Fire tests on reinforced concrete columns: specimen no. 5

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Fire tests on reinforced concrete columns: specimen no. 5

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Ref

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TI31

National Research Conseil national

R427

Council Canada de recherches Canada

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n. 482

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- - I

FIRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS, SPECIMEN No. 5

by T.T. L i e and T.D. L i n

Private copy for:

< z .

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF OANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

OBR INTERNAL REPORT NO. 482

FIRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS, SPECIMEN No. 5 by T.T. L i e and T.D. L i n

Checked by:

T.Z.N.

Approved by: L.W. Gold Date: September 1983

Prepared for: Records Purposes

ABSTRACT

R e s u l t s of a f i r e t e s t on a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e column a r e given. The t e s t i s one of a s e r i e s of twelve t e s t s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e f i r s t phase of a j o i n t s t u d y on t h e f i r e performance of c o n c r e t e columns by t h e N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l Canada and t h e P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n . The column was made w i t h s i l i c e o u s aggregate. Its s e c t i o n s i z e was

406 x 406 mm (16 x 16 i n . ). It was t e s t e d t o s t u d y t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e column.

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FIRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SPECIMEN NO. 5

T.T. L i e and T.D. Lin*

T e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t on a s e r i e s of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e columns a s a p a r t of a s t u d y t o develop methods f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of such columns. The s t u d y was a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t between t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council of Canada and t h e P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n . I n t h e f i r s t phase of t h e study 12 columns were t e s t e d . The columns were designed and manufactured by PCA i n Skokie, I l l i n o i s , and t e s t e d i n t h e NRCC l a b o r a t o r i e s i n Ottawa. The t e s t specimens, method of t e s t i n g and t e s t r e s u l t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n ~ u c q e s s i v e r e p o r t s .

T h i s r e p o r t d e a l s w i t h t e s t specimen No. 5, which was t e s t e d t o s t u d y t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e column.

TEST SPECIMEN

The specimen c o n s i s t e d of a s q u a r e t i e d r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e column. D e t a i l s of t h e specimen and i t s f a b r i c a t i o n a r e g i v e n below.

Dimensions

S e c t i o n s i z e : 406 x 406 mm (16 x 16 i n . ) Height: 3810 mm (12 f t

6

i n . )

Materi

ale

Cement: Type I , a g e n e r a l purpose cement f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s .

Aggregate: S i l i c e o u s sand and g r a v e l from Eau C l a i r e , Wisconsin. The maximum s i z e of t h e a g g r e g a t e was 19 mm (314 i n . ) . The g r a d a t i o n curve i s shown i n Fig. 1. P e t r o g r a p h i c information on t h e a g g r e g a t e , o b t a i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o ASTM ~ 2 9 5 - 7 9 ~ , i s given i n T a b l e 1. P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of a g g r e g a t e : S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of sand (2.63); s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of g r a v e l (2.57); m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of sand (4.0%); m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of g r a v e l (1.0%); s a t u r a t e d s u r f a c e dry u n i t weight of g r a v e l (1678 kg/m3) (104.9 l b / f t 3 ) ; f i n e n e s s modulus of f i n e a g g r e g a t e (2.96); f i n e n e s s modulus of c o a r s e aggregate (1.73). * S e n i o r r e s e a r c h e n g i n e e r , P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n , Skokie, I l l i n o i s .

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S t e e l reinforcement: Deformed 25M (No. 8 ) l o n g i t u d i n a l

r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and 161 (No. 3) t i e s , meeting t h e requirements of ASTM Designation: ~615-602. The y i e l d s t r e s s of t h e 25M b a r s was 443.7 MPa (64.3 k s i ) and t h a t of t h e 161 b a r s 426.5 MPa (61.8 k s i ) . The u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h of t h e 25M b a r s

was

730 MPa (105.8 k s i ) and of t h e 10M b a r s , 671 MPa (97 k s i ) .

Concrete mix: The c o n c r e t e mix was designed t o produce a 34.5 MPa (5000 p s i ) s t r e n g t h non-air-entrained concrete. A w a t e r c e m e n t r a t i o of 0.6 was used. The slump was 74 mm (2.90 i n . ) . Batch q u a n t i t i e s a r e a s follows: cement, 307.3 kg/m3 (5 18 1blyd 3); c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e ,

1054.3 kg/m3 (1777 1 b l y d 3 ) ; sand. 871.5 kg/m3 (1469 1 b l y d 3 ) ; w a t e r , 153.7 kg/m3 (259 1 b l y d 3 ) . The measured p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o n c r e t e were: a i r c o n t e n t , 1.75%; d e n s i t y , 2416 kg/m3 (150.83 l b / f t 3 ) ;

compressive s t r e n g t h a t 28 days ( c a s t d a t e , 28 J u l y 1977), 35.7 MPa (5170 p s i ) .

Fabrication

C a s t i n g

The column was c a s t i n a s p e c i a l l y designed form. A t t h e s t a r t of c a s t i n g , t h e f r o n t s i d e of t h e form was l e f t open f o r d e p o s i t i n g f r e s h c o n c r e t e . The c o n c r e t e was mixed i n a 0.17 m 3 ( 6 f t 3, t i l t i n g drum mixer. Shovels and scoops were used t o d e p o s i t c o n c r e t e i n t h e form. A small i n t e r n a l v i b r a t o r was a p p l i e d t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e concrete. A s

c a s t i n g p r o g r e s s e d upwards, t h e window p i e c e s were s u c c e s s i v e l y c l o s e d and t i g h t l y b o l t e d t o t h e form t o avoid p o s s i b l e moisture l e a k s .

L i f t i n g hooks were embedded on o p p o s i t e s i d e s of t h e t e s t specimen 800 mm ( 2 f t 7 112 i n . ) from t h e t o p of t h e column. A c y l i n d r i c a l humidity w e 1 1 3 w i t h a d i a m e t e r of 4 mm (5132 i n . ) was p o s i t i o n e d a t mid-height of t h e column f o r measuring t h e r e l a t i v e humidity a t mid- depth.

R e i n f o r c i n g cage

The r e i n f o r c i n g cage was assembled by welding each end of 8

l o n g i t u d i n a l main r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s t o a s t e e l end p l a t e . The b a r s were c u t t o 3800 mm (12 f t 5 112 i n . ) and machined a t both e n d s , f o r a

l e n g t h of 31.8 mm ( 1 114 i n . ) t o a d i a m e t e r of 19 mm (314 in.). F i g u r e 2 shows d e t a i l s of t h e f i n i s h e d b a r s . The dimensions of t h e end p l a t e s were 863 x 863 x 38 mm (34 x 34 x 1 1 1 2 in.). E i g h t h o l e s were d r i l l e d i n each p l a t e , one i n each c o r n e r and two on each c e n t e r l i n e of t h e p l a t e t o accommodate t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l b a r s . The h o l e s were 20.6 mm

(13116 i n . ) i n diameter and t h e c e n t e r s of t h e h o l e s were spaced

142.9 mm ( 5 518 i n . ) from t h e c e n t e r l i n e s of t h e p l a t e s . I n t h i s way a column was o b t a i n e d w i t h a s e c t i o n of 406 x 406 mm (16 x 16 i n . ) and a cover of 47.6 mm ( 1 718 i n . ) t o t h e main r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and 38.1 mm

( 1 112 i n . ) t o t h e s t i r r u p s . The main b a r s and s t i r r u p s were t i e d t o g e t h e r t~ complete t h e s t e e l cage which, i n c l u d i n g t h e s t e e l p l a t e s , was 3810

mm

(12 f t 6 i n . ) long.

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Welding

The p r o v i s i o n s of

AWS

Designation: ~12.1-75 were followed when welding p l a t e s and b a r s . These members were p r e h e a t e d w i t h a propane t o r c h t o 288'C (550°F), t o p r e v e n t b r i t t l e f a i l u r e d u r i n g welding. The s i d e f i l l e t weld was done around b a r s on t h e i n n e r f a c e of t h e bottom p l a t e . McKay E10018-D2 and DYTRON-579 welding r o d s were used. Both t y p e s of welding rods have t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of 834.9 MPa (121 000 p s i ) . Mild-steel welding rods were used t o f i l l up t h e 6 mm (114 i n . ) deep h o l e s on t h e o u t e r f a c e s of t h e p l a t e . The rough s u r f a c e of t h e welded j o i n t s on t h e o u t e r f a c e of t h e p l a t e were ground t o a smooth f i n i s h .

The welding of t h e t o p s t e e l p l a t e was performed a f t e r t h e c a s t i n g of t h e columns. Before p o s i t i o n i n g t h e t o p p l a t e a 6 mm (114 i n . )

l a y e r of mortar was s p r e a d o v e r t h e t o p of t h e column t o e n s u r e good c o n t a c t between s t e e l p l a t e and c o n c r e t e . The mortar was made of 1 p a r t cement and 3 p a r t s s i l i c e o u s sand. Using t h e same procedure a s f o r t h e bottom p l a t e , t h e t o p p l a t e was welded on t h e o u t e r s i d e .

C u r i n g

The c o n c r e t e was cured under damp b u r l a p f o r 7 days a t 21 t o 24°C ( 7 0 t o 75'F). The form was t h e n s t r i p p e d , and t h e column k i l n - d r i e d a t

about 93OC (200°F) and 0 t o 5% r e l a t i v e humidity. The column, which was t o be t e s t e d a t a near-oven-dry c o n d i t i o n , was removed from t h e k i l n p e r i o d i c a l l y t o c o o l a t 23°C (73'F) s o t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e humidity i n t h e c o n c r e t e c o u l d b e measured. Moisture c o n t e n t i n t h e column d u r i n g t h e d r y i n g p e r i o d i s g i v e n below. Days a f t e r R e l a t i v e humidity c a s t i n g c e n t e r of column ( % ) 12 4 40 223 8 279 10

Two hundred seventy-nine days a f t e r c a s t i n g , t h e n e a r d r y

c o n d i t i o n was reached, and t h e column was wrapped i n p l a s t i c t o p r e v e n t a b s o r p t i o n of m o i s t u r e from t h e environment.

Thermocouples

Butt-welded chromel-alumel thermocouples w i t h a t h i c k n e s s of 0.912 mm (0.0359 in.) were u s e d t o make thermocouple frames f o r

measuring c o n c r e t e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n v a r i o u s c r o s s s e c t i o n s of t h e columns. Each frame c o n s i s t e d of a number of

thermocouples t i e d t o s t e e l r o d s t h a t were f i r m l y s e c u r e d t o t h e main r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s . Temperatures were measured a t t h r e e l e v e l s : a t o n e q u a r t e r h e i g h t , a t mid-height and a t t h r e e - q u a r t e r h e i g h t of t h e

column. A t mid-height t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s were measured a l o n g t h e whole l e n g t h of a c e n t e r l i n e and a d i a g o n a l of t h e s e c t i o n ; a t t h e o t h e r two

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levels the temperatures were measured only along half of the centerline and half of the diagonal of the section. The location of the

thermocouples in the concrete and their numbering are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

In addition, a number of thermocouples were mounted on the

reinforcing steel bars and ties. The locations of the thermocouples on

the steel are shown in Fig.

5

and in more detail in Fig. 6.

All thermocouples were installed in such a way that the wire

followed an isotherm for at least 12.7

mm

(112 in.) from the junction.

Test Apparatus

The test was carried out by exposing the column to heat in a furnace specially built for the testing of loaded columns and walls. The test furnace was designed to produce the conditions to which a member might be exposed during a fire, i.e. temperatures, structural loads, and heat transfer. It consists of a steel framework supported by four steel columns, with the furnace chamber inside the framework

(Fig.

7).

The characteristics and instrumentation of the furnace are

described in detail in reference 5. Only

a

brief description of the

furnace and the main Components will be given here.

Loading Device

Three hydraulic jacks produce forces along the three principal axes. The jack acting along the axis of the test column is located at the bottom of the furnace chamber. The plate on top of this jack can be used as a platform to which the column can be attached. No load was applied in this test.

Furnace

Chamber

The furnace chamber has a floor 2642 mm (8 ft 8 in.) on each side and is 3048 mm (10 ft) high. It is made of insulating materials that will produce a high heat transfer to the specimen. There are 32 propane gas burners in the furnace chamber, arranged in eight columns containing four burners each. The total capacity of the burners is

4700 kW (16 million Btulh). Each burner can be adjusted individually,

which allows a high temperature uniformity in the furnace chamber. The pressure in the furnace chamber is also adjustable. It was set

somewhat lower than atmospheric pressure.

Instrumentation

The furnace temperatures are measured with the aid of 8 chromel- alumel thermocouples. The junction of each thermocouple was located 305 mm (1 ft) from the test specimen, at various heights. Two

thermocouples are placed opposite each other every 610 mm (2 ft) along the height of the furnace chamber. The location of their junctions and

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l o c a t e d a t a h e i g h t of 610 mm (2 f t ) from t h e f l o o r , thermocouples No. 2 and 8 a t 1220 nun (4 f t ) , thermocouples No. 3 and 5 a t 1830 m

( 6 f t ) and thermocouples No. 1 and 7 a t 2440

mm

(8 f t ) . The

t e m p e r a t u r e s measured by t h e thermocouples a r e averaged a u t o m a t i c a l l y and t h e average temperature

i s

used a s t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e f u r n a c e temperature.

The l o a d s a r e c o n t r o l l e d and measured w i t h t h e a i d of p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s . The accuracy of c o n t r o l l i n g and measuring l o a d s i s about 20 kN ( 5 k i p s ) a t lower load l e v e l s and r e l a t i v e l y b e t t e r a t h i g h e r l o a d s .

Teat Conditions and Procedures

The column was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e f u r n a c e by b o l t i n g i t s end p l a t e s t o a l o a d i n g head a t t h e t o p and a h y d r a u l i c j a c k at t h e bottom. E i g h t 19 mm ( 3 / 4 i n . ) b o l t s , spaced r e g u l a r l y around t h e column 63.5 mm

( 2 112 i n . ) from t h e s i d e s were used a t each end. On t h e day of t h e t e s t , t h e moisture c o n d i t i o n i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e column was measured w i t h a Monfore gauge3. The r e l a t i v e humidity p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t of t h e t e s t was 9%. The ambient t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s t a r t of t h e t e s t was 19'C (66°F).

The column was t e s t e d unloaded. The compressive s t r e n g t h s of t h e c o n c r e t e , measured on two c y l i n d e r s , were 42.6 MPa (6172 p s i ) and

38.8 MPa (5633 p s i ) . The column was c a s t on t h e 28th of J u l y , 1977 and t e s t e d on t h e 23rd of January, 1981.

During t h e t e s t t h e column was exposed t o h e a t i n g c o n t r o l l e d s o t h a t t h e average t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e f u r n a c e followed a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e t h e A S T M - E ~ ~ ~ ~ o r U L C - S ~ O ~ s t a n d a r d temperature-time curve. T h i s curve can be approximately d e s c r i b e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g equation8:

where

Tf = t e m p e r a t u r e i n 'C, and T = t i m e i n h

where

Tf = t e m p e r a t u r g i n "F.

During t h e t e s t , t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e f u r n a c e and i n t h e column were measured a t t h e l o c a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . The a x i a l s t r a i n of

t h e column was n o t measured. The t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d f i v e hours a f t e r t h e s t a r t .

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TEST RESULTS

Measured Temperatures

I n Table 2, t h e s t e e l temperatures a r e g i v e n f o r v a r i o u s times. The t e m p e r a t u r e s measured i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n

T a b l e s 3A-D. The t e s t l a s t e d f i v e hours but t e m p e r a t u r e s measured i n t h e column a f t e r a b o u t 210 min. were n o t r e l i a b l e . T h i s was probably caused by l a r g e a x i a l expansion of t h e unloaded column and e x c e s s i v e expansion of t h e thermocouple w i r e s i n i t .

The average t e m p e r a t u r e s measured i n t h e f u r n a c e a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 .

F i g u r e 9 shows t h e column a f t e r t h e t e s t .

DISCUSSIOW

OF

RESULTS

Using t h e method d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e 9 , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s of t h e main r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l , and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n s have been c a l c u l a t e d . For t h e r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e c e n t e r h a s been chosen a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e average t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e s t e e l . T h i s t e m p e r a t u r e h a s been p l o t t e d i n Fig. 10. It i s compared w i t h t h e average temperatures o b t a i n e d from measurements on two r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s d u r i n g t h e t e s t . These

measurements were made w i t h thermocouples No. 6 and 11, l o c a t e d o p p o s i t e each o t h e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c e n t e r of one b a r , and w i t h thermocouples No. 4 and 12, l o c a t e d o p p o s i t e e a c h o t h e r on a n o t h e r b a r (Fig. 6 ) . The comparison between measured a v e r a g e s t e e l t e m p e r a t u r e s and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s t e e l , c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e method d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e 9, shows a good agreement between measured and c a l c u l a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s . The t e m p e r a t u r e s measured on t h e s t e e l by t h e i n d i v i d u a l thermocouples a r e shown i n Fig. 11.

I n Fig. 12, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e shown measured a l o n g a c e n t e r l i n e i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s and column h e i g h t s .

I n Fig. 13 t e m p e r a t u r e s c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h r e e d e p t h s a r e compared w i t h t h e a v e r a g e of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s measured a t t h r e e h e i g h t s a l o n g t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e column.

I n Fig. 1 4 a s i m i l a r comparison i s made f o r t h e temperatures a l o n g t h e d i a g o n a l of t h e column s e c t i o n s .

The comparisons show a f a i r l y good agreement between measured and c a l c u l a t e d c o n c r e t e t e m p e r a t u r e s .

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1. Standard P r a c t i c e f o r Petrographic Examination of Aggregates f o r Concrete, (1979). ASTM C295-79, American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

2. Standard S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r Deformed and P l a i n B u l l e t - S t e e l Bars f o r Concrete Reinforcement, (1980). ASTM A615-80, American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

3. Vonfore, G.E. (1962). A Small Probe-Type Gauge f o r Measuring R e l a t i v e Humidity. J o u r n a l of t h e PCA Research and Development L a b o r a t o r i e s , Vol. 5, No. 2.

4 . R e i n f o r c i n g S t e e l Welding Code, (1975). AWS-D12.1-75, American Welding S o c i e t y , Manlius, NY.

5. L i e , T.T. (1980). New F a c i l i t y t o Determine F i r e R e s i s t a n c e of Columns. Canadian J o u r n a l of C i v i l Engineering, Vol. 7 , No. 3.

6. Standard Methods of F i r e T e s t s of B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n and

M a t e r i a l s , (1979). ANSIIASTM E119-79, American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

7. Standard Methods of F i r e Endurance T e s t s of B p i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n and M a t e r i a l s , (1980). ULC-S101-M1980, Underwriters' L a b o r a t o r i e s of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario.

8. L i e , T.T. and Harmathy, T.Z. (1972). A Numerical Procedure t o C a l c u l a t e t h e Temperature of P r o t e c t e d S t e e l Columns Exposed t o F i r e , F i r e Study No. 28, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, National Research C o u n c i l Canada, NRCC 12535.

9. L i e , T.T., A l l e n , D.E., L i n , T.D. and Abrams, M.S. F i r e R e s i s t a n c e of R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e Columns, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council Canada, Ottawa, t o be p u b l i s h e d .

(11)

TABLE

1

PETROGRAPHY OF

SAND

AND GRAVEL USED AS AGGREGATE

Composition of Sieve F r a c t i o n , Percent on Sieve of Size I n d i c a t e d _Percent

Component Passing

19 mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 6 mm No. No. No. No. No. No. No. through

4 8 16 30 50 100 200 No. 200 Granite 37.9 32.9 25.5 31.3 27

.O

27.6 12.3 7 -4 1.9 4.4 0.6

-

Q u a r t z i t e 21.6 29.2 34.8 24.6 24.5 20.0 12.3 12.6 10.9 3.1 2.2

--

Quartz 6.3 3.1 4.9 4.8 5.5 18.8 52.2 62.0 73.1 79.5 74.2 92.0 c h e r t a 10.8 7.0 5.2 8.1 9.8

5.9

7.7 3.5 2.0 0.8 2.8 2.0 Sandstone-Quartz Conglomerate 1.9 0.8 3.1 5.1 5.5 8.3

-

--

Rhyolite-Dacite 13.9 6.2 2.2 5.1 7.2 4.1 0.8 2.6 1.6 0.8 0.9

--

Feldspar

--

-

--

-

1.3 5.0 6.6 5 .O 10.8 4 .O D i o r i t e 1.9 1.4 3.1 1.8 1.2

--

-

--

Graywacke b 1.3 9.5 5.8 5.4 4.3 . 6.5 2.3 1.5 0.3

--

0.6

--

Gneiss-Schist 2.5 5.1 10.5 9.3 7.5

-

4 - 1 6.4 1.8 0.9 1.1 0.6

--

Basalt 1.9 4.5 4 .O 3.9 6.9 3.2 2.6 2.4 0.7

-

0.3 --

Mist. Igneous Rocks and Opaque Minerals

--

P a r t i c l e Shape 19 t o 6 mm (%) No. 4 t o No. 16 (%) No. 30 t o No. 200 (%)

Subrounded t o rounded Subrounded t o subangular Angular

a " ~ r o n s t o n e , " made up of j a s p e r and hematite, i s included i n t h e c h e r t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . b ~ n c l u d e s metagraywacke.

+he miscellaneous igneous rocks were severely a l t e r e d and p o s i t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was impossible. The opaque minerals occurred i n t h e No. 50 and smaller s i e v e s i z e s and were l a r g e l y magnetite.

(12)

TABLE 2 MEASURED STEEL TEMPERATURES

-

Temperature ( " C ) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time ( m i d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 32 36 output

*

47

*

6 6

*

9 9

*

117

*

1 3 8

*

1 5 9

*

182

*

208

*

233

*

259

*

2 8 4

*

307

*

3 3 0

*

3 5 1 1 9 4 372 248 3 9 1 267 409 292 427 313 445 324 4 6 1 334 477 369 508 5 2 1 535 627 562 6 5 3 5 8 9 674 618 6 9 3 6 4 9 7 0 8 679 7 2 0 7 0 2 7 3 0 719 7 3 9 7 3 0 *Measurement n o t r e l i a b l e

(13)

TABLE 3A CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES

IN

FRAME A

Temperature ("C) Measured at Thermocouple No: (no output from Nos. 1 3 , 17, 19, 20) Time

(min) 14 15 16 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

(14)

TABLE 38 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAEIE B

Temperature (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time

(min) 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

(15)

TABLE 3C CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME C Time (mid

-

0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 0 55 6 0 65 7 0 75 8 0 8 5 9 0 95 1 0 0 105 110 120 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 5 0 160 1 7 0 180 19 0 200 210

Temperature (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No:

45 46 47 48 49 50 5 1 52 5 3 5 4 5 5 56 57 5 8 59 60 1 9 1 9 1 9 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 77 60 48 35 24 2 1 1 9 1 9 20 2 1 27 40 6 3 8 3 119 142 1 2 5 96 7 5 50 30 21 19 19 20 22 3 3 59 99 1 3 1 189 234 229 169 126 8 2 39 23 20 1 9 20 24 4 3 95 162 225 345 427 339 254 189 116 57 26 20 19 21 28 6 8 3.39 239 287 481 553 433 334 253 1 5 1 76 3 1 2 1 20 23 3 8 1 0 1 180 316 344 577 654 504 397 308 1 9 1 8 0 39 22 20 26 5 3 106 236 384 392 652 724 558 449 357 232 8 5 5 1 25 2 1 32 102 122 288 439 436 712 778 602 492 399 266 96 6 5 29 2 3 4 3 1 0 3 146 334 488 472 753 812 639 528 434 297 99 78 34 26 5 8 103 169 373 5 3 1 498

*

666 558 464 325

*

90 4 1 32 87 1 0 3 194 407 571 522 759

*

693 586 4 9 1 349

*

1 0 3 49 48 103 104 218 438 608 539 778

*

716 611 515 372

*

1 0 3 8 7 1 0 3 1 0 3 110 243 467 641 544 792

*

736 634 538 393

*

104 102 1 0 3 1 0 3 122 267 4 9 1 670 558 8 0 1

*

752 653 559 413 102 107 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 3 135 290 5 5 696 568 807

*

767 671 578 4 3 1 107 115 103 103 1 0 3 149 313 536 718

*

8 0 8

*

781 687 596 448 112 1 2 3 104

*

1 0 4 1 6 3 334 557 738 570 812

*

792 700 611 464 192 131 104

*

104 176 355 578 755

*

813

*

8 0 3 712 625 479 205 139 104

*

1 0 5 188 374 597 771 x

*

813 723 638 493 228 146 1 0 5

*

109 201 393 615 785

*

i 8 2 3 735 651 506 236 154 107

*

116 214 411 631 800

*

i R 833 745 663 518 245 162 111

*

1 2 3 227 429 645 814

*

i

*

842 755 674 530 253 170 115

*

132 239 445 662 826

*

f

*

860 774 696 553 270 187 1 2 3

*

150 263 477 690 847

*

877 792 716 576

*

205 134

*

1 6 8 287 505 716 867

*

i

*

8 9 1 809 734 598

*

224 147 1 2 1 186 309 530 738 8 8 3

*

904 823 752 618

*

242 1 6 1 1 3 8 204 331 555 760 897

*

912 835 766 636

*

261 177 156 222 352 580 7 8 1 910

*

i

*

914 839 776 652

*

280 1 9 3 1 7 3 240 372 604 798 917

*

x 920 845 786 665

*

299 210 1 9 1 257 3 9 1 626 812 923

*

x 926 8 5 1 793 678

*

319 229 212 275 410 646 824 929

*

927 8 5 1 793 690

*

347 259 243 292 428 664 835 931

*

x

*

699

*

401 331 308 309 445 677 845 931

*

x

*

*Measurement not r e l i a b l e

(16)

TABLE 3 D CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME D

Temperature (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time (min) 6 1 62 6 3 64 6 5 66 67 6 8 69 70 7 1 7 2 7 3 74 75 76 0 1 9 19 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 19 19 1 9 1 9 1 9 19 ₁₉ ₁₉ _{1 9} 5 72 55 44 26 1 5 1 2

*

i 29 56 8 0 114 142 1 0 1212 9 4 74 4 3 19 1 3

*

24 5 1 9 9 136 196 255 1 5 216 164 127 75 29 1 5

*

x

*

36 9 1 167 233 341 426 20 315 240 188 110 44 1 8

*

x 2 2 6 8 U 3 244 336 473 570 25 406 316 251 149 67 23

*

38 1 0 1 176 322 4 3 1 578 678 3 0 478 379 305 180 9 3 32

*

22 97 106 233 392 509 656

*

35 533 430 352 219 1 0 1 4 3

*

32 99 123 284 454 570 718 733 40 575 473 394 265 104 5 8 21

*

4 3 6 1 1 4 5 327 507 625 759 762 45 613 510 431 294 129 8 2 27 2 1 55 1 0 1 167 363 550 671 793 785 5 0 643 541 462 323 147 94 37 28 6 8 1 0 1 1 9 1 3 9 5 591 708 807 789 55 670 569 490 349 164 99 59 36 92 102 214 423 627 739

*

792 6 0 694 595 515 372 1 8 1 102 8 6 8 3 1 0 1 1 0 3 238 449 659 765

*

801 6 5 715 619 538 393 1 9 8 104 92 97 102 110 261 474 687 789

*

810 7 0 732 639 557 413 214 106 96 99 102 122 283 496 7 1 1 8 0 8

*

815 75 748 657 577 432 229 116 9 8 106 102 135 304 518 7 3 1 825

*

819 8 0 762 674 595 449 244 126 1 0 0 100 102 1 4 8 324 538 750 8 4 1

*

819 8 5 773 687 610 465 258 136 1 0 1 1 0 1 102 162 344 557 767 8 5 3

*

9 0 784 700 625 480 272 146 102 1 0 1 1 0 3 174 362 575 782 864

*

9 5 795 712 638 494 286 155 102 1 0 1 110 187 380 593 796 873

*

1 0 0 806 724 651 5 0 8 299 165 1 0 3

*

118 199 397 611 809 882

*

1 0 5 816 732 663 520 312 174 104 102 1 2 5 212 413 627 8 2 1 8 9 1

*

110 825 745 675 532 324 184 109 102 1 3 2 224 428 643 832 897

*

120 845 766 697 555 348 203 119 102 148 247 458 673 853

*

130 862 785 717 578 370 222 1 3 3 107 164 270 485 699 871

*

140 877 802 735 599 393 240 147 120 180 292 510 723 887

*

i

*

1 5 0 890 818 752 619 413 259 162 132 197 313 534 745 901

*

160 899 830 767 637 433 277 177 146 214 334 556 765 912

*

i i~ 17 0 902 837 777 652 453 295 1 9 3 1 6 1 231 354 579 7 8 3 918

*

180 908 845 787 666 471 313 209 176 249 374 601 798 922

*

x x 1 9 0 915 8 5 3 798 679 488 330 224 1 9 1 266 393 621 8 1 1 922

*

200 922 862 808 692 504 346 240 207 283 412 640 824

*

R i 210 931 871 819 705 520 362 255 222 299 430 658 836

*

*Measurement n o t r e l i a b l e

(17)

TABLE ₄ AVERAGE FURNACE TEMPERATURE

T i m e T e m p e r a t u r e T i m e T e m p e r a t u r e T i m e T e m p e r a t u r e

(18)

A G G R E G A T E

F I N E

/

40

1 /

C O A R S E

/

-I

A G G R E G A T E

/

j

m m

S T A N D A R D S I Z E O F S Q U A R E M E S H S I E V E

F I G U R E 1

G R A D A T I O N C U R V E S O F S I L I C E O U S A G G R E G A T E

(19)

1

19 mm DIA. FOR 25 M BAR THICK PLATE 25 M BAR 38 mm THICK PLATE F I G U R E 2 M A I N R E I N F O R C I N G B A R S

(20)

TIC

ON

TIC FRAME AT

S E C T I O N A -

TIC FRAME B 1

FRAME C

FRONT

S E C T I O N B

TlC FRAME

D

@

_{S E C T I O N C - C}

v/!

:,

TIC FRAME

F I G U R E

3 L A Y O U T O F T H E R M O C O U P L E F R A M E S

B R 6 4 4 1 - 2

(21)

TIC FRAME

F I G U R E 4

L O C A T I O N A N D N U M B E R S OF T H E R M O C O U P L E S I N A Q U A R T E R S E C T I O N O F 4 0 6

rnm

x 4 0 6 mrn C O L U M N

(22)

TIC 5, 7 7 /$l?FiK,"RCNG BAR

8 25 M BAR TIC 1, 3

8 6 4 x 8 6 4 x 3 8 m m 7 4 0 6 m m THICK STEEL PLATE

F I G U R E 5

(23)

F I G U R E 6

(24)

FIGURE 7

(25)

( E A S T S I D E )

F I G U R E 8

L O C A T I O N A N D N U M B E R S O F T H E R M O C O U P L E S I N C O L U M N F U R N A C E C H A M B E R

(26)

FIGURE 9

(27)

T I M E , m i n F I G U R E 10 C A L C U L A T E D A N D M E A S U R E D A V E R A G E T E M P E R A T U R E S OF M A I N R E I N F O R C I N G B A R S 0 I 0 100 200 T I M E , m l n F I G U R E 11

(28)

314 H E I G H T

---

M I D - H E I G H T

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

1 1 4 H E I G H T i n n C ,> - - nr --,*

/.--

4 0 100 200 T I M E , m i n F I G U R E 12 T E M P E R A T U R E S M E A S U R E D I N C O N C R E T E S E C T I O N A L O N G C E N T R E L I N E A T V A R I O U S D E P T H S A N D C O L U M N H E I G H T S C A L C U L A T E D A V E R A G E M E A S U R E D T I M E , m l n F I G U R E 13 C O N C R E T E T E M P E R A T U R E S I N S E C T I O N A L O N G C E N T R E L I N E A T V A R I O U S D E P T H S

(29)

CALCULATED V u E

-

TIME, m i n F I G U R E 14 C O N C R E T E T E M P E R A T U R E S I N S E C T I O N A L O N G D I A G O N A L A T V A R I O U S D E P T H S