• Aucun résultat trouvé

Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web"

Copied!
143
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: tel-00917965

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917965

Submitted on 12 Dec 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of

sci-entific research documents, whether they are

pub-lished or not. The documents may come from

teaching and research institutions in France or

abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de

recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires

publics ou privés.

social semantic web

Andrei Vlad Sambra

To cite this version:

Andrei Vlad Sambra. Data ownership and interoperability for a decentralized social semantic web.

Other [cs.OH]. Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. English. �NNT : 2013TELE0027�.

�tel-00917965�

(2)

!

!

"#

$

#

!

%

$

!$

&'(&&()*&+

, !

-$ .

"

!

"

# $

%

&$

'

'

(

)

*+

(3)
(4)

! "

! #

$ %

#$

$

&%

%

# "

$

&

' #$ $

#

()*((*+,(-% '

./

&

! $

'

! "

"

#

$

" ! "

"

%$ #

$

! "

&

' (

)

&

*(

"

+

! "

&

,

-

.

! "

/

!"!

#

(5)
(6)

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥+

❋✐"#$✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ ❡①♣"❡## ♠② ❞❡❡♣❡#$ ❣"❛$✐$✉❞❡ $♦ ♠② $❤❡#✐# #✉♣❡"✈✐#♦"✱ 6"♦❢❡##♦" ▼❛"②❧✐♥❡ ▲❛✉"❡♥$✱ ❢♦" ❤❡" ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ $❤"♦✉❣❤♦✉$ ♠② $❤❡#✐#✱ ❢♦" ❛❧❧ $❤❡ ❢"✉✐$❢✉❧ ❞✐#❝✉##✐♦♥# $❤❛$ ✇❡ ❤❛❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦" ❤❡" ♣❛$✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❍❡" ✇✐❞❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡" ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ $❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦❢ ❣"❡❛$ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦" ♠❡✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧#♦ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ $❤❛♥❦ ❤❡" ❢♦" ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛$$❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦✇❛"❞# ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣"♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ♠❡ ✇✐$❤ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❝♦✉"❛❣❡♠❡♥$# ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛# ❧♦#$ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦$ ✜♥❞ ♠② ✇❛②✳ ▼② ❣"❛$✐$✉❞❡ ❣♦❡# $♦ ❙✐" ❚✐♠ ❇❡"♥❡"#✲▲❡❡ ❢♦" ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✐♥✈✐$❡❞ ♠❡ $♦ ✇♦"❦ ✉♥❞❡" ❤✐# ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛$ ▼■❚✱ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ❢♦" ❤✐# ✐♥❝"❡❞✐❜❧❡ ✇♦"❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥#♣✐"❡❞ ♠❡ $♦ ♣✉"#✉❡ $❤✐# $❤❡#✐#✳ ■ ❛♠ ✈❡"② $❤❛♥❦❢✉❧ $♦ ❖❧✐✈✐❡" ❇❡"❣❡"✱ "❡#❡❛"❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡" ✐♥ $❤❡ ■♥❢♦"♠❛$✐❝# ❉❡♣❛"$♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼ ❙✉❞6❛"✐#✱ ❢♦" ♦✉" ❡①$❡♥#✐✈❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦"❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦" ❛❝❝❡♣$✐♥❣ $♦ ❜❡ ♠❡♠❜❡" ♦❢ $❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛$✐♦♥ ❥✉"②✳ ▼❛♥② $❤❛♥❦# ❣♦ $♦✇❛"❞# ♠② ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡# ❛♥❞ ❢"✐❡♥❞#✱ ❢"♦♠ ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼ ❙✉❞6❛"✐# ❛♥❞ ❜❡②♦♥❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ #✉♣♣♦"$❡❞ ♠❡ ❞✉"✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ $❤❡#❡ ②❡❛"#✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ $❤❡♠ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ $♦ ♠❡♥$✐♦♥ ❆②♠❡♥ ❇♦✉❞❣✉✐❣❛ ❛♥❞ ❈♦❧❧✐♥# ▼$✐$❛✱ ✇✐$❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■ ❤❛✈❡ #❤❛"❡❞ ♠♦"❡ $❤❛♥ ❥✉#$ ❛♥ ♦✣❝❡✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❧✐❦❡ $♦ $❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧② ❢♦" $❤❡✐" ❝♦♥$✐♥✉♦✉# ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ #✉♣♣♦"$✳ ❆ #♣❡❝✐❛❧ $❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❣♦❡# $♦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡ ❘❛❧✉❝❛ ❢♦" ❤❡" ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥#$❛♥$ #✉♣♣♦"$✱ ❢♦" ❛❧❧ $❤❡ ❧❛$❡ ♥✐❣❤$# ❛♥❞ ❡❛"❧② ♠♦"♥✐♥❣#✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦" ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♠❡ #❛♥❡ ♦✈❡" $❤❡ ♣❛#$ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥$❤#✳ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦" ❡✈❡"②$❤✐♥❣✱ ❜✉$ ♠♦#$ ♦❢ ❛❧❧✱ $❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦" ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠② ❜❡#$ ❢"✐❡♥❞✳ ■ ♦✇❡ ②♦✉ ❡✈❡"②$❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐# ✇♦"❦ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❡♥$✐"❡❧② ❜② ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼ ❙✉❞6❛"✐#✱ ♠❡♠❜❡" ♦❢ ❣"♦✉♣ ■♥#$✐$✉$ ▼✐♥❡#✲❚❊▲❊❈❖▼✳

(7)
(8)

❆❜"#$❛❝#

❊♥"✉$✐♥❣ ♣❡$"♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥-❡$♦♣❡$❛❜✐❧✐-② ❢♦$ ❞❡❝❡♥-$❛❧✐③❡❞ "♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" ✐" ❝✉$$❡♥-❧② ❛ ❞❡❜❛-❡❞ -♦♣✐❝✱ ❡"♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ -❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥-♦ ❝♦♥"✐❞❡$❛-✐♦♥ -❤❡ ❛"♣❡❝-" ♦❢ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❝♦♥-$♦❧✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ -❤❡ ✉"❡$✬" ❞❛-❛ ❛$❡ "✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦$-❛♥- ❛""❡- ♦❢ -❤❡ ❝✉$$❡♥- ❜✉"✐♥❡"" ♠♦❞❡❧" ❢♦$ ♠♦"- "♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜"✐-❡"✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡" ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❡♥-✐✈❡ -♦ "❤❛$❡ ❞❛-❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦-❤❡$ ♦$ -♦ ♦✛❡$ ✉"❡$" $❡❛❧ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ♦❢ -❤❡✐$ ♦✇♥ ❞❛-❛ ✐♥ -❡$♠" ♦❢ ❝♦♥-$♦❧ ❛♥❞ -$❛♥"♣❛$❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❞❛-❛ ✉"❛❣❡✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ -❤❡$❡❢♦$❡ -❤❛- ✐- ✐" ✐♠♣♦$-❛♥- -♦ ✐♠♣$♦✈❡ -❤❡ "♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✐♥ "✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② -❤❛- ✐- ❛❧❧♦✇" ❢♦$ ✈✐❛❜❧❡ ❜✉"✐♥❡"" ♠♦❞❡❧" ✇❤✐❧❡ "-✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ -♦ ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❝$❡❛"❡❞ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡$"❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛-❛ ✐♥-❡$♦♣❡$❛❜✐❧✐-② ❝♦♠♣❛$❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❝✉$$❡♥- "✐-✉❛-✐♦♥✳ ❚♦ -❤✐" $❡❣❛$❞✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦❝✉"❡❞ ♦✉$ $❡"❡❛$❝❤ ♦♥ -❤$❡❡ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥- -♦♣✐❝"✿ ✐❞❡♥✲ -✐-②✱ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❝♦♥-$♦❧✳ ❋✐$"-✱ ✇❡ -❛❝❦❧❡ -❤❡ "✉❜❥❡❝- ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥✲ -$❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ❜② ♣$♦♣♦"✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❲❡❜ "-❛♥❞❛$❞ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥&✐&② ❛♥❞ ❉✐+❝♦✈❡/② ✭❲❡❜■❉✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦✛❡$" ❛ "✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡$"❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛✲ ♥✐"♠ -❤❛- ✐" ❞✐"-$✐❜✉-❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥❧② ❡①-❡♥"✐❜❧❡✳ ◆❡①-✱ ✇❡ ♠♦✈❡ -♦ -❤❡ -♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ✇❤❡$❡ ✇❡ ♣$♦♣♦"❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✱ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥-$❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ♣$♦-♦❝♦❧ -❤❛- ❡♥❛❜❧❡" "❡❝✉$❡✱ ❡✣❝✐❡♥- ❛♥❞ ✉"❡$ ❢$✐❡♥❞❧② ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ♦♥ -❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❜② ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ -♦ ❧♦❣✐♥ ✉"✐♥❣ ❝❧✐❡♥- ❝❡$-✐✜❝❛-❡" ❛♥❞ ✇✐-❤♦✉- $❡❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❈❡$-✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❆✉-❤♦$✐-✐❡"✳ ❲❡ ❛❧"♦ ❡①-❡♥❞ -❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ♣$♦-♦❝♦❧✱ ♦✛❡$✐♥❣ ❞❡❧❡❣❛-❡❞ ❛✉-❤❡♥-✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡"" ❞❡❧❡❣❛-✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ♣$❡"❡♥- ♦✉$ ❧❛"- ❝♦♥✲ -$✐❜✉-✐♦♥✱ -❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡"" ❈♦♥-$♦❧ ❙❡$✈✐❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ "❡$✈❡" -♦ ♣$♦-❡❝- -❤❡ ♣$✐✈❛❝② ♦❢ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛-❛ $❡"♦✉$❝❡" ❣❡♥❡$❛-❡❞ ❜② ✉"❡$" ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣$♦✜❧❡ ❞❛-❛✱ ✇❛❧❧ ♣♦"-"✱ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡$"❛-✐♦♥"✱ ❡-❝✳✮ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ -✇♦ "♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡-$✐❝"✿ -❤❡ +♦❝✐❛❧ ♣/♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐+&❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ +♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥&❡①&+✳

(9)
(10)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶ ✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠ )*❛*❡♠❡♥* ❛♥❞ ♠♦*✐✈❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❉❛*❛ )✐❧♦)✱ ❧♦)✐♥❣ ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♦✈❡# ♦✉# ❞❛*❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✷ ■❞❡♥*✐*②✱ ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝*♦# ❢♦# *❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥*#❛❧✐③❡❞ )♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✸ ■♥*❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐*② ❜❛)❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞ ▲❉" ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ ▼❛✐♥ ❝♦♥*#✐❜✉*✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❆✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✷✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥*#♦❧ ❙❡#✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✸ ❚❤❡)✐) )*#✉❝*✉#❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷ ■❞❡♥#✐#② ❛♥❞ ❛✉#❤❡♥#✐❝❛#✐♦♥ ♦♥ #❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✶✶ ✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛*❡❞ ✇♦#❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ "❡#)♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❲❡❜ ❆✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✳✹ ❙❆▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✳✺ ❙②♥*❤❡)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥*✐*② ❛♥❞ ❉✐)❝♦✈❡#② ✲ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❯❘■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ "✉❜❧✐)❤✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❊①*❡♥❞✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✳✺ "#✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ )❡❝✉#✐*② ❛♥❛❧②)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✸✳✶ ■♥*#♦❞✉❝*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ *❡#♠✐♥♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡#*✐✜❝❛*❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ♣#♦*♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✺ ❙❡❝✉#✐*② ❛♥❛❧②)✐) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✹ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛*❡❞ ❛✉*❤❡♥*✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✺ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛❝❝❡)) ❞❡❧❡❣❛*✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸ ❆❝❝❡33 ❝♦♥#$♦❧ ✹✸ ✸✳✶ ❘❡❧❛*❡❞ ✇♦#❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡#✐❝ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❙❡♠❛♥*✐❝ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥*#♦❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐)♠) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✐

(11)

✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥&❡①&) ❡①♣.❡))❡❞ ❛) ❧❛❜❡❧) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♣.♦①✐♠✐&② ❞✐)&❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸ -.♦♣♦)❡❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ▼♦&✐✈❛&✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐&♦. ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛&✐♦♥)❤✐♣ ❍✐)&♦.② ❞❛&❛❜❛)❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥+,❛❧✐③❡❞ .♦❝✐❛❧ .❡♠❛♥+✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✻✺ ✹✳✶ ▼②-.♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❈.❡❛&✐♥❣ ❛ ✉)❡. ♣.♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❱✐❡✇✐♥❣ ♣.♦✜❧❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧) ❛♥❞ ❛❝&✐✈✐&② )&.❡❛♠) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❆❝❝♦✉♥& .❡❝♦✈❡.② ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐.✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❙&❛&✐)&✐❝) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉.✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ )❡.✈❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜■❉❛✉&❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛&❡❞❆✉&❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✸ ❙&❛&✐❝ ❆❝❝❡)) ❈♦♥&.♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✹ -❡.)♦♥❛❧ ❞❛&❛ )&♦.❡) ✉)✐♥❣ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❈.❡❛&✐♥❣ ❞❛&❛ )&♦.❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✹✳✷ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&.♦❧ ❢♦. .❡)♦✉.❝❡) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✇♦.❦)♣❛❝❡) ✲ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡&❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉.✐♦♥. ❛♥❞ ♣❡,.♣❡❝+✐✈❡. ✽✺ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉)✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶✳✶ ■❞❡♥&✐&② ❛♥❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❆❝❝❡)) ❝♦♥&.♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛&✐♥❣ &❤❡ ♣.♦♣♦)❡❞ )♦❧✉&✐♦♥) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✷ -❡.)♣❡❝&✐✈❡ ✇♦.❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❙❡♠❛♥&✐❝ ▼❡))❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥) -.♦&♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❚.❛♥)♣❛.❡♥& ❲❡❜■❉ ♣.♦①② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ▲✐.+ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛+✐♦♥. ✾✸ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❘A.✉♠A ❡♥ ❢,❛♥B❛✐. ✾✹ ■♥&.♦❞✉❝&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ▼♦&✐✈❛&✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ■❞❡♥&✐&S ❡& ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ )✉. ❧❡ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ■❞❡♥&✐&S ❞S❝❡♥&.❛❧✐)S❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❆✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞S❝❡♥&.❛❧✐)S❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ▲✬❛✉&❤❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞S❧S❣✉S❡ ♣♦✉. ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❉S❧S❣❛&✐♦♥ ❞✬❛❝❝V) ♣♦✉. ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❙❡.✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥&.W❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝V) ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ▲❡ ♠♦&❡✉. ❞❡ ❝♦♥&.W❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝V) )&❛&✐X✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

(12)

iii

▲❡ ♠♦$❡✉& ❞❡ ❧❛ *✉&✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡* &❡❧❛$✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ❱❛❧✐❞❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♥♦* $&❛✈❛✉① ❞❡ &❡❝❤❡&❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ▼②9&♦✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ❆✉$❤❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ❊*♣❛❝❡* ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥C❡* ♣❡&*♦♥♥❡❧❧❡* ❜❛*C* *✉& ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉*✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✲ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡, ✶✶✷ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣3❛♣❤② ✶✶✻

(13)
(14)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❛❝(♦♥②♠"

❆❈ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥❞✐)✐♦♥ ❆❈▲ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ▲✐#) ❆❊❈ ❆❝❝❡## ❊✈❛❧✉❛)✐♦♥ ❈♦♥)❡①) ❆■❘ ❆❝❝♦✉♥)❛❜✐❧✐)② ✐♥ ❘❉❋ ❆&■ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛)✐♦♥ 8*♦❣*❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥)❡*❢❛❝❡# ❆❚❘ ❆❝❝❡## ❚❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❘✉❧❡ ❈❆ ❈❡*)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ❆✉)❤♦*✐)② ❈❘❯❉ ❈*❡❛)❡✲❘❡❛❞✲❯♣❞❛)❡✲❉❡❧❡)❡ ❈❙❘ ❈❡*)✐✜❝❛)✐♦♥ ❙✐❣♥✐♥❣ ❘❡C✉❡#) ❉❆❈ ❉✐#❝*❡)✐♦♥❛*② ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥)*♦❧ ❉❆◆❊ ❉◆❙✲❇❛#❡❞ ❆✉)❤❡♥)✐❝❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ◆❛♠❡❞ ❊♥)✐)✐❡# ❉◆ ❉✐#)✐♥❣✉✐#❤❡❞ ◆❛♠❡ ❉◆❙ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②#)❡♠ ❉◆❙❙❊❈ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②#)❡♠ ❙❡❝✉*✐)② ❊①)❡♥#✐♦♥# ❉◆❚ ❉♦ ◆♦) ❚*❛❝❦ ❉❖❆& ❉❡#❝*✐♣)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ 8*♦❥❡❝) ❊❚❛❣ ❊♥)✐)② ❚❛❣# ❋❖❆❋ ❋*✐❡♥❞✲♦❢✲❛✲❋*✐❡♥❞ ❋◗❉◆ ❋✉❧❧② ◗✉❛❧✐✜❡❞ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ●&● ●◆❯ 8*✐✈❛❝② ●✉❛*❞ ❍❚❚& ❍②♣❡*)❡①) ❚*❛♥#❢❡* 8*♦)♦❝♦❧ ❍❚❚&❙ ❍②♣❡*)❡①) ❚*❛♥#❢❡* 8*♦)♦❝♦❧ ❙❡❝✉*❡ ■❞& ■❞❡♥)✐)② 8*♦✈✐❞❡* ■❙& ■♥)❡*♥❡) ❙❡*✈✐❝❡ 8*♦✈✐❞❡* ✈

(15)

❏❙❖◆ ❏❛✈❛❙❝%✐♣( ❖❜❥❡❝( ◆♦(❛(✐♦♥ ▲❉& ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠ ▲❉&❈ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠ ❈♦♥(❛✐♥❡%9 ▲❉&❘ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❉❛(❛ 4❧❛(❢♦%♠ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡ ▼❆❈ ▼❛♥❞❛(♦%② ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ▼■❚ ▼❛99❛❝❤✉9❡((9 ■♥9(✐(✉(❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ◆✸ ◆♦(❛(✐♦♥ ✸ ❖❚& ❖♥❡✲❚✐♠❡ 4❛99✇♦%❞ &■◆ 4❡%9♦♥❛❧ ■❞❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ◆✉♠❜❡% &❑■ 4✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ■♥❢%❛9(%✉❝(✉%❡ ❘❇❆❈ ❘♦❧❡✲❜❛9❡❞ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ❘❉❋ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡ ❉❡9❝%✐♣(✐♦♥ ❋%❛♠❡✇♦%❦ ❘❉❋❛ ❘❡9♦✉%❝❡ ❉❡9❝%✐♣(✐♦♥ ❋%❛♠❡✇♦%❦ ✐♥ ❆((%✐❜✉(❡9 ❘❊❙❚ ❘❡♣%❡9❡♥(❛(✐♦♥❛❧ ❙(❛(❡ ❚%❛♥9❢❡% ❘❋❈ ❘❡I✉❡9( ❢♦% ❈♦♠♠❡♥(9 ❘▼ ❘❡❧❛(✐♦♥9❤✐♣ ▼♦♥✐(♦% ❘& ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ 4❛%(② ❘❙❆ ❙(❛♥❞9 ❢♦% ❘♦♥ ❘✐✈❡9(✱ ❆❞✐ ❙❤❛♠✐% ❛♥❞ ▲❡♦♥❛%❞ ❆❞❧❡♠❛♥✱ ✇❤♦ ✜%9( ♣✉❜✲ ❧✐❝❧② ❞❡9❝%✐❜❡❞ (❤❡ ❝%②♣(♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ❛❧❣♦%✐(❤♠✳ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ ❘❡❛❞✲❲%✐(❡✲❲❡❜ ■♥♣✉(✴❖✉(♣✉( ❙✹❆❈ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❙4❆❘◗▲ ❙❡❝✉%✐(② ❢♦% ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ❙❆❈ ❙(❛(✐❝ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ❙❆❈❙ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧ ❙❡%✈✐❝❡ ❙❆▼▲ ❙❡❝✉%✐(② ❆99❡%(✐♦♥ ▼❛%❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❙❆◆ ❙✉❜❥❡❝( ❆❧(❡%♥❛(✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡ ❙■❖❈ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝❛❧❧②✲■♥(❡%❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐(✐❡9 ❙& ❙❡%✈✐❝❡ 4%♦✈✐❞❡% ❙&❆❘◗▲ ❙4❆❘◗▲ 4%♦(♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❘❉❋ ◗✉❡%② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❙&❑❆❈ ❙✐❣♥❡❞ 4✉❜❧✐❝ ❑❡② ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❙❙▲ ❙❡❝✉%❡ ❙♦❝❦❡(9 ▲❛②❡% ❙❙❲❆❈ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥(✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡99 ❈♦♥(%♦❧

(16)

vii ❚❆❑❊❙ ❚!✉#$❢✉❧ ❆✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❑❡② ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❙②#$❡♠ ❚▲❙ ❚!❛♥#♣♦!$ ▲❛②❡! ❙❡❝✉!✐$② ❯■ ❯#❡! ■♥$❡!❢❛❝❡ ❯❘■ ❯♥✐❢♦!♠ ❘❡#♦✉!❝❡ ■❞❡♥$✐✜❡! ❯❘▲ ❯♥✐❢♦!♠ ❘❡#♦✉!❝❡ ▲♦❝❛$♦! ❲✸❈ ❲♦!❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥#♦!$✐✉♠ ❲❆❈ ❲❡❜ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥$!♦❧ ❲❡❜■❉ ❲❡❜ ■❞❡♥$✐$② ❛♥❞ ❉✐#❝♦✈❡!② ❳❆❈▼▲ ❡❳$❡♥#✐❜❧❡ ❆❝❝❡## ❈♦♥$!♦❧ ▼❛!❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

(17)
(18)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡"

✶ ❆ "②♣✐❝❛❧ )✉❜❥❡❝"✲♣/❡❞✐❝❛"❡✲♦❜❥❡❝" /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷ ❆ )✐♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♥"❛✐♥❡/ /❡♣/❡)❡♥"❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✸ ❘❡;✉❡)" ❛♥❞ /❡)♣♦♥)❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❚✉/"❧❡ ✈❡/)✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥"✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✹ ❆❝❝❡♣" ❤❡❛❞❡/✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✺ ❆ ❜❛)✐❝ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❡①♣/❡))❡❞ ✐♥ ❚✉/"❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✻ ❚❤❡ ❞❢#✿#❡❡❆❧#♦ /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ✐) ✉)❡❞ ❛) /❡❢❡/❡♥❝❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❢/✐❡♥❞) )❡❝✲ "✐♦♥ ♦❢ "❤❡ ♣/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✼ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥"❡♥") ♦❢ ❤**♣#✿✴✴❜❛ ②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❢ ✐❡♥❞#✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✽ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧♦❣ ♣♦)"✱ ❡①♣/❡))❡❞ ✉)✐♥❣ ❙■❖❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✾ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❡①"❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐"❤ ❉❖❆N ✐♥❢♦/♠❛"✐♦♥✳ ✷✻ ✶✵ ❚❤❡ ❙✉❜❥❡❝" ❆❧"❡/♥❛"✐✈❡ ◆❛♠❡ ❡①"❡♥)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❳✳✺✵✾ ❝❡/"✐✜❝❛"❡✳ ✷✽ ✶✶ ❚✉/"❧❡ /❡♣/❡)❡♥"❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ❝♦♥"❛✐♥✐♥❣ "❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥") ❝♦//❡)♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ "♦ ❛ ❲❡❜■❉ ❝❡/"✐✜❝❛"❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✶✷ ❘❡♣/❡)❡♥"❛"✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ "②♣✐❝❛❧ ❙N❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ ;✉❡/②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❧❡"❡ ❙N❆❘◗▲ ❆❙❑ ;✉❡/②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✹ ❆ )✉❝❝❡))❢✉❧ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛"❡❞ ❛✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♦♥ /❡❞✐/❡❝" ❯❘▲✳ ✸✽ ✶✺ ❚❤❡ ❝❡ *✿#❡❝ ❡*❛ ② /❡❧❛"✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ )❡❝/❡"❛/② "♦ ❇❛//②✬) ♣/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✶✻ N❡/❢♦/♠✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❍❚❚N ●❊❚ "♦ /❡;✉❡)" ❛ /❡)♦✉/❝❡ ❛) ❛ )❡❝/❡"❛/② ✇♦/❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✉)❡/ ❇❛//②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✶✼ ❆ )✐♠♣❧❡ ❆❈▲ ♠❡"❛❞❛"❛ ✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✶✽ ❆ "②♣✐❝❛❧ ❆■❘ ❘✉❧❡❙❡"✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✶✾ ❈♦♥"❡♥") ♦❢ ❛ ✳❤"❛❝❝❡)) ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ✉)❡/ ♣/♦✜❧❡)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✵ ❘❉❋ )♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❛❧❧ ♣❛❣✐♥❛"✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✶ ❈/❡❛"✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡"❛✜❧❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥" ✴♣ ✐✈❛*❡✴♣ ♦*❡❝*❡❞✳**❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✷✷ ▲✐)" ♦❢ ♣❡/♠✐))✐♦♥) /❡;✉✐/❡❞ ❜② "❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛"✐♦♥ ♠②7❤♦*♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✷✸ ❘❡"✉/♥✐♥❣ "❤❡ ❧✐)" ♦❢ ✉♣❞❛"❡❞ ♣❡/♠✐))✐♦♥)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✷✹ ❯♣❞❛"❡❞ ♣/♦✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ❇❛//②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✷✺ ❲❡❜ )❡/✈❡/ ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❛"✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ ▼②N/♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✷✻ ❲❡❜ )❡/✈❡/ ❝♦♥✜❣✉/❛"✐♦♥ ✜❧❡ ❢♦/ "❤❡ ❘❡❧②✐♥❣ N❛/"②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✷✼ ❆✉"❤❡♥"✐❝❛"✐♥❣ ✇✐"❤ ❲❡❜■❉❉❡❧❡❣❛"❡❞❆✉"❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✐①

(19)
(20)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✶✳✶ ✬❊✈❡&②✇❤❡&❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇❤❡&❡✬✱ ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉23&❛3✐♦♥ ❜② ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙✐♠♦♥❞2✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❆ ❣&❛♣❤ &❡♣&❡2❡♥3❛3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❛&&②✬2 ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝3 ✭❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥ ❖❆✉3❤ ✷✳✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ L❡&2♦♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❆✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥3 ♦❢ 3❤❡ ❙❆▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❲❡❜ ❇&♦✇2❡& ❙❙❖ ♣&♦✜❧❡✱

✉2✐♥❣ 3❤❡ ❍❚❚L L❖❙❚ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ &❡❧❛3✐♦♥ ❜❡3✇❡❡♥ 3❤❡ ✉2❡& ✭❚✐♠ ❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✮✱ 3❤❡ ❲❡❜■❉

❯❘■ ✭❤33♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦&❣✴L❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✴❝❛&❞★✐✮ ❛♥❞ 3❤❡ ♣&♦✜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥3 ✭❤33♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦&❣✴L❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡&♥❡&2✲▲❡❡✴❝❛&❞✮✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✻ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❛✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✼ ❋❧♦✇ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ❞❡❧❡❣❛3❡❞ ❛✉3❤❡♥3✐❝❛3✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶ ❆■❘ &✉❧❡ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛2 ♣&❡2❡♥3❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛"♣✐♥❣ ❢♦) ❆■❘ ❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡" ❛♥❞ ❏✉"8✐✜❝❛8✐♦♥" ♦♥ 8❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥8✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❆■❘ ❥✉23✐✜❝❛3✐♦♥ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛2 ♣&❡2❡♥3❡❞ ✐♥ ●❛"♣✐♥❣ ❢♦) ❆■❘ ❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ▲✐♥❦❡❞ ❘✉❧❡" ❛♥❞ ❏✉"8✐✜❝❛8✐♦♥" ♦♥ 8❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥8✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❙✹❆❈ ♦♥3♦❧♦❣②✳ ❉❛2❤❡❞ ❧✐♥❡2 ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥3♦✉&2 ❛&❡ ✉2❡❞ 3♦ &❡♣✲

&❡2❡♥3 ❡①3❡&♥❛❧ ❝❧❛22❡2✱ ♣&♦♣❡&3✐❡2 ❛♥❞ &❡❧❛3✐♦♥2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✹ ❖✉& &❡♣&❡2❡♥3❛3✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥3❡①3✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣&♦①✐♠✐3② ❧❡✈❡❧2✱ ❜❛2❡❞ ♦♥

❍❛❧❧✬2 ❝♦♥❝❡♣3 ♦❢ ♣❡&2♦♥❛❧ 2♣❛❝❡2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✺ ❆&❝❤✐3❡❝3✉&❡ ♦❢ ♦✉& 2♦❝✐❛❧ ❛❝❝❡22 ❝♦♥3&♦❧ 2❡&✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✻ ●&❛♣❤ ❝♦♥3❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥3❡①32 ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❇❛&&②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❣&❛♣❤ ❢♦& 3❤❡ ❝♦♥3❡①3 ★❢)✐❡♥❞" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✽ ❈♦♥3❡①3 ♠❛3❝❤✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦&✐3❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✾ ❘▼✬2 ❞❡❝✐2✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣&♦❝❡22✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✵ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥3❡&❛❝3✐♦♥ ❜❡3✇❡❡♥ ❇❛&&② ❛♥❞ ❆♥♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶ ❘❡♥❞❡&✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷ ▼②L&♦✜❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✇❛❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸ ●❡♥❡&❛3✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛✐&✐♥❣ L■◆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ❙3❛3✐❝ ❆❝❝❡22 ❈♦♥3&♦❧ ✐❝♦♥2 ❞✐2♣❧❛②❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❛ ♣&♦✜❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺ ❚❤❡ ❘❲❲✳■✴❖ 2❡&✈✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✻ ❆❈▲ ✉2❡& ✐♥3❡&❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ①✐

(21)

✺✳✶ ▲❛ %❡❧❛(✐♦♥ ❡♥(%❡ ❧❛ ♣❡%-♦♥♥❡ ✭❚✐♠ ❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✮✱ ❧❡ ❲❡✲ ❜■❉ ✭❤((♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴?❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✴❝❛%❞★✐✮ ❡( ❧❡ ❞♦❝✲ ✉♠❡♥( ❞❡ ♣%♦✜❧ ✭❤((♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦%❣✴?❡♦♣❧❡✴❇❡%♥❡%-✲▲❡❡✴❝❛%❞✮✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉(❤❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✸ ▲❡ ✢✉① ❞✬❛✉(❤❡♥(✐✜❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞M❧M❣✉M❡ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✹ ▲✬❛%❝❤✐(❡❝(✉%❡ ❞❡ ♥♦(%❡ -❡%✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥(%P❧❡ ❞✬❛❝❝Q- -♦❝✐❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✺ ❆❧❣♦%✐(❤♠❡ ❞✬❛♣♣❛%✐❡♠❡♥( ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✻ ▲❡ ♣%♦❝❡--✉- ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣%✐-❡ ❞❡ ❞M❝✐-✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❘▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻

(22)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠ )*❛*❡♠❡♥* ❛♥❞ ♠♦*✐✈❛*✐♦♥

❖✈❡# $❤❡ ♣❛($ ❞❡❝❛❞❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐$♥❡((❡❞ ❛ ❞#❛♠❛$✐❝ ✐♥❝#❡❛(❡ ✐♥ $❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡# ♦❢ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥(✳ ❚❤❡(❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥( ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ ❢♦#♠( ❛♥❞ ♦✛❡# ❞✐✛❡#❡♥$ (❡#✈✐❝❡( (✉❝❤ ❛( (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦(✱ ❝♦♥$❡♥$ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥$ (②($❡♠( ✭❈▼❙✮✱ (♦❢$✇❛#❡ ❢♦#❣❡(✱ ❜✉❣ $#❛❝❦❡#(✱ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ $♦♦❧(✱ ♦# ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦#❛$✐♦♥ (❡#✈✐❝❡( ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡#❛❧✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ $❤❡ ❧❛✉♥❝❤ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✜#($ ❧❛#❣❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦✐♥❣ ✇❡❜(✐$❡ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✼ ❬✷✾❪✱ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❤❛( (❡❡♥ ❛ (✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥$ ✐♥❝#❡❛(❡ ✐♥ ✐$( (✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ✉(❛❣❡✳ ❘❛$❤❡# $❤❛♥ (✐♠♣❧② ❝♦♥(✉♠✐♥❣ ✇❡❜(✐$❡(✱ ✉(❡#( ❜❡❣❛♥ $♦ ❣❡♥❡#❛$❡ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ❝♦♥$❡♥$ $❤#♦✉❣❤ ❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣ $♦♦❧( ❛♥❞ (♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡$✇♦#❦(✱ ♠❛#❦✐♥❣ $❤❡ ($❛#$ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜(✐$❡( ❤❛✈❡ #❡(♣♦♥❞❡❞ $♦ $❤✐( ♥❡✇ $#❡♥❞ ❜② ♣#♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✉(❡#( ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐$② $♦ ❝#❡❛$❡ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ♣❡#(♦♥❛❧ ♣#♦✜❧❡ ✇❤❡#❡ $❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧✐($ ❢#✐❡♥❞(✱ ♣♦($ ♣❤♦$♦(✱ ($❛$✉( ✉♣❞❛$❡( ❛♥❞ ♠♦#❡✳ ▲❛$❡#✱ (♦♠❡ ♦❢ $❤❡(❡ ✇❡❜(✐$❡( ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧(♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡❞ ♣❧✉❣✲✐♥( $❤❛$ ✇❡#❡ ✉(❡❞ $♦ ✐♥$❡❣#❛$❡ (♦♠❡ ♦❢ $❤❡✐# (♦❝✐❛❧ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧✐$✐❡( ♦♥ ♦$❤❡# $❤✐#❞✲♣❛#$② ✇❡❜(✐$❡(✳ ❇✉$ ✇❤❛$ ❡①❛❝$❧② ✐( ❛ (♦❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❜(✐$❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛$ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧✐$✐❡( ❞♦ $❤❡(❡ ✇❡❜(✐$❡( ♦✛❡# $♦ ✉(❡#(❄ ■( $❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐$② $♦ ❢♦#♠ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝$✐♦♥ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ✉(❡#( ❡♥♦✉❣❤ $♦ ❝♦♥(✐❞❡# ❛ ✇❡❜(✐$❡ $♦ ❜❡ ❛ ♣❛#$ ♦❢ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❝$ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ $♦ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥ $❤❡ ❢✉$✉#❡❄ ■♥ $❤✐( $❤❡(✐( ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♥❛❧②(❡ ❛♥❞ ♣#♦♣♦(❡ ♠❡❛♥( $♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❞❛$❛ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥$❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐$② ❢♦# ❞❡❝❡♥$#❛❧✐③❡❞ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$✐♦♥(✱ ✇✐$❤ #❡(♣❡❝$ $♦ ♣#✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡(( ❝♦♥$#♦❧✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ $❤❡ ✉(❡#✬( ❞❛$❛ ❛#❡ (✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦#$❛♥$ ❛((❡$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❝✉##❡♥$ ❜✉(✐♥❡(( ♠♦❞❡❧( ❢♦# ♠♦($ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜(✐$❡(✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡( ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❡♥$✐✈❡ $♦ (❤❛#❡ ❞❛$❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦$❤❡# ♦# $♦ ♦✛❡# ✉(❡#( #❡❛❧ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣ ♦❢ $❤❡✐# ♦✇♥ ❞❛$❛ ✐♥ $❡#♠( ♦❢ ❝♦♥$#♦❧ ❛♥❞ $#❛♥(♣❛#❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❞❛$❛ ✉(❛❣❡✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ $❤❡#❡❢♦#❡ $❤❛$ ✐$ ✐( ✐♠♣♦#$❛♥$ $♦ ✐♠♣#♦✈❡ $❤❡ (♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ✐♥ (✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② $❤❛$ ✐$ ❛❧❧♦✇( ❢♦# ✈✐❛❜❧❡ ❜✉(✐♥❡(( ♠♦❞❡❧( ✇❤✐❧❡ ($✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ $♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❝#❡❛(❡❞ ❞❛$❛ ♦✇♥❡#(❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❛$❛ ✐♥$❡#♦♣❡#❛❜✐❧✐$② ❝♦♠♣❛#❡❞ $♦ $❤❡ ❝✉##❡♥$ (✐$✉❛$✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ (❡❝$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ✐♥$#♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ♦✉$❧✐♥❡( $❤❡ #❡❛(♦♥( ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ♠♦$✐✲ ✈❛$✐♦♥ $❤❛$ ❤❛( ❞#✐✈❡♥ ✉( $♦ ♣✉#(✉❡ $❤✐( $❤❡(✐(✳ ❚❤❡ ✜#($ $♦♣✐❝ ❞✐(❝✉((❡( $❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝♦♥$#♦❧ ♦✈❡# ✉(❡#(✬ ❞❛$❛✳ ❚❤❡ (❡❝♦♥❞ $♦♣✐❝ ❝♦✈❡#( ✐❞❡♥$✐$②✱ ❛( ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝$♦# ❢♦# ✶

(23)

❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥ &❛❧✐③❡❞ +♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❤❡ ❤✐&❞ ♦♣✐❝ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥ &♦❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❡&♦♣❡&❛❜✐❧✐ ② ♦♥ ❤❡ ❲❡❜✳

✶✳✶✳✶ ❉❛$❛ %✐❧♦%✱ ❧♦%✐♥❣ ❝♦♥$-♦❧ ♦✈❡- ♦✉- ❞❛$❛

❆ ❝✉&&❡♥ ♣&❛❝ ✐❝❡ +♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦ ♠♦+ ❲❡❜ +❡&✈✐❝❡+ ✐+ ♦ ❝❡♥ &❛❧✐③❡ ✉+❡& &❡+♦✉&❝❡+✱ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❤❡ +♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧❞❛ ❛ +✐❧♦+✧✳ ❖❢ ❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❞❤❡&✐♥❣ ♦ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +❡&✈✐❝❡+ ✇❡ ✉+✉❛❧❧② ❡♥❞ ✉♣ ❝&❡❛ ✐♥❣ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ +✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐❡+ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐ + ✉+ ♦ ❛ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +❡&✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞✴♦& &❡+♦✉&❝❡✳ ❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✶ ❛♣ ❧② ✐❧❧✉+ &❛ ❡+ ❤✐+ ❛+♣❡❝ ✱ ❞❡♣✐❝ ✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬+ ❢&❡❡❞♦♠ ✇✐ ❤✐♥ ❛ ♣❛& ✐❝✉❧❛& +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡ ✐+ ❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ♦ ✧❥✉♠♣ ♦✉ ♦❢ ❤❡ ✇❛❧❧❡❞ ❣❛&❞❡♥+✧ ♦ ✐♥ ❡&❛❝ ✇✐ ❤ ✧♦ ❤❡&✧ +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡+✱ +✉❝❤ ❛+ ♦ +❤❛&❡ ❤❡✐& ❞❛ ❛ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡✐& ❢&✐❡♥❞+ ✇❤♦ ♠❛② ❜❡ ♠❡♠❜❡&+ ♦❢ ♦ ❤❡& +♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡ ✇♦&❦✐♥❣ +✐ ❡+✳ ❋✉& ❤❡&♠♦&❡✱ ✉+❡&+ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥ &♦❧ ♦✈❡& ❤♦✇ ❤❡✐& ♣❡&+♦♥❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ ❞❛ ❛ ❛&❡ ✉+❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ✐♦♥+✱ ❛+ ✐ ✐+ ❤❡ ❝❛+❡ ❢♦& ♣&✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛ ❤❛ ✐+ ♦❢ ❡♥ +❡♥ ♦ ❤✐&❞ ♣❛& ② ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡+ ❢♦& ❛❞✈❡& ✐+✐♥❣ ♣✉&♣♦+❡+✳

❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✶✿ ✬❊✈❡&②✇❤❡&❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇❤❡&❡✬✱ ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉+ &❛ ✐♦♥ ❜② ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙✐♠♦♥❞+✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❖♥❡ ♠❛② ❛&❣✉❡ ❤❛ ❜❡ ❡& ♣&✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡+ ♠❛② &❡❞✉❝❡ ❤❡ &✐+❦ ♦❢ ❡①✲ ♣♦+✉&❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡&✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✉+❡&+ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♦ ♣&♦ ❡❝ ❤❡✐& ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❞❛ ❛ ❤&♦✉❣❤ &✐❣♦&♦✉+ ♣&✐✈❛❝② +❡ ✐♥❣+✱ ♦& ❡✈❡♥ &❡♠♦✈❡ ❤❡✐& ❛❝❝♦✉♥ +✱ ❤❡&❡ ✐+ ♥♦ ❣✉❛&✲ ❛♥ ❡❡ ❤❛ ❤❡ ♣&♦❝❡++ ✐+ ✐♥+ ❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦&❡ ✐♠♣♦& ❛♥ ❧②✱ ♣❡&♠❛♥❡♥ ✳ ❚❤✐+ ✐+ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✉❡ ♦ ❤❡ ❢❛❝ ❤❛ ❝♦✉♥ &✐❡+ ❤❛✈❡ ♣❛++❡❞ ❧❛✇+ ❢♦&❝✐♥❣ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ +❡&✈✐❝❡+ ♦ + ♦&❡ ✉+❡& ❞❛ ❛ ❢♦& +❡✈❡&❛❧ ♠♦♥ ❤+ ✉♣ ♦ ♦♥❡ ②❡❛& ♦& ❛♥ ✉♥❧✐♠✐ ❡❞ ♣❡&✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✐♠❡✳ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡+ ❛ ❡♠♣ ♦ ❥✉+ ✐❢② ❤❡ ♣&❛❝ ✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❛"❛ #✐❧♦# + ❛ ✐♥❣ ❤❛ ❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡ ❡& ❝♦♥ &♦❧ ♦✈❡& ✉+❡& ❛❝ ✐♦♥+ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❧❧❡❣❡❞❧② ♦✛❡&✐♥❣ ❜❡ ❡& +❡❝✉&✐ ②✳ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❜✉+✐♥❡++❡+ + ❛♥❞ ♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛ ❧♦ ❢&♦♠ ❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❡✐& ✉+❡&+ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& ♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ ♦ ✐♥❝&❡❛+❡ ❤❡✐& +❛❧❡+✱ ♦& ♦✛❡& ❛&❣❡ ❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐ ②✳ ■♥ ♠♦+ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝❛+❡+✱ ❤❡②

(24)

1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION 3

♦✛❡# ✧❢#❡❡✧ &✐❣♥✲✉♣ ❢♦# -❤❡✐# &❡#✈✐❝❡& ❛♥❞ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐-❤ ♥✉♠❡#♦✉& ❛--#❛❝✲ -✐✈❡ ❢❡❛-✉#❡&✱ ❡♥❝♦✉#❛❣✐♥❣ -❤❡♠ -♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞❡ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛✱ ❡✛❡❝-✐✈❡❧② -✉#♥✐♥❣ -❤❡ ✉&❡#& ❢#♦♠ ❝✉&-♦♠❡#& ✐♥-♦ ♣#♦❞✉❝-& ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛#❡ ♦❢-❡♥ ✧&♦❧❞✧ -♦ -❤✐#❞ ♣❛#-② ❛❞✈❡#-✐&✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡&✳ ❋♦# -❤✐& ♠❛--❡# ❛♥❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❞❡-#✐♠❡♥- ♦❢ ✉&❡#&✱ ♣#✐✲ ✈❛❝② ✐& ♦❢-❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛& ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐-✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛-✉#❡ ❛♥❞ ✐- ✐& ♥♦- ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥-❡❞ ❜② ❞❡&✐❣♥✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ✐- ✐& -#✉❡ -❤❛- &♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❥♦✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐-✐❡& ❛♥❞ ❞✐&❝❧♦&❡ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦#❞❡# -♦ ✜♥❞ ♥❡✇ ❢#✐❡♥❞& ✇❤♦ &❤❛#❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥-❡#❡&-&✱ ♦-❤❡#& ✇♦✉❧❞ &✐♠♣❧② ✇❛♥- -♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦#❡ ❝♦♥-#♦❧ ♦✈❡# -❤❡✐# ♣#✐✈❛❝②✳ ❚❤❡ &✐-✉❛-✐♦♥ ✇♦#&❡♥& ✇❤❡♥ &♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡-✇♦#❦& ❢♦#❝❡ -❤❡ ✉&❡#& ✐♥-♦ ♣#♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ -❤❡✐# #❡❛❧ ♥❛♠❡& ✇✐-❤♦✉- ♣#❡&❡♥-✐♥❣ -❤❡♠ ✇✐-❤ ❛❧-❡#♥❛-✐✈❡&✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❝#❡❛-✐♥❣ ♠✉❧-✐♣❧❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ♦# ✉&✐♥❣ ♣&❡✉❞♦♥②♠&✳

❆ &♦❧✉-✐♦♥ -♦ -❤❡ &♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞❛"❛ #✐❧♦# ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ -❤#♦✉❣❤ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❛✲ -✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡#❡ ✉&❡#& ❛#❡ ❢#❡❡ -♦ ❤♦&- -❤❡✐# ❞❛-❛ ✇❤❡#❡✈❡# -❤❡② ✇❛♥-✳ ■♥ -❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ &❡❝-✐♦♥ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐&❝✉&& ❤♦✇ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② &②&-❡♠& ♣❧❛② ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦#-❛♥- #♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ -#✉❡ ❞❛-❛ ♦✇♥❡#&❤✐♣ ❢♦# ✉&❡#&✳

✶✳✶✳✷ ■❞❡♥'✐'②✱ ❛ ❦❡② ❢❛❝'♦0 ❢♦0 '❤❡ ❞❡❝❡♥'0❛❧✐③❡❞ 4♦❝✐❛❧

❲❡❜

❇❡❢♦#❡ ❞✐&❝✉&&✐♥❣ ❞❡❝❡♥-#❛❧✐③❡❞ &♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥&✱ ✇❡ ♠✉&- ✜#&- ❞❡✜♥❡ -❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣- ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥"✐"②✳ ❚❤❡ ✜#&- D✉❡&-✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❛&❦ ♦✉#&❡❧✈❡& ✐& #❡❧❛-❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❢♦#♠ ❛♥❞ ♥❛-✉#❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡&✳ ❖❢-❡♥✱ ❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② &-❛#-& ✇✐-❤ ❛ ✉♥✐D✉❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐✜❡# ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡#&♦♥ -♦ ❛ ✉&❡# ♣#♦✜❧❡ ❞❡&❝#✐❜✐♥❣ -❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡#&♦♥ ♠❛② ❛❧&♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ -❤❡ &✉♠ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ♣♦&-✐♥❣& -❤❛- ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❣❡♥❡#❛-❡❞ ❜② -❤❛- ♣❡#&♦♥✱ ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& #❡❧❛-✐♦♥&❤✐♣& ❜❡-✇❡❡♥ -❤❡ ♣❡#&♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦-❤❡# ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥-#✐❜✉-✐♥❣ -♦ -❤❡ ♦♥❡✬& #❡♣✉-❛-✐♦♥✳

❙✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ❛❧&♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐-❤ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ❞❛-❛✱ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡# ♦❢ #✐&❦& ❛#❡ #❡❧❛-❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❡①♣♦&✉#❡ ♦❢ -❤❡&❡ ❞❛-❛ ❬✺✺❪✳ ❚❤❡#❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥-& ♦❢ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡#& ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝-✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉- ♣♦-❡♥-✐❛❧ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡& ❢#♦♠ -❤❡✐# ❜❧♦❣& ❬✼✵❪ ❛♥❞ &♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡-✇♦#❦✐♥❣ &✐-❡& ❬✹✾❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✉&❡❞ -❤✐& ✐♥❢♦#♠❛-✐♦♥ -♦ ❞✐&♠✐&& -❤❡♠ ♦# ❞❡♥② -❤❡♠ ❥♦❜&✳ ❆ #❡❝❡♥- &-✉❞② ❬✷✼❪ ♣❡#❢♦#♠❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛# ❝❛#❡❡# ❛♥❞ #❡&✉♠❡✲❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✇❡❜&✐-❡ #❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ -❤❛- ✹✻✪ ♦❢ ❡①❡❝✉-✐✈❡& &❛② -❤❡② ❛#❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② -♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❤✐#✐♥❣ ❞❡❝✐&✐♦♥ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣#♦&♣❡❝-✐✈❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✬& ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ♦# ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ♣#♦✜❧❡✳ ❙♦ ❢❛#✱ -❤❡ ♠♦&- ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇♦#❦❛#♦✉♥❞ ❢♦# ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ -♦ #❡♣❧❛❝❡ #❡❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐-✐❡& ✇✐-❤ ♣&❡✉❞♦♥②♠&✳

■❞❡♥-② ✐& ❡❛&✐❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ -❤❡ ♠♦&- ❞✐✣❝✉❧- #❡&❡❛#❝❤ ❛#❡❛& ♦♥ -❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ❛& ✐-#❡D✉✐#❡& ❜♦-❤ ♣#❛❝-✐❝❛❧ &♦❧✉-✐♦♥& ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧-✐❞✐&❝✐♣❧✐♥❛#② #❡&❡❛#❝❤✳ ❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ -❤❛- ✐❞❡♥-✐-② ✐♠♣❧✐❡& -♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ -♦ #❡❢❡# #❡❧✐❛❜❧② -♦ ❛♥②-❤✐♥❣✱ ❛❜&-#❛❝- ♦# #❡❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥- ❝♦♥-❡①-&✳ ■♥ ♦✉# ❞❛② -♦ ❞❛② ❧✐✈❡&✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ -❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣- ♦❢ ♣❡#&♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡♥-✐-② -♦ ❜❡ D✉✐-❡ &✐♠♣❧❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♦✉# ♥❛♠❡&✮✳ ❨❡- ♦♥ ❝❧♦&❡# ✐♥&♣❡❝-✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ -❤❛- ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ -❤❡&❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣-& -♦ ❛ ❲❡❜ &❝❛❧❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡& D✉✐-❡ -#✐❝❦②✱ ❛& ✐& -❤❡ ❝❛&❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ -②♣❡ ♦✉# ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥-♦ ❛ &❡❛#❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ &❡❡ -❤❛- ✐- ♠❛② #❡❢❡# -♦ ♠❛♥② ♦-❤❡# ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥- ❝♦♥-❡①-&✳ ■- ❜❡❝♦♠❡& ❡✈❡♥ ✇♦#&❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐- ♠✐❣❤- #❡❢❡# -♦ ✉& ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥-❡①- -❤❛- ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦- ✐♥-❡♥❞ -♦✳

(25)

❖♥❡ ✇❛② &♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐&❤ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ✐, &♦ ❡,&❛❜❧✐,❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♥✈❡♥&✐♦♥ &❤❛& ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡, ♣❛3&✐❝✉❧❛3 &❤✐♥❣, ✐♥ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦3♠ ♠❛♥♥❡3 &❤❛& ✐, ❡❛,✐❧② 3❡✉,❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✈❡3,❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&,✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ &♦ &❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ✐& ❜❡❝♦♠❡, ♦❜✈✐♦✉, &❤❛& ✉,✐♥❣ ❍❚❚= ❯♥✐❢♦3♠ ❘❡,♦✉3❝❡ ■❞❡♥&✐✜❡3, ✭❯❘■,✮ ❛, ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡3, ✐, &❤❡ ♣3❡❢❡33❡❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❍❚❚= ❯❘■, ♦✈❡3 ❛♥② ♦&❤❡3 ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❝❛&✐♦♥ ,❝❤❡♠❡ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❡♠❛✐❧ ❛❞❞3❡,,❡,✱ ✉♥✐D✉❡ ✉,❡3 ■❉,✱ ❡&❝✳✮ ✐, &❤❛& ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛&❛ ♣3✐♥❝✐♣❧❡, ,❛② &❤❡,❡ ❯❘■, ,❤♦✉❧❞ 3❡&✉3♥ ❛ ✉,❡❢✉❧ ❞❡,❝3✐♣&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛& &❤❡ ❯❘■ ✐❞❡♥&✐✜❡, ✇❤❡♥ ❛❝❝❡,,❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❲❡❜ ❜3♦✇,❡3 ♦3 ❝♦♠♣✉&❡3 ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ✉,✐♥❣ &❤❡ ❍❚❚= ♣3♦&♦❝♦❧✳

❚❤❡ ♣3♦❝❡,, ♦❢ ❡,&❛❜❧✐,❤✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✬, ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ❧❡❛❞, &♦ ✐❞❡♥$✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐, ❛❧,♦ ❛ ❦❡② ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥& ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ❲❡❜ ,❡3✈✐❝❡,✳ ❍❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡3,✐,&❡♥& ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ❛❝3♦,, ❞✐✛❡3❡♥& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥, ✐, ✈❡3② ❞✐✣❝✉❧& &♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡✱ ,✐♥❝❡ &❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣& ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♥$)❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉$❤❡♥$✐❝❛$✐♦♥ 3❡D✉✐3❡, ❛ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡3❛❜❧❡ ❡✛♦3& ❢3♦♠ ❧❛3❣❡ ❡♥&✐&✐❡, ✐♥ &❡3♠, ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜✐❧✐&②✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ♣♦✇❡3❢✉❧ &3✉,& 3❡❧❛&✐♦♥,❤✐♣, ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ ♣❛3&✐❡,✳ ▼❛♥② ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&❡ ✉,❡3, ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ✉,❡3 ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛,,✇♦3❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛&✐♦♥,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ 3❡,✉❧&, ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ &♦ 3❡♠❡♠❜❡3 ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❛ ❧♦& ♦❢ ❛❝❝♦✉♥&,✳ ■♥ &❤❛& 3❡,♣❡❝&✱ ❢❡❞❡3❛&❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❧✐❦❡ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ❬✺✹❪✱ ❖❆✉&❤ ❬✷✷❪ ❛♥❞ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ =❡3,♦♥❛ ❬✻✽❪ ❤❛✈❡ ♣3♦✈❡♥ &♦ ❜❡ D✉✐&❡ ✉,❡❢✉❧✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡3✱ ♦♥❝❡ &❤❡ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❤❛, ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡3❢♦3♠❡❞✱ ,♦♠❡ ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ,&✐❧❧ 3❡D✉✐3❡ &❤❛& ✉,❡3, ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥&, ✐♥ ♦3❞❡3 &♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ♣3♦✜❧❡ ❞❛&❛✳ ❚♦ &❤✐, 3❡❣❛3❞✱ ❲❡❜■❉✱ &❤❡ ✜3,& ♦❢ ♦✉3 ❝♦♥&3✐❜✉&✐♦♥,✱ ♣3♦✈✐❞❡, ❜♦&❤ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐❞❡♥&✐&② ♣❧❛&❢♦3♠✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, &❤❡ ❜❛,✐, ❢♦3 ❛ ❞❡❝❡♣&✐✈❡❧② ,✐♠♣❧❡ ②❡& ,❡❝✉3❡ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛✉&❤❡♥&✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐,♠ &❤3♦✉❣❤ &❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❝3②♣&♦❣3❛♣❤②✱ ✐♥ &❤❡ ❢♦3♠ ♦❢ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙✳ ❲❡❜■❉ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜■❉✲❚▲❙ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣3❡,❡♥&❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡&❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣&❡3 ✷✳

✶✳✶✳✸ ■♥%❡'♦♣❡'❛❜✐❧✐%② ❜❛/❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥%✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❛♥❞

▲❉8

❆ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ♠✉,& ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ &♦ ✇♦3❦ ❛❝"♦$$ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥* ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥$✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡3❡♥& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥, &♦ ✐♥&❡3❛❝& ✇✐&❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦&❤❡3 &❤3♦✉❣❤ &❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❞❛&❛ ,❡♠❛♥&✐❝,✳ ■& ✐, ✐♠♣♦3&❛♥& &❤❛& ✉,❡3, ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ &♦ ❝❤♦♦,❡ ✇❤❡3❡ &♦ ,&♦3❡ &❤❡✐3 ❞❛&❛✱ ♠❛② &❤❛& ❜❡ ♦♥ ♣❡3,♦♥❛❧ ,❡3✈❡3, &❤❡② ♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣ ✐♥ &❤❡✐3 ❤♦♠❡,✱ ♦3 ❡♥&3✉,&✐♥❣ &❤❡✐3 ❞❛&❛ &♦ &❤❡✐3 ❢3✐❡♥❞, ♦3 ♣❡♦♣❧❡ &❤❡② &3✉,&✳ ❯,❡3, ♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ &❛❦❡ ❛❞✈❛♥&❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠②3✐❛❞ ♦❢ ❝❧♦✉❞ ,&♦3❛❣❡ ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ &❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ &❤♦✉❣❤ ,&❡♣, ♠✉,& ❜❡ &❛❦❡♥ &♦ ❡♥,✉3❡ &❤❡ ♣3✐✈❛❝② ♦❢ &❤❡✐3 ❞❛&❛✱ ✇✐&❤ 3❡,♣❡❝& &♦ &❤❡ ,❡3✈✐❝❡ ♣3♦✈✐❞❡3,✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❛✉,❡ ❢♦3 ✇❤✐❝❤ ,&♦3✐♥❣ ❞❛&❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ♠❛♥♥❡3 ✐, ✉♥♣♦♣✲ ✉❧❛3✱ ✐, &❤❛& ♠❛❥♦3 ❲❡❜ ,❡3✈✐❝❡, ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❡♥&✐✈❡ &♦ ,❤❛3❡ ❞❛&❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦&❤❡3 ♦3 &♦ ❣✐✈❡ ✉,❡3, ♠♦3❡ ♦✇♥❡3,❤✐♣ &❤❛♥ ♥❡❝❡,,❛3② ❢♦3 &❤❡✐3 ♦✇♥ ❞❛&❛✳ ❊✈❡♥ &❤♦✉❣❤ ♠♦,& ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥, ♣3♦✈✐❞❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ =3♦❣3❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥&❡3❢❛❝❡, ✭❆=■,✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛3❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛&❡❞ &♦ ♣❡3❢♦3♠✐♥❣ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&② &❛,❦,✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡3, ❛3❡ ,&✐❧❧ 3❡D✉✐3❡❞ &♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣3✐♦3✐ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ &❤❡,❡ ❆=■, ❜❡❢♦3❡ ❛&&❡♠♣&✐♥❣ &♦ ♣3♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&②✳ ❚♦ ♦✉3 ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ &❤❡3❡ ✐, ❝✉33❡♥&❧② ♥♦ ,&❛♥❞❛3❞✐③❡❞ ❆=■ ❢♦3 ❞❡❝❡♥&3❛❧✐③❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥,✱ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❛& &❤❡ ❞✐,❝3❡&✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐✲ ❝❛&✐♦♥ &♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✐&, ♦✇♥ ❆=■✳ ❘❡❝❡♥&❧② ❤♦✇❡✈❡3✱ ❛ ,&❛♥❞❛3❞ ✐, ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣3♦♣♦,❡❞ ❢♦3 ,✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❆=■ ✇✐&❤✐♥ &❤❡ ❲♦3❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥,♦3&✐✉♠ ✭❲✸❈✮✳ ■& 3❡❧✐❡, ♦♥ &❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥$✐❝ ❲❡❜✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ 3❡❢❡3, &♦ &❤❡ ❲❡❜ ♦❢ ❞❛&❛ ❬✶✷❪✱ ✐♥ ♦3❞❡3 &♦ ♦✛❡3 &3✉❡ ✐♥&❡3♦♣❡3❛❜✐❧✐&②✳

(26)

1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION 5 ❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ,❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡1❡❞ ✐♥ ,♦♠❡ ✇❛②, ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❛'❛❜❛,❡✱ ♦1 ❜❡''❡1 ②❡' ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ,♣❛❝❡✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ♠♦,' ♦❢ '❤❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ♦♥ '❤❡ ❲❡❜ ✐, ❞❡,✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦1 ❤✉♠❛♥ 1❡❛❞❡1,✱ '❤♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❧② ✉,❡❢✉❧ ❢♦1 ❤✉♠❛♥✲'♦✲❤✉♠❛♥ ✐♥'❡1❛❝'✐♦♥✱ '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ✐♥'❡♥❞, '♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡, '♦ ♣❛1'✐❝✐♣❛'❡ ✐♥ '❤✐, ✐♥'❡1❛❝'✐♦♥ ❜② ♣1♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡, ❢♦1 ❡①♣1❡,,✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ♣1♦❝❡,,❛❜❧❡ ❢♦1♠✳ ■♥ ♦'❤❡1 ✇♦1❞,✱ '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ♦✛❡1, '❤❡ '♦♦❧, '♦ ❝♦♥✈❡② '❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❞❛'❛ ,♦ '❤❛' ✐' ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡1,'♦♦❞ ❜② ❝♦♠♣✉'❡1, ❛♥❞ ♥♦' ♠✐,✐♥'❡1♣1❡'❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦,' ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠❡❛♥, ✉,❡❞ ❜② '❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ '♦ ❞❡,❝1✐❜❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛'✐♦♥ ❛1❡ '❤❡ ❘❡,♦✉1❝❡ ❉❡,❝1✐♣'✐♦♥ ❋1❛♠❡✇♦1❦ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❬✹✸❪ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❚✉1'❧❡ ❬✻❪ ,②♥'❛①✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❘❉❋ ✐, ❜❛,❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ '❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ,'❛'❡♠❡♥', ❛❜♦✉' 1❡,♦✉1❝❡, ✭✐♥ ♣❛1'✐❝✉❧❛1 ❲❡❜ 1❡,♦✉1❝❡,✮ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❢♦1♠ ♦❢ ,✉❜❥❡❝'✲♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡✲♦❜❥❡❝' ❡①♣1❡,,✐♦♥, ✭❝❛❧❧❡❞ !✐♣❧❡&✮✱ '❤❡ ❚✉1'❧❡ ,②♥'❛① ✐, ✉'✐❧✐③❡❞ '♦ ❡①♣1❡,, ❞❛'❛ ✐♥ '❤❡ ❘❉❋ ❞❛'❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ '1✐♣❧❡ ✐, ♣1❡,❡♥'❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✱ ✇❤❡1❡ '❤❡ ,✉❜❥❡❝' ✐, ❁❃ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ 1❡❢❡1, '♦ '❤❡ ❝✉11❡♥' ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'✮✱ '❤❡ ♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡ ✐, ❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡) ✇❤✐❧❡ '❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝' ❜❡✐♥❣ ❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡✳ ❆❧❧ ,'❛'❡♠❡♥', ❛1❡ ❝♦♥'❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐'❤✐♥ '❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'✱ 1❡,✐❞✐♥❣ ❛' ❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛, ♣!✐♠❛!②❚♦♣✐❝ '❤❡ ✐♥♥❡1 1❡❢❡1❡♥❝❡ ★♠❡ ♣♦✐♥'✐♥❣ '♦ ❛ -❡!&♦♥✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❇❛11②✳ ❆ ✈✐,✉❛❧ 1❡♣1❡,❡♥'❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ,❛♠❡ '1✐♣❧❡, ✐, ♣1♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛, ❛ ❣1❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉1❡ ✶✳✷✳ ❅♣)❡❢✐① ❢♦❛❢✿ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴①♠❧♥-✳❝♦♠✴❢♦❛❢✴✵✳✶✴❃ ✳ ❁❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡)-♦♥❛❧;)♦❢✐❧❡❉♦❝✉♠❡♥+ ❀ ❢♦❛❢✿♠❛❦❡) ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ❀ ❢♦❛❢✿♣)✐♠❛)②❚♦♣✐❝ ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴♣)♦❢✐❧❡★♠❡❃ ✳ ❁★♠❡❃ ❛ ❢♦❛❢✿;❡)-♦♥ ❀ ❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡ ✧❇❛))②✧ ❀ ❢♦❛❢✿❦♥♦✇- ❁❤++♣-✿✴✴❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳❡❞✉✴♣✴❆♥♥★▼❙❝❃ ❀ ❢♦❛❢✿✇❡❜❧♦❣ ❁❤++♣✿✴✴❜❛))②✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✴❜❧♦❣❃ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✿ ❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ ,✉❜❥❡❝'✲♣1❡❞✐❝❛'❡✲♦❜❥❡❝' 1❡❧❛'✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚✉1'❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥'✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❢❛❝✐❧✐'❛'❡, ❝1♦,,✲❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥, ❛♥❞ ,❡1✈✐❝❡,✱ '❤❛♥❦, '♦ ❞❛'❛ ❜❡✐♥❣ ,'1✉❝'✉1❡❞ ✐♥'♦ ♦♥'♦❧♦❣✐❡, ❛♥❞ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1✐❡,✳ ❆♥ ♦♥'♦❧♦❣② ❢♦1♠❛❧❧② 1❡♣1❡,❡♥', ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛, ❛ ,❡' ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣', ✇✐'❤✐♥ ❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ 1❡❧❛'✐♦♥,❤✐♣, ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤♦,❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣',✳ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧❛1✐❡, ❛1❡ ❛ ❧❡,, ❢♦1♠❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❡①♣1❡,,✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣', ♦1 ❡♥'✐'✐❡, ❛♥❞ '❤❡ 1❡❧❛'✐♦♥, ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ '❤❡♠✳ ❆ '②♣✐❝❛❧ ❝❛,❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❛1❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❞❛'❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥ ✐, ❉❇R❡❞✐❛✶✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❡,,❡♥'✐❛❧❧②✱ ♠❛❦❡, '❤❡ ❝♦♥'❡♥' ♦❢ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❘❉❋✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦1'❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉❇R❡❞✐❛ ✐, ♥♦' ♦♥❧② '❤❛' ✐' ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡, ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❞❛'❛✱ ❜✉' ❛❧,♦ '❤❛' ✐' ✐♥❝♦1♣♦1❛'❡, ❧✐♥❦, '♦ ♦'❤❡1 ✶❤!!♣✿✴✴❞❜♣❡❞✐❛✳♦,❣

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to