• Aucun résultat trouvé

Pratiques langagières et identité discursive des professeurs-blogueurs

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Pratiques langagières et identité discursive des professeurs-blogueurs"

Copied!
192
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)&HFLOLD&RQGHL $OLFH,RQHVFX. 'DQLHOD'LQFă &ULVWLDQD1LFROD7HRGRUHVFX pGV

(2) .

(3) 'LUHFWHXUGHODFROOHFWLRQ. &HFLOLD&RQGHL8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD. &RPLWpVFLHQWLILTXH <DVPLQH$WWLND$EEqV.DUDeFROH1RUPDOH6XSpULHXUHGHV/HWWUHVHW6FLHQFHV +XPDLQHV%RX]DUpDK$OJHU ,RQ%X]HUD8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 6LJROqQH&RXFKRW6FKLH[8QLYHUVLWp3DULV(VW&UpWHLO *DEULHO&R‫܈‬RYHDQX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD $QFD*k‫܊‬ă8QLYHUVLWp'XQăUHDGH-RVGH*DOD‫܊‬L )ORUHQWLQD0RJRQHD8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 'pSDUWHPHQWSRXUOD)RUPDWLRQGX3HUVRQQHO(QVHLJQDQW 6LOYLD3LWLULFLX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD (OHQD3vUYX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 0LKDHOD$OH[DQGULQD3RSHVFX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 'pSDUWHPHQWSRXUOD)RUPDWLRQGX3HUVRQQHO(QVHLJQDQW 0LKDHOD‫܇‬W5ăGXOHVFX8QLYHUVLWp7HFKQLTXHGH&RQVWUXFWLRQV%XFDUHVW 0RQLFD7LOHD8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD &ULVWLDQD1LFROD7HRGRUHVFX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 7LWHOD9kOFHDQX8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD $QD9XMRYLü)DFXOWpGHIRUPDWLRQGHVPDvWUHVGHO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH%HOJUDGH /XGPLOD=EDQ‫)܊‬DFXOWp/DQJXHVHW/LWWpUDWXUHVeWUDQJqUHV 8QLYHUVLWpG eWDWGH0ROGRYD. &DGUDJHVFLHQWLILTXHHWWHFKQLTXH /D FROOHFWLRQ ','$&7,48(6 '(6 /$1*8(6 /$1*8$*( 7($&+,1* 0(7+2'2/2*< ','$77,&$ '(//( /,1*8( ','$&7,&$ /,0%,/25  6H SURSRVH GH SURPRXYRLU O¶DFWLYLWp HW O¶H[SpULHQFHGHVHQVHLJQDQWVFKHUFKHXUVGXPLOLHXXQLYHUVLWDLUHRXSUpXQLYHUVLWDLUH&RPSWH WHQXGHODGLYHUVLWpGXSXEOLFVFRODLUHOD&ROOHFWLRQHVWRXYHUWHDX[WUDYDX[EDVpVVXUXQH LQWHUURJDWLRQVFLHQWLILTXHDQFUpHGDQVOHFRQFUHWFRQFHUQDQWOHVVW\OHVG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHOHV SURILOV FRJQLWLIV OHV PRGqOHV FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH HIILFDFHV /HXU GLYHUVLWp UHIOpWHUD OD FRPSOH[LWp GH O¶DFWH G¶HQVHLJQHU HW GH O¶DFWH G¶DSSUHQGUH  WUDYDX[ GH UHFKHUFKH FRXUV XQLYHUVLWDLUHV FDKLHUV GH VpPLQDLUHV PRQRJUDSKLHV FRQFHUQDQW OH V\VWqPH pGXFDWLI PDWpULHO DX[LOLDLUH SRXU OHV SUDWLTXHV GH FODVVH WUDYDLO HQ JURXSH RX LQGLYLGXHO (OOH HVW DXVVLRXYHUWHDX[UpIOH[LRQVGHIRQGVXUODIRUPDWLRQO¶DFWLYLWpOHSURILOVFLHQWLILTXHHWOH U{OHGHO¶(QVHLJQDQWHWGHO¶(QVHLJQDQWFKHUFKHXUGDQVODVRFLpWpDFWXHOOH..

(4) &HFLOLD&RQGHL $OLFH,RQHVFX. 'DQLHOD'LQFă &ULVWLDQD1LFROD7HRGRUHVFX pGV

(5) . $&7(6'8&2//248(,17(51$7,21$/ $16'()5$1d$,6 ¬/¶81,9(56,7e'(&5$,29$ 

(6)  720(,,,. /()5$1d$,6/$1*8(e75$1*Ê5( 6&e12*5$3+,(6','$&7,48(6 (75(&20326,7,216)250$7,9(6. (GLWXUD8QLYHUVLWDULD &UDLRYD.

(7) &RS\ULJKW‹(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLWDULD 7RDWHGUHSWXULOHVXQWUH]HUYDWH(GLWXULL8QLYHUVLWDULD . 1LFLR SDUWH GLQ DFHVW YROXP QX SRDWH IL FRSLDWă IăUă DFRUGXO VFULV DO HGLWRUXOXL .  'HVFULHUHD&,3D%LEOLRWHFLL1DĠLRQDOHD5RPkQLHL $16'()5$1d$,6¬/ 81,9(56,7e'(&5$,29$&ROORTXH LQWHUQDWLRQDO &UDLRYD

(8)  $FWHVGX&ROORTXHLQWHUQDWLRQDODQVGHIUDQoDLVjO 8QLYHUVLWpGH &UDLRYD&UDLRYD8QLYHUVLWDULD YRO ,6%1 7RPH/HIUDQoDLVODQJXHpWUDQJqUHVFpQRJUDSKLHVGLGDFWLTXHV HW UHFRPSRVLWLRQV IRUPDWLYHVpGV  &HFLOLD &RQGHL 'DQLHOD 'LQFă $OLFH ,RQHVFX &ULVWLDQD1LFROD 7HRGRUHVFX    &RQĠLQH ELEOLRJUDILH  ,6%1 ,&RQGHL&HFLOLD HG

(9)  ,,'LQFă'DQLHOD HG

(10)  ,,,,RQHVFX$OLFH HG

(11)  ,97HRGRUHVFX&ULVWLDQD1LFROD HG

(12)  .  . 6RXUFHGHO¶LPDJHGHODFRXYHUWXUH KWWSVWHPSODWHVRIILFHFRPHQXV$FDGHPLFSUHVHQWDWLRQSLQVWULSHDQGULEERQ GHVLJQZLGHVFUHHQ70. . /H YROXPH $&7(6 '8 &2//248( ,17(51$7,21$/ 50 ANS DE FRANÇAIS À L’UNIVERSITÉ DE CRAIOVA (1966-2016) Le français langue étrangère : scénographies didactiques et recompositions formativesEpQpILFLHGX VRXWLHQ ILQDQFLHU GH O¶$JHQFH 8QLYHUVLWDLUH GH OD )UDQFRSKRQLH %XUHDX GH O¶(XURSH&HQWUDOHHW2ULHQWDOH4X¶HOOHVRLWLFLFKDOHXUHXVHPHQWUHPHUFLpH . . .

(13) 7$%/('(60$7,Ê5(6 ,QWURGXFWLRQ««««««««««««««««««««««. . &21)e5(1&(3/e1,Ê5(«««««««««««««««««««« )UpGpULTXH3(//(7,(5 /DSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWHQFRQWH[WHXQLYHUVLWDLUHjO¶qUHGXQXPpULTXH««««  6(&7,21','$&7,48( &HFLOLD&21'(, /HPDQXHOGH)/(XQPRXOHRVHFRXOHQWWH[WHLPDJHpYpQHPHQW 8QGHPLVLqFOHGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW««««««««««««««««««  'DQLHOD',1&Ă /DSpGDJRJLHSDUSURMHWGDQVODIRUPDWLRQLQLWLDOH GHVIXWXUVHQVHLJQDQWVGH)/(HQMHX[GLGDFWLTXHVHWLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV«««««  -DQ*2(6 /DFRQMXJDLVRQHQIUDQoDLVODQJXHpWUDQJqUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVHWUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV«  $OLFH,21(6&8 4XHOOHpYDOXDWLRQGDQVXQHDSSURFKHSDUFRPSpWHQFHV GDQVOHFRQWH[WHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWVXSpULHXUGX)/("  6LPRQD$LGD0$12/$&+( /DGLGDFWLTXHGX)/(/HVGpILVGHODIRUPDWLRQFRQWLQXH««««««««« 'RULQD3Ă1&8/(6&8 /HV\PEROLVPHGHVQRPEUHVHQSHUVSHFWLYHGLGDFWLTXH 'RPDLQHIUDQoDLVURXPDLQ«««««««««««««««««««««««  0DULDQD3,7$5 4XHOTXHVGLIILFXOWpVGDQVO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHVW\SHVGHWH[WH«««««««« . .

(14) '266,(5JEUNES CHERCHEURS (OHQD*HRUJLDQD&21'2,8 9,17,/Ă

(15)  3UDWLTXHVODQJDJLqUHVHWLGHQWLWpGLVFXUVLYHGHVSURIHVVHXUVEORJXHXUV«««  2UWDQVD1LQD&2167$17,1(6&8 )5$1ğ(6&8

(16)  /DSDJHGXPDQXHOGH)/(HWVHVIRUPHVGHVWUXFWXUDWLRQSDUJURXSHPHQW«. . 9LROHWD0DULD(1$&+( /DGLPHQVLRQ©JHQUHªGDQVOHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGHVDFWHXUVGHO¶pFROH 5RGLFD'RLQD*(25*(6&8 /HJXLGHHWOHWRXULVWHGHX[LQVWDQFHVGLVFXUVLYHVHQJDJpHV GDQVODFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRXULVWLTXH«««««««««««««««««  /RUHGDQD,21,&Ă /¶LPDJHDXWKHQWLTXHGDQVOHVPDQXHOVGH)/(U{OHVHWIRQFWLRQV  ,XOLDQD)ORULQD3$1'(/,&Ă /HFKDPSVpPDQWLFROH[LFDOGHODFRXOHXUbleue«««««««««««« -HDQ/XF5$=$),1'5$0,176$7KRPDV0$+$72'<-RVYDK3DXO 5$=$),0$1',0%< 'pULYDWLRQGHOH[LTXHGHODODQJXHpWHQGXHpODERUpH HQPRGqOHFRQFHSWXHO ,RDQD&ăWăOLQD5(=($18 0LFKHO+RXHOOHEHFTXQQDWXUDOLVWHLQVRXPLV««««««««««««« 0DULDQD*DEULHOD7$/3,= $1*+(/

(17)  eWXGHVVXUODUHIRUPXODWLRQGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHODSUHVVHpFULWH««««««  1RWLFHVELRELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV«««««««««««««««««««« . .

(18) ,1752'8&7,21 /HSDUFRXUVG¶XQHLQVWLWXWLRQDFDGpPLTXHFRPPHFHOXLGHO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH &UDLRYDHWGHVRQ'pSDUWHPHQWGH)UDQoDLVTXLIrWHXQGHPLVLqFOHG¶H[LVWHQFHHVW PDUTXp SDU GHV DFWHXUV OH SHUVRQQHO DFDGpPLTXH HW OH SXEOLF G¶pWXGLDQWV

(19)  PDLV VXUWRXWSDUOHXUVIRUPHVGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVFLHQWLILTXHGDQVXQHDPELDQFHVWXGLHXVH &¶HVW LFL G¶DSUqV QRXV OH ILO FRQGXFWHXU UHVSRQVDEOH GH OD FRKpUHQFH GH FHW RXYUDJH UpVXOWDW GHV WUDYDX[ GX &ROORTXH DQQLYHUVDLUH  DQV GH IUDQoDLV j O¶8QLYHUVLWp GH &UDLRYD TXL V¶HVW GpURXOp GX  DX  PDL  0DvWUHV HW GLVFLSOHVSURGXLVHQWGHVGLVFRXUVSDUIDLWHPHQWKDUPRQLVpVOHVSUHPLHUVHQWDQWTXH FKHUFKHXUVH[SpULPHQWpVHWUHFRQQXVOHVVHFRQGVGDQVOHXUTXDOLWpG¶DVSLUDQWVjOD UHFRQQDLVVDQFH VFLHQWLILTXH /¶REMHW G¶pWXGH HVW OH TXRWLGLHQ GH OHXU SURIHVVLRQ SRXUODSOXSDUWODFODVVHRXOHJURXSHG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHSRXUG¶DXWUHVOHPDQXHO VFRODLUH0DLVO¶REMHWG¶pWXGHSURSRVpGDQVFHYROXPHHVWDXVVLXQDVSHFWGXPRQGH OLWWpUDLUH MRXUQDOLVWLTXH WRXULVWLTXH XQ DVSHFW GH OD PRGpOLVDWLRQ GX ODQJDJH OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQG¶XQIDLWGHODQJXHGDQVODVLWXDWLRQGLGDFWLTXHRXWRXWVLPSOHPHQW ODUpSRQVHjXQHTXHVWLRQYLVDQWO¶DPpOLRUDWLRQG¶XQHSUDWLTXHDFDGpPLTXH /H YROXPH HVW FRQVWUXLW HQ GHX[ VHFWLRQVFRUUHVSRQGDQW DX[ GRVVLHUV TXL V¶HQFKDvQHQWGDQVXQHORJLTXHDOODQWGHOD'LGDFWLTXHYHUVOHV-HXQHVFKHUFKHXUV /H GRVVLHU 'LGDFWLTXH V¶RXYUH DYHF OD FRQIpUHQFH SOpQLqUH LQWLWXOpH /D SpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWHQFRQWH[WHXQLYHUVLWDLUHjO¶qUHGXQXPpULTXHVRXWHQXHSDU )UpGpULTXH 3HOOHWLHU GH O¶8QLYHUVLWp GH *DODWDVDUD\ j ,VWDQEXO ,O V¶DJLW G¶XQH FRQWULEXWLRQ GpGLpH j OD PLVH HQ SODFH G¶XQ GLVSRVLWLI LQQRYDQW ILQDOLWp EHVRLQV FKRL[ SpGDJRJLTXHV

(20)  FHQWUp VXU OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW HQ WDQW TXH SURFHVVXV GH PRWLYDWLRQ HW G DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GHV pWXGLDQWV VXLYDQW XQH IRUPDWLRQ HQ )/( 3OXV SUpFLVpPHQWO¶DUWLFOHPHWDXSUHPLHUSODQOHVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVOHVSOXVLPSRUWDQWHV HQUHJLVWUpHVGDQVOHSURFHVVXVG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJHGX)/(jO¶8QLYHUVLWp GH*DODWDVDUD\ PRGLILFDWLRQGHVU{OHVpWXGLDQWVHQVHLJQDQWVpYROXWLRQGHVFXUVXV UHGpILQLWLRQ GHV FRPSpWHQFHV j WUDQVPHWWUH LQWpJUDWLRQ GH QRXYHDX[ RXWLOV LPSOLTXpV GDQV O¶DFWH G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH

(21)  HW SURSRVH SOXVLHXUV SLVWHV G¶DFWLRQ O¶DQLPDWLRQOHJXLGDJHOHWXWRUDWO¶LQJpQLHULHSpGDJRJLTXH &HFLOLD &RQGHL SURSRVH XQ UHJDUG VXU OH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW GX PDQXHO HQ UDSSRUWDYHFO¶pYpQHPHQW/HPDQXHOGH)/(XQPRXOHRVHFRXOHQWWH[WHLPDJH pYpQHPHQW 8Q GHPLVLqFOH GH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW /D FRQWULEXWLRQ VXLW GHX[ SHUVSHFWLYHV pQRQFLDWLYH GRPLQDQWH

(22)  HW VRFLRORJLTXH WRXFKpH Oj R O¶LPSRVH OH SDUFRXUVGHO¶DUJXPHQWDWLRQ

(23) /DSUHPLqUHHQYLVDJHO¶pQRQFLDWLRQGLGDFWLTXHGRQWOHV UHSqUHVDSSDUDLVVHQWGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVPDQXHOVURXPDLQVGH)/(GXGHUQLHUGHPL VLqFOH/¶LGHQWLWppQRQFLDWLYHGXFRQFHSWHXUGXPDQXHOVRQSRVLWLRQQHPHQW OHPRW UHQYRLHjXQFKDPSGHIRUFH

(24) HQUDSSRUWDYHFOHVpYpQHPHQWVTX¶LOUHWLHQWHWSURSRVH .

(25) jO¶pWXGHGHODMHXQHJpQpUDWLRQPRQWUHXQFKRL[LQIOXHQFpFRQVLGqUHO¶DXWHXUHSDU OH SRXYRLU SROLWLTXH GX PRPHQW 'HYHQX DUFKLYH O¶pYpQHPHQW V¶LQVFULW GDQV OHV SDJHVGXPDQXHOWDQWGDQVOHWH[WHTXHGDQVOHVLPDJHVGHVRQYRLVLQDJH 'DQVVRQDUWLFOHLQWLWXOp/DSpGDJRJLHSDUSURMHWGDQVODIRUPDWLRQLQLWLDOH GHV IXWXUV HQVHLJQDQWV GH )/(  HQMHX[ GLGDFWLTXHV HW LQVWLWXWLRQQHOV 'DQLHOD 'LQFă PHW HQ H[HUJXH OHV GHX[ YROHWV GLGDFWLTXH HWLQVWLWXWLRQQHO

(26)  GH OD PLVH HQ SODFH GH FH GLVSRVLWLI GDQV OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV IXWXUV HQVHLJQDQWV GH )/( 'DQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV LO V¶DJLW GH OD GpILQLWLRQ G¶XQ QRXYHDX SDUDGLJPH SRXU UHQGUH OHV DSSUHQDQWV OLEUHV DXWRQRPHV HW UHVSRQVDEOHV GDQV OHXU SURMHW SHUVRQQHO HW SURIHVVLRQQHO IRUPXODWLRQ GHV REMHFWLIV SUpFLV FKRL[ GHV RXWLOV SpGDJRJLTXHV DGpTXDWV pYDOXDWLRQ LQGLYLGXHOOH WRXW DX ORQJ GH OD IRUPDWLRQ HWF

(27)  'X SRLQW GH YXH LQVWLWXWLRQQHO LO \ D DXWDQW GH SLVWHV j VXLYUH TXH GHV REVWDFOHV j VXUPRQWHU PDLVO¶DUWLFOHILQLWGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHRSWLPLVWHPHWWDQWO¶DFFHQWVXUODGpILQLWLRQ GHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWGX)/(FRPPH©XQDFWHYRORQWDLUHG¶XQHSHUVRQQHUHVSRQVDEOH TXLVDLWFRPPHQWDSSUHQGUHDYHFTXHOVLQVWUXPHQWVHWSRXUTXHOOHILQDOLWpª 'DQV/DFRQMXJDLVRQHQ)/(SUpVHQWDWLRQVHWUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV-DQ*RHV H[DPLQHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVSUpVHQWDWLRQVGHODFRQMXJDLVRQIUDQoDLVHDYHFODILQDOLWpGH SURSRVHU TXHOTXHV PRGLILFDWLRQV HW VLPSOLILFDWLRQV j O¶XVDJH GHV DSSUHQDQWV /¶DXWHXUSDUWGXFRQVWDWTX¶LOH[LVWHGLIIpUHQWHVIDoRQVGHSUpVHQWHUODFRQMXJDLVRQ HQIUDQoDLVHWTXHO¶HQVHLJQDQWSHXWFKRLVLUFHTXLOXLSDUDvWOHSOXVDSSURSULpSRXU VHV DSSUHQDQWV SDU H[HPSOH HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OHXU ODQJXH PDWHUQHOOH HW GH OHXUV KDELWXGHVG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH

(28)  3DUWDQW GX SULQFLSH TXH O¶pYDOXDWLRQ GHV FRPSpWHQFHV OLQJXLVWLTXHV j O¶XQLYHUVLWp GRLW V¶LQWpJUHU GDQV XQH GpPDUFKH SpGDJRJLTXH VRXVWHQGXH SDU XQH ORJLTXH QRXYHOOH GH W\SH DFWLRQQHO $OLFH ,RQHVFX QRXV SURSRVH GDQV 4XHOOH pYDOXDWLRQGDQVXQHDSSURFKHSDUFRPSpWHQFHVGDQVOHFRQWH[WHGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQW VXSpULHXUGX)/("XQHUpIOH[LRQVXUODQDWXUHGHVFRPSpWHQFHVpYDOXpHVDXFRXUV GHODIRUPDWLRQLQLWLDOHGHVpWXGLDQWVHQ)/(HWTXHOTXHVSLVWHVSRXUO¶DPpOLRUDWLRQ GHVSURFpGXUHVG¶pYDOXDWLRQGHVTXDWUHFRPSpWHQFHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVGHEDVH<VRQW DXVVLpYRTXpHVOHVGLIILFXOWpVLQKpUHQWHVDXSDVVDJHGHO¶pYDOXDWLRQFHUWLILFDWLYHHW VRPPDWLYHGHVFRPSpWHQFHVjXQHpYDOXDWLRQIRUPDWLYH 'DQV/DGLGDFWLTXHGX)/(/HVGpILVGHODIRUPDWLRQFRQWLQXH6LPRQD $LGD0DQRODFKHPHWDXSUHPLHUSODQTXHOTXHVFRQVLGpUDWLRQVVXUOHVFRQWUDLQWHVHW OHVSDUDGR[HVGHODIRUPDWLRQFRQWLQXHGHVSURIHVVHXUVGHIUDQoDLVODQJXHpWUDQJqUH HQ 5RXPDQLH HW IDLW DXVVL TXHOTXHV SURSRVLWLRQV TXL SHXYHQW V¶DYpUHU XWLOHV SRXU VRQ DPpOLRUDWLRQ O¶DFWXDOLVDWLRQ HW O¶KDUPRQLVDWLRQ GHV WKpPDWLTXHV HW GHV ELEOLRJUDSKLHV SRXU OHV H[DPHQV OD FROODERUDWLRQ SOXV pWURLWH HQWUH OHV GLYHUVHV LQVWLWXWLRQV LQVSHFWLRQVVFRODLUHV0LQLVWqUHXQLYHUVLWpVHWF

(29) ODPLVHHQSODFHGHV SURJUDPPHVGHIRUPDWLRQFRQWLQXHVXIILVDPPHQWYDULpVHWIOH[LEOHV VWDJHVFRXUV FHUFOHV SpGDJRJLTXHV

(30)  O¶LPSOLFDWLRQ GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV SDU H[HPSOH/¶$VVRFLDWLRQ5RXPDLQHGHV3URIHVVHXUVGH)UDQoDLV

(31)  'DQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD SKUDVpRGLGDFWLTXH 'RULQD 3ăQFXOHVFX /H V\PEROLVPH GHV QRPEUHV HQ SHUVSHFWLYH GLGDFWLTXH 'RPDLQH IUDQoDLVURXPDLQ

(32)  SURSRVHXQDUWLFOHGpGLpjODYDOHXUV\PEROLTXHGHVFKLIIUHVHWGHVQRPEUHVTXLVRQW .

(33) FRQWHQXV GDQVOHV H[SUHVVLRQV OHV SKUDVqPHV

(34)  GHODODQJXH IUDQoDLVH DILQ G¶RIIULU GHVVROXWLRQVSRXUOHXUDSSURFKHGLGDFWLTXHHQFODVVHGH)/( /HVDSSOLFDWLRQVHW OHV SUDWLTXHV GH FODVVH VRQW YDULpHV H[HUFLFHV j WURXV H[HUFLFHV WUDGLWLRQQHOV G¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ HW G¶DQDO\VH VpPDQWLTXH 4&0 H[HUFLFHV GH SDUDSKUDVH GH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQDVVRFLDWLRQLPDJHH[SUHVVLRQUpGDFWLRQWUDGXFWLRQHWF

(35) HWPHWWHQW O¶DFFHQWVXUXQHDSSURFKHFRQWUDVWLYHIUDQoDLVURXPDLQSDUO¶REVHUYDWLRQGHVFDVGH FRQYHUJHQFH PDLV DXVVL GH GLYHUJHQFH TXL H[SULPHQW GHV LGHQWLWpV RX GHV GLIIpUHQFHVGHPHQWDOLWpHQWUHOHVGHX[ODQJXHVHQFRQWDFW /D VHFWLRQ 'LGDFWLTXH ILQLW DYHF OD FRQWULEXWLRQ GH 0DULDQD 3LWDU  4XHOTXHVGLIILFXOWpVGDQVO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHVW\SHVGHWH[WHTXLIDLWXQHDQDO\VH GHVPDQXHOVGH)/(GDQVODSHUVSHFWLYHGHODPLVHHQYDOHXUGHVGLIILFXOWpVHWGHV SRLQWVIDLEOHVVXSSRVpVSDUFKDTXHW\SHGHWH[WHQDUUDWLIGHVFULSWLIO¶DUJXPHQWDWLI H[SOLFDWLILQIRUPDWLILQMRQFWLI'DQVXQGHX[LqPHWHPSVO¶DUWLFOHSURSRVHTXHOTXHV GLUHFWLRQVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQGHFKDTXHW\SHGHWH[WHHQIRQFWLRQGHSOXVLHXUVIDFWHXUV WHOVTXHkJHQLYHDXGHODQJXHSUpRFFXSDWLRQVKDELOHWpVGHVpOqYHV /H 'RVVLHU -HXQHV FKHUFKHXUV HVW HQWLqUHPHQW FRQVDFUp j OD UHFKHUFKH GRFWRUDOHHWSRVWGRFWRUDOH (OHQD*HRUJLDQD&RQGRLX 9LQWLOă

(36) DQDO\VHOHGLVFRXUVG¶XQHYLQJWDLQHGH EORJXHV G¶HQVHLJQDQWV GH )/( GH O¶HVSDFH HXURSpHQ HQ HVVD\DQW GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH OHV WUDLWV VSpFLILTXHV GX EORJXH SURIHVVLRQQHO HW VHV UHODWLRQV DYHF XQ HVSDFHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWTXLSURORQJHO¶HVSDFHFODVVHWUDGLWLRQQHO 2UWDQVD1LQD&RQVWDQWLQHVFX )UDQ‫܊‬HVFX

(37) FRQGXLWXQHUHFKHUFKHVXUODSDJH GXPDQXHOGH)OHTXLYLVHjUHOHYHUOHVSRVVLEOHVPDUTXHVGHO¶DFWHpGLWRULDOHWGH VRQUpVXOWDW6DPpWKRGHGHUHFKHUFKHHVWEDVpHVXUO¶REVHUYDWLRQGHVPDQXHOVXQH PpWKRGHTXLSDUWGHVFRQVWDWDWLRQVTXDQWLWDWLYHVDQDO\VpHVHWLQWHUSUpWpHVSRXUVH IL[HUVXUO¶DQDO\VHGXGLVFRXUVFRPPHSHUVSHFWLYHGHWUDYDLO 9LROHWD0DULD(QDFKHSURSRVH XQHDQDO\VHGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVYpKLFXOpHV SDU OHV PDQXHOV WRXW HQ GLVWLQJXDQW j OD VXLWH GH %HUQDUG 3\  

(38)  OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV GH UpIpUHQFH GHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV G¶XVDJH SRXU SURFpGHU HQVXLWH FRPPHHOOHPrPHO¶DIILUPHj©O¶H[DPHQGHVIRUPHVILJpHV GLIIpUHQWVGHJUpVGH ILJHPHQW

(39)  HW GHV IRUPHV GH O¶LPSOLFLWH WRXWH FRQVLGpUDWLRQ WHQDQW FRPSWH GH OD GLPHQVLRQ³JHQUH޵ª 5RGLFD'RLQD *HRUJHVFX VH SHQFKH GDQV VRQ pWXGH VXU O¶DQDO\VH GHV DFWHXUV SULQFLSDX[ GX GLVFRXUV WRXULVWLTXH O¶HQVHLJQDQWJXLGH HW O¶DSSUHQDQW WRXULVWHOHXUVWDWXWGDQVOHGLVFRXUVVXUOHWRXULVPHHQVHIRFDOLVDQWVXUOHVPDUTXHV OLQJXLVWLTXHVVSpFLILTXHVGXGLVFRXUVWRXULVWLTXH /¶K\SRWKqVH GH O¶H[LVWHQFHGH SOXVLHXUVU{OHV GHO¶LPDJH DXWKHQWLTXHHVW OH SRLQW GH GpSDUW GH OD FRQWULEXWLRQ GH /RUHGDQD ,RQLFă TXL SURFqGH G¶DERUG j O¶LQYHQWDLUH GH FHV U{OHV HQVXLWH j O¶pWXGH GHV IRQFWLRQV GH FHWWH LPDJH GDQV OH PDQXHOGH)OH/¶LPDJH\HVWSUpVHQWHHQWDQWTX¶RXWLOTXLGpFOHQFKHO¶LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ XQ IDFWHXU LPSRUWDQW SRXU OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HW HQ WDQW TXH YHFWHXU G¶XQ GLVFRXUV LQWHU

(40) FXOWXUHOTXLWUDQVPHWGHVYDOHXUVHWFUpHGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVPHQWDOHV ,XOLDQD)ORULQD 3DQGHOLFă VH SURSRVH GH GLVFXWHU G¶XQH SDUW OD VLJQLILFDWLRQ FXOWXUHOOH GH OD FRXOHXU EOHXHHW G¶DXWUH SDUW GH SUpVHQWHU OH FKDPS .

(41) OH[LFDO GH OD FRXOHXU EOHXH WRXW HQ UpDOLVDQW XQH UHFKHUFKH VXU OHV pTXLYDOHQWV URXPDLQVGHVWHUPHVGHFHFKDPS -HDQ /XF 5D]DILQGUDPLQWVD 7KRPDV 0DKDWRG\ HW -RVYDK 3DXO 5D]DILPDQGLPE\SODLGHQWSRXUO¶XWLOLVDWLRQG¶XQJORVVDLUHRXXQOH[LTXHVWUXFWXUp WHOTXHOH/H[LTXHGHOD/DQJXHeWHQGXH /(/

(42) HQGLGDFWLTXHGX)OHHWSURSRVHQW XQHDSSURFKHSHUPHWWDQWGHGpULYHUOHVPRGqOHVH/(/HQpOpPHQWVFRQVWLWXWLIVGHV PRGqOHV FRQFHSWXHOV 80/ j OD IRLV VWDWLTXHV HW G\QDPLTXHV G¶XQ GRPDLQH G¶DSSOLFDWLRQ ,RDQD&ăWăOLQD5H]HDQXVHSHQFKHVXUO¶°XYUHGH0LFKHO+RXHOOHEHFTSRXUHQ GpJDJHUGHVWUDLWVLGHQWLWDLUHVTXLMXVWLILHQWO¶pWLTXHWWHGH©QDWXUDOLVWHLQVRXPLVª 0DULDQD*DEULHOD7DOSL] $QJKHO

(43) HQILQV¶LQWHUURJHVXUOHVIRUPHVHWOHV IRQFWLRQV GH OD UHIRUPXODWLRQ GDQV OH GLVFRXUV GH OD SUHVVH pFULWH HW HQ LGHQWLILH WURLV W\SHV OD UHIRUPXODWLRQ DQDSKRULTXH OD UHIRUPXODWLRQ FDWDSKRULTXHHW OD UHIRUPXODWLRQDUJXPHQWDWLYH /HVpGLWHXUV. .

(44) &21)e5(1&(3/e1,Ê5(.

(45)

(46) /$3e'$*2*,('(352-(76(1&217(;7( 81,9(56,7$,5(¬/¶Ê5('8180e5,48( )UpGpULTXH3(//(7,(5 8QLYHUVLWp*DODWDVDUD\G¶,VWDQEXO7XUTXLH 5pVXPp 6HXOH XQLYHUVLWp HQWLqUHPHQW IUDQFRSKRQH HQ 7XUTXLH O¶8QLYHUVLWp *DODWDVDUD\ IRQGpHHQGRLWWURXYHUVDSODFHGDQVXQSD\VDJHXQLYHUVLWDLUHGRPLQpSDUO¶DQJODLVHWOH WXUF &HW DUWLFOHVHSURSRVHGHSUpVHQWHUVRQH[SpULHQFHHQ PRQWUDQW OHV VROXWLRQVDSSRUWpHV SRXU DXJPHQWHU O¶HIILFDFLWp GH O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GX IUDQoDLV HW PRGHUQLVHU VRQ LPDJH OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHWV FRPPH PLVH HQ VFqQH G¶XQH SpGDJRJLH DXWRQRPLVDQWH HW OHV 7,&( FRPPH RXWLO SRXU LPSOLTXHU O¶pWXGLDQW GDQV VRQ DSSUHQWLVVDJH /¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH SDU SURMHW SODFH OHV pWXGLDQWV HQ DFWHXUV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH OHXU SURMHW FH TXL OHV DPqQH j FKHUFKHU FROOHFWLYHPHQW GHV VROXWLRQV DX[ SUREOqPHV SRVpV SDU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ FRQFUqWH GX SURMHW HW j FRQVWUXLUHDLQVLSHWLWjSHWLWOHXUDSSUHQWLVVDJHHWOHXUSURSUHSURMHWSHUVRQQHOHWSURIHVVLRQQHO $EVWUDFW 352-(&7%$6('/($51,1*$1',7&,1$81,9(56,7< &217(;7 8QLTXH)UHQFKVSHDNLQJXQLYHUVLW\LQ7XUNH\*DODWDVDUD\8QLYHUVLW\IRXQGHGLQ KDV WR ILQG D SODFH LQ WKH 7XUNLVK DFDGHPLF ODQGVFDSH ZKLFK LV GRPLQDWHG E\ (QJOLVK DQG 7XUNLVK ODQJXDJH 7KLV SDSHU DLPV WR VKDUH WKLV H[SHULHQFH DQG WR VKRZ LWV VROXWLRQV  D SHGDJRJ\EDVHGRQDXWRQRP\DSURMHFWEDVHG OHDUQLQJDQGDGLJLWDOHQYLURQPHQW WRSURPRWH VWXGHQWHQJDJHPHQWLQOHDUQLQJ7KHFRUHDVVXPSWLRQRISURMHFWEDVHGOHDUQLQJLVWKDWVWXGHQWV VKRXOGEHDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQILQGLQJFROOHFWLYHVROXWLRQVWRWKHFKDOOHQJHVSRVHGE\SURMHFWV EXW WKH\ DOVR QHHG WR GHYHORS WKHLU RZQ VWUDWHJLHV DV SDUW RI D JUDGXDO OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV LQ DGGLWLRQWRWDNLQJRZQHUVKLSRIWKHLUSHUVRQDODQGSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW 0RWVFOpV SURMHW SpGDJRJLTXH SpGDJRJLH SDU SURMHW PRWLYDWLRQ DXWRQRPLH7,&( .H\ZRUGVHGXFDWLRQDOSURMHFWSURMHFWEDVHGOHDUQLQJPRWLYDWLRQDXWRQRP\,7&. ,QWURGXFWLRQ /DSpGDJRJLH HWTXLSOXVHVWODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWHWQXPpULTXHVRXV HQWHQGHQW GHV pYROXWLRQV GH SUDWLTXH GH FRQFHSWLRQ GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW VRXYHQW .

(47) . SHXPLVHVjO¶KRQQHXUGDQVXQFRQWH[WHXQLYHUVLWDLUH4XHOVHQMHX[QRXVSRXVVHQW QRXVDFWHXUVIUDQFRSKRQHVGXPRQGHpGXFDWLIGHODGLIIXVLRQGHODIUDQFRSKRQLHj UHSHQVHU O¶DFWH G¶DSSUHQGUH j PRGLILHU QRV GLVSRVLWLIV G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW j DGDSWHU QRVFRQWHQXV"'¶DERUGODFRQFXUUHQFHDYHFOHVFXUVXVDQJORSKRQHVQRXVLQFLWHj UHQRXYHOHU O¶DWWUDLW GHV ILOLqUHV IUDQFRSKRQHV SRXU OXWWHU FRQWUH OD SHQVpH XQLTXH DQJORSKRQH 6DQV V¶RSSRVHU j O¶DQJODLV LO V¶DJLW GH UHYDORULVHU OH IUDQoDLV HQ UHPRGHODQW O¶LPDJH SRXVVLpUHXVH GX IUDQoDLV SRXU O¶DVVRFLHU j OD PRGHUQLWp O¶LQQRYDWLRQ OD SHUIRUPDQFH HW FH QRWDPPHQW VXU OH PDUFKp GX WUDYDLO   SRXU DVVRFLHU IUDQoDLV HW GpERXFKpV SURIHVVLRQQHOV HW DYDQWDJHV SRXU O¶HPSORL /D qPH QpFHVVLWp HVW FHOOH G¶LQWpJUHU OHV pYROXWLRQV GH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJH HQ FRQWH[WH XQLYHUVLWDLUH ERXOHYHUVp SDU O¶DSSRUW GHV QRXYHOOHV IRUPHV G¶DFFqV DX VDYRLUYLDO¶LQWHUQHW/¶HQMHXHVWGRQFGHUHFRQVLGpUHUQRVDSSURFKHVSRXUDSSRUWHU XQH YpULWDEOH YDOHXU DMRXWpH HQ WDQW TXH ILOLqUH IUDQFRSKRQH &HWWH ©UpYROXWLRQª SURILWHUDGHO¶H[SORVLRQGHO¶LQWHUQHWHWGHVQRXYHDX[RXWLOVQXPpULTXHVTXLLQGXLUD XQ FKDQJHPHQW GDQV QRV SUDWLTXHV HQVHLJQDQWHV HW OD UHGpILQLWLRQ G¶XQ GLVSRVLWLI G¶HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJH SRXU SHUPHWWUH GH V¶DGDSWHU DX[ H[LJHQFHV HW UpDOLWpV G¶XQ FRQWH[WH SUpFLV &¶HVW SRXUTXRL QRXV QH SRXUURQV SDV LFL QRXV DIIUDQFKLU GH SDUOHU GX FDGUH GDQV OHTXHO V¶LQVFULW QRWUH UpIOH[LRQ FHOXL GH O¶XQLYHUVLWp*DODWDVDUD\G¶,VWDQEXO 1RXV SUpVHQWHURQV GRQF GDQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV OD VLWXDWLRQ GH *DODWDVDUD\ SRXUFRPSUHQGUHODILQDOLWpGHQRWUHIRUPDWLRQOHVEHVRLQVSUpFLVLGHQWLILpVHWVXUWRXW OHVFKRL[SpGDJRJLTXHV/HSUREOqPHPDMHXULGHQWLILpHVWFHOXLGHODPRWLYDWLRQGHV pWXGLDQWVSRXUO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGXIUDQoDLV(WODUpSRQVHGRQQpHSDUOHGLVSRVLWLIWLHQW HQSOXVLHXUVSRLQWVOHFKRL[GXIUDQoDLVHQVHLJQpj*DODWDVDUD\OH)28 IUDQoDLVVXU REMHFWLIV XQLYHUVLWDLUHV

(48)  OD PLVH HQ SODFH G¶XQ GLVSRVLWLI LQQRYDQW FHQWUp VXU XQ SURFHVVXV G DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ TXL GRQQH j O DSSUHQDQW ©OD SRVVLELOLWp G DYRLU XQH SDUW DFWLYH GDQV VRQ DSSUHQWLVVDJH HQ OXL UHGRQQDQW O LQLWLDWLYH HQ IDLVDQW HQ VRUWH TX LO V LPSOLTXHGDYDQWDJHGDQVVDIRUPDWLRQª 0DQJLDYLOODQR3HOOHWLHU

(49) (WOD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW 3XLV QRXV WHQWHURQV GH PRQWUHU FRPPHQW OHV 7,&( RQW pWp IDFLOLWDWULFHVHWFRPPHQWHOOHVRQWVRXWHQXFHWWHSpGDJRJLHDXWRQRPLVDQWHEDVpHVXU ODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWV(QILQQRXVIHURQVOHELODQGHFHWWHH[SpULHQFHHQpYRTXDQW OHVGLIILFXOWpVYRLUHOHVOLPLWHVGHFHWWHSpGDJRJLH .  &RQWH[WHGH*6h.   +LVWRULTXHHWSROLWLTXH / XQLYHUVLWp *DODWDVDUD\  GpVRUPDLV *6h  HVW XQH XQLYHUVLWp SXEOLTXH IUDQFRSKRQHRWRXWO HQVHLJQHPHQWHVWGLVSHQVp©HQIUDQoDLVjWLWUHSULQFLSDOHW HQWXUFjGHVpWXGLDQWVWXUFVHWpWUDQJHUVª/HIUDQoDLVHVWGRQFRIILFLHOOHPHQWOD . &ODXGH+DJqJH&RQWUHODSHQVpHXQLTXHeGLWLRQV2GLOH-DFRE 3KLOLSSH *XVWLQ DQFLHQ DPEDVVDGHXU GH )UDQFH HQ 5RXPDQLH GDQV XQH YLVLRFRQIpUHQFH GH PDUVLQWLWXOpH©/D)UDQFRSKRQLHHQ(XURSHFHQWUDOHHWRULHQWDOHELODQHWSHUVSHFWLYHVª  /D PHQWLRQ GX WXUF GDQV OH WH[WH j O¶RULJLQH GH O¶DFFRUG ELODWpUDO FRQFHUQDLW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQWDXGpSDUWOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVGHGURLWRWWRPDQHWGHWXUF . .

(50) ODQJXHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWGHVVXUGpSDUWHPHQWVHWIDFXOWpVTXHFRPSUHQGFHWWH XQLYHUVLWpH[FHSWLRQIDLWHGXGpSDUWHPHQWGHOLQJXLVWLTXHFRPSDUpHHWOLWWpUDWXUHR HOOHHVWjODIRLVODQJXHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHWREMHWG¶HQVHLJQHPHQW. 1pH G XQ DFFRUG HQWUH OD )UDQFH HW OD 7XUTXLH VLJQp HQ  SDU OHV SUpVLGHQWV)UDQoRLV0LWWHUUDQGHW7XUJXWg]DOO¶8QLYHUVLWp*DODWDVDUD\KpULWHG¶XQ SURMHWSROLWLTXHIRUWTXLOHGRWHG¶XQHLPDJHPDUTXpHGDQVOHSD\VDJHXQLYHUVLWDLUH WXUFQRWDPPHQWGHSDUVDSUR[LPLWpDYHFOD)UDQFHHWODFXOWXUHIUDQoDLVH(OOHD pWpFUppHSRXUSURORQJHUO HVSULWGXSUHVWLJLHX[O\FpH*DODWDVDUD\H[LVWDQWSRXUVD SDUWHQ©LQVWLWXpVXUOHPRGqOHIUDQoDLVSRXUIRUPHUGHVpOLWHVHWOHXUGRQQHU XQH FRQQDLVVDQFH GH OD FXOWXUH IUDQoDLVH HW RFFLGHQWDOH DILQ TX HOOHV SXLVVHQW SDUWLFLSHUjODPRGHUQLVDWLRQGXSD\Vª  8QHPRWLYDWLRQSRXUl’apprentissageGXIUDQoDLVjFRQILUPHU ,O HQ GpFRXOH TXH O HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJH GX IUDQoDLV VH IDLW HQ GLUHFWLRQ G pWXGLDQWV SRXU OD SOXSDUW QRQIUDQFRSKRQHV HW QRQVSpFLDOLVWHV GX IUDQoDLV &HWWH VLWXDWLRQ HVW SOXW{W UDUH HQ WHUPHV GH FRQWH[WH XQLYHUVLWDLUH HW GH SROLWLTXHOLQJXLVWLTXHSXLVTXHGDQVEHDXFRXSG¶DXWUHVXQLYHUVLWpVGHSDUOHPRQGH OH IUDQoDLV HVW VRXYHQW ODQJXH G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW RX REMHW G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW G¶XQ GpSDUWHPHQW SDUWLFXOLHU /¶pWXGLDQW DUULYDQW j *6h HVW GRQF SOXV PRWLYp SDU O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GH VD GLVFLSOLQH TXH GH FHOXL GHOD ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH G¶DXWDQW SOXV TXH OH IUDQoDLV Q¶HVW TXH WUqV UDUHPHQW XWLOLVp HQ GHKRUV GX FRQWH[WH GX FRXUV PDOJUpODIRUWHSUpVHQFHG¶pWXGLDQWV(UDVPXVIUDQFRSKRQHV/HIUDQoDLVj*6hHVW DXMRXUG¶KXLVDQVFRQWHVWHXQHODQJXHpWUDQJqUH .

(51) /H PRGH GH UHFUXWHPHQW GHV pWXGLDQWV GDQV OHV XQLYHUVLWpV WXUTXHV SDU FRQFRXUV QDWLRQDO

(52)  HVW pJDOHPHQW j SUHQGUH HQ FRPSWH GDQV FHUWDLQHV UpWLFHQFHV H[SULPpHV SDU OHV pWXGLDQWV YLVjYLV GX IUDQoDLV SRXU FHUWDLQV *6h Q¶pWDLW SDV OHXUSUHPLHUFKRL[TXLpWDLWVXUWRXWJXLGpSDUOHSUHVWLJHGHVILOLqUHV(QLQJpQLHULH SDUH[HPSOHOHVXQLYHUVLWpVDQJORSKRQHVVRQWVRXYHQWSOXVHQYLpHVHWO¶DUULYpHGH VHVpWXGLDQWVj*6hDFFRPSDJQpHG¶XQHFHUWDLQH©DPHUWXPHª 5HVWH GRQF j YDORULVHU OHV SHUVSHFWLYHV GH GpERXFKpV YHUV OHV XQLYHUVLWpV IUDQoDLVHVTXHFHVRLWJUkFHjGHVFRGLSO{PHVDYHFOHVXQLYHUVLWpVIUDQoDLVHVTXL DXJPHQWHQWOHFRQWDFWDYHFOHVHQVHLJQDQWVIUDQoDLVRXSDUOHVpFKDQJHV(UDVPXV %LHQ TXH FHV GHUQLHUV VH GpYHORSSHQW LOV QH FRQFHUQHQW SDV HQFRUH OD PDMRULWp G¶XQH SURPRWLRQ 5HVWH pJDOHPHQW j UHQIRUFHU OD SUR[LPLWp DYHF GHV HQWUHSULVHV IUDQoDLVHV RX IUDQFRWXUTXHV SRXU TXH OD IRUPDWLRQ j *6h DLOOH GH SDLU DYHF OHV GpERXFKpVSURIHVVLRQQHOV 8QHPRWLYDWLRQSRXUl’usageGXIUDQoDLVjFRQILUPHU 8QDXWUHIUHLQjO¶XVDJHGXIUDQoDLVGDQVOHVFRXUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVYLHQWGX FRUSV HQVHLJQDQW %LHQ TXH O¶pTXLSH HQVHLJQDQWH VRLW PL[WH IUDQoDLVH HW WXUTXH HOOH Q¶HQ UHVWH SDV PRLQV WUqV PDMRULWDLUHPHQW WXUTXH ,O HVW GRQF GHPDQGp DX[ HQVHLJQDQWV GLVFLSOLQDLUHV QRQ QDWLIV G¶DYRLU UHFRXUV j XQH ODQJXH pWUDQJqUH SRXU HQVHLJQHU XQ FRQWHQX GLVFLSOLQDLUH j XQ SXEOLF pWXGLDQW HQ FRXUV G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH 2QYRLWELHQLFLOHFDUDFWqUHDUWLILFLHOGHFHWWHVLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQG¶DXWDQW SOXV TXH O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW XQLYHUVLWDLUH HQ ODQJXH pWUDQJqUH QH FRQYDLQF SDV O¶HQVHPEOHGXFRUSVHQVHLJQDQW 6L QRXV QRXV UpIpURQV j O¶DFFRUG ELODWpUDO OD PDMRULWp GHV FRXUV GHYUDLW DYRLU OLHX HQ IUDQoDLV )RUFH HVW GH FRQVWDWHU TXH FH Q¶HVW SDV OH FDV &HUWDLQV HQVHLJQDQWVGHGLVFLSOLQHUHOqYHQWJORULHXVHPHQWFHGpILPDLVG¶DXWUHVQHVRQWSDV IUDQFRSKRQHVRXYLYHQWXQHLQVpFXULWpOLQJXLVWLTXHTXLMXVWLILHO¶XVDJHGXWXUFjOD SODFHGXIUDQoDLV'XSRLQWGHYXHGHO¶pWXGLDQWODSUHVVLRQSRXUSDVVHUGXIUDQoDLV jOHXUODQJXHPDWHUQHOOHHVWWRXWjIDLWQDWXUHOOH &HVFRQVWDWVPqQHQWjODFRQFOXVLRQTX¶XQHIRUPDWLRQHQODQJXHIUDQoDLVH jO¶XQLYHUVLWp*DODWDVDUD\DSRXUILQDOLWpSULQFLSDOHGHIRUPHUOHVpWXGLDQWVjVXLYUH XQFRXUVXQLYHUVLWDLUHHQIUDQoDLVGDQVOHFDGUHGH*DODWDVDUD\/HGpYHORSSHPHQW GHV pFKDQJHV XQLYHUVLWDLUHV ODLVVH j SHQVHU G¶XQH qPH ILQDOLWp GHYUDLW j PR\HQ WHUPHrWUHHQYLVDJpHFHOOHGHSUpSDUHUpJDOHPHQWOHVpWXGLDQWVjFHWWHPRELOLWp 8QHYDULpWpGHEHVRLQVODQJDJLHUV $YHFGpSDUWHPHQWVIUDQFRSKRQHVODIRUPDWLRQHQIUDQoDLVjO¶XQLYHUVLWp *DODWDVDUD\ FRXYUH XQ VSHFWUH WUqV ODUJH GH EHVRLQV ODQJDJLHUV 'HV 5HODWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHV DX *pQLH ,QIRUPDWLTXH RQ FRPSUHQG DLVpPHQW OD GLYHUVLWp GHV EHVRLQV GHV pWXGLDQWVHW GRQF GHV REMHFWLIV j WUDLWHU TX¶LOV VRLHQWOLQJXLVWLTXHV RX PpWKRGRORJLTXHV SRXU FKDFXQ GHV FXUVXV FH TXL FRPSOH[LILH OH FDGUH GH OD IRUPDWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHjPHWWUHHQSODFH 3RXU UpSRQGUH j FH VFKpPD OH GLVSRVLWLI G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH LQLWLDO PLV HQ SODFH FRPSUHQG XQH SUHPLqUH DQQpH GH FODVVHV SUpSDUDWRLUHV OLQJXLVWLTXHV .

(53) FRPPXQHjWRXWHVOHVILOLqUHVSHUPHWWDQWDX[pWXGLDQWVG¶DUULYHUDXQLYHDX%GX &DGUH(XURSpHQ&RPPXQGH5pIpUHQFHUHQIRUFpHQFRPSpWHQFHVPpWKRGRORJLTXHV /HV pWXGLDQWV HQWUHQW HQVXLWH HQ OLFHQFH GDQV OHXU GpSDUWHPHQW R LOV EpQpILFLHQW HQFRUHGHjKHXUHVGHIUDQoDLVGHW\SH)28HWGHPpWKRGRORJLHDX[F{WpVGHV FRXUV GLVFLSOLQDLUHV HQ ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH &HWWH FRPELQDLVRQ GRLW SHUPHWWUH DX[ pWXGLDQWV G¶DYRLU XQ QLYHDX % FRQILUPp 1RXV VXSSRVRQV TXH OH FRQWDFW DYHF OD ODQJXHIUDQoDLVHSHQGDQWOHXUVFRXUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVGHVDQQpHVVXLYDQWHVOHXUGRQQHUD OHQLYHDX&HQILQGHOLFHQFH&HWWH©DUFKLWHFWXUHªVRXOqYHOHSUREOqPHPDMHXUGH O¶DFWHXU SULQFLSDO GH FHWWH IRUPDWLRQ TXL GH O¶HQVHLJQDQW GH OD GLVFLSOLQH RX GH O¶HQVHLJQDQWGHODQJXHHVWOHSOXVjPrPHG¶DLGHUO¶DSSUHQDQWjDFTXpULUOHVPR\HQV GHGpYHORSSHUOHIUDQoDLVGLVFLSOLQDLUHGHO¶pWXGLDQW"6LO¶HQVHLJQDQWGLVFLSOLQDLUHHVW OHVSpFLDOLVWHGXVDYRLUGLVFLSOLQDLUHF¶HVWjO¶HQVHLJQDQWGHODQJXHTXHUHYLHQQHQWOHV FRPSpWHQFHV SpGDJRJLTXHV SRXU O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GX IUDQoDLV &¶HVW GRQF OD FRPELQDLVRQ GHV GHX[ W\SHV G¶LQWHUYHQDQWV TXL DVVXUHUD OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV FRPSpWHQFHV OLQJXLVWLTXHV GLVFLSOLQDLUHV GH O¶pWXGLDQW VL O¶pWXGLDQW SHXW GpYHORSSHU GHVVWUDWpJLHVSRXUVDYRLUDSSUHQGUHODODQJXHGLVFLSOLQDLUH 8QGLVSRVLWLIG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGXIUDQoDLVVSpFLILTXH &HW HQVHPEOH GH IUHLQV LQWpUrW LQLWLDO IDLEOH GHV pWXGLDQWV SRXU ODODQJXH GLYHUVLWp GX SXEOLF UpWLFHQFH GH FHUWDLQV HQVHLJQDQWV j HQVHLJQHU HQ IUDQoDLV

(54)  FXPXOp j O¶KpWpURJpQpLWp GHV EHVRLQV HQ IUDQoDLV REOLJH j FRQVLGpUHU TXH OD IUDQFRSKRQLHj*6hGRLWPLVHUVXUOHUHQIRUFHPHQWGHODPRWLYDWLRQSHUVRQQHOOHGH O¶pWXGLDQWSRXUVHGpYHORSSHU'DQVFHEXW*6hDIDLWOHFKRL[G¶XQHSpGDJRJLHTXL FKHUFKHjUHQGUHO¶DSSUHQDQWDFWLIGDQVVRQDSSUHQWLVVDJHFRQVFLHQWHWUHVSRQVDEOH GHFHTX¶LOGRLWDSSUHQGUHF¶HVWjGLUHO¶DLGHUjGHYHQLUGHSOXVHQSOXVDXWRQRPH GDQVVRQDSSUHQWLVVDJH /HIUDQoDLVHQVHLJQpSRXUV¶DGDSWHUDXPLHX[DX[EHVRLQVGHVpWXGLDQWVHVW GRQF FRQFHQWUp VXU OH IUDQoDLV VXU 2EMHFWLI XQLYHUVLWDLUH OH )28 j VDYRLU OHV REMHFWLIV SHUPHWWDQW G¶DLGHU O¶pWXGLDQW j VXLYUH XQ FRXUV PDJLVWUDO HQ ODQJXH IUDQoDLVHj*6h &¶HVW GRQF DX[ HQVHLJQDQWV GH ODQJXH TXH UHYLHQW SHQGDQW OD FODVVH SUpSDUDWRLUHOLQJXLVWLTXHODUHVSRQVDELOLWpGHUpSRQGUHDXGHX[LqPHJUDQGREMHFWLI GHFHWWHIRUPDWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHLQLWLDOHO¶DSSUHQGUHjDSSUHQGUHHQGpYHORSSDQWOH UpIOH[LISRXUSHUPHWWUHjO¶pWXGLDQWHQFRQWH[WHIUDQFRSKRQHHWGHSRXUVXLYUHVRQ DSSUHQWLVVDJH GH OD ODQJXH HQ IRQFWLRQ GH VHV EHVRLQV SURSUHV SHUVRQQHOV HWRX GLVFLSOLQDLUHV. .

(55) .  /HSURMHWSRXUO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGXIUDQoDLVPDLVDXVVLSRXUOD FRQVROLGDWLRQGHVVDYRLUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHV.  'pILQLWLRQGHODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHW /H SURMHW j *6h VH GpILQLW SDU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ G¶XQ SURGXLW pODERUp FROOHFWLYHPHQWDXVHLQG¶XQJURXSHFODVVHTXLFRPSUHQGXQHQVHPEOHGHWkFKHVHW VXVFLWH O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GH VDYRLUV HW VDYRLUIDLUH GDQV OH FKDPS GX )UDQoDLV VXU 2EMHFWLI8QLYHUVLWDLUH )28

(56) &HVVDYRLUVHWVDYRLUIDLUHVRQWG¶RUGUHGLVFLSOLQDLUH PpWKRGRORJLTXHHWOLQJXLVWLTXH HQODQJXHIUDQoDLVH

(57) /HSURGXLWILQDOUpDOLVpGDQV XQ WHPSV GpWHUPLQp GRLW rWUH FRQFUHW HW pYDOXDEOH 3URXO[ 

(58)  3UpVHQWp HQ DPRQW G¶XQH VpTXHQFH G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH OH SURMHW FUpH OHV EHVRLQV HW MXVWLILH DX[ \HX[GHO¶DSSUHQDQWOHVDSSUHQWLVVDJHVTXLSHXYHQWUHOHYHUGHSOXVLHXUVGLVFLSOLQHV PDLVDXVVLGHFRPSpWHQFHVQRQFXUULFXODLUHVFRPPHVDYRLUSODQLILHUVRQWUDYDLO UHVSHFWHU GHV GpODLV V¶RUJDQLVHU HWF  HQ UHODWLRQ GLUHFWH DYHF OHXU PpWLHU G¶pWXGLDQW&HWDQFUDJHGDQVOHUpHOHVWXQIDFWHXUGHPRWLYDWLRQHVVHQWLHO  /¶DFFHQWHVWpJDOHPHQWPLVVXUOHFDUDFWqUHFROOHFWLIGXSURMHW/DUpXVVLWH GX JURXSH GpSHQG GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLWp HW GH O¶LPSOLFDWLRQ VRFLDOH  HW GRQF GH O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHFKDFXQGDQVOHEXWGHIDYRULVHUODFRKpVLRQVRFLDOH'HSOXV O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHFROODERUDWLIDXJPHQWHOHVIDFWHXUVPRWLYDWLRQQHOV /¶DVSHFWFRQFUHWGHODUpDOLVDWLRQGHPDQGpHIDLWVHQVFKH]O¶DSSUHQDQWHWHVWDXVVL VRXUFH GH PRWLYDWLRQ /H FDUDFWqUH DXWKHQWLTXH UpHO GHV SURMHWV VXUWRXW VL O¶DSSUHQDQW JDUGHXQHPDUJHGHPDQ°XYUHTXDQWjVDGpILQLWLRQHVWpJDOHPHQWPRWLYDQW &RQFHUQDQW O¶pYDOXDWLRQ VL HOOH VH GRLW G¶rWUH VRPPDWLYH HQ FRQWH[WH LQVWLWXWLRQQHOHOOHSHXWSUHQGUHXQHODUJHSDUWIRUPDWLYHJUkFHDXVXLYLUpJXOLHUORUV G¶HQWUHWLHQV FRQVHLO DYHF O¶HQVHLJQDQW GDQV OHV GLIIpUHQWHV pWDSHV FRQFRXUDQW j OD UpDOLVDWLRQ ILQDOH G¶XQ SURGXLW ©FRPSOH[Hª 6RQW pYDOXpHV WDQW OD TXDOLWp OLQJXLVWLTXHTXHODTXDOLWpYLVXHOOHWHFKQLTXHGXSURGXLWILQL  /HSURMHWFRPPHVRXWLHQjODSHUVSHFWLYHDFWLRQQHOOH 1RXV SUpVHQWHURQV LFL GLIIpUHQWV H[HPSOHV GH SURMHWV PLV HQ SODFH SRXU LOOXVWUHUOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGpILQLHVFLGHVVXVG¶DERUGSRXUO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHLQLWLDO GXIUDQoDLVHQFODVVHSUpSDUDWRLUHOLQJXLVWLTXH $X GpEXW GH O¶DQQpH XQ SURMHW FRQVLVWH j RUJDQLVHU XQH VRLUpH SRXU UHQFRQWUHUOHVpWXGLDQWV(UDVPXV,OVRXVHQWHQGGRQFGHVDYRLUVHSUpVHQWHUVDYRLU LQYLWHUTXHOTX¶XQVDYRLUH[SOLTXHUXQHUHFHWWHWUDGLWLRQQHOOH«,OJpQqUHXQFRQWDFW UpHODYHFGHVIUDQFRSKRQHVHWDERXWLWjXQ©SURGXLWªIDLVDQWVHQVGDQVOHUpHOLO QpFHVVLWH GH VDYRLU FROODERUHU SRXU UpSDUWLU OHV WkFKHV HQWUH OHV PHPEUHV G¶XQ JURXSHSURMHW $XIXUHWjPHVXUHGHO¶DYDQFpHGDQVOHFXUULFXOXPOHVREMHFWLIVpYROXHQW YHUV XQ FDGUH SOXV HVWXGLDQWLQ LQFOXDQW GHV REMHFWLIV PpWKRGRORJLTXHV FRPPH . (Q SDUODQW GH PpWLHU G¶pWXGLDQW QRXV SHQVRQV j WRXW OH WUDYDLO KRUV FXUULFXOXP TXL LQFRPEHjO¶pWXGLDQWSRXUUpXVVLUVHVpWXGHVSDUDQDORJLHDX©PpWLHUGHO¶pOqYHªGpILQLHQ VRFLRORJLHSDU3HUUHQRXG 

(59) HW%DUUqUHHW6HPEHO 

(60) . .

(61) O¶LOOXVWUH FHW H[HPSOH UpDOLVHU XQH FDPSDJQH GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQ DYHF XQ FDGUH *6hXQHFLEOHOHVpWXGLDQWVGHOLFHQFHGH*6hXQHDFWLRQRUJDQLVDWLRQG¶XQH MRXUQpH XQ VXSSRUW GHV DIILFKHV &ROOHFWLI LO IDLW DSSHO j GHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV VDYRLUV PDLV DXVVLVDYRLUIDLUH HW VDYRLUrWUH

(62) SRXUGpYHORSSHU GHVFRPSpWHQFHV TXLHOOHVPrPHVSHXYHQWHQVXLWHrWUHWUDQVIpUDEOHVjG¶DXWUHVFRQWH[WHVVLWXDWLRQV ,OODLVVHXQHFHUWDLQHOLEHUWpjO¶pWXGLDQW WKqPHUpSDUWLWLRQGHVU{OHV

(63) LQGLVSHQVDEOH j OD PRWLYDWLRQ TXL JpQpUHUDO¶LPSOLFDWLRQHW OD UHVSRQVDELOLVDWLRQ TXL QpFHVVLWHUD GH ©QpJRFLHUª HQWUH pWXGLDQWV HW HQWUH pWXGLDQWVHQVHLJQDQWV ,O LPSOLTXH XQH SODQLILFDWLRQGDQVOHWHPSVGHPDQGHGHVFRPSpWHQFHVPpWKRGRORJLTXHV IDLUHGHV ILFKHV GH OHFWXUH VXU GHV DUWLFOHV WUDLWDQW GX SUREOqPH VDYRLU SUREOpPDWLVHU«

(64)  ,O GRQQHO¶RSSRUWXQLWpG¶XQGRXEOHDQFUDJHGDQVOHUpHOSXLVTX¶LOOHXUSHUPHWGHFUpHU XQ pYpQHPHQW FRQFUHW OD MRXUQpH

(65)  DXSUqV G¶XQ YUDL SXEOLF O¶XQLYHUVLWp

(66)  ,O HVW pYDOXp WDQW VXU XQ SURGXLW ©ILQLª OH VXSSRUW DYHF O¶DIILFKH G¶XQH SDUW OD SUpVHQWDWLRQ RUDOH GH OD FDPSDJQH G¶DXWUH SDUW

(67)  GHV FRPSpWHQFHV ODQJDJLqUHV DFTXLVHVXQHDXWRpYDOXDWLRQVXUOHVPpWKRGHVGHWUDYDLOGHVVDYRLUIDLUHHWVDYRLU rWUHGDQVOHFDGUHG¶XQHLQWHUDFWLRQHQVHLJQDQWDSSUHQDQW HQWUHWLHQVFRQVHLO

(68)  $X ILO GH O¶DQQpH OH SURMHW SUHQG SOXV G¶DPSOHXU OH GHUQLHU SURMHW GH OD FODVVHSUpSDUDWRLUHOHXUSURSRVHG¶RUJDQLVHUGHVGpEDWVVXUGHVVXMHWVGHVRFLpWp,O ODLVVHXQHODUJHSDUWjO¶LQLWLDWLYHGHO¶pWXGLDQWSRXUV¶RUJDQLVHUGDQVOHWHPSVJpUHU VHV DSSUHQWLVVDJHV FKRLVLU OHV WKqPHV UHFKHUFKHU O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ SHUWLQHQWH OD FRQVLJQHU HW OD SDUWDJHU /D UHODWLRQ DSSUHQDQWHQVHLJQDQW VH FRQFHQWUH SOXV VXU O¶DFFRPSDJQHPHQW j OD UpDOLVDWLRQ HW j OD SULVH GH FRQVFLHQFH GHV DSSUHQWLVVDJHV HIIHFWXpVjWUDYHUVODUpDOLVDWLRQGXSURMHW /HSURMHWFRPPHDQFUDJHGHODODQJXHGLVFLSOLQDLUH 8QHIRLVHQWUpHQOLFHQFHO¶pWXGLDQW G¶XQQLYHDX%

(69) GRLWSHUIHFWLRQQHUVRQ IUDQoDLVTX¶LOF{WRLHjWUDYHUVKHXUHVGH)28HWOHVFRXUVGLVFLSOLQDLUHVGRQQpVHQ ODQJXHIUDQoDLVHSRXUDWWHLQGUHXQERQQLYHDX%6LOHVREMHFWLIVJpQpUDX[GHVFRXUV GH )/( GH O¶HQVHPEOH GHV GpSDUWHPHQWV VRQW FRPPXQV GpILQLU GpFULUH H[SOLTXHU FRPSDUHU GRQQHU VRQ RSLQLRQ GpEDWWUH«

(70)  OHV SURMHWV SURSRVpV VRQW FHWWH IRLV HQ UDSSRUWDYHFODGLVFLSOLQHpWXGLpHSDUO¶HQVHLJQDQW(Q6FLHQFHV3ROLWLTXHVLOV¶DJLUD G¶RUJDQLVHUXQHFDPSDJQHpOHFWRUDOHFHTXLVRXVHQWHQGGHFUpHUXQSDUWLSROLWLTXH UpGLJHUXQHSURIHVVLRQGHIRLRUJDQLVHUXQPHHWLQJpOHFWRUDO«/HVFRQQDLVVDQFHVHW FRPSpWHQFHV GLVFLSOLQDLUHV VDYRLUV VDYRLUIDLUH VDYRLUrWUH

(71)  DFTXLVHV VRQW UpHPSOR\pHVHWPLVHVHQVFqQHGDQVOHFDGUHGXSURMHW(Q eFRQRPLHOHVpWXGLDQWV RQW j RUJDQLVHU HW DQLPHU XQH FRQIpUHQFH LPSOLTXDQW G¶HIIHFWXHU XQH UHFKHUFKH GRFXPHQWDLUHSHUWLQHQWHGHVDYRLUDQDO\VHUPpWKRGLTXHPHQWGHVGRQQpHVFKLIIUpHVHW G¶HQUpGLJHUXQFRPPHQWDLUHGHSUREOpPDWLVHU« 'DQV FHV H[HPSOHV OH VXLYL GH OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GX SURMHW VH IDLW SDU OHV HQVHLJQDQWV GH )/()28HW GH PpWKRGRORJLH OD SDUWLH HQVHLJQDQWH GLVFLSOLQDLUH LQWHUYHQDQWDXPRPHQWGHODUpDOLVDWLRQGX©SURGXLWªILQDOGRQQDQWWRXWOHFUpGLW HWODOpJLWLPLWpjO¶pYpQHPHQWSDUWLFLSDQWjO¶DQFUDJHGDQVOHUpHOGHVSURMHWV. . ,OV¶DJLWG¶$JQqV&D\DQ$PpOLH1LRWHW0DU\VH3pFKRX[. .

(72)  /H SURMHW FRPPH pOpPHQW IpGpUDWHXU GH OD FROODERUDWLRQ GHVpTXLSHVHQVHLJQDQWHV 'DQVODIDFXOWpG¶LQJpQLHULHHWGHWHFKQRORJLHROHVEHVRLQVHQODQJXHVH FRQFHQWUHQW DXWRXU GHV REMHFWLIV JpQpUDX[ VXLYDQWV GpILQLU SUpVHQWHU H[SOLTXHU FDUDFWpULVHU MXVWLILHU OH SURMHW SURSRVp FRQVLVWH j LPDJLQHU HW FUpHU XQ SURGXLW SHUVRQQHOjSDUWLUGHFRPSRVDQWVLPSRVpVHWjUHFKHUFKHUXQLQYHVWLVVHXUSRWHQWLHO SRXUOHFRPPHUFLDOLVHUVLWXDWLRQDVVH]SURFKHGHOHXUIXWXUFDGUHSURIHVVLRQQHO,O HVWFHWWHIRLVLQLWLpFRQMRLQWHPHQWSDUOHVHQVHLJQDQWVGHODQJXHHWG¶LQIRUPDWLTXH 3UpVHQWp HQ GpEXW G¶DQQpH OH SURMHW UpDOLVp VXU WURLV PRLV VXVFLWH QRQ VHXOHPHQW O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHVDYRLUVHWGHVDYRLUIDLUHHQODQJXHPDLVDXVVLHQLQIRUPDWLTXH HW HQ JHVWLRQ GH SURMHW GpFLGHU SODQLILHU FRRUGRQQHU UHVSHFWHU GHV GpODLV HWF

(73)  LQGLVSHQVDEOHVjFHVIXWXUVLQJpQLHXUV/HFDUDFWqUHFROOHFWLIOHVLQFLWHjGpYHORSSHU GHVFRPSpWHQFHVVRFLRFRPPXQLFDWLYHV 3OXVLHXUV SURGXFWLRQV VRQW GHPDQGpHV DX[ pWXGLDQWV XQH YLGpR GH WURLV PLQXWHV SRXU SUpVHQWHU OH SURGXLW LQYHQWp OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GHV GLIIpUHQWV FRPSRVDQWV HW OHXUV LQWHUDFWLRQV OH PRGH G¶HPSORL OD FLEOH SRWHQWLHOOH HW O¶DYDQWDJH FRPPHUFLDOGXSURGXLWSDUUDSSRUWjODFRQFXUUHQFH¬O¶pFULWLOV¶DJLUDGHUpGLJHUXQ GRVVLHUUHSUHQDQWOHVpOpPHQWVSUpFpGHQWVFRPSOpWpVG¶XQHpWXGHGHPDUFKp /¶pYDOXDWLRQ VH IDLW j SOXVLHXUV PRPHQWV WDQW DX FRXUV GH OD UpDOLVDWLRQ SXLVTXHOHGpURXOHPHQWGXSURMHWHVWMDORQQpG¶HQWUHWLHQVFRQVHLOF¶HVWO¶RFFDVLRQ SRXU O¶HQVHLJQDQW GH ODQJXH GH IDLUH XQ SRLQW VXU OD SURJUHVVLRQ GHV DSSUHQDQWV GDQV O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH SDU UDSSRUW DX[ REMHFWLIV SUpVHQWpV LQLWLDOHPHQW HW VXU OHV PpWKRGHVGHWUDYDLOTX¶jODILQSDUOHVHQVHLJQDQWVGHVGHX[FRXUV LQIRUPDWLTXHHW )/(

(74)  VXU OHVGHX[SURGXFWLRQV TXDOLWpWHFKQLTXH GXSURGXLW RULJLQDOLWp HWLQWpUrW FRPPHUFLDO FRPSpWHQFHV OLQJXLVWLTXHV

(75)  PDLV DXVVL VXU OHXU TXDOLWp UpIOH[LYH SDU UDSSRUW j OHXU DSSUHQWLVVDJH LO OHXU HVW GHPDQGp HQ HIIHW GH SUpVHQWHU OHV FRPSpWHQFHVGpYHORSSpHVDXFRXUVGXSURMHWHWOHVGLIILFXOWpVUHQFRQWUpHV 'DQV FHW H[HPSOH O¶LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULWp GLVFLSOLQHODQJXH

(76)  DUULYH GqV OD FRQFHSWLRQ GX SURMHW HQ DPRQW GHV DSSUHQWLVVDJHV WDQW GLVFLSOLQDLUHV TXH OLQJXLVWLTXHV(WODFROODERUDWLRQG¶pTXLSHVHQVHLJQDQWHVGHFXOWXUHG¶HQVHLJQHPHQW GLIIpUHQWH OLQJXLVWLTXHVFLHQWLILTXH IUDQoDLVHWXUTXH

(77)  DPqQH j XQH FRKDELWDWLRQ G¶H[LJHQFHVGLIIpUHQWHVLQWpUHVVDQWHVDXQLYHDXGHO¶pYDOXDWLRQ 1RWRQV TXH FH SURMHW D DXVVL OpJLWLPp O¶XVDJH GH OD ODQJXH IUDQoDLVH GDQV OHVFRXUVVFLHQWLILTXHVDQLPpVSDUO¶HQVHLJQDQWQRQQDWLIHWDPpOLRUpODFRKpUHQFH HQWUH FHV  FRXUV (QILQ O¶DVSHFW FRQFUHW GX SURMHW PRWLYH FHV pWXGLDQWV VFLHQWLILTXHVSHXWrWUHPRLQVDWWLUpVSDUOHVODQJXHVpWUDQJqUHV.  /¶DSSRUW GHV 7,&( GDQV O¶HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJH HW OD SpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWV 1RXVSUpVHQWHURQVLFLO¶DSSRUWGHV7,&(GDQVODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWV0DLV GDQVOHFDGUHGXGLVSRVLWLIK\EULGHGH*6hDOOLDQWSUpVHQWLHOHWGLVWDQFLHOOHV7,&( . 5HPHUFLRQV7HRPDQ1DVNDOLSRXUVRQLPSOLFDWLRQ. .

(78) RQWpWpLQWURGXLWHVGDQVOHEXWSOXVJpQpUDOGHUHQIRUFHUODILQDOLWpDXWRQRPLVDQWHGH OD IRUPDWLRQ (OOHV FRPSUHQQHQW XQ UpVHDX VRFLDO GpGLp j O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GX IUDQoDLVHWXQHSODWHIRUPH0RRGOH  8QRXWLOSRXUFRPPXQLTXHUHWFROODERUHU *UkFHDXUpVHDXVRFLDOGH*6hOHVSURGXLWVFUppVORUVGHVSURMHWVSHXYHQW rWUH SRVWpV VXU OH 0XU FRQVXOWpV SDU OHV DXWUHV pWXGLDQWV PDLV DXVVL SDU WRXWH OD FRPPXQDXWp\FRPSULVOHVHQVHLJQDQWV±TXL©OLNHªHWGRQQHOHXURSLQLRQ&HWWH YLVLELOLWpPHWO¶DSSUHQDQWGDQVXQHUpHOOHVLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWOHWUDYDLO UpDOLVp SUHQG XQH DXWUH GLPHQVLRQ SXLVTX¶LO VRUW GX FDGUH FRQILQp ELHQYHLOODQW YRLUHSURWHFWHXUGHODFODVVHRQHQJDJHVDSURSUHLPDJHGDQVOHSRVWFHTXLLQFLWH j SDUIDLUH VRQ SURGXLW (OOH PHW XQ HQMHX QRQ QpJOLJHDEOH GDQV OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GX SURGXLWILQLVLOHFDGUHGXSURMHWLQFLWHjFHWWHLQWHUDFWLRQFRPPHFHIXWOHFDVSRXU OH SURMHW ©FDPSDJQH GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQª LO V¶DJLVVDLW G¶pOLUH OHV FDPSDJQHV GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQOHVSOXVFRQYDLQFDQWHVTXLVHUDLHQWH[SRVpHVVXUOHFDPSXVORUVGHOD MRXUQpHVSpFLDOH&HYRWHGHYDLWrWUHMXVWLILpSDUGHVDUJXPHQWVSUpFLVMXJHDQWGHVD TXDOLWp VXU OH IRQG FRPPH VXU OD IRUPH (W OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHYLHQW QDWXUHOOH TXDQGOHVDSSUHQDQWVRQWXQHUDLVRQGHFRPPXQLTXHU&HW\SHG¶pFKDQJHVGRQQHOD SRVVLELOLWp GH YLYUH GH QRXYHDX[ XVDJHV GH OD ODQJXH GDQV GHV VLWXDWLRQV PRLQV IRUPHOOHVTX¶HQFODVVH(WO¶HPSORLGHV7,&(GDQVXQGLVSRVLWLIjIRUWSUpVHQWLHO HVW G¶DXWDQW SOXV MXVWLILp TX¶LO HVW QpFHVVDLUH G¶DYRLU UHFRXUV j GHV FRPSpWHQFHV G¶LQWHUORFXWHXUVTXLQHVRQWSDVSUpVHQWVGDQVODFODVVH GHV©H[SHUWVªGXPRQGH DVVRFLDWLISDUH[HPSOHSRXUOHSURMHW©FDPSDJQHGHVHQVLELOLVDWLRQª

(79)  'DQVXQFDGUHFXOWXUHOSOXVODUJHFRPPHFHIXWOHFDVGDQVGHVH[HPSOHV QRQ FLWpV OHV RXWLOV QXPpULTXHV GLPLQXHQW OD GLVWDQFH JpRJUDSKLTXH HW UHQGHQW SRVVLEOH OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH SURMHWV LQWHUXQLYHUVLWDLUHV WpOpFROODERUDWLIV JUkFH DX[ FKDWV ZLNLV HW IRUXPV GH 0RRGOH RX O¶(WKHUSDG GX UpVHDX VRFLDO

(80)  YRLUH LQWHUFXOWXUHOV DYHF GHV pWXGLDQWV QRQ WXUFV &HV QRXYHOOHV SRVVLELOLWpV GH SDUOHU G¶DSSUHQGUH RXYUHQW OD SDOHWWH GHV FRGHV OLQJXLVWLTXHV HW FXOWXUHOV DPqQHQW OHV DSSUHQDQWV j FUpHU OHXU LGHQWLWp QXPpULTXH (Q FRQWH[WH pGXFDWLI OHV HQVHLJQDQWV SHXYHQWIDLUHUpIOpFKLUOHVDSSUHQDQWVjVRLJQHUFHWWHLGHQWLWp  8QRXWLOSRXUO¶DSSUHQWLVVDJHOLQJXLVWLTXHHWPpWKRGRORJLTXH 2Q SHQVH DYDQW WRXW j O¶DSSRUW GX QXPpULTXH SRXU OHV FRPSUpKHQVLRQV RUDOHVHWpFULWHVHWODPLVHHQFRQWDFWDYHFGHVUHVVRXUFHVDXWKHQWLTXHV4XHFHVRLW SRXU pODERUHU XQ SODQQLQJ GH WUDYDLO SRXU pFULUH XQ WH[WH SRXU SUpSDUHU XQH LQWHUYLHZ GDQV OH FDGUH GHV SURMHWV OHV RXWLOV G¶pFULWXUH j SOXVLHXUV PDLQV VRQW PRWHXUV SRXU PrPH GDQV XQ GLVSRVLWLI j IRUW SUpVHQWLHO FROODERUHU HQ GHKRUV GX WHPSVFODVVH&KDFXQ\SDUWLFLSHjVRQU\WKPH&HFKRL[GXPRPHQWSHUPHWDXVVLj O¶DSSUHQDQW GH SUHQGUH OH WHPSV GH OD UpIOH[LRQ DYDQW GH SRVWHU XQ PHVVDJH RX SDUWLFLSHUjXQHpFULWXUHFROODERUDWLYHTXL©LPSOLTXHGHVSKDVHVGHFRQWU{OHHWGH . 8QHGHVFULSWLRQFRPSOqWHGHFHWHQYLURQQHPHQWQXPpULTXHDIDLWO¶REMHWG¶XQHSXEOLFDWLRQ 0DQJLDYLOODQR3HOOHWLHU

(81) . .

(82) . UHWRXU VXU VHV DFWLRQV H[WUrPHPHQW IUXFWXHXVHVª 'HPDL]LqUH *URVERLV 

(83)  0DLV O¶RXWLO HVW DXVVL DGDSWp j GHV DFWLYLWpV GH SURGXFWLRQV pFULWHV &LWRQV pJDOHPHQW9RFDURRSDUH[HPSOHTXLSHUPHWDX[DSSUHQDQWVGHV¶HQUHJLVWUHU(QILQ Q¶RXEOLRQVSDVOHVRXWLOVG¶LQWHUDFWLRQRUDOHDYHF6N\SHSDUH[HPSOH &RQFHUQDQW OHV FRPSpWHQFHV G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH O¶RXWLO QXPpULTXH LQFLWH j GpYHORSSHU GHV FRPSpWHQFHV G¶DXWRQRPLH GH O¶pWXGLDQW PrPH HQ FDV GH IRUW SUpVHQWLHO HQ H[WHUQDOLVDQW XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH G¶DFWLYLWpV G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH HW HQ OLEpUDQWDLQVLGXWHPSVSRXUUHFHQWUHUODUHODWLRQHQVHLJQDQWDSSUHQDQWDXWRXUGHFH TXLFRQVWLWXHODYDOHXUDMRXWpHGHO¶HQVHLJQDQWO¶DQLPDWLRQOHFRQVHLOOHWXWRUDW   8Q RXWLO SRXU GpYHORSSHU GHV FRPSpWHQFHV QXPpULTXHV HWSURIHVVLRQQHOOHV 0DLV OD QRWLRQ GH QXPpULTXH HQJOREH DXVVL WRXW XQ HQVHPEOH G¶RXWLOV SHUPHWWDQW GH FUpHU GHV ©SURGXLWVª &H VRQW OHV DIILFKHV GHV FDPSDJQHV GH VHQVLELOLVDWLRQ OHV SODTXHWWHV GH SUpVHQWDWLRQ GHV SDUWLV SROLWLTXHV OHV YLGpRV HQ LQJpQLHULH LQIRUPDWLTXH OHV ©VOLJKWVª VRXWHQDQW XQH SUpVHQWDWLRQ RUDOH RX XQ H[SRVp WRXW XQ HQVHPEOH G¶DSSOLFDWLRQV GH ORJLFLHOV TXL SHXYHQW V¶DSSDUHQWHU j GHV RXWLOV ©SURIHVVLRQQHOVª 2Q SRXUUDLW OpJLWLPHPHQW VH GHPDQGHU VL WRXWHV FHV FRPSpWHQFHV WHFKQLTXHV VRQW ELHQ LQGLVSHQVDEOHV GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH XQLYHUVLWDLUH 3RXUWDQW HOOHV SDUWLFLSHQW DX UpDOLVPH GX SURGXLW ILQL LQKpUHQW j OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHWV'HSOXVSDUFHTX¶HOOHVGRQQHQWXQUHQGX©QHWªDXSURGXLWHOOHVLQFLWHQWj ODSUpFLVLRQGHFHVUpDOLVDWLRQVFRQFUqWHVHWGRQFjODSHUWLQHQFHGXWUDYDLOUpDOLVp (QILQ HOOHV GRWHQW O¶DSSUHQDQW GH FRPSpWHQFHV SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV LQGLVSHQVDEOHV DXMRXUG¶KXLTXHOHPRQGHGXWUDYDLOFRQVLGqUHFRPPHDFTXLV . %LODQDSSRUWVHWOLPLWHV . $SSRUWV /H SUHPLHU DSSRUW FRQVWDWp j *DODWDVDUD\ HVW XQH DXJPHQWDWLRQ LQFRQWHVWDEOHGHODPRWLYDWLRQGHVpWXGLDQWVGH*DODWDVDUD\DFFRPSDJQpHG¶XQQHW FKDQJHPHQWGHFRPSRUWHPHQW3DUOHFKRL[GHV SURMHWVOLpVDXFKDPSGX)UDQoDLV VXU2EMHFWLI8QLYHUVLWDLUHrWUHGDQVO¶DFWLRQOHXUDGRQQpXQHYLVLRQSOXVFODLUHGH OHXU U{OH G¶pWXGLDQW HW GHV SHUVSHFWLYHV VXU OH PRQGH SURIHVVLRQQHO (W OD UHFRQQDLVVDQFHLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHGHFHWUDYDLOHVWXQHIIHWOHYLHUIRQGDPHQWDO 'X SRLQW GH YXH GHV FRPSpWHQFHV DFTXLVHV QRXV Q¶DYRQV SDV SX UpDOLVHU G¶pWXGH pWDEOLVVDQW XQH FRUUpODWLRQ HQWUH O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ UpHOOH GX QLYHDX OLQJXLVWLTXHHWO¶LQWURGXFWLRQGHODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWPDLVQRXVDYRQVFRQVWDWp O¶pODUJLVVHPHQWGXFKDPSGHVFRPSpWHQFHVPpWKRGRORJLTXHVOLpHVjO¶DSSUHQGUHj DSSUHQGUHHWDX[©FRPSpWHQFHVQXPpULTXHVª(QILQQ¶RXEOLRQVSDVOHFKDPSGH FRPSpWHQFHV VRFLDOHV DFFUX SDU OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW HW OH WUDYDLO FROODERUDWLI DXWDQW GH VDYRLUIDLUH HW VDYRLUrWUH FRPPH WUDYDLOOHU HQVHPEOH V¶pFRXWHU V¶HQWHQGUHHWV¶DFFRUGHUTXLOHVSUpSDUHQWDXPRQGHGHGHPDLQ 'X F{Wp GX FRUSV HQVHLJQDQW HW SULQFLSDOHPHQW GHV HQVHLJQDQWV GH )/( FHWWH QRXYHOOH YRLH D GHPDQGp XQ IRUW WUDYDLO GH UppFULWXUH GHV FRQWHQXV SRXU OHV .

(84) RULHQWHU HQ FRPSpWHQFHV &H WUDYDLO DSUqV XQH SpULRGH ©GpVWDELOLVDQWHª SDU OHV UHPLVHV HQ TXHVWLRQ QpFHVVDLUHV D GpERXFKp VXU XQH SURIHVVLRQQDOLVDWLRQ GH O¶pTXLSH /¶LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULWp D pWp O¶RFFDVLRQ G¶XQ WUDQVIHUW GH FHV DFTXLV YHUV G¶DXWUHV GLVFLSOLQHV GDQV XQH YRORQWp G¶KDUPRQLVDWLRQ FH TXL SDUWLFLSH j XQH PHLOOHXUHKRPRJpQpLWpGHVFXUVXVGHSUHPLqUHDQQpHGHOLFHQFH /LPLWHV &RPPH OH UDSSHOOHQW %RUGDOR HW *LQHVWHW 

(85)  O¶HQVHLJQDQW VH ODQoDQW GDQVODPLVHHQSODFHG¶XQHSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWGRLWpYLWHUWURLVSLqJHVODGpULYH SURGXFWLYLVWHROHSURMHWHVWWURSDPELWLHX[HQUHJDUGGHVDSSUHQWLVVDJHVYLVpVOD GpULYH WHFKQLFLVWH R O¶HQVHLJQDQW SODQLILH WRXW HW VHXO OH SURMHW OD GpULYH VSRQWDQpLVWH R OHV REMHFWLIV G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH QH VRQW SDV FODLUHPHQW GpILQLV DX GpSDUWHWROHSURMHWV¶LQYHQWHDXIXUHWjPHVXUHGHVDUpDOLVDWLRQ/¶HIIHWSHUYHUV HVW GH YRLU HQ HIIHW OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GX SURGXLW LPSRUWHU SOXV TXH OHV DSSUHQWLVVDJHV TX¶LOGRLWVXVFLWHU,OV¶DJLWGRQFGHSURSRVHUGHVSURMHWVTXLPHWWHQWHQVFqQHGHV VDYRLUV VDYRLUIDLUH HW VDYRLUrWUH UpDOLVWHV WRXW HQ VDFKDQWpWDEOLU GHV SRQWV HQWUH OHVGLVFLSOLQHVHWLPSOLTXHUOHVpWXGLDQWV 6L OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW D IDLW VHV SUHXYHV GDQV OHV pWDEOLVVHPHQWV VFRODLUHV OHV SUpRFFXSDWLRQV G¶RUGUH SpGDJRJLTXH HQ FRQWH[WH XQLYHUVLWDLUH VRQW EHDXFRXS SOXV UpFHQWHV HW OD SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW JDUGH HQFRUH PDVVLYHPHQW O¶LPDJHG¶XQHLQQRYDWLRQGHVHFRQGUDQJ3RXUWDQWHOOHGHPDQGHSRXUUpXVVLUXQH DGKpVLRQLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHWDQWGHVHVFRPSRVDQWHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVTX¶HQVHLJQDQWHV SRXULQWpJUHUOHVFKDQJHPHQWVG¶DSSURFKHO¶LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULWpODSULVHHQFRPSWH G¶XQHpYDOXDWLRQGLIIpUHQWHVRLWO¶pYROXWLRQGHVPpWLHUVGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQW. (QJXLVHGHFRQFOXVLRQ $LQVL PHWWUH HQ SODFH XQH SpGDJRJLH GH SURMHW LQWpJUHU XQ GLVSRVLWLI PpGLDWLVp EDVp VXU OHV 7,&( DYRLU UHFRXUV j OD FODVVH LQYHUVpH VRQW DXWDQW G¶pYROXWLRQV SpGDJRJLTXHV TXL WRXWHV RQW SRXU ILQDOLWp GH PHWWUH O¶DSSUHQDQW DX F°XU GH O¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH &HOD VXSSRVH XQH ERQQH DSSUpKHQVLRQ GHV PpFDQLVPHV TXL HQWUHQW HQ MHX GDQV OHV SURFHVVXV G¶DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GHV DSSUHQDQWV 9RLFL XQ QRXYHDX FKDPS G¶pWXGH G¶LQWpUrW HW G¶DFWLRQ SRXU OHV pTXLSHV HQVHLJQDQWHV SRXYDQWDOOHUMXVTX¶jXQHUHGpILQLWLRQFRPSOqWHGHOHXUVWkFKHVGHOHXUVPLVVLRQV GH OHXUV IRQFWLRQV YHUV  D[HV O¶DQLPDWLRQ OH JXLGDJHOH WXWRUDW O¶LQJpQLHULH SpGDJRJLTXH0DLVFHWWHUHGpILQLWLRQDpJDOHPHQWGHVLQFLGHQFHVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVHW RUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHV &¶HVW GRQF XQH UpYROXWLRQ TXH YLW O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW DXMRXUG¶KXL PRGLILFDWLRQ GHV U{OHV pWXGLDQWVHQVHLJQDQWV pYROXWLRQ GHV FXUVXV UHGpILQLWLRQ GHV FRPSpWHQFHV j WUDQVPHWWUHLQWpJUDWLRQGHQRXYHDX[RXWLOVLPSOLTXpVGDQVO¶DFWHG¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH«8Q HQVHPEOH GH ERXOHYHUVHPHQWV TXL FRQGXLW j DLGHU O¶DSSUHQDQW j V¶DGDSWHU DX PRQGH SURIHVVLRQQHOHQPXWDWLRQ«(WXQGpILSRXUQRVIRUPDWLRQVIUDQFRSKRQHV &RPPHOHUDSSHODLW5H\ 

(86) ©O¶8QLRQ(XURSpHQQHGpILQLVVDLWHQ SRXUO¶pGXFDWLRQHWODIRUPDWLRQWRXWDXORQJGHODYLHKXLWFRPSpWHQFHVFOpVGRQW .

(87) . OD FRPSpWHQFH QXPpULTXH O¶DSSUHQGUH j DSSUHQGUH OD FRPSpWHQFH VRFLDOH HW FLYLTXHO¶HVSULWG¶LQLWLDWLYHHWG¶HQWUHSULVHª2QFRPSUHQGO¶LPSpULHXVHQpFHVVLWp GHVDYRLUDSSUHQGUHWRXWHODYLHDILQGHSRXYRLUV¶DGDSWHUSURIHVVLRQQHOOHPHQW(W ODSpGDJRJLHGHSURMHWJUkFHjVRQDVSHFWFRQFUHWHWDXWKHQWLTXHDLGHO¶DSSUHQDQWj UHOLHUFHTXLHVWDSSULVHQFRQWH[WHXQLYHUVLWDLUHDYHFOHVH[SpULHQFHVYpFXHVGDQVOD YLH&¶HVWDXVVLXQPR\HQG¶DSSUpKHQGHUODFRPSOH[LWpGXPRQGHSURIHVVLRQQHOHQ DSSUHQDQW j UpVRXGUH GHV SUREOqPHV j XWLOLVHU GHV RXWLOV GX PRQGH SURIHVVLRQQHO 5pYHUG\ 

(88)  (QILQ F¶HVW XQH YpULWDEOH FXOWXUH GX SURMHW LQLWLpH HQ FRQWH[WH pGXFDWLITXLOHVDLGHUDjGpILQLUOHXUSURMHWSHUVRQQHO SURIHVVLRQQHOGHYLH

(89) &LWRQV 3HUUHQRXG 

(90) jFHVXMHW©OHSURMHWSHUVRQQHOQ¶HVWSDVLQQpHWLOHVWODSOXSDUW GXWHPSVGHPDQGpjGHVJHQVTXLQ¶HQRQWSDV«ª   %LEOLRJUDSKLH  %RUGDOR ,VDEHOOH HW -HDQ3DXO *LQHVWHW 

(91)  3RXU XQH SpGDJRJLH GX SURMHW 3DULV+DFKHWWH 'HPDL]LqUH )UDQoRLVH HW 0XULHO *URVERLV 

(92)  1XPpULTXH HW HQVHLJQHPHQW DSSUHQWLVVDJH GHV ODQJXHV HQ /DQVDG ± 4XDQG FRPPHQW SRXUTXRL" $/6,&9RO 0DQJLDYLOODQR 9LUJLOH HW )UpGpULTXH 3HOOHWLHU 

(93)  /HV WHFKQRORJLHV GH O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HW GH OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SRXU O¶HQVHLJQHPHQW j O 8QLYHUVLWp *DODWDVDUD\ XQ GpIL DX PDLQWLHQ GH OD IUDQFRSKRQLH 6\QHUJLHV 5RXPDQLH Qƒ SS  $FFqV KWWSJHUIOLQWIU %DVH5RXPDQLH0DQJLDYLOODQRB3HOOHWLHUSGI! 3HUUHQRXG 3KLOLSSH 

(94)  5pXVVLU RX FRPSUHQGUH" /HV GLOHPPHV FODVVLTXHV G¶XQH GpPDUFKH GH SURMHW $FFqV KWWSZZZXQLJHFKIDSVH66( WHDFKHUVSHUUHQRXGSKSBPDLQSKSBBKWPO! 'HUQLqUH FRQVXOWDWLRQOHMXLOOHW

(95)  3URXO[-HDQ 

(96) $SSUHQWLVVDJHSDUSURMHW6DLQWH)R\3UHVVHVGHO¶8QLYHUVLWp GX4XpEHF 5pYHUG\&DWKHULQH 

(97) 'HVSURMHWVSRXUPLHX[DSSUHQGUH"'RVVLHUG¶DFWXDOLWp 9HLOOH HW $QDO\VHV Qƒ IpYULHU $FFqVKWWSLIHHQVO\RQIUYVW'$ GHWDLOV'RVVLHUSKS"SDUHQWDFFXHLO GRVVLHU  ODQJ IU ! 'HUQLqUH FRQVXOWDWLRQOHMXLOOHW

(98)  5H\ 2OLYLHU 

(99)  /H GpIL GH O¶pYDOXDWLRQ GHV FRPSpWHQFHV 'RVVLHU G¶DFWXDOLWp 9HLOOH HW $QDO\VHV Qƒ  MXLQ $FFqVKWWSLIHHQVO\RQIUYVW'$ 9HLOOHMXLQSGI! 'HUQLqUHFRQVXOWDWLRQOHMXLOOHW

(100)   . .

(101) 6(&7,21','$&7,48(.

(102)

(103) /(0$18(/'()/(81028/( 2Ô6(&28/(177(;7(,0$*(e9e1(0(17 81'(0,6,Ê&/('()21&7,211(0(17 &HFLOLD&21'(, 8QLYHUVLWpGH&UDLRYD 5pVXPp (Q SDUODQW GH ©PRXOH R VH FRXOHª V\QWDJPH DVVRFLp DX PDQXHO VFRODLUH QRXV UpIpURQV j $ODLQ &KRSSLQ 

(104)  HQ pYRTXDQW O¶©HVSDFHª HW OH ©WHPSVª QRXV QRXV WHQRQV SURFKH GH OHXUV FRQWHQXV VpPDQWLTXHV GH EDVH LQGLTXpV GDQV 7/)L ©HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXHª ©GLVWDQFH GpWHUPLQpHª ©VXUIDFHª SRXU OH SUHPLHU ©PLOLHX LQGpILQLª ©JRXYHUQp SDU OD FRQWLQXLWp HW OD VXFFHVVLRQª SRXU OH GHX[LqPH 0DLV SRXU LQWURGXLUH ©pYpQHPHQWª FRPPH UHSqUH GDQV XQH JULOOH G¶DQDO\VH LO IDXW SUpFLVHU XQH UHVWULFWLRQ PpWKRGRORJLTXH FH SURSRV Q¶HQYLVDJH OD SHUVSHFWLYH VRFLRORJLTXH GRPLQDQWH GDQV OD SOXSDUWGHVpWXGHVFRQVDFUpHVjO¶©pYpQHPHQWª

(105) TX¶HQGHX[LqPHSRVLWLRQ/DSUHPLqUHHVW pQRQFLDWLYHSXLVTXHQRXVQRXVERUQRQVjO¶pQRQFLDWLRQGLGDFWLTXHGRQWOHVWUDFHVSRUWpHV SDU OHV pQRQFpV V¶LQVFULYHQW GDQV OH GLVFRXUV GHV PDQXHOV URXPDLQV GH )/( GX GHUQLHU GHPLVLqFOH $EVWUDFW 7+(7(;7%22.2)))/$02/',1:+,&+7(;7,0$*( (9(176)/2:72*(7+(5+$/)$&(1785< 2))81&7,21,1* %\VSHDNLQJDERXWPROGZKHUHVWHDOVV\QWDJPDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHWH[WERRNZH UHIHUWR$ODLQ&KRSSLQ 

(106) E\HYRNLQJWKHVSDFHDQGWKHWLPHZHDUHKHOGFORVHWR WKHLUVHPDQWLFEDVLFFRQWHQWVLQGLFDWHGLQ7/)LJHRJUDSKLFDOVSDFHGHWHUPLQHGGLVWDQFH VXUIDFHIRUWKHILUVWRQHWKHLQGHILQLWHHQYLURQPHQWJRYHUQHGE\WKHFRQWLQXLW\DQG WKH VXFFHVVLRQ  IRU WKH VHFRQG %XW WR LQWURGXFH HYHQW DV PDUN LQWR RI DQDO\VLV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR VSHFLI\ D PHWKRGRORJLFDO OLPLWDWLRQ WKLV VXEMHFW HQYLVDJHV WKH VRFLRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH GRPLQDQW LQ PRVW RI WKH VWXGLHV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH HYHQW

(107) RQO\ LQ WKH VHFRQG SRVLWLRQ7KHILUVWRQHLVHQXQFLDWLYHEHFDXVHZHUHVWULFWRXUVHOYHVWRWKHGLGDFWLFVWDWHPHQW WUDFNVMRLQWKHGLVFRXUVHRIWKH5XPDQLDQWH[WERRNVRI)UHQFKDVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHRIODVW KDOIDFHQWXU\ 0RWVFOpVGLVFRXUVGHVPDQXHOVpYpQHPHQWSRVLWLRQQHPHQWLQIOXHQFHSROLWLTXH .H\ZRUGVVSHHFKRIWH[WERRNVHYHQWSRVLWLRQLQJSROLWLFDOLQIOXHQFH. .

(108) .  ,QWURGXFWLRQ. . &HWWH pWXGH V¶HQ WLHQW j XQ W\SH GH GLVFRXUV TXL QH WHQWH SDV WURS OHV DQDO\VWHV GX GLVFRXUV YX VD FRPSOH[LWp TXL OH IDLW GLIILFLOHPHQW FODVVDEOH OHV GLVFRXUVGHVPDQXHOV/HSOXULHOV¶LPSRVHQRWDPPHQWjFDXVHGHFHWWHFRPSOH[LWp (W VL O¶RQ SDUOH GX PDQXHO GH )/( HQ OH ORFDOLVDQW JpRJUDSKLTXHPHQW ©PDQXHOV URXPDLQV GH )/(ª HQ OH IL[DQW WHPSRUHOOHPHQW ©PDQXHOV URXPDLQV GH )/( XWLOLVpVSHQGDQWXQGHPLVLqFOHªODGLIILFXOWpQHGLPLQXHSDV$XFRQWUDLUH /HUDSSRUWHQWUHWHQXSDUOHPDQXHOVFRODLUHHQJpQpUDODYHFVRQWHPSVHVW XQIDLWUpHOREVHUYDEOHVRXVGLIIpUHQWVDVSHFWVGRQWOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVVHWUDGXLVHQW SDU GHV DFWLRQV SpGDJRJLTXHV DX VHLQ GH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ QRPPpH eFROH PDQLqUH GH FRQFHYRLU OHV OLYUHV GH FODVVH G¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHV DFWLYLWpV G¶LQVWDXUHU OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HQ FODVVH GH )/( FRQWHQXV j WUDQVPHWWUHj PpGLHU

(109)  /H WLWUH SURSRVpIRQFWLRQQHFRPPHWKqPHHWVXJJqUHOHSDUFRXUVDUJXPHQWDWLIHQSDUODQW GH ©PRXOH R VH FRXOHª V\QWDJPH DVVRFLp DX PDQXHO VFRODLUH QRXV UpIpURQV j $ODLQ&KRSSLQ 

(110) HQpYRTXDQWO¶HVSDFHHWOHWHPSVQRXVQRXVWHQRQVSURFKHV GH OHXUV FRQWHQXV VpPDQWLTXHV GH EDVH LQGLTXpV GDQV 7/)L ©HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXHª ©GLVWDQFH GpWHUPLQpHª ©VXUIDFHª SRXU OH SUHPLHU ©PLOLHX LQGpILQLª©JRXYHUQpSDUODFRQWLQXLWpHWODVXFFHVVLRQªSRXUOHGHX[LqPH1RXV FRQVLGpURQVOHPDQXHOSDUIDLWHPHQWLQVFULWGDQVXQUDSSRUWGHFRQWLQXLWpDXTXHOLO FRQWULEXH SOHLQHPHQW ¬ F{Wp GH FHV QRWLRQV QRXV LQWURGXLVRQV ©pYpQHPHQWª FRPPH UHSqUH GH OD JULOOH G¶DQDO\VH WRXW HQ SUpFLVDQW XQH UHVWULFWLRQ PpWKRGRORJLTXH FH SURSRV Q¶HQYLVDJH OD SHUVSHFWLYH VRFLRORJLTXH GRPLQDQWH GDQVODSOXSDUWGHVpWXGHVFRQVDFUpHVjO¶©pYpQHPHQWª

(111) TX¶HQGHX[LqPHSRVLWLRQ /D SUHPLqUH SRVLWLRQ OD SOXV LPSRUWDQWH HVW pQRQFLDWLYH SXLVTXH QRXV QRXV ERUQRQV j O¶pQRQFLDWLRQ GLGDFWLTXH GRQW OHV WUDFHV SRUWpHV SDU OHV pQRQFpV V¶LQVFULYHQWGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVPDQXHOVURXPDLQVGH)/(/HWH[WHGXPDQXHOHVW OD FRQVpTXHQFH G¶XQH GpPDUFKH GLGDFWLTXH LO HVW FRPPH WRXW DXWUH WH[WH OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQ DFWH G¶pQRQFLDWLRQ TXL ©OH PRWLYH RX PrPH OH OpJLWLPHª 0DLQJXHQHDX

(112)  /¶pQRQFpGRQQHGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVVXUO¶LGHQWLWppQRQFLDWLYHGHFHOXLTXLHQ HVWOHSURGXFWHXUHWVXUWRXWVXUOHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHFHSURGXFWHXUHQUDSSRUWDYHF OHVFRQWHQXVHWOHVGLPHQVLRQVGLVFXUVLYHV FI0DLQJXHQHDX

(113) &HOXLTXL DVVXPH OH GLVFRXUV GHV PDQXHOV VH SRVLWLRQQH SDU UDSSRUW DX[ pYpQHPHQWV VHQV JpQpUDO ©HQVHPEOH GHV IDLWV SOXVRX PRLQVLPSRUWDQWV GHO¶DFWXDOLWpª 7/)L

(114)  LO HQIDLWXQWULLOOHVSODFHHQVXLWHGDQVGHVDUFKLYHVHWOHVLQVFULWGDQVVRQGLVFRXUV 6HORQ 'RPLQLTXH 0DLQJXHQHDX  HQ OLJQH

(115)  O¶DUFKLYH D XQH ©IRQFWLRQ GH PpPRULVDWLRQGHWUpVRUWH[WXHOª1RXVQRXVLQWpUHVVRQVjODPDQLqUHGRQWFHWH[WH UpFXSqUH O¶pYpQHPHQW TXL ©HVW SDU GpILQLWLRQ O LPSUpYLVLEOH >«@ / pYpQHPHQW SUpOHYp VRXV IRUPH GH GRFXPHQW GHYLHQW XQH QRXYHOOH TXL V LQVqUH GDQV OH F\FOH FXOWXUHO SHUG VRQ FDUDFWqUH pYpQHPHQWLHO HW VH WUDQVIRUPH HQ XQ PDWpULDX SRXU KLVWRULHQRXSRXUMRXUQDOLVWHª 0ROHV

(116) . .

(117) 3DUOHUG¶XQFHUWDLQpYpQHPHQWHWpYLWHUGHSDUOHUG¶XQDXWUHHVWXQHSUHXYH GH SRVLWLRQQHPHQW GDQV XQ FKDPS GH IRUFHV WRXW FRPPH SULYLOpJLHU XQ HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXHRXGLVFXUVLIIUDQFRSKRQHRXXQFHUWDLQWHPSV $EUDKDP 0ROHV YRLW GDQV O¶pYpQHPHQW XQ HQVHPEOH GH ©W\SHV GH YDULDWLRQV SHUFHSWLEOHV G¶XQ HQYLURQQHPHQW TXL Q¶RQW SDV pWp SUpYXHV SDU O¶RFFXSDQWGXFHQWUHGHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWª 

(118) ,OGLVWLQJXH L

(119) OHVPLFUR pYpQHPHQWV TXL SDUYLHQQHQW j OD FRQVFLHQFH PDLV V HIIDFHQW GDQV OD PpPRLUH LPPpGLDWH HQ VXLYDQW OHV ORLV GH FHOOHFL  LL

(120)  OHV PLQLpYpQHPHQWV TXL VRQW UHWHQXVSHQGDQWXQGpODLYDULDEOHPDLVWRXMRXUVOLPLWpGDQVODGXUpHGHYLHGHO rWUH XQMRXUXQPRLVXQDQ LLL

(121) OHVpYpQHPHQWV SURSUHPHQW GLWVPpPRULVpVSDU FHX[ PrPHV TXL \ RQW SDUWLFLSp RX HQ RQW pWp WpPRLQV  LY

(122)  OHV JUDQGV pYpQHPHQWV HQILQ KLVWRULTXHV TXL VRQW LQVFULWV GDQV GHV DUFKLYHV VRFLDOHV GH TXHOTXH HVSqFH TX HOOHV VRLHQW DJHQFH SKRWRJUDSKLTXH DJHQFH GH QRXYHOOHV MRXUQDX[OLYUHVG KLVWRLUH1RXVDMRXWRQVjVDOLVWHOHPDQXHOFRPPHGpSRVLWDLUHHW YpKLFXODLUHGHO¶pYpQHPHQWHWSRVWXORQVTXHFHWWHDUFKLYHSHXWIRXUQLUGHVpOpPHQWV TXLSHUPHWWHQWO¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQG¶XQFHUWDLQHVSDFHG¶XQFHUWDLQWHPSVV\VWqPHVRFLDO RX RULHQWDWLRQ SROLWLTXH TXL HQFDGUHQW REOLJDWRLUHPHQW O¶pYpQHPHQW DUFKLYp &HOD FRQGXLWjO¶K\SRWKqVHTXHOHPDQXHOGH)/(HWVRQ©LPDJHªVRXPLVjXQHDQDO\VH GH OHXUV GLVFRXUV SHUPHWWHQW GH FRQVWDWHU VL FHV GHX[ PDQXHO HW LPDJH

(123)  VRQW OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQ DFWH GX FRQFHSWHXU RX UHSUpVHQWHQW OD FROODERUDWLRQ HQWUH O¶pGLWHXU HW O¶DXWHXU'HX[TXHVWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHQWFRPPHRXYUHXUVGHSDUFRXUVHQGHX[WHPSV HVWLOSRVVLEOHGHGLVWLQJXHUO¶pQRQFLDWLRQpGLWRULDOHGHO¶pQRQFLDWLRQDXFWRULDOHGDQV OHXUUDSSRUWjO¶pYpQHPHQW"2YRLWRQOHSRLGVGXWHPSVHWGHO¶RULHQWDWLRQSROLWLTXH GX UpJLPH DX SRXYRLU" 'X F{Wp GH O¶pQRQFLDWLRQ pGLWRULDOH RX GH O¶pQRQFLDWLRQ DXFWRULDOH" /D UpSRQVH QRXV VHPEOH SRVVLEOH DSUqV O¶REVHUYDWLRQ HW O¶DQDO\VH GHV PDQXHOV GH )/( GH  j  XQ FRUSXV DVVH] pWHQGX PDLV SHUWLQHQW SXLVTX¶LO UHOqYHGHGHX[pSRTXHVSROLWLTXHVGHOD5RXPDQLHDYHFGHX[RULHQWDWLRQVGLVWLQFWHV O¶pSRTXHWRWDOLWDLUHDYDQWHWGpPRFUDWLTXHDSUqV /D PpWKRGRORJLH UHWHQXH VH SODFH GDQV OD ]RQH GH OD OLQJXLVWLTXH pQRQFLDWLYH FRPELQDQW GHV pOpPHQWV G¶DQDO\VH GX GLVFRXUV DYHF GHV pOpPHQWV G¶DQDO\VHGHFRQWHQXHWGHO¶DQDO\VHGHODSDJHGXPDQXHO 4XDQWj O¶pQRQFLDWLRQpGLWRULDOH HW VRQ UDSSRUW DYHFOHWH[WH GHV PDQXHOV QRXVQRXVFRQVLGpURQVHQGURLWGHSRVHUODPrPHTXHVWLRQTX¶(PPDQXsO6RXFKLHU ©O¶pQRQFLDWLRQG XQWH[WHHVWHOOHGHPrPHQDWXUHORUVTX RQHQYLVDJHOHPDQXVFULW OD SUpRULJLQDOH OLYUDLVRQ HQ UHYXH

(124)  O pGLWLRQ RULJLQDOH RX O pGLWLRQ LOOXVWUpH SDU H[HPSOH"ª SRXU FRQWLQXHU GDQV OD PrPH GLUHFWLRQ ©>«@ SHXWRQ DERUGHU OD TXHVWLRQGHO¶pQRQFLDWLRQHQGHVWHUPHVLGHQWLTXHVV DJLVVDQWGHVpWDWVUHVSHFWLIVHW GLVWLQFWVGHFHWH[WH"ª 6RXFKLHU

(125) (QFRQVLGpUDQWOHWH[WHGHVPDQXHOVOH SUREOqPHSRVpSDU6RXFKLHUV¶DIILQHSXLVTX¶LO\DXQWH[WHG¶DXWHXUGXPDQXHORX DXWHXU G¶XQ WH[WH QRQ

(126)  OLWWpUDLUH TXH OHV FRQFHSWHXUV GX PDQXHO RQW UHWHQX

(127)  HW XQ DXWUHWH[WH UHFRQVWUXLW

(128) TX¶RQSHXWDWWULEXHUjO¶pGLWHXURXPLHX[GLUHLO\DSOXVLHXUV WH[WHVHWSOXVLHXUVDXWHXUVTXLVHVLWXHQWjSOXVLHXUVQLYHDX[pQRQFLDWLIVHWSOXVLHXUV UHFRQVWUXFWLRQVUpDOLVpHVVRXVIRUPHGHPDQXHOVVFRODLUHVLQVFULWVGDQVOHWHPSV. .

(129) . 8WLOLVHUODQRWLRQG¶©pYpQHPHQWªGDQVFHWWHDQDO\VHFRQGXLWDXGRPDLQH GHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHVPpGLDV

(130) ©/ pYpQHPHQWHVWVLWXpGDQVO HVSDFHHWGDQVOH WHPSVª 0ROHV  

(131)  R O¶pYpQHPHQW VH µGRFXPHQWDOLVH¶ GHYLHQWIL[H &H Q¶HVW SDV VDQV UDSSRUW DYHF OH PDQXHO TXL HVW XQ W\SH VSpFLDO GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ µFRPPXQLFDWLRQ SpGDJRJLTXH¶ /H PDQXHO FRQWLHQW GHV pYpQHPHQWV HW WUDYDLOOH DYHFGHVpYpQHPHQWVµIL[pV¶DQDO\VDEOHVGXSRLQWGHYXHGXGLVFRXUVOHWH[WHGX PDQXHOpWDQWOHFRQWHQXPDWpULHOGHO¶pQRQFLDWLRQGLGDFWLTXH. .  2UJDQLVDWLRQWH[WXHOOHpQRQFLDWLRQDXFWRULDOHpQRQFLDWLRQpGLWRULDOH. .  2UJDQLVDWLRQWH[WXHOOH 1RXVDYRQVGpMjUHWHQXTXHO¶pQRQFpFRQVWUXFWHXUGHVGLVFRXUVLQIRUPHVXU VRQ SURGXFWHXU HW VXU OH UDSSRUW TXH FHOXLFL HQWUHWLHQW DYHF OH FRQWHQX HW OHV GLPHQVLRQVGLVFXUVLYHV0DLVQRXVFRQVLGpURQVTXHOHVUHODWLRQVV¶pWDEOLVVHQWDXVVL DYHFOHUpJLPHDXSRXYRLU O¶RULHQWDWLRQSROLWLTXHGXSD\VTXLFRQoRLWHWXWLOLVHFH PDQXHO

(132)  (Q SDUODQW GX PDQXHO QRXV SDUORQV GH FH TX¶RQ SHXW QRPPHU WRXW VLPSOHPHQW ©WH[WH GX PDQXHO GH )/(ª  TXL HVW HQ IDLW XQH JUDQGH XQLWp FRPSOH[H KpWpURJqQH GX SRLQW GH YXH GH VD FRQVWLWXWLRQ HW UHVSHFWDQW GHV UqJOHV W\SRJUDSKLTXHV HW pGLWRULDOHV VSpFLILTXHV 1RXV SURSRVRQV GH SDUOHU GX WH[WH GX PDQXHO FRPPH G¶XQ ©JUDQG WH[WHª GLYLVp HQ SOXVLHXUV XQLWpV GLGDFWLTXHV VXEGLYLVpHVjOHXUWRXUHQG¶DXWUHVXQLWpVFRUUHVSRQGDQWDX[OHoRQV8QHUHPDUTXH HVW j IDLUH FRQFHUQDQW OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ GX FRUSXV O¶REVHUYDWLRQ SRUWH VXU OH WH[WH SULQFLSDOG¶XQHXQLWpPDLVQHVHERUQHSDVjFHOXLFL/HWH[WHGHEDVHHVWFHOXLTXH OHVFRQFHSWHXUVSURSRVHQWSRXUODOHFWXUHSRXUO¶pWXGHSRXUO¶DQDO\VHFRPPHEDVH GH GLVFXVVLRQ FRPPH H[HPSOH G¶XQ FHUWDLQ IDLW OLQJXLVWLTXH OLWWpUDLUH FXOWXUHO

(133)  RXHQILQFRPPHVXSSRUWSRXUO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWGHODJUDPPDLUH&HWH[WHSULQFLSDO Q¶HVWSDVO¶XQLTXHXQLWpWH[WXHOOHSURSRVpHjO¶pWXGHLOSHXWrWUHHQWRXUpSDUG¶DXWUHV EORFVWH[WXHOVGpWDFKpVW\SRJUDSKLTXHPHQWHX[DXVVLGRWpVGHFRKpUHQFH0DLVOH UDSSRUWTXHFHVXQLWpVHQWUHWLHQQHQWDYHFOHWH[WHGHEDVH WH[WHSULQFLSDO

(134) HVWFHOXLGH VXERUGLQDWLRQ &HV XQLWpV QH SHXYHQW H[LVWHU LQGpSHQGDPPHQW VDQV GRQQHU O¶LPSUHVVLRQGHSLqFHVGLVSDUDWHVGRQWOHYRLVLQDJHD pWpGLFWpSDUOHKDVDUG&¶HVW SRXUTXRLQRXVOHVQRPPRQV©WH[WHVDQQH[HVªRX©WH[WHVSpULSKpULTXHVªWRXWHIRLV VDQVIDLUHLQWHUYHQLUODQRWLRQGH©SDUDWH[WHªFRPPHOHIDLW3KLOLSSH/DQH   5DSSRUWpQRQFLDWLRQDXFWRULDOHpQRQFLDWLRQpGLWRULDOH /H PDQXHO FRPPH WRXW DXWUH WH[WH LPSULPp HVW OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQ WUDYDLO FROOHFWLIG¶XQF{WpO¶DXWHXUUHVSRQVDEOHGXWH[WH©SULPDLUHªGXPDQXHOOHWH[WH SURSRVpSRXUODSXEOLFDWLRQHWGHO¶DXWUHF{WpOHVWUDYDLOOHXUVGXOLYUHPDTXHWWLVWH GXOLYUHW\SRJUDSKHHQEUHIFHX[TX¶RQQRPPHJpQpULTXHPHQW©pGLWHXUVª/HXUV LQWHUYHQWLRQV GDQV O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ GH OD SDJH LPSULPpH VRQW SHUFHSWLEOHV GDQV OD PDQLqUH GRQW LOV XWLOLVHQW O¶HVSDFH GH FHWWH SDJH SRXU DFFHQWXHU RX DX FRQWUDLUH HVWRPSHUFHUWDLQVGpWDLOV&¶HVWLFLXQHIRUPHG¶pQRQFLDWLRQTXLDpWpREVHUYpHSDU (PPDQXsO6RXFKLHUHW5RJHU/DXIHUSDUPLG¶DXWUHV . 3KLOLSSH/DQH/DSpULSKpULHGXWH[WH3DULV1DWKDQFROO8QLYHUVLWp. .

Références

Documents relatifs

The problem is to estimate the maximal dimension of the set on which the order of growth of the derivative (or its reciprocal) is greater than the given one. This

The bounded solutions o/the equation (1.3) are periodic/unctions whose group o/periods contains the support o/ItA. The/ollowing properties o//a are

Nous montrons dans ce paragraphe comment on peut adapter les coordonn6es actions-angles ~ une situation off la famille de vari&amp;6s lagrangiennes invariantes

• Lidé věří tomu, že použití násilí, nátlaku nebo zneužívání je oprávněné nebo nezbytné, aby bylo možné zvládat chování, které lze považovat za náročné. To

&amp;HSHQGDQWLOIDXWHQFRUHDJLUGHIDoRQEHDXFRXSSOXVHIILFDFHIDFHDX[EHVRLQVVDQLWDLUHVGHV

Por lo tanto, esta versión derivada del CIF para niños y jóvenes amplía la cobertura del volumen principal de la CIF ofreciendo contenido específico y detalles adicionales para

‡ ,O IDXW pYDOXHU O¶LQWpUrW UHODWLI SRXU OD VDQWp GDQV OH PRQGH GHV SURJUqV GH OD JpQRPLTXH DX QLYHDX GH OD SUDWLTXH HW GH OD SUHVWDWLRQ GHV VRLQV SDU UDSSRUW DX FR€W HW j

Cette communication se propose de faire le point sur les méthodes développées au Cete NP pour améliorer la qualité du recueil des déplacements dans les enquêtes OD : formulation