• Aucun résultat trouvé

Structure of agricultural landscapes and epidemic risk, a demo-genetic approach.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Structure of agricultural landscapes and epidemic risk, a demo-genetic approach."

Copied!
305
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: pastel-00737855

https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00737855

Submitted on 2 Oct 2012

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Structure of agricultural landscapes and epidemic risk, a

demo-genetic approach.

Julien Papaïx

To cite this version:

Julien Papaïx. Structure of agricultural landscapes and epidemic risk, a demo-genetic approach.. Agricultural sciences. AgroParisTech, 2011. English. �NNT : 2011AGPT0056�. �pastel-00737855�

(2)

❚❤"#❡

♣♦✉# ♦❜%❡♥✐# ❧❡ ❣#❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝%❡✉# ❞.❧✐✈#. ♣❛#

▲✬■◆❙❚■❚❯❚ ❉❊❙ ❙❈■❊◆❈❊❙ ❊❚ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘■❊❙

❉❯ ❱■❱❆◆❚ ❊❚ ❉❊ ▲✬❊◆❱■❘❖◆◆❊▼❊◆❚

✭❆❣1♦3❛1✐6❚❡❝❤✮

❙♣"❝✐❛❧✐'" ✿ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡. ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥. ❡' "❝♦❧♦❣✐❡ ♣#.0❡♥%.❡ ❡% 0♦✉%❡♥✉❡ ♣✉❜❧✐1✉❡♠❡♥% ❧❡ ✷✻ 0❡♣%❡♠❜#❡ ✷✵✶✶ ♣❛#

❏✉❧✐❡♥ *❛♣❛-①

❙!"✉❝!✉"❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②*❛❣❡ ❛❣"✐❝♦❧❡ ❡! "✐*/✉❡

0♣✐❞0♠✐/✉❡✱ ✉♥❡ ❛♣♣"♦❝❤❡

❞0♠♦✲❣0♥0!✐/✉❡

❚❤90❡ ❡✛❡❝%✉.❡ ❛✉ 0❡✐♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✉♥✐%. ♠✐①%❡ ■◆❘❆✲❆❣#♦B❛#✐0❚❡❝❤ ❇■❖❧♦❣✐❡ ❡% ●❊0%✐♦♥ ❞✉ ❘✐01✉❡ ❡♥ ❛❣#✐❝✉❧%✉#❡ ✭❯▼❘ ✶✷✾✵ ❇■❖●❊❘✱ ❋✲✼✽✽✺✵ ❚❤✐✈❡#✈❛❧ ●#✐❣♥♦♥✮ ❡% ❞❡ ❧✬✉♥✐%. ■◆❘❆ ▼❛%❤.♠❛%✐1✉❡0 ❡% ■♥❢♦#♠❛%✐1✉❡0 ❆♣♣❧✐1✉.❡0 ❞❡ ❏♦✉②✲❡♥✲❏♦0❛0 ✭❯❘ ✸✹✶ ▼■❆❏✱ ❋✲✼✽✸✺✷ ❏♦✉②✲❡♥✲❏♦0❛0✮✳ ❚❤90❡ ❡♥❝❛❞#.❡ ♣❛# ❈❤#✐0%✐❛♥ ▲❛♥♥♦✉ ✭❉❘ ❇■❖●❊❘✮ ❡% ❍❡#✈. ▼♦♥♦❞ ✭❉❘ ▼■❆❏✮✳ B#.0❡♥%.❡ ❞❡✈❛♥% ❧❡ ❥✉#② ❝♦♠♣♦0. ❞❡✿ ▼✳ ❋4❛♥❦ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ❇♦.❝❤ !✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ■♥✈❡+,✐❣❛,♦! ❘♦,❤❛♠+,❡❞ ❘❡+❡❛!❝❤ ❘❛♣♣♦$%❡✉$ ▼✳ ❙②❧✈❛✐♥ ●❛♥❞♦♥ ❉✐!❡❝,❡✉! ❞❡ !❡❝❤❡!❝❤❡ ❈❊❋❊ ✲ ❈◆❘❙ ❘❛♣♣♦$%❡✉$ ▼♠❡✳ ❊❧✐.❛❜❡'❤ ❋♦✉4♥✐❡4 ❈❤❛!❣;❡ ❞❡ !❡❝❤❡!❝❤❡ ❇● ■ ✲ ■◆❘❆ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛%❡✉$ ▼✳ =❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ ●❛'❡ ❉✐!❡❝,❡✉! +❝✐❡♥,✐✜@✉❡ ❆!✈❛❧✐+ ✲ ■♥+,✐,✉, ❞✉ ✈;❣;,❛❧ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛%❡✉$ ▼✳ ❏❡❛♥✲❏❛❝@✉❡. ❉❛✉❞✐♥ !♦❢❡++❡✉! ❆❣!♦ ❛!✐+❚❡❝❤ ❘❡♣$-.❡♥%❛♥% ❊❉

(3)
(4)

❞0♠♦✲❣0♥0!✐/✉❡

▲✬✐♥$❡♥&✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ ❛ ❛♠1❧✐♦.1 ❞❡ ❢❛3♦♥ ❝♦♥&✐❞1.❛❜❧❡ ❧❛ ♣.♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ❛❧✐♠❡♥$❛✐.❡ ❝❡& ❞❡.♥✐6.❡& ❝✐♥7✉❛♥$❡ ❛♥♥1❡& ♠❛✐& ❡❧❧❡ &✬❡&$ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛❣♥1❡ ❞✬✉♥ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ❝.♦✐&&❛♥$ &✉. ❧✬❡♥✈✐.♦♥♥❡♠❡♥$✳ ❊♥ ♣❛.$✐❝✉❧✐❡.✱ ❧❛ ♠♦❞❡.♥✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧✐7✉1 ✉♥❡ &✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ &$.✉❝$✉.❡ ❞❡& ♣❛②&❛❣❡& ❛❣.✐❝♦❧❡& .❡♥❞❛♥$ ♥♦& ❛❣.♦✲1❝♦&②&$6♠❡& ♣❧✉& &❡♥&✐❜❧❡& ❛✉ .✐&7✉❡ 1♣✐❞1♠✐7✉❡✳ ▲✬✉$✐❧✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡.&✐$1 ❣1♥1$✐7✉❡ ❞❡& ❝✉❧$✉.❡& ❡&$ ✉♥❡ &♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♣.♦♠❡$$❡✉&❡ ♣♦✉. .1❞✉✐.❡ ❧❡ .✐&7✉❡ ❞✬♦❝❝✉..❡♥❝❡ ❡$ ❞❡ ♣.♦♣❛❣❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡& ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡& ❞❡& ❝✉❧$✉.❡&✳ ❊❧❧❡ ♥1❝❡&&✐$❡ ❝❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$ ✉♥❡ ❣❡&$✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝$✐✈❡ ❞❡& ❡&♣❛❝❡& ❛❣.✐❝♦❧❡&✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥&17✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❧✬1❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞✬1$✉❞❡ ♥❡ ❞♦✐$ ♣❧✉& &❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐&❡. &✉. ❧❛ ♣❛.❝❡❧❧❡ ♠❛✐& &✉. ❧❡ ♣❛②&❛❣❡✳ ❉❛♥& ❝❡$$❡ $❤6&❡✱ ♥♦✉& ♥♦✉& ✐♥$❡.❡&&♦♥& ❛✉① ♣.♦❝❡&&✉& &❡ ❞1.♦✉❧❛♥$ A ❧✬1❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②&❛❣❡ ❡$ ❛✉ .B❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡.&✐$1 ❞❡& ♣❧❛♥$❡& ❝✉❧$✐✈1❡& ♣♦✉. ❧❡ ❝♦♥$.B❧❡ ❞❡& 1♣✐❞1♠✐❡&✳ ◆♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ✐❞❡♥$✐✜1 $.♦✐& 7✉❡&$✐♦♥&✿ ❝♦♠♠❡♥$ ❧❡& ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥& ♣❛$❤♦❣6♥❡& &❡ ♣.♦♣❛❣❡♥$✲❡❧❧❡& ❞❛♥& ✉♥ ♣❛②&❛❣❡ ❞✬❤B$❡& ❤1$1.♦❣6♥❡ ❄ ❈♦♠♠❡♥$ ❧❡& ❞✐✛1.❡♥$& ❣1♥♦$②♣❡& ❝♦♠♣♦&❛♥$ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ♣❛$❤♦❣6♥❡ ❡♥$.❡♥$✲✐❧& ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣1$✐$✐♦♥ ❛✉ &❡✐♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ❤B$❡ ❞✐✈❡.&✐✜1❡ ❄ ❡$✱ A ♣❧✉& ❧♦♥❣ $❡.♠❡✱ ❝♦♠♠❡♥$ ❧❡& ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥& ♣❛$❤♦❣6♥❡& 1✈♦❧✉❡♥$✲❡❧❧❡& ❡♥ .1♣♦♥&❡ A ❧❛ &$.✉❝$✉.❡ ❞❡& ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥& ❤B$❡& ❄ ❈❤❛❝✉♥❡ ❞❡ ❝❡& 7✉❡&$✐♦♥& ❛ 1$1 ❛♣♣.♦❢♦♥❞✐❡ ❣.H❝❡ A ❧✬❛♥❛❧②&❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥1❡& ♦❜$❡♥✉❡& ❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✐$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣.♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ♠❛✐& ❛✉&&✐ ♣❛. ❞❡& ❛♣♣.♦❝❤❡& $❤1♦.✐7✉❡&✳ ◆♦✉& ❛✈♦♥& ♠♦♥$.1 7✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦&✐$✐♦♥ ❡$ ❧❛ &$.✉❝$✉.❡ &♣❛$✐❛❧❡ ❞❡& ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥& ❤B$❡& ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❢♦.$❡♠❡♥$ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛$✐♦♥ ♣❛$❤♦❣6♥❡✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$✱ ❧❡& .❡❝♦♠♠❛♥❞❛$✐♦♥& 7✉❡ ♣❡✉$ ❢♦✉.♥✐. ❝❡ $.❛✈❛✐❧ ♣♦✉. ❣1.❡. ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡.&✐$1 ❣1♥1$✐7✉❡ ❞1♣❡♥❞❡♥$ ❞❡ ❧✬♦❜❥❡❝$✐❢ ✈✐&1✳

❊✈♦❧✉!✐♦♥ ⑤ ❊♣✐❞0♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②*❛❣❡ ⑤ ❍0!0"♦❣0♥0✐!0 *♣❛!✐❛❧❡ ⑤ ❙♣0❝✐❛❧✐*❛!✐♦♥

(5)
(6)

❆❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ✐♥'❡♥*✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ❤❛* ✐♠♣"♦✈❡❞ ❢♦♦❞ ♣"♦❞✉❝'✐♦♥ ✐♠♣"❡**✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ '❤❡ ♣❛*' ✺✵ ②❡❛"* ❜✉' '❤✐* ❝❛♠❡ ✇✐'❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝"❡❛*✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝' ♦♥ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥'✳ ■♥ ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧❛"✱ ♠♦❞❡"♥ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ❤❛* ❧❡❞ '♦ '❤❡ *✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥'❛❧ *'"✉❝'✉"❡ ♦✈❡" ✈❛*' ❛"❡❛*✳ ❆* ❛ ❝♦♥*❡<✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❛❣"♦✲❡❝♦*②*'❡♠* ❛"❡ ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧❛"❧② *✉*❝❡♣'✐❜❧❡ '♦ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝*✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝"❡❛*❡ ♦❢ ❝"♦♣ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ✐* ❛ ♣"♦♠✐*✐♥❣ ✇❛② ❢♦" "❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ '❤❡ "✐*❦ ♦❢ ♦❝❝✉""❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥' ♦❢ ❞✐*❡❛*❡* ✐♥ ❝"♦♣* ❜✉' '❤❡ '❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦"❣❛♥✐*❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥* "❡<✉✐"❡❞ '♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ '❤❡ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ "❡*♦✉"❝❡* ❛' '❤✐* *❝❛❧❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦' ❜❡❡♥ ❡*'❛❜❧✐*❤❡❞ ②❡'✳ ❚❤✐* ✇✐❧❧ "❡<✉✐"❡ *❤✐❢'✐♥❣ '❤❡ *❝❛❧❡ ♦❢ ❝"♦♣ ♣"♦'❡❝'✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡*'✐❣❛'✐♦♥* ❢"♦♠ '❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ '♦ '❤❡ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❛❧ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡✳ ■♥ '❤✐* @❤❉ '❤❡*✐* ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉* ♦♥ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡✲*❝❛❧❡ ♣"♦❝❡**❡* ❛♥❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ♣♦'❡♥'✐❛❧ "♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❢✉♥❝'✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ✐♥ ❝✉❧'✐✈❛'❡❞ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡* '♦ ❜❡''❡" ❝♦♥'"♦❧ ♣❧❛♥' ❞✐*❡❛*❡*✳ ❲❡ ✐❞❡♥'✐✜❡❞ '❤"❡❡ <✉❡*'✐♦♥*✿ ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡* ❛ ♣❛'❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ *♣"❡❛❞ ♦✈❡" ❛ ❤❡'❡"♦❣❡♥❡♦✉* ❤♦*' ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡❄ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ ♣❛'❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦'②♣❡* ❝♦♠♣❡'❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✈❡"*✐✜❡❞ ❤♦*' ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥❄ ❆♥❞✱ ✐♥ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡" '❡"♠✱ ❤♦✇ ❞♦ ♣❛'❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥* ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥ "❡*♣♦♥*❡ '♦ ❤♦*' ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ *'"✉❝'✉"❡❄ ❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ '❤❡*❡ <✉❡*'✐♦♥* ✐* ✐♥✈❡*'✐❣❛'❡❞ '❤"♦✉❣❤ '❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②*✐* ♦❢ "❡❛❧ ❞❛'❛ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥' ♦❢ '❤❡♦"❡'✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤❡*✳ ❲❡ ❞❡♠♦♥*'"❛'❡ '❤❛' '❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦*✐'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ *♣❛'✐❛❧ *'"✉❝'✉"❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❤♦*' ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ ❣"❡❛'❧② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ '❤❡ ♣❛'❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝* ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦❧✉'✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ "❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛'✐♦♥* '❤❛' '❤✐* ✇♦"❦ ♠❛② ♣"♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥ ♦"❞❡" '♦ ♣"❛❝'✐❝❛❧❧② ♠❛♥❛❣❡ '❤❡ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ "❡*♦✉"❝❡* ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ '❤❡ ❞❡*✐"❡❞ ❛✐♠ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ "❡<✉❡*' ❢✉"'❤❡" ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦"❛'✐✈❡ ✇♦"❦ ✇✐'❤ '❤❡ ♣"♦❢❡**✐♦♥❛❧ ♦♣❡"❛'♦"*✳ ❊✈♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ⑤ ▲❛♥❞$❝❛♣❡ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧♦❣② ⑤ ❙♣❛(✐❛❧ ❤❡(❡)♦❣❡♥❡✐(② ⑤ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✐$❛(✐♦♥ ✈

(7)
(8)

❏❡ "❡♥❛✐& "♦✉" ❞✬❛❜♦,❞ - ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡, ❙②❧✈❛✐♥ ●❛♥❞♦♥ ❡" ❋,❛♥❦ ✈❛♥ ❞❡♥ ❇♦&❝❤ ♣♦✉, ❛✈♦✐, ♣,✐& ❧❡ "❡♠♣& ❞❡ ❧✐,❡ ❡" ❞✬:✈❛❧✉❡, ♠♦♥ ",❛✈❛✐❧✳ ❏❡ ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡ ❛✉&&✐ ❊❧✐&❛❜❡"❤ ❋♦✉,♥✐❡,✱ >❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ ●❛"❡ ❡" ❏❡❛♥✲❏❛❝@✉❡& ❉❛✉❞✐♥ ❞✬❛✈♦✐, ❛❝❝❡♣": ❞❡ ♣❛,"✐❝✐♣❡, - ♠♦♥ ❥✉,② ❞❡ "❤C&❡✳ ❏❡ &♦✉❤❛✐"❛✐& ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡, :❣❛❧❡♠❡♥" ❧❡& ♠❡♠❜,❡& ❞❡ ♠♦♥ ❝♦♠✐": ❞❡ "❤C&❡ ♣♦✉, ♠✬❛✈♦✐, &✉✐✈✐ ♣❡♥❞❛♥" ❝❡& ",♦✐& ❛♥&✿ >❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ ❉✉ ❈❤❡②,♦♥✱ ❏❡❛♥✲❏❛❝@✉❡& ❉❛✉❞✐♥✱ ❊"✐❡♥♥❡ ❑❧❡✐♥✱ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ >❧❛♥"❡❣❡♥❡&" ♠❛✐& ❛✉&&✐ ❋,:❞:,✐@✉❡ ❆♥❣❡✈✐♥✱ ▼❛,✐❡✲❍:❧C♥❡ ❏❡✉✛,♦②✱ ❈❧❛✐,❡ ▲❛✈✐❣♥❡✱ ■✈❛♥ ❙❛❝❤❡ ❡" ❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❙♦✉❜❡②,❛♥❞✳

❈❡""❡ "❤C&❡ ❝❤❡♠✐♥❡ ❡♥",❡ ❧✬:♣✐❞:♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ✈:❣:"❛❧❡✱ ❧❡& &"❛"✐&"✐@✉❡& ❡" ❧❛ ♠♦❞:❧✐&❛"✐♦♥✳ ❊❧❧❡ ♥✬❛ ♣✉ &❡ ❢❛✐,❡ &❛♥& ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜,❡✉&❡& ❞✐&❝✉&&✐♦♥& ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡& ♣❡,&♦♥♥❡& ✈❡♥❛♥" ❞✬❤♦,✐③♦♥& ❞✐✈❡,& ❡" ✈❛,✐:&✳ ❏❡ ❧❡& ❡♥ ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡✳ ❏❡ "✐❡♥& - ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡, "♦✉" ♣❛,"✐❝✉❧✐C,❡♠❡♥" ❈❤,✐&"✐❛♥ ❡" ❍❡,✈: ♣♦✉, ❧❡✉, ♣❛"✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❧❡✉,& ❝♦♥&❡✐❧& ❡" ♣♦✉, ♠✬❛✈♦✐, ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛❣♥: ♣❡♥❞❛♥" ❝❡& ",♦✐& ❛♥♥:❡& ❞❡ ,❡❝❤❡,❝❤❡&✳ ❏❡ ,❡♠❡,❝✐❡ :❣❛❧❡♠❡♥" ❍❡♥,✐❡""❡✱ ❙✉③❛♥♥❡ ❡" ❖❧✐✈✐❡, ♣♦✉, ♠✬❛✈♦✐, ❛✉"❛♥" ❛✐❞:✳ ❏❡ &✉✐& ❛✉&&✐ ,❡❝♦♥♥❛✐&&❛♥" ❡♥✈❡,& ❧✬❡♥&❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡& ♣❡,&♦♥♥❡& ❞❡& ❞❡✉① ✉♥✐":& ✭❇■❖●❊❘ ❡" ▼■❆❏✮ @✉✐ ♠✬♦♥" ❛❝❝✉❡✐❧❧✐✱ ❢❛✐" ,✐,❡✱ &♦✉"❡♥✉ ❡" ❛♣♣,✐& :♥♦,♠:♠❡♥" ❞❡ ❝❤♦&❡&✳ ❏❡ ♥✬♦✉❜❧✐❡ ♣❛& ♥♦♥ ♣❧✉& ❧❛ ♠❛&"❡, ❜♦✉❧❡" "❡❛♠ ❞✉ ❈❊❋❊ ❡" ❧❡& ✈✐♥♦❝✬ ❞❡ ❧✬❆❣,♦ @✉✐ &♦♥" "♦✉❥♦✉,& ♣❛, ❧- ✦

❈❡""❡ "❤C&❡ ❛ :": ,:❛❧✐&:❡ ❞❛♥& ❧❡ ❝❛❞,❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦♥",❛" ❆❙❈ ✜♥❛♥❝: ♣❛, ❧✬■◆❘❆ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ♣❛,"✐❝✐♣❛"✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❞:♣❛,"❡♠❡♥"& ❙>❊ ❡" ▼■❆✳

(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

▼❛♥✉ ▲❛3❝❡♥❡5✱ ▲❡ ,❛✈❛♥5 ❡5 ❧❛ ❢❡♠♠❡ ✭❙♦②♦♥, ❢♦✉, ✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✮

(13)
(14)
(15)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

❊❧"♠❡♥&' ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡ ✶

■ ❉✐✈❡%&✐'②✱ ❛❣%✐❝✉❧'✉%❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝&

✶ ❍♦'& ❞✐✈❡0'✐&② ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝ 0✐'❦ ✼ ❆❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ✐♥'❡♥*✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ❤❛* ✐♠♣"♦✈❡❞ ❢♦♦❞ ♣"♦❞✉❝'✐♦♥ ✐♠♣"❡**✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ '❤❡ ♣❛*' ✺✵ ②❡❛"* ❜✉' ✐' ❤❛* ❝♦♠❡ ✇✐'❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝"❡❛*✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝' ♦♥ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥'✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ '❤❡ ❛❧'❡"♥❛'✐✈❡ ✇❛②* '♦ *✉♣♣♦"' '❤❡ '"❛♥*✐'✐♦♥ ✐♥'♦ ❛♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥'❡♥*✐✈❡ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡✱ '❤❡ ✉*❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ♦❢ ❝"♦♣ ✈❛"✐❡'✐❡* ✐* ❛ ♣"♦♠✐*✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳ ❲❡ ❞❡'❛✐❧ ❤❡"❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐*♠* '❤❛' ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ '❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ❛♥❞ *✉*❝❡♣'✐❜✐❧✐'② '♦ ❞✐*❡❛*❡*✳

✷ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝✉❧&✐✈❛&❡❞ ❧❛♥❞'❝❛♣❡ ❝♦♠♣♦'✐&✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✈❛0✐❡&② 0❡'✐'&❛♥❝❡ ✷✸ ■♥ ♣❧❛♥' ♣❛'❤♦❧♦❣②✱ '❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ❞❡*✐❣♥✐♥❣ ✈❛"✐❡'② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥' *'"❛'❡❣✐❡* ❛' '❤❡ *❝❛❧❡ ♦❢ ❝✉❧'✐✈❛'❡❞ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡* ✐* ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♠♦"❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦"❡ ❛''❡♥'✐♦♥ ❜✉' ❢❡✇ ❞❛'❛ ❛"❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛' *✉❝❤ ❛ *❝❛❧❡✳ ■♥ ❛ *'✉❞② ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥ ✇❤❡❛' ❧❡❛❢ "✉*'✱ ✇❡ ❛''❡♠♣'❡❞ '♦ ❧✐♥❦ '❤❡ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ ✈❛"✐❡'❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦*✐'✐♦♥✱ '❤❡ *'"✉❝'✉"❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♣❛'❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ '❤❡ "❡*✐*'❛♥❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ '❤❡ ♠♦*' ❣"♦✇♥ ✇❤❡❛' ✈❛"✐❡'✐❡* ❛* ♠❡❛*✉"❡❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ✜❡❧❞✳

■■ 4♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝& ✐♥ ❛❣%✐❝✉❧'✉%❛❧ ❧❛♥❞&❝❛♣❡&

✺✸

✸ ■♥&❡❣0❛&❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣♦♣✉❧❛&✐♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝' ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❣0✐❝✉❧&✉0❛❧

❧❛♥❞'❝❛♣❡ ✺✼ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ♣"♦❝❡**❡* '❤❛' ♦❝❝✉" ❛' '❤❡ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ *❝❛❧❡ ✐* ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♠♦"❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦"❡ ❛''❡♥'✐♦♥ ❢"♦♠ '❤❡♦"❡'✐❝❛❧ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐*'* '♦ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❛❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡"*✳ ■♥ '❤✐* ❝❤❛♣'❡" ✇❡ ♣"♦♣♦*❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ♦"❞❡" '♦ ✜❧❧ '❤❡ ❣❛♣ ❜❡'✇❡❡♥ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ ❡❝♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♠❡'❛♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐* ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤ '❛❦❡* ❛❞✈❛♥'❛❣❡ ♦❢ '❤❡♦"❡'✐❝❛❧ "❡*✉❧'* ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♠❡'❛♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥ ❝♦♥'❡①' ✇❤✐❧❡ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡"✐♥❣ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦"❡ "❡❛❧✐*'✐❝ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡*✳

✹ ❍♦✇ ❝♦✉❧❞ '♣❛&✐❛❧ ❤❡&❡0♦❣❡♥❡✐&② ❞❡❝0❡❛'❡ ❞✐'❡❛'❡ '❡✈❡0✐&②❄ ✽✸

❍❛❜✐'❛' ❝♦♥♥❡❝'✐✈✐'② ✐* ❝"✉❝✐❛❧ ❢♦" '❤❡ *♣"❡❛❞ ♦❢ *♣❛'✐❛❧❧② *'"✉❝'✉"❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'✐♦♥*✳ ■' ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ①✐✈

(16)

❞❡"❝$✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❢♦✉$ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥."✿ .❤❡ ♣$♦♣♦$.✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❣$❡❣❛.✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❤❛❜✐.❛. .②♣❡"✱ .❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐.② ♦❢ .❤❡ ♦$❣❛♥✐"♠ .♦ .❤$✐✈❡ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❤❛❜✐.❛. ❛♥❞ ✐." ❞✐"♣❡$"❛❧ ❛❜✐❧✐.②✳ ❚❤✐" ❝❤❛♣.❡$ ❛✐♠" ❛. ❞❡.❡$♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ .❤❡"❡ ❢♦✉$ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥." ✐♥.❡$❛❝. ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ .♦ ❛✛❡❝. .❤❡ "♣$❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛.❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛.✐♦♥ ❛. .❤❡ ❧❛♥❞"❝❛♣❡ "❝❛❧❡✳ ✺ ▼✉#❛♥# ❡'#❛❜❧✐'❤♠❡♥# ❛♥❞ ❝♦❡①✐'#❡♥❝❡ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ ♣❛#❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦#②♣❡' ✶✵✺ ❙❡❧❡❝.✐♦♥ ❢♦$ ;✉❛♥.✐.❛.✐✈❡ .$❛✐." ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡" ♣❛.❤♦❣❡♥ ❡✈♦❧✉.✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛❣$✐❝✉❧.✉$❛❧ ♣❛.❤♦"②".❡♠" ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛② .❤❛. ❝❛♥ $❡"✉❧. ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥.✐❛❧ ❛❞❛♣.❛.✐♦♥ .♦ ❤♦". ✈❛$✐❡.✐❡"✳ ■. ✐" ❝$✉❝✐❛❧ .♦ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❛.❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦.②♣❡" ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✈❛$✐❡.②✳ ❯"✐♥❣ ❛ "✐♠✉❧❛.✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❡ ".✉❞② ❝♦♥❞✐.✐♦♥" ❢♦$ ♠✉.❛♥. ❡".❛❜❧✐"❤♠❡♥. ❛♥❞ ".❛❜❧❡ ❝♦❡①✐".❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❛.❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦.②♣❡" ✐♥ ❛❣$✐❝✉❧.✉$❛❧ ❧❛♥❞"❝❛♣❡"✳

■■■ ▲♦♥❣ %❡'♠ ❡✈♦❧✉%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛%❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛%✐♦♥1

✶✷✾

✻ ❊✈♦❧✉#✐♦♥ ♦❢ '♣❡❝✐❛❧✐'❛#✐♦♥ ✐♥ '♣❛#✐❛❧ ♠❡#❛♣♦♣✉❧❛#✐♦♥' ✶✸✸ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉.✐♦♥❛$② ♣$✐♥❝✐♣❧❡" ♠❛② ♣$♦✈✐❞❡ $❡❧❡✈❛♥. .♦♦❧" .♦ ♠❛✐♥.❛✐♥ ❛❣$✐❝✉❧.✉$❡ ♣$♦❞✉❝.✐✈✐.② ✇❤✐❧❡ $❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐$♦♥♠❡♥.❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝."✳ ■♥ ♣❛$.✐❝✉❧❛$✱ ❛❞❛♣.✐✈❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝" ❛❧❧♦✇" .♦ ❞❡"❝$✐❜❡ ♣❤❡♥♦.②♣✐❝ ❝❤❛♥❣❡" ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛.✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ✉"❡❞ "✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ♦$❞❡$ .♦ ".✉❞② .❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝" ♦❢ "♣❡❝✐❛❧✐"❛.✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ "♣❛.✐❛❧❧② ❤❡.❡$♦❣❡♥❡♦✉" ❡♥✈✐$♦♥♠❡♥.✳

■❱ ❉✐1❝✉11✐♦♥

✶✻✼

✼ ●❡♥❡>❛❧ ❞✐'❝✉''✐♦♥ ✶✻✾ ❚❤❡ .$❛♥"✐.✐♦♥ ✐♥.♦ ❛♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥.❡♥"✐✈❡ ❛❣$✐❝✉❧.✉$❡ ✇✐❧❧ $❡;✉✐$❡ .♦ ♠♦❜✐❧✐"❡ ❛♥ ❛""♦❝✐❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝.✐✈❡ ❛❣$♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❧❡✈❡$"✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ .❤❡"❡✱ ❝$♦♣ ❣❡♥❡.✐❝ ❞✐✈❡$"✐.② ✐" ❛ ♣$♦♠✐"✐♥❣ ✇❛② ❜✉. ✐. $❡;✉✐$❡" .❤❡ ❞❡"✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.✐✈❡ ".$❛.❡❣✐❡"✳ ■♥ .❤✐" "❡❝.✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❞✐"❝✉"" .❤❡ ♣♦.❡♥.✐❛❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛.✐♦♥" ♦❢ .❤✐" .❤❡"✐" ✇♦$❦ ♦♥ .❤❡ ❞❡"✐❣♥ ♦❢ "✉".❛✐♥❛❜❧❡ ".$❛.❡❣✐❡" ❢♦$ ❞✐"❡❛"❡ ❝♦♥.$♦❧ ✐♥ ❛❣$✐❝✉❧.✉$❛❧ ❧❛♥❞"❝❛♣❡"✳ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣>❛♣❤② ✶✼✺ ❙✉♣♣♦>#✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦>♠❛#✐♦♥ ✶✾✸ ①✈

(17)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"

✷✳✶ ❋$❡&✉❡♥❝✐❡+ ♦❢ .❤❡ +.✉❞✐❡❞ ✇❤❡❛. ✈❛$✐❡.✐❡+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡$ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.❡❞ ✐+♦❧❛.❡+ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛$✐❡.② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ ◆✉♠❜❡$ ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❝.❡❞ ✐+♦❧❛.❡+ ❢♦$ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛.❤♦.②♣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐.✐♦♥+ ♦❢ .❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ .❡$♠+ ❛♥❞ ♣❛$❛♠❡.❡$+ ✉+❡❞ ✐♥ .❤✐+ +.✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✺ ❱❛❧✉❡+ ♦❢ .❤❡ C1 ❝$✐.❡$✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✻ ❱❛❧✉❡+ ♦❢ .❤❡ C2 ❝$✐.❡$✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶ ❚$❛♥+✐.✐♦♥+ ♦❢ .❤❡ +.♦❝❤❛+.✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶ ❚$❛♥+✐.✐♦♥+ ♦❢ .❤❡ +.♦❝❤❛+.✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✷ ❙❡♥+✐.✐✈✐.② ✐♥❞✐❝❡+ ♦❢ GStot✱ GSRV ❛♥❞ GSSV✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ①✈✐

(18)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✶✳✶ ❊✉$♦♣❡❛♥ $❡❣✉❧❛,✐♦♥ ❢$❛♠❡✇♦$❦ ❢♦$ ❝$♦♣ ♣$♦,❡❝,✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷ ❈❧❛66✐✜❝❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❝♦6②6,❡♠6 ❛❝❝♦$❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡✐$ 6✉6❝❡♣,✐❜✐❧✐,② ❛♥❞ ❞✐✈❡$6✐,② ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✸ ❋♦✉$ ✈✐❡✇6 ♦❢ ,❤❡ $❡❧❛,✐♦♥6❤✐♣ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ♥✐❝❤❡ ❛♥❞ 6♣❡❝✐❡6 ❞✐6,$✐❜✉,✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶ ❖$❞❡$❡❞ ❢$❡A✉❡♥❝✐❡6 ♦❢ ✐6♦❧❛,❡6 ♦❢ ,❤❡ ♣❛,❤♦,②♣❡6 ✐❞❡♥,✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ &'✐&✐❝✐♥❛ 6✉$✈❡② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧❡❛❢ $✉6, ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐6❡❛6❡ 6❝♦$❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸ ●$❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ $❡♣$❡6❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,❤❡ 6,❛,❡✲6♣❛❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✹ F♦6,❡$✐♦$ ♣$❡❞✐❝,✐✈❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✺ F♦6,❡$✐♦$ ❞❡♥6✐,✐❡6 ♦❢ ♣❛$❛♠❡,❡$6 α ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✻ F♦6,❡$✐♦$ ❞❡♥6✐,✐❡6 ♦❢ ♣❛$❛♠❡,❡$6 β ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✼ ❘❡❧❛,✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝, ♦❢ ❜❛6✐❝ ❛✣♥✐,② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡6 ✐♥ ✈❛$✐❡,② ❢$❡A✉❡♥❝✐❡6 ✭W ✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✽ F♦6,❡$✐♦$ ❞❡♥6✐,✐❡6 ♦❢ ♣❛$❛♠❡,❡$6 b ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✾ F♦6,❡$✐♦$ ❞❡♥6✐,✐❡6 ♦❢ ♣❛$❛♠❡,❡$6 a0✱ a1 ❛♥❞ a2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✶ ❙♣❛,✐❛❧✱ ,❡♠♣♦$❛❧ ❛♥❞ 6♣❛,✐♦✲,❡♠♣♦$❛❧ ❤❡,❡$♦❣❡♥❡✐,② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✷ ❱✱ ❨ ❛♥❞ ❚ ✈❡$,✐❝❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥,❛$② ♦♣❡$❛,✐♦♥6 ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❚✲,❡66❡❧❧❛,✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦$✐,❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛,❡❞ ✜❡❧❞ ♣❛,,❡$♥6 ✇✐,❤ ❝♦♥,$♦❧❧❡❞ ▲F■6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✺ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡6 ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞ ♣❛,,❡$♥6 ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ,❤❡ 6❛♠❡ ▲F■6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✻ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡6 ♦❢ 6✐♠✉❧❛,❡❞ ❧❛♥❞6❝❛♣❡ 6,$✉❝,✉$❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✼ ❘❡❛❧ ✜❡❧❞ ♣❛,,❡$♥6 ❞$❛✇♥ ,♦❣❡,❤❡$ ✇✐,❤ ♣❛,❝❤❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✽ ▲✐♠✐,6 ♦❢ ♣❛,❝❤ ❞❡❧✐♠✐,❛,✐♦♥ ♠❡,❤♦❞6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✾ ❉✐6♣❡$6❛❧ ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐6♣❡$6❛❧ $❛,❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❊♣✐❞❡♠✐❝6 6♣$❡❛❞ ❛❝❝♦$❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡ ♣❛,❝❤ 6✐③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛,✐❝ $❡♣$❡6❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ 6❡♥6✐,✐✈✐,② ❛♥❛❧②6✐6 ✇✐,❤ ❛ ❧❛♥❞6❝❛♣❡ ❛6 ❛♥ ✐♥♣✉, ❢❛❝,♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✶✷ ▼✐①❡❞✱ ♠♦6❛✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❣$♦✉♣❡❞ ❛❧❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ 6,$❛,❡❣✐❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✶✸ ●$❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ $❡♣$❡6❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❍▲■❘ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✸✳✶✹ F❛,❤♦❣❡♥ ✐♥✈❛6✐♦♥ ♣$❡❞✐❝,❡❞ ❜② R(1) 0 ✱ R (2) 0 ❛♥❞ 6✐♠✉❧❛,❡❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✶✺ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❢$❛♠❡✇♦$❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ①✈✐✐

(19)

▲■❙❚ ❖❋ ❋■●❯❘❊❙ ✹✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡* ♦❢ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡* ✇✐2❤ ❞✐✛❡5❡♥2 ✈❛5✐❡2② ❛❧❧♦❝❛2✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✷ ●5❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ 5❡♣5❡*❡♥2❛2✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝* ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✸ ▼❡❛*✉5❡ ♦❢ *♣❛2✐❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥*✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✹ ●❛✐♥ ✐♥ 2❡5♠ ♦❢ ✐♥2❡❣5❛2❡❞ ❣5❡❡♥ *✉5❢❛❝❡ ♣5♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② 2❤❡ ✐♥25♦❞✉❝2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❱ ✾✺ ✹✳✺ ■♥2❡❣5❛2❡❞ ❣5❡❡♥ *✉5❢❛❝❡ ❢♦5 ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛5✐❡2② ❛❝❝♦5❞✐♥❣ 2♦ RV ♣5♦♣♦52✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✻ ❙♣❛2✐❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥*✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ ❛* ❛ ❢✉♥❝2✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✼ ❙❡♥*✐2✐✈✐2② ✐♥❞✐❝❡* ❢♦5 ❡❛❝❤ R(RV ) 0 *❡♣❛5❛2❡❧② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✽ ❋✐22❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡* ❛♥❞ ♦❜*❡5✈❛2✐♦♥ ♦❢ GSRV ❛* ❛ ❢✉♥❝2✐♦♥ ♦❢ R(RV )0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✾ ❊*2✐♠❛2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛5❛♠❡2❡5* GSmin✱ a ❛♥❞ b ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶ ❇❛*✐❝ 5❡♣5♦❞✉❝2✐✈❡ ♥✉♠❜❡5 ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦2②♣❡ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❛5✐❡2② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✺✳✷ ❘❡❧❛2✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡* ♦❢ ❣❡♥♦2②♣❡ P3 ❛2 2❤❡ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ *❝❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✺✳✸ ❉✐*25✐❜✉2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥25❛✲✜❡❧❞ 5❡❧❛2✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ P3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✺✳✹ ❉✐✛✉*❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ ✈! ❧♦❝❛❧✐*❡❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✺✳✺ ■♥2❡5❛❝2✐♦♥ ❜❡2✇❡❡♥ 2❤❡ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ *25✉❝2✉5❡ ❛♥❞ 2❤❡ ✐♥✐2✐❛❧ ♣♦*✐2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠✶✶✽ ✺✳✻ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ✐♥✐2✐❛❧ ♣♦*✐2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥♦❝✉❧✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✺✳✼ ❈♦❡①✐*2❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦2②♣❡* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✺✳✽ ❙♣❛2✐❛❧ ❝♦❡①✐*2❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ❣❡♥♦2②♣❡* ✐♥ 2❤5❡❡ ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✾ ❙♣❛2✐❛❧ 5❡♣❛52✐2✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥* ❛❝❝♦5❞✐♥❣ 2♦ 2❤❡ ✈❛5✐❡2② ❛❧❧♦❝❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✶✵ ❊✛❡❝2 ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❞✐*♣❡5*❛❧ 5❛♥❣❡ ♦♥ 2❤❡ ♣❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ *♣❛2✐❛❧ *25✉❝2✉5❡ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✶✶ P❛2❤♦❣❡♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ *♣❛2✐❛❧ *25✉❝2✉5❡ ✇❤❡♥ 2❤❡ ❞✐*♣❡5*❛❧ 5❛♥❣❡ ✐* ❧❛5❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✻✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡* ♦❢ *✐♠✉❧❛2❡❞ ❡✈♦❧✉2✐♦♥❛5② 25❛❥❡❝2♦5✐❡* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✻✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❡5❛5❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♠❡2❛♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ *25✉❝2✉5❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ✻✳✸ ❘❡♣❛52✐2✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛❜✐2❛2* ✐♥ 2❤❡ ❧❛22✐❝❡ ❡♥✈✐5♦♥♠❡♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✶ ✻✳✹ ❙2❛❜✐❧✐2② ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❣❡♥❡5❛❧✐*2 *25❛2❡❣② ❛❝❝♦5❞✐♥❣ 2♦ ❤❛❜✐2❛2 2 ♣5♦♣♦52✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❣5❡❣❛2✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ✻✳✺ ❙❡♥*✐2✐✈✐2② ❛♥❛❧②*✐* ♣❡5❢♦5♠❡❞ ♦♥ 2❤❡ ❜5❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❝5✐2❡5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✺ ✻✳✻ ❇5❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ ❝5✐2❡5✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♣❧♦22❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥*2 2❤❡ ❛❣❣5❡❣❛2✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✼ ✻✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛5✐*♦♥ ❜❡2✇❡❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②2✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ *✐♠✉❧❛2✐♦♥ 5❡*✉❧2* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✾ ✻✳✽ ❚✐♠❡ 2♦ 5❡❛❝❤ 2❤❡ *✐♥❣✉❧❛5 *25❛2❡❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✾ ✻✳✾ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✐*2 25❛✐2 ✈❛❧✉❡* ❛2 2❤❡ ❡S✉✐❧✐❜5✐✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵ ✻✳✶✵ ❊✈♦❧✉2✐♦♥ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ✇✐2❤✐♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛2✐♦♥ ♣❤❡♥♦2②♣✐❝ ✈❛5✐❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✶ ✻✳✶✶ ❚✐♠❡ 2♦ 5❡❛❝❤ 2❤❡ *2❛❜❧❡ *25❛2❡❣✐❡* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✶ ✻✳✶✷ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ 2❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❞❛♣2❛2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷ ✶ "✉❝❝✐♥✐❛ ()✐(✐❝✐♥❛ ❧✐❢❡ ❝②❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✾ ✷ π ❢✉♥❝2✐♦♥ ❢♦5 *❡✈❡5❛❧ ♣❛5❛♠❡2❡5* κ ❛♥❞ σ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✶ ①✈✐✐✐

(20)

✸ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❡%❛%❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♠❡*❛♣♦♣✉❧❛*✐♦♥ /*%✉❝*✉%❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✵

(21)
(22)

❊❧"♠❡♥&' ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡

▲✬✐♥$❡♥&✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ ❛ ❛♠1❧✐♦.1 ❞❡ ❢❛3♦♥ ❝♦♥&✐❞1.❛❜❧❡ ❧❛ ♣.♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ❛❧✐♠❡♥$❛✐.❡ ❛✉ ❝♦✉.& ❞❡ ❝❡& ❞❡.♥✐6.❡& ❝✐♥7✉❛♥$❡& ❛♥♥1❡& ✭❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❆❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ ❖.❣❛♥✐③❛$✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$✱ ❝❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❞❡ ♣.♦❞✉❝$✐✈✐$1 &✬❡&$ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛❣♥1 ❞✬✉♥ ✐♠♣❛❝$ ❝.♦✐&&❛♥$ &✉. ❧✬❡♥✈✐.♦♥♥❡♠❡♥$ ✭❱✐$♦✉&❡❦ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❚✐❧♠❛♥ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❊♥ ♣❛.$✐❝✉❧✐❡.✱ ❧❛ ♠♦❞❡.♥✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧✐7✉1 ✉♥❡ &✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ &$.✉❝$✉.❡ ❞❡& ♣❛②&❛❣❡& ❛❣.✐❝♦❧❡& &✉. ❞❡ ❣.❛♥❞& ❡&♣❛❝❡& ❡♥ .❡♠♣❧❛3❛♥$ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡.&✐$1 ♥❛$✉.❡❧❧❡ ♣❛. ✉♥ ❢❛✐❜❧❡ ♥♦♠❜.❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥$❡& ❝✉❧$✐✈1❡& ❡$ ❞✬❛♥✐♠❛✉① ❞♦♠❡&$✐7✉❡& ✭❆❧$✐❡.✐✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❈❡$$❡ $.♦♣ ❢♦.$❡ ❤♦♠♦❣1♥1✐$1 ❛ .❡♥❞✉ ♥♦& ❛❣.♦✲1❝♦&②&$6♠❡& ♣❛.$✐❝✉❧✐6.❡♠❡♥$ &❡♥&✐❜❧❡& ❛✉ .✐&7✉❡ 1♣✐❞1♠✐7✉❡ ✭P❛✉$❛&&♦ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❙$✉❦❡♥❜.♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ▼❡❡❤❛♥ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ P♦✉. ❝♦♥$.❡❝❛..❡. ❝❡$$❡ &❡♥&✐❜✐❧✐$1✱ ❧✬❛♣♣.♦❝❤❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥$❡✱ ❡$ ❧❛ ♣❧✉& &✐♠♣❧❡✱ ❡&$ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣.♦❞✉✐$ ♣❤②$♦&❛♥✐$❛✐.❡& ❡$ ❡❧❧❡ ✈✐&❡ ❡&&❡♥$✐❡❧❧❡♠❡♥$ ❧❡& 1❝❤❡❧❧❡& ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛.❝❡❧❧❡ ❡$ ❞✉ ❝②❝❧❡ ❝✉❧$✉.❛❧ ✭❞❡& .♦$❛$✐♦♥& ❝♦✉.$❡& &♦♥$ ❛✉&&✐ ♣.❛$✐7✉1❡&✮✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$✱ ❧❛ $.♦♣ ❢♦.$❡ ❞1♣❡♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♥♦& ❛❣.♦✲1❝♦&②&$6♠❡& V ❧✬✉$✐❧✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣❡&$✐❝✐❞❡& ❡&$ ❛✉❥♦✉.❞✬❤✉✐ .❡♠✐&❡ ❡♥ 7✉❡&$✐♦♥ ♣❛. ❧❛ &♦❝✐1$1 ✭●.❡♥❡❧❧❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ♠❛✐& ❛✉&&✐ ♣❛. ✉♥❡ ♣❛.$✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧✐6.❡ ❛❣.✐❝♦❧❡✳ ❊♥ ❡✛❡$✱ ❡❧❧❡ ✐♠♣♦&❡ ❞❡ ❢♦.$❡& ❝♦♥$.❛✐♥$❡& &✉. ❧❡& ❜✐♦❝1♥♦&❡& ❞❡& ❡&♣❛❝❡& ❝✉❧$✐✈1&✱ ❞❡& ❡&♣❛❝❡& ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥$& ❡$ ❞❡& .❡&&♦✉.❝❡& ♥❛$✉.❡❧❧❡&✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉&✱ ❧❡ .❡❝♦✉.& ❛✉① ❜✐♦❝✐❞❡& ♣♦✉. ❧❡ ❝♦♥$.Z❧❡ ❞❡& ♣❛.❛&✐$❡& ✐♠♣❧✐7✉❡ ✉♥ ❝♦[$ ♥♦♥ ♥1❣❧✐❣❡❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✉. ❧❡& ❛❣.✐❝✉❧$❡✉.&✳ ❆ $✐$.❡ ❞✬❡①❡♠♣❧❡✱ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❢♦♥❣✐❝✐❞❡& &✉. ❜❧1 .❡♣.1&❡♥$❡ ❡♥✈✐.♦♥ ✼✵ e ♣❛. ❤❡❝$❛.❡ ❝❡ 7✉✐✱ ❛✉ $♦$❛❧✱ ♣❡✉$ .❡♣.1&❡♥$❡. ✉♥❡ ❞1♣❡♥&❡ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥& ❞✬❡✉.♦& ♣❛. ❛♥ V ❧✬1❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋.❛♥❝❡ ✭❆.✈❛❧✐&✮✳ ❊♥✜♥✱ ❝❡$$❡ ✈♦❧♦♥$1 ❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡. ❞✬❛♣♣.♦❝❤❡ ♣♦✉. ❧❛ ♣.♦$❡❝$✐♦♥ ❞❡& ❝✉❧$✉.❡& &❡ .❡✢6$❡ ❞❛♥& ✉♥❡ .1❣❧❡♠❡♥$❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣❧✉& ❡♥ ♣❧✉& &$.✐❝$❡✳

▲❡& ❛♣♣.♦❝❤❡& ❛❧$❡.♥❛$✐✈❡& 7✉✐ ♣❡.♠❡$$.❛✐❡♥$ ❧❛ $.❛♥&✐$✐♦♥ ✈❡.& ✉♥❡ ❛❣.✐❝✉❧$✉.❡ 1❝♦❧♦❣✐7✉❡♠❡♥$ ✐♥$❡♥&✐✈❡✱ &❛♥& ♣♦✉. ❛✉$❛♥$ ❛✉❣♠❡♥$❡. ❞❡ ❢❛3♦♥ ❝.✐$✐7✉❡ ❧❡& .✐&7✉❡& ❞❡ ♣❡.$❡ ❞❡ .1❝♦❧$❡ ❧✐1& V ❧❛ ♣.❡&&✐♦♥ ♣❛.❛&✐$❛✐.❡✱ ❞♦✐✈❡♥$ ♠♦❜✐❧✐&❡. ❞❡& ❧❡✈✐❡.& ❛❣.♦♥♦♠✐7✉❡& ❡✣❝❛❝❡& ✭❚✐❧♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ▼❡②♥❛.❞ ❡$ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ P❛.♠✐ ❝❡✉①✲❝✐✱ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐&❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡.&✐$1 ❣1♥1$✐7✉❡ ✐♥$❡.✲ ♠❛✐& ❛✉&&✐ ✐♥$.❛✲&♣1❝✐✜7✉❡ &❡♠❜❧❡ ✉♥❡ &♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♣.♦♠❡$$❡✉&❡ ♣♦✉. .1❞✉✐.❡ ❧❡ .✐&7✉❡ ❞✬♦❝❝✉..❡♥❝❡ ❡$ ❞❡ ♣.♦♣❛❣❛$✐♦♥ ❞❡& ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡& ❞❡& ❝✉❧$✉.❡&✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥$✱ ❧❡ .❡♠♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥$ ❞✬✉♥❡ &♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♣❡&$✐❝✐❞❡ ♣❛. ✉♥❡ &♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ❣1♥1$✐7✉❡ ♥1❝❡&&✐$❡ ❡♥❝♦.❡ ♣❧✉& ✉♥❡ ❣❡&$✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝$✐✈❡ ❞❡ ❝❡$$❡ .❡&&♦✉.❝❡✳ ❊♥ ❡✛❡$✱ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜.❡✉① ❡①❡♠♣❧❡& ❞❡ ❝♦♥$♦✉.♥❡♠❡♥$& ❞❡ .1&✐&$❛♥❝❡& ✈❛.✐1$❛❧❡& ❞✉& V ❧❡✉. ♣♦♣✉❧❛.✐$1 ❡①✐&$❡♥$ ✭❲♦❧❢❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤✇❛.③❜❛❝❤✱ ✶✾✼✽❀ ❙❛♠❜♦.&❦✐✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❇❛②❧❡&

(23)

❊❧"♠❡♥&' ❞❡ ❝♦♥&❡①&❡ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❈♦♠♠❡ !♦✉!❡ -❡..♦✉-❝❡ ✜♥✐❡✱ ❧❡. -3.✐.!❛♥❝❡. ✈❛-✐3!❛❧❡. .♦♥! .✉❥❡!!❡. 6 ❧❛ &,❛❣"❞✐❡ ❞❡' ❝♦♠♠✉♥' ✭❍❛-❞✐♥✱ ✶✾✻✽✮✿ ❧✬✉!✐❧✐.❛!✐♦♥ ♥♦♥ -❛✐.♦♥♥3❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ -❡..♦✉-❝❡ ❛♠@♥❡ 6 .❛ ❞✐.♣❛-✐!✐♦♥✳ ■❧ ❡.! ❞♦♥❝ ♥3❝❡..❛✐-❡ ❞❡ ❞3✜♥✐- ❛✉ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ !❡❝❤♥✐D✉❡ ♠❛✐. ❛✉..✐ ♦-❣❛♥✐.❛!✐♦♥♥❡❧ ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡. .!-❛!3❣✐❡. ❞❡ ❣❡.!✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♥♦!-❡ .②.!@♠❡ ❛❣-✐❝♦❧❡✳ ▲✬✉!✐❧✐.❛!✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝!✐✈❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ -❡..♦✉-❝❡ ❣3♥3!✐D✉❡ ♥3❝❡..✐!❡ ❞❡. ❝❤❛♥❣❡♠❡♥!. ❞-❛.!✐D✉❡. 6 ❧❛ ❢♦✐. ❞❡. ✐!✐♥3-❛✐-❡. ❝✉❧!✉-❛✉① ❡! ❞❡ ❧✬♦-❣❛♥✐.❛!✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧✐@-❡ ❞❛♥. .♦♥ ❡♥.❡♠❜❧❡ ✭❇✉!❛✉❧! ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ■❧ ❡①✐.!❡ ❜✐❡♥ .L- ❞❡. ❡①❡♠♣❧❡. ❞✬3!✉❞❡. ✈✐.❛♥! 6 ♣-♦❞✉✐-❡ ❞❡. ❝♦♥.❡✐❧. ❛✉① ❛❣-✐❝✉❧!❡✉-. ❞❡ ❢❛M♦♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡ ✭●❧❛❞❞❡-. ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♠❛✐. ❡❧❧❡. -❡.!❡♥! ❞❡ ❧✬♦-❞-❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.❡✐❧. ❣3♥3-❛✉① ✿ ❧❡. 3!✉❞❡. 3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐D✉❡. ❞♦✐✈❡♥! ❝❤❛♥❣❡- ❞✬3❝❤❡❧❧❡ ♣♦✉- .❡ ♣❧❛❝❡- 6 ❝❡❧❧❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ❛✜♥ ❞✬✐♥!-♦❞✉✐-❡ ❝❡! 3❧3♠❡♥! ❞❡ ❢❛M♦♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐!❡ ❞❛♥. ❧❡. ♠♦❞@❧❡. ♣♦✉- ❛♠3❧✐♦-❡- ♥♦!-❡ ❝♦♠♣-3❤❡♥.✐♦♥ ❞❡. 3♣✐❞3♠✐❡. ❛✐♥.✐ D✉❡ ❧❡✉- ♣-3❞✐❝!✐♦♥ ✭❖.!❢❡❧❞ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ▲✬3!✉❞❡ ❞❡. ✐♥!❡-❛❝!✐♦♥. ❡♥!-❡ ❧❡. .!-✉❝!✉-❡. ♣❛②.❛❣@-❡. ❡! ❧❡. ♣-♦❝❡..✉. 3❝♦❧♦❣✐D✉❡. -❡❧@✈❡ ❞❡ ❧✬3❝♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ✭❚✉-♥❡-✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ▲✬✐❞3❡ ❞❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡- ❝❡. ❛♣♣-♦❝❤❡. ❛✈❡❝ ❧✬3!✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐D✉❡. 3♣✐❞3♠✐D✉❡. ❞❛!❡ ❞❡. ❛♥♥3❡. ✶✾✸✵ ❡! ❛ ♣-✐. ❧❡ ♥♦♠ ❞✬3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ✭❖.!❢❡❧❞ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ▲❡. ❛♣♣-♦❝❤❡. ❞✬3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ♦♥! 3!3 -❡❧❛!✐✈❡♠❡♥! ❜✐❡♥ ❞3✈❡❧♦♣♣3❡. ❡♥ 3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❤✉♠❛✐♥❡✱ ❛♥✐♠❛❧❡ ♦✉ ❡♥❝♦-❡ ♣♦✉- ❧❛ ❣❡.!✐♦♥ ❞❡. ♣❛-❛.✐!❡. ❡♥ ❛❣-✐❝✉❧!✉-❡ ✭▲❛♥❣❧♦✐. ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❆❧❧❛♥ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇✐❛♥❝❤✐ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❚✐❧❞❡.❧❡② ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❊♥ ♣❛!❤♦❧♦❣✐❡ ✈3❣3!❛❧❡✱ .✐ ❧✬✐❞3❡ ❞❡ ❞3✜♥✐- ❞❡. .!-❛!3❣✐❡. ❞❡ ❣❡.!✐♦♥ ❞❡. ✈❛-✐3!3. 6 ❧✬3❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❛②.❛❣❡. ❛❣-✐❝♦❧❡. ❡.! ❞❛♥. ❧✬❛✐- ❞❡♣✉✐. ❧❛ ✜♥ ❞❡. ❛♥♥3❡. ✶✾✼✵ ✭❩❛❞♦❦. ❛♥❞ ❑❛♠♣♠❡✐❥❡-✱ ✶✾✼✼❀ ▼✉♥❞! ❛♥❞ ❇-♦♣❤②✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❧❡ ♣♦!❡♥!✐❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✬3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ♣♦✉- ❡♥ ❡①♣❧♦-❡- ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡. ✈♦✐❡. ❡.! ❡♥❝♦-❡ !-♦♣ ♣❡✉ ❡①♣❧♦✐!3 ♣❛- ❧❡. ♣❛!❤♦❧♦❣✐.!❡. ✭[❧❛♥!❡❣❡♥❡.! ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❛♥. ❝❡ !-❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ !❤@.❡ ♥♦✉. ♥♦✉. ✐♥!3-❡..♦♥. ❥✉.!❡♠❡♥! ❛✉① ♣-♦❝❡..✉. ❛②❛♥! ❝♦✉-. 6 ❧✬3❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②.❛❣❡ ❞❛♥. ❧✬✐❞3❡ ❞❡ -3✲✐♥!-♦❞✉✐-❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥❡❧❧❡ ❛✉ .❡✐♥ ❞❡ ♥♦. ❝✉❧!✉-❡. ♣♦✉- ♠✐❡✉① ❝♦♥!-^❧❡- ❧❡. ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡. ❞❡. ♣❧❛♥!❡.✳ ❉❛♥. .♦♥ ❛❝❝❡♣!✐♦♥ ❧❛ ♣❧✉. ❧❛-❣❡✱ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡,'✐&" ❞3❝-✐! ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜-❡ ❞✬❡♥!✐!3. ✭✉♥❡ ❡♥!✐!3 ♣♦✉✈❛♥! ❛❧❧❡- ❞✉ ❣3♥♦!②♣❡ 6 ❧✬3❝♦.②.!@♠❡✮✱ ❧❡✉- ❛❜♦♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❡! ❧❡✉- ❞✐.!-✐❜✉!✐♦♥ ✭❍❛❝❝♦✉ ❡! ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ [♦✉- ❝♦♠♣-❡♥❞-❡ ❧❡ ❧✐❡♥ ❡♥!-❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❡! ✉♥❡ ♣-♦♣-✐3!3 ♣❛-!✐❝✉❧✐@-❡ ❞✬✉♥ 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡✱ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❞♦✐! _!-❡ ❝♦♥.✐❞3-3❡ ❞✉ ♣♦✐♥! ❞❡ ✈✉❡ ❞✉ !-❛✐! ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥♥❡❧ ♣❛- -❛♣♣♦-! 6 ❧❛ ♣-♦♣-✐3!3 3!✉❞✐3❡✳ ❆✐♥.✐✱ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡,'✐&" ❢♦♥❝&✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ❡♥ 3♣✐❞3♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❛✉-❛ !-❛✐! 6 ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❞❡. ❤^!❡. ❥♦✉❛♥! ✉♥ -^❧❡ ❞✐✛3-❡♥! ✈✐.✲6✲✈✐. ❞✬✉♥ ♣❛!❤♦❣@♥❡ ♦✉ ❞✬✉♥❡ .♦✉❝❤❡ ❞❡ ♣❛!❤♦❣@♥❡✳ [❛✉!❛..♦ ❡! ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ♦♥! ❝❧❛..3 ❧❡. 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡. ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❡✉- ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❡! ❞❡ ❧❡✉- .❡♥.✐❜✐❧✐!3 ❛✉① ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡.✳ ■❧. ♦♥! ✐❞❡♥!✐✜3 D✉❛!-❡ ❝❛.✿ ✭✐✮ ❧❡. ♠♦♥♦❝✉❧!✉-❡. ❝❤❛♥❝❡✉.❡. ✭3❝♦.②.!@♠❡. ♣❡✉ ❞✐✈❡-.✐✜3. ❡! ♣❡✉ .❡♥.✐❜❧❡.✮✱ ✭✐✐✮ ❧❡. 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡. .❡♥.✐❜❧❡. ❡! ♣❡✉ ❞✐✈❡-.✐✜3.✱ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❧❡. 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡ .❡♥.✐❜❧❡. ❡! ❞✐✈❡-.✐✜3. ❡! ✭✐✈✮ ❧❡. 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡. ❣♦✉✈❡-♥3. ♣❛- ❧✬❤②♣♦!❤@.❡ ❞✬❛..✉-❛♥❝❡ ✭3❝♦.②.!@♠❡. ❞✐✈❡-.✐✜3. ❡! ♣❡✉ .❡♥.✐❜❧❡.✮✳ ❉❛♥. ❝❡ !-❛✈❛✐❧ ♥♦✉. .♦✉!✐❡♥❞-♦♥. ❧❛ !❤@.❡ .❡❧♦♥ ❧❛D✉❡❧❧❡ ❧❡. .②!@♠❡. ❛❣-✐❝♦❧❡. ❞♦✐✈❡♥! ❡✛❡❝!✉❡- ❧❛ !-❛♥.✐!✐♦♥ ❞❡ ✭✐✐✮ ✈❡-. ✭✐✈✮✳ ▲✬❤②♣♦!❤@.❡ ❞✬❛..✉-❛♥❝❡ ❧✐❡ ❧❡ ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥♥❡♠❡♥! ❞✬✉♥ 3❝♦.②.!@♠❡ 6 .❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ✭❨❛❝❤✐ ❛♥❞ ▲♦-❡❛✉✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❈❡!!❡ ❤②♣♦!❤@.❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❧❡ ❢❛✐! D✉❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡-.✐!3 ❢♦♥❝!✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡ ✷

(24)

❜✐♦)✐5✉❡ ♦✉ ❛❜✐♦)✐5✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥✈✐#♦♥♥❡♠❡♥) ✭▲♦#❡❛✉ ❡) ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮✳ ❆♣♣❧✐5✉❡# ❝❡))❡ ❤②♣♦)❤0!❡ A ❧❛ ♣❛)❤♦❧♦❣✐❡ ✈*❣*)❛❧❡ #❡✈✐❡♥) A ♦❜!❡#✈❡# 5✉❡ )♦✉)❡! ❧❡! ♣❧❛♥)❡! !♦♥) !❡♥!✐❜❧❡! A ❛✉ ♠♦✐♥! ✉♥ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡✱ ♠❛✐! 5✉❡ )♦✉)❡! ❧❡! ♣❧❛♥)❡! ♥❡ !♦♥) ♣❛! !❡♥!✐❜❧❡! A )♦✉! ❧❡! ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡! ✭B❛✉)❛!!♦ ❡) ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✿ ✉♥❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❤E)❡ ❞✐✈❡#!✐✜*❡ ❛!!✉#❡ ♠✐❡✉① !♦♥ ✐♥)*❣#✐)* ❢❛❝❡ ❛✉ ❞*✈❡❧♦♣♣❡♠❡♥) ❞❡! ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡!✳ ◗✉❡❧! ♠*❝❛♥✐!♠❡! ♣#♦❝✉#❡♥) ✉♥❡ ❛!!✉#❛♥❝❡ ❛✉① ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥! ❤E)❡! ❞✐✈❡#!✐✜*❡! ❄ ❆✉ ❝♦✉#! ❞❡ ❝❡ )#❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ )❤0!❡✱ ♥♦✉! ❛✈♦♥! ✐❞❡♥)✐✜* )#♦✐! ♠*❝❛♥✐!♠❡! ♠❛❥❡✉#!✳ B#❡♠✐0#❡♠❡♥)✱ ❧✬❡✛❡) ❞❡ ❞✐❧✉)✐♦♥ ✿ ❧✬❛✉❣♠❡♥)❛)✐♦♥ ❞✬❤E)❡! !✉❜✲♦♣)✐♠❛✉① ♣♦✉# ❧❡ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡ ❞❛♥! ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❤E)❡ ❞✐❧✉❡ ❧✬❡✛❡) ❞❡ ❧✬❤E)❡ ♣#✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡♥ ❛✉❣♠❡♥)❛♥) ❧❛ ♣#♦♣♦#)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣#♦♣❛❣✉❧❡! ❞✉ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡ 5✉✐ !❡#♦♥) #❡)❡♥✉❡! ♣❛# ❞❡! ❤E)❡! ✐♥❝♦♠♣*)❡♥)!✳ ❉❡✉①✐0♠❡♠❡♥)✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣*)✐)✐♦♥ ❡♥)#❡ ♣❧✉!✐❡✉#! !♦✉❝❤❡! ❞✬✉♥ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡ ❛❞❛♣)*❡! ❞❡ ❢❛O♦♥ ❞✐✛*#❡♥)✐❡❧❧❡ A ❧✬❤E)❡ ♣❡✉) ❞✐♠✐♥✉❡# ❧❛ ♣#*✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡ ❛✉ !❡✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❤E)❡✳ ❚#♦✐!✐0♠❡♠❡♥)✱ ❧❛ !)#✉❝)✉#❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❤E)❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❧✬*✈♦❧✉)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡ ✈❡#! ❞❡! !♦✉❝❤❡! ♣❧✉! ♦✉ ♠♦✐♥! ❛❣#❡!!✐✈❡! ❡) !♣*❝✐❛❧✐!*❡!✳ ❉❛♥! ❧❡ ♣#❡♠✐❡# ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥) ♥♦✉! ♣#*!❡♥)♦♥! ♣❧✉! ❡♥ ❞*)❛✐❧ ❧❡! ❜❛!❡! )❤*♦#✐5✉❡! ❞❡ ❝❡! ♠*❝❛♥✐!♠❡!✳ ◆♦✉! ❡①♣❧✐5✉♦♥! ❛✉!!✐ ❝♦♠♠❡♥) ❧❡! ❞✐✛*#❡♥)! ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡! ✭❞❡ ✷ A ✻✮ ♣❡✉✈❡♥) T)#❡ ✈✉! ❛✉ )#❛✈❡#! ❞❡ ❝❡ ✜❧)#❡✳ ❈❡ )#❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ )❤0!❡ !✬❛♣♣✉✐❡ A ❧❛ ❢♦✐! !✉# ❧✬❛♥❛❧②!❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥*❡! #*❝♦❧)*❡! ❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✐)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♣#♦❞✉❝)✐♦♥ ❡) !✉# ❞❡! ❛♣♣#♦❝❤❡! )❤*♦#✐5✉❡! ❛✜♥ ❞✬*)✉❞✐❡# ❧❡! ❞✐✛*#❡♥)! ♠*❝❛♥✐!♠❡! !♦✉!✲ ❥❛❝❡♥)! A ❧❛ ❞*✜♥✐)✐♦♥ ❞❡ !)#❛)*❣✐❡! ❞❡ ❣❡!)✐♦♥ ❞✉#❛❜❧❡ ❞✉ #✐!5✉❡ *♣✐❞*♠✐5✉❡ ❞❛♥! ♥♦! ♣❛②!❛❣❡! ❛❣#✐❝♦❧❡!✳ ❉❛♥! ❧❡ ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡ ✷✱ ♥♦✉! ❛♥❛❧②!♦♥! )#♦✐! ❥❡✉① ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥*❡! #*❝♦❧)*! A ❧✬*❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❋#❛♥❝❡ ❞❛♥! ❧❡ ❜✉) ❞✬*)✉❞✐❡# ❧❡ ❧✐❡♥ ❡♥)#❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦!✐)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣❛②!❛❣❡ ❡♥ ❜❧* ❡) !❛ !❡♥!✐❜✐❧✐)* A ❧❛ #♦✉✐❧❧❡ ❜#✉♥❡✳ ❉❛♥! ❝❡ ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡ ♥♦✉! ❞*♠♦♥)#♦♥! ❧❡ ❧✐❡♥ ❡♥)#❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦!✐)✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣❛②!❛❣❡ ❡♥ ❜❧*✱ ❧❛ !)#✉❝)✉#❡ ❞❡! ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥! ❞❡ #♦✉✐❧❧❡ ❡) ❧❡! ♥✐✈❡❛✉① ❞❡ ♠❛❧❛❞✐❡ ♦❜!❡#✈*! ❛✉ ❝❤❛♠♣✳ ▲✬*)✉❞❡ ❞❡ ♣#♦❝❡!!✉! *❝♦❧♦❣✐5✉❡! ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡! A ❞❡ ❣#❛♥❞❡! *❝❤❡❧❧❡! ❞❡ )❡♠♣! ❡) ❞✬❡!♣❛❝❡ #❡♥❞ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝)❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥*❡! ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡ ❡) ❧❡! ♠♦❞0❧❡! ❞❡ !✐♠✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ♣❡✉✈❡♥) ❛❧♦#! ❥♦✉❡# ✉♥ #E❧❡ ✐♠♣♦#)❛♥) ❛✉)❛♥) ❞❛♥! ❧❛ ❢♦#♠❛❧✐!❛)✐♦♥ ❡) ❧✬✐♥❢*#❡♥❝❡ )❤*♦#✐5✉❡ 5✉❡ ❞❛♥! ❧❛ ♣#*❞✐❝)✐♦♥ ♦✉ ❧❛ !)#✉❝)✉#❛)✐♦♥ ❞✬*❝❤❛♥)✐❧❧♦♥♥❛❣❡! ❢✉)✉#! ✭B❡❝❦✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ▲❡! ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡! ✸✱ ✹ ❡) ✺ !♦♥) )♦✉! )#♦✐! ❜❛!*! !✉# ✉♥ ♠♦❞0❧❡ ❞❡ !✐♠✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐5✉❡ *♣✐❞*♠✐5✉❡ A ❧✬*❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❞✬✉♥ ♣❛②!❛❣❡ ❛❣#✐❝♦❧❡✳ ▲❡ ♣#❡♠✐❡# ❞❡ ❝❡! ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡! ❞*❝#✐) ✉♥ ❝❛❞#❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞*❧✐!❛)✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥ ❧✐❛♥) ✉♥❡ ❞❡!❝#✐♣)✐♦♥ ❞*)❛✐❧❧*❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②!❛❣❡ A ❞❡! ♠♦❞0❧❡! ❞❡ )②♣❡ ♠*)❛♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥✳ ❉❛♥! ❧❡! ❞❡✉① ❛✉)#❡! ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡! ♥♦✉! *)✉❞✐♦♥! #❡!♣❡❝)✐✈❡♠❡♥) ❧✬✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ !)#✉❝)✉#❡ ❞✉ ♣❛②!❛❣❡ !✉# ❧❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐5✉❡ *♣✐❞*♠✐5✉❡ ❡) !✉# ❧❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐5✉❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦!✐)✐♦♥ ❣*♥*)✐5✉❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ♣❛)❤♦❣0♥❡✳ ❊♥✜♥✱ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♣✐)#❡ ✻ !❡ ❜❛!❡ !✉# ✉♥ ♠♦❞0❧❡ ❞❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐5✉❡ ❛❞❛♣)❛)✐✈❡ ♣♦✉# *)✉❞✐❡# ❧✬*✈♦❧✉)✐♦♥ A ❧♦♥❣ )❡#♠❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ❞❛♥! ✉♥ ♠✐❧✐❡✉ !♣❛)✐❛❧❡♠❡♥) ❤*)*#♦❣0♥❡✳ ✸

(25)
(26)

❛"# ■

❉✐✈❡")✐#②✱ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧#✉"❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝)

(27)
(28)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶

❍♦*$ ❞✐✈❡&*✐$② ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝ &✐*❦

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

✶✳✶ ■♥$%♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✷ ❉✐❧✉$✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❡$✐$✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❡①✐6$❡♥❝❡ ❜❡$✇❡❡♥ ♣❛$❤♦❣❡♥ 6$%❛✐♥6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♥✐❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✸✳✷ ◆❡✉$%❛❧ $❤❡♦%② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✸✳✸ ❇❡$✇❡❡♥ ③❡%♦ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡ ✉♥❝❡%$❛✐♥$②✱ ❛ ❵▲❛♣❧❛❝✐❛♥✬ ✈✐6✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡%6✐$② ♣❛%❛❞♦① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✸✳✹ ❘❡$❛✐♥❡❞ ❛♣♣%♦❛❝❤❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✹ ▲♦♥❣ $❡%♠ ❡✈♦❧✉$✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛$❤♦❣❡♥6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✺ ❯6❡ ♦❢ ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐✈❡%6✐$② ✐♥ ❛❣%✐❝✉❧$✉%❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✼

(29)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶✳ ❍♦+$ ❞✐✈❡&+✐$② ❛♥❞ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝ &✐+❦

✶✳✶ ■♥$%♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥

❆❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ✐♥'❡♥*✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ❤❛* ✐♠♣"♦✈❡❞ ❢♦♦❞ ♣"♦❞✉❝'✐♦♥ ✐♠♣"❡**✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ '❤❡ ♣❛*' ✺✵ ②❡❛"* ✭❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❆❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ❖"❣❛♥✐③❛'✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❜✉' ✐' ❝❛♠❡ ✇✐'❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝"❡❛*✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝' ♦♥ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥' ✭❱✐'♦✉*❡❦ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❚✐❧♠❛♥ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ■♥ ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧❛"✱ ♠♦❞❡"♥ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡ ❤❛* ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ '❤❡ *✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❡♥✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥' *'"✉❝'✉"❡ ♦✈❡" ✈❛*' ❛"❡❛*✱ ❵"❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ♥❛'✉"❡✬* ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ✇✐'❤ ❛ *♠❛❧❧ ♥✉♠❜❡" ♦❢ ❝✉❧'✐✈❛'❡❞ ♣❧❛♥'* ❛♥❞ ❞♦♠❡*'✐❝❛'❡❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧*✬ ✭❆❧'✐❡"✐✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❆* ❛ ❝♦♥*❡K✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❛❣"♦✲❡❝♦*②*'❡♠* ❛"❡ ♣❛"'✐❝✉❧❛"❧② *✉*❝❡♣'✐❜❧❡ '♦ '❤❡ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐❝ "✐*❦ ✭M❛✉'❛**♦ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❙'✉❦❡♥❜"♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ ▼❝❉♦♥❛❧❞✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ▼❡❡❤❛♥ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥' ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤ ❢♦" ♣❡*' ❝♦♥'"♦❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐* ❛❧*♦ '❤❡ *✐♠♣❧❡*'✱ ❢♦❝✉*❡* ♦♥ '❤❡ ✉*❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ '"❡❛'♠❡♥'*✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡"✱ '❤❡ "❡❧✐❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ♣❡*'✐❝✐❞❡* ✐* ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡❞ ❜♦'❤ ❜② *♦❝✐❡'② ✭●"❡♥❡❧❧❡✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❛♥❞ ♣❛"' ♦❢ '❤❡ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❛❧ *❡❝'♦"✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ *✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤ ✐♠♣♦*❡* *'"♦♥❣ ♣"❡**✉"❡ ♦♥ ❜✐♦'✐❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐'✐❡* ♦❢ ❝✉❧'✐✈❛'❡❞ ❛"❡❛*✱ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥' *♣❛❝❡* ❛♥❞ ♥❛'✉"❛❧ "❡*♦✉"❝❡*✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐'✐♦♥✱ ✐' ✐♠♣❧✐❡* ✐♠♣♦"'❛♥' ❝♦*'* ❢♦" ❢❛"♠❡"*✳ ❆* ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❛❧♠♦*' e✼✵ ♣❡" ✇❤❡❛' ❤❡❝'❛"❡ ❛"❡ *♣❡♥' ❢♦" ❢✉♥❣✐❝✐❞❡* ✐♥ ❋"❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ "❡♣"❡*❡♥'* e✸✵✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥* ♣❡" ②❡❛" ✭❆"✈❛❧✐*✮✳ ❚❤✐* ❝♦✉"*❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❡❝❤♦❡* ❛♥ ✐♥❝"❡❛*✐♥❣ ❤❛"❞❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❝"♦♣ ♣"♦'❡❝'✐♦♥ ❧❡❣✐*❧❛'✐✈❡ ❢"❛♠❡✇♦"❦ ✭*❡❡ ✜❣✉"❡ ✶✳✶ ❢♦" ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉*'"❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ❊✉"♦♣❡❛♥ ❧❡❣✐*❧❛'✐✈❡ ❢"❛♠❡✇♦"❦ ❢♦" ❝"♦♣ ♣"♦'❡❝'✐♦♥✮✳ ❆❧'❡"♥❛'✐✈❡ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤❡* ♠✉*' ❜❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦"❞❡" '♦ *✉♣♣♦"' '❤❡ '"❛♥*✐'✐♦♥ '♦✇❛"❞* ❛♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥'❡♥*✐✈❡ ❛❣"✐❝✉❧'✉"❡✱ ✇✐'❤♦✉' *✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥'❧② ✐♥❝"❡❛*✐♥❣ '❤❡ "✐*❦ ♦❢ ♣❡*' ♣"❡**✉"❡✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤❡* ♠✉*' ♠♦❜✐❧✐*❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝'✐✈❡ ❛❣"♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❧❡✈❡"* ✭❚✐❧♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ▼❡②♥❛"❞ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ '❤❡*❡✱ '❤❡ ✐♥❝"❡❛*❡ ♦❢ ❝"♦♣ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ ❞✐✈❡"*✐'② ✐* ❛ ♣"♦♠✐*✐♥❣ ✇❛② ❢♦" "❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ '❤❡ "✐*❦ ♦❢ ♦❝❝✉""❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥' ♦❢ ❞✐*❡❛*❡* ✐♥ ❝"♦♣*✳ ❉✐✈❡"*✐✜❝❛'✐♦♥ *'"❛'❡❣✐❡* ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧"❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ *'✉❞✐❡❞ ❛' '❤❡ ✇✐'❤✐♥ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❝"♦♣ ❝②❝❧❡ *❝❛❧❡*✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡"✱ '❤❡ "❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥' ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡*'✐❝✐❞❡ ❜② ❛ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ *♦❧✉'✐♦♥ "❡K✉✐"❡* '♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ '❤❡ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝ "❡*♦✉"❝❡* ❝❛"❡❢✉❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❝'✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ♠❛♥② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡* *❤♦✇ ❛ "❡*✐*'❛♥❝❡ ❜"❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ✇❤❡♥ "❡*✐*'❛♥❝❡* ❛"❡ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉*❡❞ ✭❲♦❧❢❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤✇❛"③❜❛❝❤✱ ✶✾✼✽❀ ❙❛♠❜♦"*❦✐✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ❇❛②❧❡* ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✿ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥② ✜♥✐'❡ "❡*♦✉"❝❡✱ ✈❛"✐❡'② "❡*✐*'❛♥❝❡* ❛"❡ *✉❜❥❡❝' '♦ '❤❡ ❵'"❛❣❡❞② ♦❢ '❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥*✬ ✭❍❛"❞✐♥✱ ✶✾✻✽✮✱ ❛ ♥♦♥✲"❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ✉*❡ ♦❢ '❤❡ "❡*♦✉"❝❡ ❧❡❛❞* '♦ ✐'* ❡①'✐♥❝'✐♦♥✳ ■' ✐* '❤❡"❡❢♦"❡ ♥❡❝❡**❛"② '♦ ❞"❛✇ ♥❡✇ '❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦"❣❛♥✐*❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐'✐♦♥* '♦ *✉*'❛✐♥❛❜❧② ♠❛♥❛❣❡ '❤✐* "❡*♦✉"❝❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♣"♦❞✉❝'✐✈❡ *②*'❡♠ ❜❡❝❛✉*❡ ✐'* ✉*❡ ❛' '❤❡ '❡""✐'♦"② *❝❛❧❡ "❡K✉✐"❡* *✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥' ❝❤❛♥❣❡* ❜♦'❤ ✐♥ ❢❛"♠✐♥❣ *②*'❡♠* ❛♥❞ ✐♥ '❤❡ ♦"❣❛♥✐*❛'✐♦♥ ♦❢ '❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛❝'♦"* ✭❇✉'❛✉❧' ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ M"❡✈✐♦✉* *'✉❞✐❡* ❤❛✈❡ ❛''❡♠♣'❡❞ '♦ ♣"♦❞✉❝❡ '❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢♦" ❢❛"♠❡"* '❤❛' ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡* "♦'❛'✐♦♥* ✐♥ '✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ *♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡"❡♥' "❡*✐*'❛♥❝❡ ❣❡♥❡*✱ ♣②"❛♠✐❞✐♥❣ *'"❛'❡❣✐❡* ♦" '❤❡ ✉*❡ ♦❢ ♠✉❧'✐❧✐♥❡* ♦" ♠✐①'✉"❡* ♦❢ ❝✉❧'✐✈❛"* ✭❢♦" ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ●❧❛❞❞❡"* ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆❡✈❡"'❤❡❧❡** ❡①✐*'✐♥❣ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ "❡♠❛✐♥* '♦♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❊①♣❧✐❝✐' ❧❛♥❞*❝❛♣❡ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤❡* *❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❜❡''❡" ✐♥❝♦"♣♦"❛'❡❞ ✐♥ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ *'✉❞✐❡* ✐♥ ♦"❞❡" '♦ ✐♠♣"♦✈❡ ♦✉" ✉♥❞❡"*'❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣"❡❞✐❝'✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐*❡❛*❡ "✐*❦ ✭❖*'❢❡❧❞ ❡' ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✽

Références

Documents relatifs

...55 Figure 22 : Répartition des bacilles à Gram négatif selon la nature du prélèvement ...56 Figure 23 : Profil de résistance d’Escherichia.coli aux antibiotiques. ...58

Another initiative, which has been initiated in early 2011, is the joint project between members from the Architecture, Security and ArchiMate Forums, which have begun a

is evident that these estimates probably will be of limited use as we move on to assess options for REDD+ in the context of national political realities, focused at the

Quanti fication of epidermal DR5:GFP reflux signals (Figure 2F; see Supplemental Figure 1 online) con firmed slightly reduced basipetal re flux for twd1 (Bailly et al., 2008)

[r]

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

Effect of macrophage ABCA7 deficiency on plasma lipid levels, atherogenesis and macrophage ABCA1 expression ABCA7 was selectively disrupted in hematopoietic cells, thus

In the light of the previously cited results, we defined two main goals for this study: (1) to investigate the pop- ulation structure of the marbled newt in the west of France