HAL Id: hal-00339572
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00339572
Submitted on 18 Nov 2008
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Grid Based Solution of Zakai Equation with Adaptive Local Refinement for Bearings-only Tracking
Huilong Zhang, Dann Laneuville
To cite this version:
Huilong Zhang, Dann Laneuville. Grid Based Solution of Zakai Equation with Adaptive Local Re- finement for Bearings-only Tracking. IEEE Aerospace Conference, Nov 2008, BigSky, United States.
pp.1217. �hal-00339572�
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