HAL Id: hal-01154133
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01154133
Submitted on 6 Jan 2016
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Automatic Thesaurus Generation from Raw Text using Knowledge-Poor Techniques
Gregory Grefenstette
To cite this version:
Gregory Grefenstette. Automatic Thesaurus Generation from Raw Text using Knowledge-Poor Tech-
niques. MAKING SENSE OF WORDS. NINTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE UW CENTRE
FOR THE NEW OED AND TEXT RESEARCH, Oxford University Press, Sep 1993, Oxford, United
Kingdom. �hal-01154133�
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