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HAL Id: jpa-00221708

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00221708

Submitted on 1 Jan 1981

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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MODULATION OF FAR INFRARED LASER BY STARK EFFECT

F. Strumia

To cite this version:

F. Strumia. FREQUENCY CONTROL AND FREQUENCY MODULATION OF FAR INFRARED LASER BY STARK EFFECT. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1981, 42 (C8), pp.C8-105-C8-114.

�10.1051/jphyscol:1981813�. �jpa-00221708�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

CoZZoque C8, supple'ment au n O12, Tome 42, de'cembre 1981 page C8-105

FREQUEIdCY CONTROL AND FREQUENCY MODULATION OF FAR I N F R A R E D LASER B Y STARK E F F E C T

F. Strumia

Pisa University, Pisa, ItaZy

A b s t r a c t . - T h e r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d b y o p t i c a l l y pumped F a r I n f r a r e d L a s e r s c a n b e p h a s e m o d u l a t e d a n d f r e q u e n c y t u n e d b y m e a n s o f t h e S t a r k e f f e c t o n t h e a c t i v e medium.

S t r o n g l a s e r l i n e s f r o m CH30H c a n b e d i r e c t l y f r e q u e n c y l o c k e d t o C02 s t a b i l i z e d l a s e r l i n e s b y u s i n g M I M d i o d e s

I n t r o d u c t i o n - I n t h e p a s t y e a r s a n i m p r e s s i v e p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n made i n t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s f r o m t h e m i c r o w a - v e u p t o t h e v i s i b l e r e g i o n ( 1 , 2 ) . T h i s i m p r o v e m e n t h a s b e e n made p o s s i b l e b y t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e M e t a l - I n s u l a t o r - M e t a l d i o d e s ( 1 , 3 ) a n d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u i t a b l e l a s e r s o u r c e s . An i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n a n y l a s e r f r e q u e n c y s y n t h e s i s c h a i n i s p l a y e d b y t h e Cog l a s e r . I t s f r e - q u e n c y i s a r o u n d 3 0 THz a n d h u n d r e d s o f p o w e r f u l l i n e s a r e a v a i l a b l e t h a t c a n b e p h a s e - l o c k e d t o n a r r o w Lamb-dip f r o m a n i n t r a c a v i t y a b s o r p - t i o n c e l l (4,5). As a c o n s e q u e n c e a n y f r e q u e n c y s y n t h e s i s c h a i n c a n b e s e p a r a t e d i n t o t w o p a r t s : i ) f r o m m i c r o w a v e s t a n d a r d s u p t o t h e C02 l a - s e r ; i i ) f r o m C o g l a s e r u p t o v i s i b l e . F a r i n f r a r e d ( F I R ) l a s e r s a r e a n e c e s s a r y s t e p f o r t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e s y n t h e s i s . I n e a r l y e x p e r i - m e n t s e l e c t r i c d i c h a r g e l a s e r s , l i k e H C N a n d H20, w e r e u s e d . S u c c e s s i - v e l y t h e o p t i c a l l y pumped FIR l a s e r s p r o v i d e d a much l a r g e r s e t o f s t a - b l e l a s e r l i n e s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e f r e q u e n c y o f a FIR l a s e r c a n n o t b e d e f i n e d b e t t e r t h a n a b o u t a p a r t i n 1 0 9 s i n c e t h e h o m o g e n e o u s a n d t h e D o p p l e r l i n e w i d t h a r e o f t h e s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e i n t h i s r e g i o n . No n a r r o w s a t u r a t i o n L a m b - d i p i s a v a i l a b l e f o r a n a c c u r a t e s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e l a s e r s .

M o r e o v e r t h e u s u a l p h a s e - m o d u l a t i o n a n d f r e q u e n c y - t u n i n g t e c h n i q u e c a n b e u s e d w i t h d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e F I R . The P Z T 1 s d o n o t p r o v i d e a d i l a t i o n

comparable t o t h e l a s e r w a v e l e n g t h , w h i l e s u i t a b l e e l e c t r o o p t i c m a t e - r i a l s do n o t h a v e e n o u g h t r a n s p a r e n c y a n d i n a n y c a s e t h e v o l t a g e n e - c e s s a r y f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t m o d u l a t i o n w o u l d e x c e e d t h e b r e a k d o w n l i m i t . I n c o n c l u s i o n t h e FIR l a s e r s a r e s o u r c e s w i t h a v e r y h i g h s p e c t r a l p u - r i t y b u t o f r e l a t i v e l y l o w r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . T h e i r b e s t u s e i s i n a u p - - c o n v e r s i o n b y a p h a s e - l o c k t o a h a r m o n i c o f a m i c r o w a v e s t a n d a r d o r i n a d o w n - c o n v e r s i o n b y a p h a s e - l o c k o f a n h a r m o n i c t o a s t a b i l i z e d C02 la

s e r . The S t a r k e f f e c t on t h e a c t i v e medium o f t h e o p t i c a l l y pumped FIR l a s e r h a s b e e n p r o v e d t o b e v e r y e f f e c t i v e f o r a h i g h s p e e d p h a s e mo- d u l a t i o n ( 6 ) a n d p h a s e - l o c k i n g b e t w e e n FIR l a s e r s h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d ( 7 ) . More r e c e n t l y t h e f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g o f some s t r o n g FIR l a s e r l i n e s h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d b y o n e t o t w o o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e b y means o f t h e S t a r k e f f e c t ( 8 , 9 ) . The t u n i n g i s s t i l l o n l y a b o u t o f t h e l a s e r

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1981813

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f r e q u e n c y , n e v e r t h e l e s s new p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e o p e n e d f o r t h e f r e q u e n c y s y n t h e s i s p r o b l e m .

S t a r k e f f e c t - A l l t h e m o l e c u l e s t h a t c a n b e o p t i c a l l y pumped t o g i v e FIR l a s e r e m i s s i o n o n r o t a t i o n a l t r a n s i t i o n s m u s t h a v e a p e r m a n e n t e - l e c t r i c d i p o l e moment p . T h e a s s o c i a t e d S t a r k e f f e c t c a n b e e i t h e r l i - n e a r o r q u a d r a t i c . F o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s o n l y t h e f i r s t i s o f i n t e r e s t . L i n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t i s e x h i b i t e d b y s y m m e t r i c t o p m o l e c u l e s f o r l e v e l s w i t h K f O . The e n e r g y s p l i t t i n g i s g i v e n b y

A l s o a s y m m e t r i c t o p m o l e c u l e s c a n h a v e a l i n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t w h e n e v e r t h e + K d e g e n e r a c y i s r e s t o r e d . T h i s i s t h e c a s e o f C H 3 O H , t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e o f FIR l a s e r l i n e s , w h e r e d e g e n e r a c y i s r e s t o r e d b y t h e i n t e r n a l r o t a t i o n f o r m o s t o f t h e l e v e l s .

The e n e r g y s p l i t t i n g i s g i v e n a g a i n b y e q . ( l ) w h e r e i s t o b e s u b s t i - t u t e d b y u,,, t h e c o m p o n e n t o f y a l o n g t h e s y m m e t r y a x i s o f t h e C H 3 g r o u p . A s m a l l a d d i t i o n a l t e r m d e p e n d i n g o n p l a n d o n t h e i n t e r n a l r o - t a t i o n q u a n t u m n u m b e r s n a n d T c a n b e n e g l e c t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s p a p e r . A n o t h e r f a i r l y g o o d a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s t o a s s u m e p i n d e p e n - d e n t o f ( J , K , ~ , T ) w i t h i n a g i v e n v i b r a t i o n a l s t a t e . I n t h e c a s e o f C H ? O H - t h r e e l i n e a r e n o r m a l l y e x p e c t e d f o r a n y pumped l e v e l w i t h t h e s e l e c t i o n r u l e s s h o w n i n f i g . 1. T h e s t r o n g e s t o f t h e s e i s t h e o n e w i t h A J = A K = - 1.

' F i g . 1 : Scheme o f t h e p o s s i b l e i . r . a n d FIR t r a n s i -

J I(-* M+ 1

t i o n s i n a " m e t h a n o l -

- l i k e " m o l e c u l e .

W i t h i n t h e a b o v e a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h e S t a r k f r e q u e n c y s p l i t t i n g o f t h e l a -

s e r l i n e s a r e g i v e n b y t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s .

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The o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e o f t h e S t a r k s p l i t t i n g i s t h e s a m e f o r a l l c a s e s a n d , i f t h e S t a r k p a t t e r n i s c o m p o s e d o f many r e s o l v e d c o m p o n e n t s , t h e g a i n o f t h e u n p e r t u r b e d l i n e i s s u b d i v i d e d b e t w e e n a l l t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s . The r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t i e s c a n b e e a s i l y c o m p u t e d a n d f o r some o f t h e l i - n e s t h e r e s u l t i n g g a i n i s s o s m a l l t h a t i t i s b e l o w t h e t h r e s h o l d o f t h e l a s e r s y s t e m ( 9 ) . On t h e c o n t r a r y a n i d e a l c a s e f o r p r a c t i c a l a p p l L c a t i o n s w o u l d b e t h e s p l i t t i n g o f t h e l a s e r l i n e i n t o o n l y t w o compo- n e n t s , o n e a b o v e a n d o n e b e l o w t h e u n p e r t u r b e d f r e q u e n c y . T h i s i s t h e c a s e o f e q . 4 when K e J / 2 . A l l t h e M c o m p o n e n t s a r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r i n t w o u n r e s o l v e d p a c k e t s . The l a s e r l i n e i s shown t o s p l i t i n t o t w o c o m p o n e n t s s y m m e t r i c t o t h e u n p e r t u r b e d l i n e a n d t h e s p l i t t i n g i s l i - n e a r i n t h e a p p l i e d e l e c t r i c f i e l d .

E x p e r i m e n t a l a n d r e s u l t s - The e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p a r a t u s h a s b e e n d e s c r i - b e d e l s e w h e r e ( 8 , 9 ) . The b e s t s o l u t i o n f o r t h e FIR l a s e r c a v i t y i s t h e u s e o f a h y b r i d w a v e g u i d e ( 9 ) . L a s e r a c t i o n w i t h a p p l i e d f i e l , d s u p t o s e v e r a l KV/cm c a n b e o b s e r v e d ( 1 0 ) . S e v e r a l o f t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l CH30H l a s e r l i n e s w e r e f o u n d t o s p l i t i n t o t w o c o m p o n e n t s w i t h a l i n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t a s p r e d i c t e d f r o m e q . 4 ) .

TABLE I

M e a s u r e d S t a r k e f f e c t o n C H OH FIR l a s e r l i n e s w i t h a s p l i t t i n g i n t w o c o m p o n e n t s . 3

L i n e C02 Pump S p l i t t i n g T u n i n g R a n g e T o t . T u n i n g

(urn) ( M H Z / K V C ~ -1 1 K V / C ~

M H Z

Many o t h e r l i n e s w i t h t h e S t a r k e f f e c t g i v e n b y e q s . 2 ) o r 3 ) ' w e r e f o u n d t o show a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n t h e t u n i n g r a n g e w i t h e i t h e r a p o w e r i n -

c r e a s e o r a p o w e r d e c r e a s e ( 1 1 ) a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e n o n - l i n e a r Han- l e e f f e c t ( 1 2 , 1 3 ) . A f a s t p h a s e m o d u l a t i o n i s p o s s i b l e a l s o f o r t h e s e l i n e s , e v e n i f t h e i n c r e a s e i n f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g i s s m a l l ( 6 ) .

As a n e x a m p l e f i g s . 2 a n d 3 show t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s f o r t h e

1 1 8 . 8 u m l a s e r l i n e ( t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l o f C H ~ O H ) pumped b y t h e C02

9 P ( 3 6 ) l i n e ( 1 0 ) . The o u t p u t p o w e r a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e S t a r k f i e l d

s h o w s a c l e a r p o w e r e n h a n c e m e n t p e a k ( n o n - l i n e a r H a n l e e f f e c t ) a n d a

p l a t e a u a t a b o u t t h e s a m e p o w e r l e v e l o f t h e u n p e r t u r b e d l i n e . The s l o w

p o w e r d e c r e a s e a t f i e l d s l a r g e r t h a n 2KV/cm f o l l o w s f r o m t h e s h i f t o f

t h e pump l i n e o u t o f t h e t u n i n g r a n g e o f t h e C O pump l a s e r ( 1 4 ) . T h i s

e f f e c t c a n b e r e d u c e d b y u s i n g m o r e t u n a b l e C02 l a s e r s ( l 5 ) . ~ i g . 4 2 s h o w s

e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s on f r e q u e n c y m o d u l a t i o n o f t h e 1 1 8 urn l a s e r l i n e

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b y m e a n s o f t h e S t a r k e f f e c t .

TABLE I1

F I R CH20H l a s e r l i n e s w i t h s m a l l f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g

F i g . 2 : M e a s u r e d S t a r k f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g o f t h e C H O H 1 1 8 . 8 pm l i n e .

3

-1

~ i n e ( p m ) C O Pump L i n e ( p m ) C02Pump L i n e ( p r n ) C O Pump

2 2

1 6 4 . 8 9 - ~ ( 1 0 ) 4 5 0 . 4 9 - ~ ( 1 2 )

6 3 . 4 9 - p ( 3 4 ) 1 7 0 . 5 9 - P ( 3 6 )

7 7 . 9 l O - R ( l 6 ) 1 2 9 . 5 1 0 - R ( 3 4 ) 2 4 2 . 5 1 0 - ~ ( 3 4 )

5 3 10-R ( 4 6 ) 2 8 6 1 0 - ~ ( 4 8 )

-

CH,OH

-

119 p m

p r e s s u r e 40 mtorr AM b l

-

-

-

1 2 3 4 5 6

2 3 2 . 9 9 - R ( 1 0 ) 4 2 . 2 9 - P ( 3 2 ) 1 3 5 . 7 9 - P ( 3 6 ) 1 9 8 . 7 9 - P ( 3 8 1 4 5 . 5 1 O - R ( 3 2 ) 2 5 0 . 8 1 0 - R ( 3 4 ) 4 3 . 7 1 0 - R ( 3 6 ) 6 5 1 0 - R ( 4 6 )

F i g . 3 : R e l a t i v e o u t p u t o f t h e CH30H 1 1 8 . 8 urn l i - n e f o r E u p t o 6 . 5 KV/cm.

T h e C02 pump p o w e r w a s k e p t c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t . T h e c a v i t y l e n g t h w a s c o g t i n u o u s l y t u n e d f o r t h e maximum o u t p u t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d .

1 6 4 . 2 9 - P ( 1 2 ) 2 7 0 9 - P ( 3 2 ) 1 6 2 . 1 9 - P ( 3 6 ) 6 3 . 0 1 0 - ~ ( 1 6 ) 2 4 2 . 8 1 O - R ( 3 2 ) 2 6 7 . 4 1 O - R ( 3 4 ) 5 3 . 8 1 0 - R ( 3 6 ) 1 6 4 ~ o - R ( 4 8 )

E L E C T R I C F I E L D - K V O L T / C M

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2 0 k H z Y O 0 k H z

F i g . 4 : S p e c t r u m a n a l y - z e r s i g n a l s o b t a i n e d b y b e a t i n g a f r e q u e n c y m g d u l a t e d CH30H l a s e r w i t h a r e f e r e n c e l a s e r a t d i f f e r e n t m o d u l a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s . The modu- l a t i n g v o l t a g e i s a s i - n e w a v e o f c o n s t a n t am- p l i t u d e o f 6 0 V/cm p e a k - t o - p e a k .

T h e s i g n a l a r e o b t a i n e d b y m i x i n g a c o n v e n t i o n a l 1 1 8 u m l a s e r w i t h a S t a r k t u n e d a n d m o d u l a t e d l a s e r i n a M I M d i o d e . A u s e f u l m o d u l a t i o n w i t h a s p e e d u p t o o n e MHz i s d e m o n s t r a t e d . T h i s m o d u l a t i o n i s f a r a b o - v e w h a t i s n e e d e d f o r a n e f f e c t i v e p h a s e - l o c k i n g . I t i s w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t f o r many o f t h e l i n e s r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e I n o p a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t was made i n o r d e r t o r e a c h h i g h e r S t a r k f i e l d s a n d a l a r g e r t u n i n g i s p r o - b a b l y p o s s i b l e . The f i g u r e s q u o t e d i n T a b l e I s h o u l d t h e n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e minimum a v a i l a b l e t u n i n g .

A p p l i c a t i o n s t o l a s e r f r e q u e n c y s y n t h e s i s

1 ) FIR f r e q u e n c y s t a n d a r d s - N a r r o w , s t a b l e a n d r e p r o d u c i b l e FIR a b s o r - p t i o n l i n e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e t r a n s i t i o n s o f a t o m s o r i o n s . T h e s e t r a n s i t i o n s a r e o f M1 k i n d a n d i n p r i n c i p l e h a v e a v e r y n a r r o w l i n e w i d t h . An a t o m i c b e a m f r e q u e n c y s t a n d a r d was e a r l y p r o p o s e d ( 1 6 ) . The i o n s t o r a g e t e c h n i q u e c a n a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d . T a b l e I11 r e p o r t s f i n e s t r u c t u r e i o n l i n e s s u i t a b l e f o r a FIR f r e q u e n - c y s t a n d a r d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e w a v e l e n g t h s a r e known w i t h a n e r r o r t o o l a r g e f o r s e a r c h i n g f o r p o s s i b l e c o i n c i d e n c e s w i t h FIR l a s e r l i n e s . However t h e p r o b a b i l i t y i s l o w a n d s u c h f r e q u e n c y s t a n d a r d s r e q u i r e mo- r e t u n a b l e s o u r c e s .

TABLE I11

F i n e s t r u c t u r e FIR t r a n s i t i o n i n t h e g r o u n d s t a t e o f i o n s

A t om S t a t s s X(pm)

c

+

2~ - P 1 5 7 . 4

1 / 2 3 / 2

Atom

'FSt a t e s

X(vm)

T i + - 4 F

3 / 2 5 / 2 1 0 6 . 4

(7)

2 ) P h a s e - l o c k i n g t o h a r m o n i c o f m i c r o w a v e s o u r c e s - T h i s m e t h o d i s c e r t a i n t l y f e a s i b l e . An a t t e m p t b y u s i n g t h e 7 0 . 5 ym l i n e a n d a m u l t i p l i - c a t i o n f r o m t h e x b a n d f a i l e d a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e t o o h i g h h a r m o - n i c n u m b e r . More r e c e n t l y a 9 7 - 9 9 GHz k l y s t r o n h a s b e e n p h a s e - l o c k e d t o t h e s a m e 7 0 . 5 pm l i n e b y u s i n g t h e 43 t h h a r m o n i c i n a J o s e p h s o n m i x e r S i n c e i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t s t h e FIR l a s e r was n o t S t a r k t u n a b l e i t was m a n d a t o r y t o p h a s e - l o c k t h e k l y s t r o n i n a d o w n - c o n v e r s i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( l 7 ) The c o n t r a r y i s p o s s i b l e b y u s i n g a S t a r k t u n e d FIR l a s e r .

3 ) P h a s e - l o c k i n g t o a C O P l a s e r - P h a s e l o c k i n g a S t a r k t u n e d FIR l a - s e r t o a s t a b i l i z e d C02 l a s e r i s a n a t t r a c t i v e m e t h o d f o r a p r a c t i c a l d o w n c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e C02 l a s e r a n d a p r e c i s e m e a s u r e m e n t o f i t s f r e - q u e n c y . A t p r e s e n t t h e r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e C02 l i n e s a r e known b e t t e r t h a n t h e i r a b s o l u t e f r e q u e n c i e s ( 1 8 ) . S i n c e t h e S t a r k t u n i n g r a n g e o f a FIR l a s e r i s m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e h a r m o n i c n u m b e r a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e f r e q u e n c y c o v e r a g e i s a v a i l a b l e a t 1 0 pm. H o w e v e r t h e h a r m o n i c n u m b e r m u s t b e l i m i t e d i n o r d e r t o h a v e e n o u g h s i g n a l t o n o i s e - r a t i o i n t h e m i x i n g s i g n a l ( 1 ) . T h e r e f o r e a n i d e a l FIR l a s e r s h o u l d h a v e n o t o n l y a l a r g e f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g r a n g e , b u t a l s o a w a v e l e n g t h i n t h e 5 0 - 1 5 0 urn r e g i o n .

L e t u s now c o n s i d e r t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g l i n e s o f T a b . I a n d 11. F o r s a m e o f t h e m p r e c i s e f r e q u e n c y m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e a v a i l a b l e ( 1 7 , 1 9 ) w h i l e f o r o t h e r s o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e c o m p a r i s o n c a n b e m a d e . P o s s i b l e c o i n c i d e n - c e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s .

1 1 8 ym l i n e :

The 1 1 8 ym l i n e i s t h e s t r o n g e s t l i n e f r o m CH30H Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e - r e s t i n t h e c o i n c i d e n c e w i t h t h e ~ ( 4 6 ) l i n e o f 1 6 0 1 8 0 w h i c h i s i n e x a c - t c o i n c i d e n c e f o r a S t a r k f i e l d o f o n l y 5 0 0 V/cm. ( T a b l e I V ) 7 0 . 5 p m l i n e

A p h a s e - l o c k i n g o f t h i s l a s e r l i n e t o t h e I 3 c o 2 - 1 0 P ( 2 8 ) l i n e h a s b e e n r e c e n t l y o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l m i c r o w a v e o s c i l l a t o r a t 8 . 9 Ghz p h a s e l o c k e d t o a R u b i d i u m f r e q u e n c y s t a n d a r d ( 2 0 ) .

TABLE I V C H O H , X = 1 1 8 . 8 u m

3

H a r m o n i c F r e q u e n c y ( M H Z ) S t a r k t u n i n g (MHz)

x 11 2 7 7 5 0 5 9 7 . 6 -

+

9 3 5

x 1 2 3 0 2 7 3 3 7 9 . 2 - + 1 0 2 0

x 1 3 3 2 7 9 6 1 6 0 . 8 - + 1 1 0 5

C O P l i n e F r e q u e n c y (MHz) D e t u n i n g (MHz)

(8)

I n T a b l e V some o t h e r p o s s i b l e c o i n c i d e n c e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . I n p a r t i c u - l a r t h e c 1 8 0 2

-

~ ( 4 8 ) i s c l o s e r b y a n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a n d a b e a t s i - g n a l w i t h o u t a n a d d i t i o n a l m i c r o w a v e s o u r c e i s p o s s i b l e .

TABLE V

C H - O H ; 1 = 7 0 . 5 U m

H a r m o n i c v ( M H Z ) S t a r k t u n i n g ( M H Z )

x 7 2 9 7 6 1 7 1 8 . 0 - + 217

C O l i n e

2 v (MHz) D e t u n i n g ( M H Z )

3 7 . 9 , 9 6 a n d 1 3 3 urn l i n e s .

P o s s i b l e c o i n c i d e n c e s a r e r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e V I . A f e w c o i n c i d e n c e s w i - t h i n 1 0 0 0 MHz a r e of p a r t i c u l a r y i n t e r e s t .

TABLE V I

3

H a r m o n i c v (MHz) S t a r k t u n i n g ( M H Z ) x 9 2 7 9 5 3 4 3 1 . 2 - + 1 6 2

x 10 3 1 0 5 9 3 6 8 . 0 - + 1 8 0

C O l i n e

2 v (MHz) D e t u n i n g (MHz)

1 3 c 0 2 ~ ( 2 6 ) 27 9 5 8 7 9 8 . 1 5 3 6 6 . 9 C H O H ; 3 7 . 9 pm

3

x 4 3 1 6 7 8 6 4 0 . 8 + 1 8 0

(9)

TABLE V I ( c o n t . )

C o n l i n e v (MHz) D e t u n i n g ( M X Z )

9 9 . 2 8 , 1 1 0 . 6 a n d 2 0 8 . 3 pm l i n e s . The f i r s t t w o s t r o n g l i n e s pumped b y t h e 9 ~ ( 3 6 ) h a v e b e e n r e c e n t l y d i s c o v e r e d b y u s i n g a w a v e g u i d e C02 l a s e r (15). B o t h s h o w a l i n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t . A p r e c i s e f r e q u e n c y m e a s u r e m e n t h a s n o t y e t b e e n made a n d some p o s s i b l e c o i n c i d e n c e c a n o n l y b e f o r e - c a s t ( T a b l e V I I ) . T h e l i n e a t 2 0 8 . 3 pm may h a v e a t o o l o n g w a v e l e n g t h . H o w e v e r i t i s a p o w e r f u l o n e a n d s h o w s t h e l a r g e r S t a r k t u n i n g e v e n o b s e r v e d .

TABLE V I I C H O H ; 9 9 . 2 8 v m

3

H a r m o n i c F r e q u e n c y ( GHz) S t a r k t u n i n g ( M ~ z )

x 1 0 3 0 1 9 6 - + 1 5 0

x 11 3 3 2 1 5 - + 1 6 5

(10)

L i n e s w i t h o n l y f r e q u e n c y m o d u l a t i o n : I n T a b l e V I I I a r e r e p o r t e d some i n t e r e s t i n g c o i n c i d e n c e s i n t h e c a s e o f l i n e s w h i c h c a n b e p h a s e modu- l a t e d w i t h t h e S t a r k e f f e c t b u t w i t h o u t a s u b s t a n t i a l f r e q u e n c y t u n i n g .

TABLE V I I I C H O H ; 6 3 . 0 u m

3

H a r m o n i c F r e q u e n c y (MHz)

C02 l i n e F r e q u e n c y ( M H Z ) D e t u n i n g ( MHZ)

c o 2 ~ ( 1 0 ) 28 5 6 6 6 4 9 . 2 3 4 5 . 2

C o n c l u s i o n - S t a r k t u n e d a n d S t a r k m o d u l a t e d FIR l i n e s c a n b e p h a s e l o c k e d t o C02 l a s e r l i n e s w i t h o u t t h e n e e d o f c o m p e n s a t i n g t h e f r e q u e n - c y d i f f e r e n c e w i t h a n a d d i t i o n a l m i c r o w a v e s o u r c e .

O t h e r c a n d i d a t e FIR l a s e r l i n e s w i l l b e d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e f u t u r e e x p e - c i a l l y f o r t h e i s o t o p i c s p e c i e s o f C H O H . As a n e x a m p l e a l i n e a r S t a r k e f f e c t w i t h a s p l i t t i n g i n t o t w o c o m p o n e n t s i s e x p e c t e d f o r t h e l i n e s 3 a t 1 0 3 . 1 pm ( p u m p e d 9 ~ ( 3 0 ) ) ; 1 3 4 . 7 pm ( 9 ( 6 ) ) ; a n d 1 1 0 pm ( 1 0 ~ ( 4 4 ) ) o f C H O D a n d f o r t h e 1 4 4 . 0 pm ( 1 0 ~ ( 1 8 ) ) , a n d 2 5 3 pm ( 1 0 ~ ( 3 6 ) ) o f C D O H .

3 3

R e f e r e n c e s

1 ) E v e n s o n K + M + , D . A . J e n n i n g s , F.R. P e t e r s e n , a n d J . S . W e l l s , i n " ~ a s e r S p e c t r o s c o p y 111" J . L . H a l l a n d J . L . C a r l s t e n E d s . p a g . 5 6 - S p r i n g e r V e r l a g 1 9 7 7

J e n n i n g s D . A . , F.R. P e t e r s e n a n d K.M. E v e n s o n : i n " ~ a s e r S p e c t r o - s c o p y I V " H . W a l t h e r a n d K . W . R o t h e E d s . p a g . 3 9 , S p r i n g e r V e r l a g 1 9 7 9 .

2 ) D a n i e l H . V . , M. S t e i n e r a n d H . W a l t h e r , A p p l . P h y s . a, 1 9 ( 1 9 8 1 ) 3 ) D a n e u V . , D . S o k o l o f f , A . S a n c h e r a n d A . J a v a n : A p p l . P h y s . L e t t .

15, 3 9 8 ( 1 9 6 9 )

4 ) F r e e d C . a n d A . J a v a n : A p p l . P h y s . L e t t . x, 53 ( 1 9 8 0 )

5 ) F r e e d C . , L.C. B r a d l e y a n d R . C . O I D o n n e l l : IEEE J . Q u a n t . E l e c t r o n

&E16, 11.95 ( 1 9 8 0 )

6 ) S t e i n S . R . , A . S . R i s l e y , H . Van d e S t a d t a n d F . S t r u m i a : A p p l . O p t . 1 6 , 1 8 9 3 ( 1 9 7 7 )

-

(11)

7 ) S t e i n S . R . , H . Van d e S t a d t : P r o c . 3 1 s t C o n f . o n F r e q u e n c y C o n t r o l p a g . 6 0 1 ( 1 9 7 7 )

S t e i n S . R . , H . Van d e S t a d t a n d F . S t r u m i a : O p t i c a l S p e c t r a , O c t o - b e r 1 9 7 8 p a g . 36

8 ) I n g u s c i o M . , P . M i n g u z z i , A . M o r e t t i , F . S t r u m i a a n d M . T o n e l l i :

~ p p l . P ~ Y S . 18, 2 6 1 ( 1 9 7 9 )

9 ) S t r u m i a F . , a n d M . I n g u s c i o : " S t a r k S p e c t r o s c o p y a n d F r e q u e n c y t u - n i n g i n o p t i c a l l y pumped FIR m o l e c u l a r l a s e r s " i n I n f r a r e d a n d S u b m i l l i m e t e r W a v e s , K . J . B u t t o n e d . v o 1 . 5 1 9 8 1 , A c a d e m i c P r e s s . 1 0 ) B i o n d u c c i G . , I n g u s c i o M . , M o r e t t i A . a n d F . S t r u m i a : I n f r a r e d P h y s .

re, 2 9 7 ( 1 9 7 9 )

1 1 ) I n g u s c i o M . , M o r e t t i A . , M o r u z z i G . a n d F . S t r u m i a ; I n t . J . I n f r a r e d M i l l i m . Waves v o l . 2 , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 1 .

1 2 ) I n g u s c i o M . , M o r e t t i A . , a n d F . S t r u m i a : IEEE J . Q u a n t . E l e c t r o n .

m, 9 5 5 ( 1 9 8 0 )

1 3 ) S t r u m i a F . , M . I n g u s c i o , A . M o r e t t i : i n " ~ a s e r S p e c t r o s c o p y V"

T. Oka a n d S t o i c h e f f e d s . S p r i n g e r V e r l a g 1 9 8 1 .

1 4 ) I n g u s c i o M . , A . M o r e t t i a n d F . S t r u m i a : O p t . Commun. 2 , 3 5 5 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 5 ) I n g u s c i o M . , N . I o l i , A . M o r e t t i , G . M o r u z z i a n d F . S t r u m i a : O p t .

Commun. 37, 2 1 1 ( 1 9 8 1 )

1 6 ) S t r u m i a F . , M e t r o l o g i a 8 , 8 5 ( 1 9 7 2 )

1 7 ) B l a n e y T . G . , N . R . C r o s s , D . J . E . K n i g h t , G . J . E d w a r d s a n d P . R . P e a r c e J . P h y s . D 13, 1 3 6 5 ( 1 9 8 0 )

1 8 ) C l a i r o n A . , A . Van L e r g e r g h e , C . S a l o m o n , M . O n y a y o u n , C . J . B o r d 6 : O p t . Commun. z, 3 6 8 ( 1 9 8 0 )

1 9 ) P e t e r s e n F . R . , K . M . E v e n s o n , D . A . J e n n i n g s , A . S c a l a b r i n : IEEE J . Q u a n t . E l e c t r o n QE-16, 3 1 9 ( 1 9 8 0 )

2 0 ) Z a k h a r ' y a s h V . F . , V . M . K l e m e n t e v , Yu. A . M a t y u g i n , M . V . N i k i t i n , B.A. T i m c h e n k o , a n d V.P. C h e b o t a e v : S o v . J . Q u a n t u m E l e c t r o n .

lo, 7 8 7 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

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