè

ν i

i ∈ {1, ..., q}

çWèfçWëm‘ô çJé(òó

*féêðë‘÷›ìWòóèfçxèéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë

t i

ÿ=3çxìÂçJè

p i = (t i , t i+1 )

óŽòÅé

i ∈ {1, ..., q − 1}

íëfö

p q = (t q , t 1 )

ÿ

35fçJë

X q

i=1

M(p i ) = X q

i=1

(M 0 (p i ) + ν i w(p i ) − ν i+1 v(p i ))

nòŒî 0ìêðëføGç

G

êÎìëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö

v(p i ) = w(p i+1 )

óŽòÅé

i ∈ {1, .., q − 1}

íëfö

v(p q ) = w(p 1 )

ÿ ò$

P q

i=1 (ν i w(p i ) − ν i+1 v(p i )) = 0

íëfömîºç(ù‘éÂò›çGö èfç(ïÎçJôôhíXÿ

"! l

@l ! !;:

G

?!p( 8 - 6 , (^'-*#! / Z

G

2'j,!HZH;- 6 (I''

* 6=*

j

<:

C

-=H

G

L

X

p∈C∩P

M 0 (p) > X

p ∈ C ∩P

(v(p) − gcd p )

M56

-0-=H

(ºûøGòÅë\èéíÅöXêÎøJèêÎòÅë XïÎçJè>fìºì‘ù‘ùò“ìÂçè>íè

G

êÎìiëfòÅèºïðê›çzíëfö¼ìfø¼è>íèió|òÅé,íïðï*øJêðéÂø ‘êðè

C

òó

G

>èfçWêðëfç%$m>íïðêðè³û%êÎìnèéfç“ÿ êðëføGç

G

êÎìëfòÅèzïðê›ç*ç ›çJéû ù"ò“ìÂìÂê‘ïÎçìÂç%$mfçJëføGçòó:*féêðë‘÷›ìzïÎçuíÅö‘ìzèÂòxí ö‘çuíÅöXïÎò\øñ"ÿ +§è,ôçuíëfìè>íèèfçJéÂçêÎìníøJêðéÂø ‘êðè

C Dl

êðë

G

ìfø è>íènêðèêÎì,ëfòÅènù"ò“ìÂìÂê‘ïÎçèÂò *féÂçWíë\û èéíëfìêðèêÎòÅë=çGøuífìÂç(òóÉíï=íÅøÂñmòóèÂòÅñ›çJëfìòÅë ç ›çJéû¼ù‘ï=íÅøGçlòó¸è‘êÎìnøJêðéÂø ‘êðèfìÂò;-

∀p ∈ C Dl ∩ P, M (p) < v(p)

nìèfçëm‘ô çJé(òóÉèÂòÅñ›çJëfìnù‘éÂçGìçJë«èêðëdíhù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

øuíëçøGòÅëfìÂêÎö‘çJéÂçGödíÅìíô‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎçòó

gcd p

|ø]ó'ÿ

ïÎçJôôhí7Xÿb%o‘îºç(÷›çJè -

∀p ∈ C Dl ∩ P, M(p) ≤ v(p) − gcd p

‘ôôêðë‘÷èfçGìÂç(êðëfç%$m>íïðêðèêÎçGì‘îºçlò,‘èíêðë è>íè -

X

p∈C Dl ∩P

M (p) ≤ X

p∈C Dl ∩P

(v(p) − gcd p )

êðëføGç

G

êÎìºëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö«ûïÎçJôôhí @Xÿðý

P

p∈C Dl ∩P

M(p) = P

p∈C Dl ∩P

M 0 (p)

íëföxîiçn÷›çJèíøGòÅë\èéí öXêÎøJèêÎòÅëÿ

t 1

p 1

M 0 (p 1 )

w(p 1 ) v(p 1 )

t 2 p 2

M 0 (p 2 ) w(p 2 ) = v(p 1 ) v(p 2 ) = w(p 1 )

¸êð÷‘éÂçý-/¤ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö%÷“éíù$%î,êðè è³îiòhù‘ï=íÅøGçGìuÿ

"!

0 ! !;:

C

?!p( 8 - 6 , (^'-*#! / * 67* j : * -I, % - 2[! / ?1g :<A - %')(+*/!12

p 1

(I8

/

p 2

(I8

/

:<A

-B/

K9!16!18>:5:<6=(I8W2N<:- 8W2

2[!!ZDF

j

6!

cdC$!18

C

2 '! K

M 0 (p 1 ) + M 0 (p 2 ) > v(p 1 ) + v(p 2 ) − 2.gcd p 1

(15)

M56

-0-=H êðëføGç

C

êÎì,ëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö

w(p 1 ) = v(p 2 )

íëfö

v(p 1 ) = w(p 2 )

ÿ

+³ó

w(p 1 ) = w(p 2 ) = w

[èfçJë

gcd p 1 = gcd p 2 = w

ÿ +³ëSè‘êÎìWøuíÅìÂç \û¿ïÎçJôôhíXÿèfç øJêðéÂø ‘êðè

C

êÎìç%$‘ê“íïÎçJë«èèÂòíë%ç ›çJë\è÷“éíù$%î,êðè íëmêðë‘êðèê=íïsôhíéñ\êðë‘÷óŽòÅé,ù‘ï=íÅøGç

p 1

íëfö

p 2

éÂçGìùçGøJèê›çJïðûmç%$>íï0èÂò

M 0 (p 1 ) w

íëfö

M 0 (p 2 ) w

ÿ`35‘êÎìøJêðéÂø ‘êðèêÎì,ïðê›ç(ê

M 0 (p 1 )

w + M 0 (p 2 ) w > 0

êðëføGç

M 0 (p 1 )

íëfö

M 0 (p 2 )

íéÂç(ô ‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎçWòó

w

‘è‘êÎì,êÎì,èfçøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë òó¸èfçlèfçGòÅéÂçJô%ÿ

3çì‘ù‘ù"ò“ìÂçZfçJéÂçè>íè

w(p 1 ) 6= w(p 2 )

ÿ:+§ëhòÅéÂö‘çJéºèÂòlïðêð÷«èÂçJëmò,‘éiëfòÅèíèêÎòÅëfìiîºçìÂçJè

p = p 1

óŽòÅé,èfç(éÂçGìèòó ò,‘éù‘éÂòDòó'ÿ

3ç’ù‘éÂò#›ç «û†øGòÅë«èéíÅöXêÎøJèêÎòÅë è>íèè‘êÎìøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë êÎìëfçGøGçGìÂìíéû2-¼îºçmì‘ù‘ù"ò“ìçxè>íèèfç

êðëfç%$m>íïðêðè³û3êÎìóbíïÎìÂçxíëföSè>íè

C

êÎìïðê›ç“ÿ2çJèfìWøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéOè>íèí ìèíèÂçxòóèfçh÷“éíù$

C

êÎì(÷“ê›çJë «û èfçøGò,‘ù‘ïÎçòó5ÅíïfçGì

(M (p 1 ), M (p 2 ))

ÿçJè

Λ

çèfçëm‘ô çJéWòó,öXêçJéÂçJë\è éÂçuíÅø/>í‘ïÎçìèíèÂçGìòó

C

ÿ

C

êÎìzíÅìì‘ôçGödèÂò(çlïðê›ç“ÿ

êðëføGçOèfçëm‘ô çJélòóKìèíèÂçGìzêÎìZò,‘ëfö‘çGö0íhìÂç%$mfçJëføGçOòó

*féêðë‘÷›ìºøGòÅë«èíêðë‘êðë‘÷íèÉïÎçuíÅìèºòÅëfçìèíèÂçè§î,êÎøGçøuíë"ç$‘êðïðèuÿ òèfçJéÂçníéÂç,è§îiòWêðë«èÂçJ÷›çJéÂì

ν 1

íëfö

ν 2

ìfø/%è>íè -

M (p 1 ) + ν 1 .w(p) − ν 2 .v(p) = M(p 1 ) = ⇒ ν 1 .w(p) = ν 2 .v(p) M (p 2 ) + ν 2 .v(p) − ν 1 .w(p) = M(p 2 ) = ⇒ ν 2 .v(p) = ν 1 .w(p)

35fçxìôhíïðïÎçGìè “íïfçGì ›çJéê©ó|û\êðë‘÷‹è‘êÎìlù‘éÂç DêÎò,fìWøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë íéÂç

ν 1 = lcm w(p) p

íëfö

ν 2 =

lcm p

v(p)

ÿ ò$fèfç(ë‘ô"çJé

Λ

êÎìò,‘ëfö‘çGö;«û -

Λ ≥ lcm p

w(p) + lcm p v(p) − 1

35fç(÷“ïÎò,>íïsë‘ô çJénòó¸êðë«èê=íï[èÂòÅñ›çJëfìêÎì7ïÎòuîºçJéèÂòòÅéç%$m>íïè>íë

σ = w(p) + v(p) − 2.gcd p

ÿ (ºûmïÎçJôôhí Xÿ*èfçëm‘ô çJélòóÉèÂòÅñ›çJëfì9fçJïÎö«ûdíù‘ï=íÅøGç

p

êÎìíô‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎçòó

gcd p

ÿ:‹òÅéÂçGò#›çJé‘èfçzë‘ô"çJéòó¸øGò,‘ù‘ïÎçGìòó[êðë\èÂçJ÷›çJéÂì

(X, Y )

ô‘ïðèêðù‘ïÎçGìòó

gcd p

íëfö

ìfø/%è>íè

X + Y = σ

êÎìç]úfíÅøJèïðû

σ gcd p + 1

ÿ

0 gcd p 2.gcd p . . . σ − gcd p σ σ σ − gcd p σ − 2.gcd p . . . gcd p 0

| {z }

(X,Y )

X+Y =σ

35‘êÎì,û\êÎçJïÎö‘ìèÂò

σ gcd p

+ 1

øGò,‘ù‘ïÎçGì zòuîºç ›çJé>è‘êÎìë‘ô çJézèíñ›çGìêðë\èÂòhøGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéíèêÎòÅëdèfç^“íïfçGì

M (p 1 ) = v(p) − gcd p

íëfö

M(p 2 ) = v(p 2 ) − gcd p = w(p) − gcd p

>î‘êÎø/d÷›çJëfçJéíèÂçGìlíhö‘çuíÅöXïÎò\øñ"ÿ ò$*îiç ö‘çGöføGç,è>íèKèfç,ë‘ô"çJé

Λ

òó0öXêçJéÂçJë\èKïðê›ç ³ìèíèÂç,è>íèKîiçøuíë7$‘êðïÎöî,êðè

σ

èÂòÅñ›çJëfì

›çJéê*>çGì-

Λ ≤ σ gcd p

= w(p) gcd p

+ v(p) gcd p

− 2

(16)

v(p).w(p) = lcm p .gcd p

òîºçö‘çJéê›ç(è>íè -

w(p) gcd p

= lcm p

v(p)

íëfö

v(p)

gcd p

= lcm p

w(p)

ò$‘îºç^>í[›ç(-

w(p)

gcd p + v(p)

gcd p − 2 ≤ Λ ≤ w(p)

gcd p + v(p) gcd p − 1

î‘êÎø/ êÎì7èfçløGòÅë\èéíÅöXêÎøJèêÎòÅëÿ

+§ë‹èfçO÷›çJëfçJéíïÉøuíÅìÂç"èfçøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë3òóièfçOèfçGòÅéÂçJô @XÿðýOêÎìëfòÅèzëfçGøGçGììíéû -êðëfö‘çGçGöïÎçJè9fì

øGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJélèfçëfòÅéôhíïðêuçGö +.-

G

ù‘éÂçGìÂçJë«èÂçGö «û*f÷‘éÂç%ý“ý“ÿ"nëfçøuíë ›çJéê©ó|ûdè>íèlè‘êÎì(÷“éíù$

êÎìzïðê›ç;-èfçìÂç%$mfçJëføGçGì(òó *féêðë‘÷›ì

s

ö‘ço*fëfçGö çJïÎòuî øuíë çWéÂçJùçuíèÂçGödêðë*fë‘êðèÂçJïðû›ÿ zòuîºç ›çJéèfç øGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë òóèfç(èfçGòÅéÂçJô êÎì,ëfòÅè,èéfç“ÿ

p 1 p 3

p 2

p 4 3

3 t 1

2

t 4 2

2 2 t 2 3

t 3 3

0

0

4 1

¸êð÷‘éÂçxý“ý-

G

êÎìïðê›çWêðë‹ìÂù‘êðèÂçWòóÉèfçóŽíÅøJènè>íènèfçOìhøJêÎçJë\èøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë¿òóÉèfçGòÅéÂçJô @XÿðýWêÎìëfòÅè øfçGøñ›çGö

t 3 2.t 4 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 1 2.t 2

M(p 1 ) : 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 4 0

M(p 2 ) : 4 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 4

M(p 3 ) : 1 4 0 0 0 3 1 1 1

M(p 4 ) : 0 0 4 1 1 1 3 0 0

35fç÷“éíù$êÎìïðê›ç îfçJéÂçuíÅìsèfçÉìhøJêÎçJë\èsøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅëêÎì0ëfòÅè[øfçGøÂñ›çGö

P 4

i=1 M 0 (p i ) < P 4

i=1 (v(p i )−

gcd p i )

fçJéÂç(-@ b%]ÿ

3çmøuíë øfçGøñ†è>íèèfçmøGòÅôù$‘èíèêÎòÅë òóèfç%ìhøJêÎçJë\èhøGòÅëföXêðèêÎòÅë òóïðê›çJëfçGìÂìêÎìêðë

O(nm)

ÿ

nçJéÂçXîºçløGòÅëfìêÎö‘çJéní÷«íêðë èfçlç]ú‘íôù‘ïÎçö‘çJù‘êÎøJèÂçGö òÅë *f÷‘éÂç òÅëmù>í÷›çhýXÿ

35fç(ëfòÅéôhíïðêŒíèêÎòÅëdòó í ‘ë‘êðèíéû¼÷“éíù$ êÎìêðë

O(nm)

ÿ

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to