Détermination de profils de température pendant la détonation d'un explosif liquide, le nitrométhane
102
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Détermination de profils de température pendant la détonation d’un explosif liquide, le nitrométhane François Clément — Guy Chavent. N° 4641 Novembre 2002. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4641--FR. THÈME 4. apport de recherche.
(3)
(4)
(5) ! "#$%$&' () * &+,% -. /0 12% 34 5 67(
(6) 89 : ;=<?>@BADCFEHGJILKNMPON>RQ7SUTWVYXZ[GJ\ <^]?OB>_Q7` abdcfe2ghJ~ ik g{,zj^{,lm tr|e9u}ceJndgfoqr!gps{rtWlvuN{uywrte2lve2gfxdr'g omuygzxzgrtlv{ e2lq{|p}r|lmuyw p}xdx?uy |r ~ g |gbdgf bdgw?$hN}hik!usNgfe(d |g}NNikyJxpyyg{. ~ g Boqp ¡~ ¥ r|uN¢4wps£¤rtg'lvuNr|w p=~_s§ p}ndlmwPoguNzwxdomguN |{|wdl«ªg'oqomlqp¨Nsnp}l ~ oml gN~ ¬psRrtlvguNw.xdx tuyp}d ¤omeJcfe2¥fr|g bd~u lv~ tg¦glvrJw^N tgfgf x?{,uNg {|~_g§ ndgwH{t{,e2gwNu rtlv~ g¥fovomomg!gfe2xdgb^wNzr.{|lm¨B{|ndnd (g o~ § g¥¨BoqnppsxdrtblvuNpNw {,g ~ ~_nP§ p}r|e2 p}uNw t{©ª®p}gy ,gr p § ~pywlqpsp}rtoml«zª{,g¨Bnd~ l!g#gfzoqp°xd |{|lme2gfwgU{|lmdomgUlvomlvdr|¥lmompy~ w¯g{¥wdovgfn teJy¥flmwr|lqpy¨BwndgYg{±gfwB¥r|= tpygYovnom¥fgg{H{±xgfbdw²¥fwd{,uNuNe2 ,rtcflvgUwdgx{ p}~_ § ¥f te2pyxdlm{tx{|uNlvuN ,rw¯p}gfnzr ~_~§ p}lq{rt{, |uNlm |dxznzrtrtlvlvuNuNw w{ ~ n0~ g4 tp=rtNgfe2uywdx?wd¥fg e2psr|gfnwB |rg ¬ gfxr py t~ pyge2cu^r| tgg³H{µlmgfgwB{rrtlve2~R§ gpy ¬={,uN |wxd{|r|ndlmlvuyr|w´gN¶e2o § lvuyw^wdyuzg t{|bdlm tuyuyw9e.fpsuyrtwlm{|¨Blmnd{,r|g g~ µ!¥e2r|gg |r|e2r| tlmwdg¤g gw9~ g·{ndlm^w t~ gWlqfndp}wJr|gp}ndomy tuN{9 |xlvr|gbd |e2e2g gfr,~ rtg¤pywBe2r lmwd~ lmgHeJNlq{tndpsl r|~ lmgfuy (w7¶ovgomg{bd~ uy¥lv | lmy~ ¥gg{{ ¥frtpyp}{,wB¹Frtr gf{,rtpy{'omf{|ndBovwB¥grtbd{ ¥~ rtg¤lm¨Bª¸ndpyg©fuy{wlm{tgf{,³.n{ py~ fgg¤omxp py~ ¥foqr|puNr|wgpsrtblvuNwdw lm¨B~ndn g ~ wdglvr|o t§ uy¥fe2rtps¥fr r|p b~ pywduygylmwN¬ r¬s7p!x |¥{,gwNrtg¤¥fr|n ~ g¤x?uy |r|g{,n o § p}wpyovz{|g ~ g¨Bnpsrt |g rtº¼ |lq{|»p}½r|flm¾tuy¿NwRÀ¸¶^^rtU tpy¢²w{,lmª®wBgfN |gfr {,plmuy~ w7lmp}¶r|e2lvª¶zuylmovwuNl~ t~ gg{fuNpyw |{, tg¥ |{s¶p}pyr|wlmuyp}womz{t{,fg py~ompyg(lv t{|g gfw{|lmdlvomlvr|¥y¶ ~ ¥uNeJx?uN{|lvr|lmuywUgw4sp}omgfnd {{,lmwdynovlmcf tg{¶xp} p}e2¥¹. ÁÂÃ=Ã}Ä6Å®ÆÇ=ÈsÂÉ^Ã}Ä6Ê=Å7ÉÌË$Í!ÂÅFÎLÏ=Ð È}Ñ6ÒÓ,Ô6Õ6ÒÖ×ØqÙ ÚÛ$Ü6Ý_ÞDÚ ßáà âù ãã ŸŸÄÄäFäFËåËåÆÆÞÞæ¸æ¸ÆLÆLçÌçÌÍ'Í'Ë6ËàfËèÆéÝ_êtëÞ?ìÁ7íîtÞ?ïBúðòñÛóÙ$ôõ=Þ7ôtûëöü÷Èîåç ëýé=Ë,Ÿî,æLêdç ÆFðqÐø6é=þ=à Ë ã ÂÅFçÌæÿ ®Ù$ÂÊÃ=Ï=çÌÈ=Ë6û Õ Õ ã  ŸçÌæ$ÝDÐþ=Ë Ó,×à dðòñ fê ôtëö÷îåëé=î,êzðqø6é=à . .
(7) . . Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France) Téléphone : +33 1 39 63 55 11 — Télécopie : +33 1 39 63 53 30.
(8)
(9) 9 /´! "#$%$ $ ' )%±$
(10) 8 / ´ 12% f -.
(11) 7$9
(12) 8 xd'bbd pylq{|½b2g g~dznd¿yxd½y | tlm¢wdg{ta{,gbr|{bdlm{ gr|bd~ guygfgf r|wuNgfw~ tpsgyrtp}glvoquNrt{ lmw4 'u} l«rtª b( prt ¦ovbdlq g!¨Bndsl p}~gfom!r l ¤~gzpsgxdrtgflvwJomuNuNwR{|gflme2¶syr|gylqb{|¬( |{|uNlvauNndwJbdyg b2pyw ~ p}~ lvwJ tgp}lvw^rN{|uygfx t |xz{,uNgr|dlme2uyovgw(ge r|u}bªª®u uyr|~ bdomom¶Ng'uuy! ª?p {!p~ rtlqxdbdpsb^g.rtlvzuN t{,wRp lqf~¬pylqao^psr|eJblmg!yu g9{,~ ggr|w ozp}{,ª®lvuywr| $lm{,^ª®rtgfl«bdr (g!gp}xd¨Nw tnlmpypseJovr|zlmlmwduy{|lmw { uylmw ª_~ r|lqbdfg¦p}r|uyuynz rt{xdª®nzuyr¤ r|omndbe2g!lmwbdp}uywlqfg"g u}'ªlvuNr|xzbHr| tlme2g{|l$x?#gps6rtrWlvuNr|w(uxrtpybd tg!pyrte2gfe2gr|x?g tgf{ ¬7psr|anbd |ggwRpy¶}w lm~w^yrtgfbd g{|lvgfuNBw9rtlvwuN6wr|{,lmlquy{,wrt{lvu^w2g³Hn{|lmwdlmgfwBrp~ e2lm{,lmr|wd tlvlve2nzlq{|r|p}lmr|uylmwuy{ wJ~ p}gomrtygfuy t te2lvr|lvbdwde g{ ¶ 'bdg |g9r|bdg ~ g |lmspsr|lmyg{py |ggf³HlmgfwBr|omYuye2xdndr|g ~ BrtbdgJp ~ uylmwBr¦{,rtpsrtg9e2grtbdu ~ ¬abdg9x |g{,gwNr{rtn ~ ~ gp}oq%{ 'lvr|bUrtbdg pywp}omz{,lq{u}ªª®uynd !{|^wNrtbdgrtlmrtg{,r,¹åfpN{,g{Wª®uN r|bdg ~ gr|uNwpsrtlvuNwuyªrtbdgwdlvr| tuye2grtbp}wdgN¬ ~ &(p '*~ )Dlqps,¾ rt+(lvN-» grt. typy¢w{,ª®gflmw^ |ry¶dg t{t{|flvp}uNoqwRp} '¶!fomguypNw{{|r|gf¹á t{ts¨Bpsnr|p}lmuy tgw{¶!om/p {, gw{|l«rtlv^lvr[p}wpyovz{|lm{¶¦{|lvwyndoqp} sp}omndg guNe2xuB{,lvr|lmuywR¶¦xp} p}e2gfr|gf tlq{|p}r|lmuywR¶.
(13)
(14)
(15) !" #$%'&($ ) *+ ,-!.% )%' % 0/ &( 12 ,3 45 6 7&( 8 95 * '% :<;$ . =. ´?> ' )
(16) @$' ABD½ s» .¿}½DC¸»)B FY t¥f¥r|{|bdgfuwB~rpsuNr|ovlmuNuyyw lmg¦~ xn |uNxdx tuyuBd{,¥omcfge2¬g ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ GE= HJI d ¡B½ C¸ zD½ C¸)» B N¬v N¬vpyN t¬vpy eJ¥f7r| tuylml {tps~ rtglvuNfwuy{¤w |{|¥gf~ tsndpslvr|rtglvuN{ w~ {tgfomp}p(oqp}r|lmg te2g x¬¥ t¬p}¬r|nd¬ tg ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ H$DDKLL NN¬v¬vNN¬¬ = FUN¦¥flm{| tglm=p}gfwr|lmuy·w nd¬^ |¬g¬w^nd¬e2¬¥f¬ tlq¬¨Nn¬g ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ 3M NN¬v¬vNN¬¬ hL £¤pyb tuypylveJ¥f~ r|n tlmx{tpsp}rt lvp}uNe2w{ cfr|~ tgPg O)~ Q,g¶$rtO)gfRNe2¶*x?SU¥fg psrUr|T n |Pg ¬VX¬W ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ } N¬ N¬ pyd t¬vpy eJ¥f år|wB trtlm{tgfps trtxlvuNuNomwp}{¤r|lm |uy¥ w~ ndovlmlvwdr|g¥{pylv~ tgn ¬fu^¬g³H¬¬lmgf¬wB¬r ¬~_§¬p}¬{|¬uy t¬xzr|¬lmuy¬w ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ }} NN¬¬ dd¬¬ = N¦ap}¥f tlmov=gp}{ r|~ lmuygw u^¬g¬³H¬flv¬gwN¬r{J¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ }} NN¬¬ h= !aN¬ gfdp}xd¬ wh t{,¥ª®{|gfgf! |wBrgfrt p}xdp r| tlm~ ¥uy{|lmwp}gf+{r|wBlvrtª&Yp}wr|¬glmuy{ ¬w~ ¬bdg¬{'lm¥fx¬ p}p}¬ p}¬bde2¬lm¨Bcf¬ndr| tg´¬g{¬¬xd¬¬b^¬¬z{,¬¬lq¨B¬¬ndg¬¬{ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Z¬Z=N=!}= NN¬¬ hh¬v¬ N¦jd¥fbd t¥flm=e.p}pJr|lmuyw^w nde2¬¥f¬ tlm¬¨Bnd¬g ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ZZ¬ =}=}hh NN¬¬ L aN¬ tuyhuy t¬ lq= e.{¤p}womlv7lmN{tndgpsp}e2rtndlvuNlv ww p}~ ~wggf{gx{´pyovnd t¬e2pyeJ¬lmw¥f¬p}r| tw¬lm{t¬gps{¡rt¬lvuN¬¬w ¬¬~ ¬¬n ¬¬xd¬¬ tuy¬¬dom¬¬cfe2¬¬gJ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Z¬¬Z¬ h==yL N¬ M\[pyovl ~ p}r|lmuyw ~ g{ ~ ¥ |lmy¥g{¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ h ]\I s» 'À ^B 'XC'B_ '*s ' dd¬v¬ b $FUuNglv{|wBndrt |{glm{wdµ2lvr|lqlvp}w^nzy g t{|gf¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ `hha== a B dÀ )R '. 'Y 'cBD C C¸'À C®½ K` =¬v wp}omz{,gomuzfp}omg¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬dLsh =¬ e N¦=¬ ¥df¬vuye2x?7uNg{|{!l«rtlvuNpyw{ ~ gn we.spyp}ovg ndbd t{¥ {|lv¬wy¬nd¬omlvc¬ |g¬{¼¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬d¬d¬ LsLshh =¬ = fw lvw ~ lmpsr|gnd 'yomuyp}o0¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬gM= =¬ =¬v a py¥{ ~ n tl«rtcf tg ~ g{'e2uylmw ~ tg{p} t |¥{{|nd 'ndwY{|gfNeJgwBr¦¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬g ¬¬ MM== =¬ =¬ 7g{!py{ ~ n e.p} bd¥ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬g `eAB_ '*=D C¸)» B hh¬v¬ j^r|ov Npsuyr| t¥l«yrtbdlmge2{ g ~_§~ uygxzrteJlve2lmwdlqlm{|e2p}r|lmlm{tuypsw&rtlvuN¬w ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ h)!!a== h¬ = 7g{'py{ ~ n e.p} bd¥*¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ ! = i )» B¿NÀ¸G CF*» B 'B: ½ j '*s j 'B¿yG½ C_ '^ k)E. ÁÁ È%ldÖ×Ö=Ó.
(17) h. , : ; *. ´?> ' 9%±$' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = åFUjdwBrtubdgf~ ¥fwe.cf{|oml«gp2rt¥f{,omlmovpNe2nd{|e2{|xdlqomlm¨Nl6wdYngf¥ g n{,~ gng¦¥rteJ tlmpy{|lqwx{|g {|uBl«{,rt~ lvlvr|nduNlv wª p}wBg bdr'uzomp ¥¹ rt~~ uy¥f¥fwr|r|p}uNuyr|wwlmuypspsrtwr|lvlmuNuygww r ~~ gpynYw{|#{xF¡gnd6w rt¬ |guBz¬{|xdf¬omuyuNxd¬{|lml«gyª¬¬ bd¬uy¬¬e2¬¬uNy¬¬cf¬¬wgy¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ M hL WWeJ |u!lqY{tom{,{ lmuy~ w g¦}p}rtgfe2{|uyx? t¥fxz rtpslvuNr|nw |~_g§ rtndbdw ¥fuN¥f |om¥flq¨Be2ndgfgwB{ r ~ ~ n ge.Nuyp}om nde2bd¥ygy¬P¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ y M F4£¤oqp}pylm{tov{|oqp}g N~ gg{ x~ |p}!u wY{om{ovge2 tgfu x?~ cf¥ tovlqg¦{,¥e2{ uN~ dp}lvwomgy{¬_ov¬g¬py¬{¬y¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ y3M £¤£¤oqoqpypy{t{t{|{|gg ~~ ggxx | |u!!u YYomom{{e2e2uu ~~ ¥¥ovovlqlq{,{,¥¥{{ ~~ p}p}ww{{ovovggpypy{'{ =dz¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ %sh= N W£¤ |oqpyu!{tY{|omg { ~~ gg¦xrtgf |e2!u Yx?om{¥f e2psr|u n~ |¥govlqe2{,¥u { ~ ~ ¥fp}omlqw{,¥{{fov¬g¬py¬{¬h¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ !LM =D = a£¤p}u^gf³.ovg{flv |g¥wByrtnd{ omlv~_c§ |p}gg{|uyr! te.xzrtp}lv^uNlmw±e.e2p}omuygywd¬Puz¬bd¬ tuy¬e.¬p}¬r|lq¨N¬n¬g{¤¬r|¬bd¥¬uy¬ tlm¬¨Bnd¬g¬{f¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Z¬¬ =y} 3 hL £¤£¤u^u^gfgf³.³.fflvlvggwBwBrtrt{{ ~_~_§§ p}p}{|{|uyuy t txzxzrtrtlvlvuNuNw±w±e2 tgfuyoqpswdr|uzlvª¸{bd¬¯ tuy¬e.¬p}¬r|lq¨N¬n¬g{¬e2¬u ¬~ ¬¥fom¬lm{|¬¥{¬¬7¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ZZ¬ =d=!= M 77ndnde2e2lvlvwwp}p}wwffgg{{r|e2bu ¥f~uy t¥flqom¨Nlm{|n¥fgg{{f¬¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Z¬¬Z=y= M WFU |g!u {|Yndom |{'gf{uyge2dpyxdomgr|rg{{¬¼~ p}¬w{¬om¬g¬fpN¬{¬¬x¬uNnd¬ '¬omp(¬r¬p}¬dom¬g¬ |¥¬ynd¬omlm¬cf t¬gy¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬Z¬Z¬ =y=y yd FUFUgg{|{|ndnd | |gg{{eJd |u n~ l«rt¥¥fovglq{|{¥f¬g{¬¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ hNh L N!= $FUuNglv{|wBndrt |{glm{wdlvlvwdr|lqlvp}r|nzlqp}omgx{!uNxnduN 'ndo '§ lmow^§ ylmwBgfN gf{|lv uN{,wlmuyw~ py~ wp}{wov{govgpy{pyy{¬ y¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ hNhcM } hL $FUuNglv{|wBndrt |{glm{wdlvlvwdr|lqlvp}r|nzlqp}omgx{!uNxnduN 'ndo '§ lmow^§ ylmwBgfN gf{|lv uN{,wlmuyw~ py~ wp}{wov{govgpy{'pyz{'¬ z¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ hNhN y M $FUuNglv{|wBndrt |{glm{wdlvlvwdr|lqlvp}r|nzlqp}omgx{!uNxnduN 'ndo '§ lmow^§ ylmwBgfN gf{|lv uN{,wlmuyw~ py~ wp}{wov{govgpy{py=d{ ¬ =d¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬dd¬ L}Lz yy $FUuNglv{|wBndrt |{glm{wdlvlvwdr|lqlvp}r|nzlqp}omgx{!uNxnduN 'ndo '§ lmow^§ ylmwBgfN gf{|lv uN{,wlmuyw~ py~ wp}{wov{govgpy{pyh{¬ h¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬d¬¬dLyL%= =N [pyovgnd {'{,lmwdynovlmcf tg{x?uynd 'omg{'{|gfxzr!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{|p}r|lmuyw ~ p}w{omgfpN{y¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬d ¬¬ LLMM = Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}n# ~ p}w{ovgfpN{y¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬d =B Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}n ~ p}w{ovgfpN{y¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬dL} == Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}X n = ~ p}w{ovgfpN{y¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬d¬ L} =yh Wov¥eJgwBrt{{,lmwdynovlmgf {¤pynz2xuNlvwBrt{¤lmwdl«rtlmpynzHx?uynd ompxp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuywHfuye2xdomcrtg ~ g¦wdlvNgpyn = ~ pyw{Womg¦py{¦y¬y = L [pyovgnd {'{,lmwdynovlmcf tg{x?uynd 'omg{'{|gfxzr!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{|p}r|lmuyw{ ~ pyw{ovgpy{!d¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ d =N Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}n# ~ p}w{ovgfpN{!z¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ d =cM Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}n ~ p}w{ovgfpN{!z¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ N =N Wov¥eJgwBrt{!{|lvwyndomlvg t{x?uynd 'omg{!xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{tpsr|lmuyw{ ~ gwlvNgp}nX= ~ p}w{ovgfpN{!z¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ != hBh=N W[Wpyovov¥¥oveJeJgndgg wBwB{'rtrt{,{{!lmwd{,{|lmlvywdwnyyovnndlmcfovomlm tlvgfgg t{{¤{x?pyx?uynzuynd2nd ' 'xomgomuNg{'lv{!wB{|rtxgf{¤xzp}lmr! wdp}xl«e2rtp}lmpy¥ rtnzp} |e2Hlq{t¥x?psrtr|uy |lmndlquy{| wp}{r|omplm~uyxwgp}{ w ~ lvp}Npye2gwp}¥{n#rt |ovglq {tps~ r|pyp}lmU{ uywwH={¬fovguy¬e2f¬pNxd{U¬omc=d¬rt¬)g ¬~ ¬¬g¦¬¬wd¬¬lvN¬¬gpy¬¬n ¬¬= ¬¬~ ¬¬pyw¬¬{W¬¬omg¦¬¬¬¬py{¬¬z¬¬ ¬}hLL h^h = WWovov¥¥eJeJggwBwBrtrt{!{!{|{|lvlvwwyyndndomomlvlvgg t t{{x?x?uyuyndnd ' 'omomgg{!{!xxp}p} p}p}e2e2¥¥rtrt | |lqlq{t{tpspsr|r|lmlmuyuyww{{ ~~ ggwwlvlvNNggp}p}n Xn = ~~ p}p}ww{{ovovggffpNpNU{U{ =d=d¬)¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ y M hNch hL W[pyov¥oveJgndg wB{'rt{,{lmwd{,lmywdnyovnlmcfovlm tgfg {{¤x?pyuynznd2 'xomguN{'lvwB{|rtgf{¤xzlmr!wdxl«rtp}lmpy nzp}e2H¥x?rtuy |ndlq{| p}r|omplmuyxwp}{ ~ p}pye2w¥{rt |ovglq{tpsr|pylm{uywHh¬fuy¬e2¬xd¬omc¬rtg ¬~ ¬g¦¬wd¬lvN¬gpy¬n ¬= ¬~ ¬pyw¬{W¬omg¦¬¬py{¬=d¬ ¬yy hBh(M WWovov¥¥eJeJggwBwBrtrt{!{!{|{|lvlvwwyyndndomomlvlvgg t t{{x?x?uyuyndnd ' 'omomgg{!{!xxp}p} p}p}e2e2¥¥rtrt | |lqlq{t{tpspsr|r|lmlmuyuyww{{ ~~ ggwwlvlvNNggp}p}n#n ~~ p}p}ww{{ovovggffpNpN{{hh¬)¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬gyMs hBhB WWovov¥¥eJeJggwBwBrtrt{!{{,{|lmlvwdwyynndovomlmlvgfg t{¤{pyx?nzuy2nd 'xomuNglv{!wBrtx{¤p}lm wdp}l«e2rtlmpy¥rtnz |Hlq{tx?psr|uylmnduy w{omp~ xgp}w lvp}Ne2gp}¥Xnrt |lq= {tps~ r|p}lmuywwH{fovguye2fpNxd{omchrt¬)g ~ ¬g¦¬wd¬lvN¬gpy¬n ¬= ¬~ ¬pyw¬{W¬omg¦¬¬py{¤¬hg ¬ 5¬ M^M} Ly £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !omg{'{|gfxzr!xpy tpye2¥r| tlq{|p}r|lmuyw{ ~ p}w{ovgpy{y¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬gM%L Ld £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !oqp(xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{|p}r|lmuyw±fuye2xdomcrtg ~ gwdlvNgpyX n = ~ pyw{'omgpy{N¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬g ¬ M!MsM LN £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !omg{'{|gfxzr!xpy tpye2¥r| tlq{|p}r|lmuyw{ ~ p}w{ovgpy{'z¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬g L!= £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !oqp(xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{|p}r|lmuyw±fuye2xdomcrtg ~ gwdlvNgpynX= ~ pyw{'omgpy{!d¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬gMs L}h £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !omg{'{|gfxzr!xpy tpye2¥r| tlq{|p}r|lmuyw{ ~ p}w{ovgpy{ =d¬)¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬g LL £¤ tlvr|cf tgxuNnd !oqp(xp} p}e2¥rt |lq{|p}r|lmuyw±fuye2xdomcrtg ~ gwdlvNgpyX n = ~ pyw{'omgpyU{ =¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ yMs
(18) Á òÛ.
(19)
(20)
(21) !" #$%'&($ ) *+ ,-!.% )%' % 0/ &( 12 ,3 45 6 7&( 8 95 * '% :<;$ . L. ¤££¤ t tlvlvr|r|cfcf t tggxxuNuNndnd ! !omoqgp({'x{|p}gf xzp}r!e2x¥pyrt t |pylq{|e2p}r|¥lmr|uy tw±lq{|p}fr|uylme2uywxd{ omc~ rtp}g w~ {govgwdlvNpyg{pynXh¬)= ~¬py¬w{'¬om¬g¬py¬{¬h¬¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ !!¥¥{|{|ndndo«o«rrpspsrr{{ ~_~_§§ lmlmw^w^yygg t t{|{|lvlvuNuNww ~~ gg{'{'e2e2gg{|{|ndnd t tgg{{ge2du py~ ¥fr|gomlm{ {|¥f~ gp}{ w~ {p}omwg{fompNg{'fzpN¬{!z¬¬z¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ !!¥¥{|{|ndndo«o«rrpspsrr{{ ~_~_§§ lmlmw^w^yygg t t{|{|lvlvuNuNww ~~ gg{'{'e2e2gg{|{|ndnd t tgg{{ge2du py~ ¥fr|gomlm{ {|¥f~ gp}{ w~ {p}omwg{fompNg{f=dpN¬U{ =d¬¬z¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ !!¥¥{|{|ndndo«o«rrpspsrr{{ ~_~_§§ lmlmw^w^yygg t t{|{|lvlvuNuNww ~~ gg{'{'e2e2gg{|{|ndnd t tgg{{ge2du py~ ¥fr|gomlm{ {|¥f~ gp}{ w~ {p}omwg{fompNg{fhpN¬{h¬¬z¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬. dN yM dN !=. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = [¦a£ }p pyf¥ t tl6pNovY?g 6frt~ ps¥fgrt tlvlmuN{,fr|uBw lqgf¨B~³Hndgg{ { lmgf~ wB¥grt |{{ lmy~_¥¥§gp}rt{g¬R6{,¬rtuNgf |¬ndxz ¬rt{ lvuN¬w±¬n e2¬uylq¬{,wx?¬u^uN¬{|blv¬r| |lvuNª ¬e2¬p}gr|¬e2lq¨B¬ndg¬{|gynd¬U¬ tgy¬¬¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ hL £¤£¤uNuN2e2e xxuBuB{|{|pypywNwNrtrtgg{{ ~~ gg{{xxuNuNlvlvwBwBrtrt{!{!lvlvwdwdlvlvr|r|lqlqp}p}ndnd±±ggr!r! t tggbdbdgg t tbb¥¥ ~~ pypyww{{omomggffpypy{{!dN¬¼¬¼¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ M £¤£¤uNuN2e2e xxuBuB{|{|pypywNwNrtrtgg{{ ~~ gg{{xxuNuNlvlvwBwBrtrt{!{!lvlvwdwdlvlvr|r|lqlqp}p}ndnd±±ggr!r! t tggbdbdgg t tbb¥¥ ~~ pypyww{{omomggffpypy{U{h=¬¼¬¼¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ £¤£¤uNuN2e2e xzxzr|r|gg{{ | |ggww ~~ nn{{ ~_~_§§ lmlmwBwBNNgfgf {,{,lmlmuyuyww ~~ p}p}ww{{ovovggpypy{{!zy¬¯¬¯¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ N £¤£¤uNuN2e2e xzxzr|r|gg{{ | |ggww ~~ nn{{ ~_~_§§ lmlmwBwBNNgfgf {,{,lmlmuyuyww ~~ gp}{!w{eJovgg{,npy |{Ug{¤=dgf¬¯dpy¬6¬rtg¬{ ¬~ py¬w¬{¬omg¬f¬py{¬h¬¬d¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ = £¤uN2e xzr|g{ |gw ~ n{ ~_§ lmwBNgf {,lmuyw ~ g{!eJg{,n |g{¤e2u ~ ¥ovlq{,¥g{ ~ pyw{omgfpy{h¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬. hB hhyh= hyhyhh yy y!= }h. Ly. LM Ly. NLy B=. ´ R5' ?> f'%H-. ÁÁ È%ldÖ×Ö=Ó. L.
(22) . , : ; *. D (7.% f 7ge2py tb¥xuN ,rtg{,nd ¦omp2 t¥pyovlq{tpsr|lmuyw ~ nYomuyNlmflvgo
(23) ®x?uynd % åw^Ngf {,lmuyw ~ g tu%Yom{ ~ g
(24) z¥f psr|n |g¥f |lvr!gfw #xg |e2gfr,rtpywBroqp ~ ¥fr|g |e2lmwpsrtlvuNw ~ gJxd |u!Yoq{ ~ g(r|ge2x¥ tp}r|nd tg(µxp} |r|lm ~ g9e2g{|nd tg{ ~ gJovnde2lmwp}wg{pynUe2usygfw ~_§ ndwdgr|gbdwdlq¨Nng ~ g! t¥{|uyomnzr|lmuyw ~ g¦o § ¥¨Bnp}r|lmuyw ~ n2r| p}w{ª®g ,r p ~ lqpsrtl«ªRpyxdxdomlm¨Bnd¥gµomp ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuywR¶}xp} e2¥rtbdu ~ glmw^yg t{|gy¬
(25) ! "# $&%('%
(26) )+*,$.-/10
(27) *,235467# ' N § p}xd tc{omg(£p}blvg ~ g{'fompyn{,g{r|gbdwdlq¨Nng{xpy ,rtlmfndovlmcf tg{w98yydf¹áByyd. ~ goqp2uNw{,no«rpsr|lmuyww98fdf¹á } ;:" ¬< ~_~ g(§ omrt£¤pHn gf~xdr,gbr|g¤{ py{|¥~ grtgn ~_~=§ gp} e2p}{ §e.lvuyw p}{|©fr>fpy |yLlv£¤rg&~ p}pyx= wx{7g¬nov¥wg§ uyxdr|d t uyp}gyw6 {|rtp}lvl«r|ª e2lmuy~ e2wUg{'g rtbd~_ tuz§ p=p}6se2¹ p}~ ¥fnd¥fom±r|lmuyuye2 wpspsgfr|r|wdlmlmuy¥uyw{w gf{|µ.rnd !~ xg¤pyomg ,srtp}wdlvom l«l rt~ |~ p}uNgr|e2{¦lmuy¥xdw r| tbu%~ p}Ygwdoq{{ g?eJ~ Fug#~ rtF@cgfove2'g{ gx?~{,¥fr g ps~_~ r|§¥fn¥fr|oq |uyp}g w?~psuyr|g tlm{!gfuy 'wxnd |~ uwYn2~ e2nd£¤lvugfrtwB{~ rtcf~ |omggg t{|¥xpNg66r|rtlm |uyuBw {|f~ uyn&xdlmg F~_§ ¥fe2{|uylmnd{te2{|lvuNlq{wR¬µ±7gbd{ uz~}¬7lm{|£¤xuBg{{,lvr|rtlv tª¸p={¦sgpyznzxU¥ |{,lmuNe2wNrgfwBrtpypy{|nz¥ {B{|ndlq{| lvdo om§ gp}wgfpyr¦ovzlmwz{|ª®g( tpy{| |xuNgnd6yrt tgpyx?ovg gf t~ e2n&g r|r|F gfwBr gwN~_rt§ |uNg2zr|dg¶ wd=lmLH g~ 5r g{!LBe2A_eg{|ndx tp}g { ~~ gJg5=Nomnd2e2µ2lvw(pywdweBgJgf{|w#nd 'ª®uyndww 6r|oqlmp}uy tw yg ~ n4~ uyrte.gfe2p}lmxwd{Cg®{| tx¥g{|6uyr|om nzp}rtoLlv¬uNw ~ gHw{D¦gr ~ gJompomuywdNndgfnd ~_§ uyw ~ gE® t¥{|uyomnzrtlvuNw#{|xg6r| p}omg(pyovoqp}wBr FXC¸GjW»?GC¸½GCHG 'I jW*C¸ 'cBD½ dÀ Cible. Projectile. Plaque de transfert. Tête Fibre Miroirs de renvoi optique optique Spectrographe Fenêtre en LiF. Chambre en polyéthylène de NM. Dispositif de maintien à température constante. Fente d’entrée Réseau (dispersion). Taille de la cellule de NM : e=15 à 25 mm ; f=80mm. Barrette de détecteurs et amplificateurs Vers système d’acquisition (oscilloscopes). JLKNM&O7PRQS ; : #) %& 3 ' 4!!.% )%' % ? DS3 TS VU. mrtl e2gfomxovg7py{¦g.¨Br(xdndxd |g(lmoqwp}ovwgflv{x?~_xdg § bnd~ ¥fw¡gwd{uNxeJ |guy{tc{twdgp}6glq{rt{lvom~uygHg{|{|~ndgf¥f t 9yr|uynd¥w{!wpsg{|r|g lmuyg~ w ov¥omnd |fuNomuyg±ndwovg{|uNlmwB{,wBr¦r|r|gH{,gfgwµ ovp}uNlmwBwYw r~ ndno w4§ lvg tz¥gHxduNndomuNndwd{|ovg.lvgª e2uNXw gfWwB~ lvNrg ndxd~ |oqg4gHp}w4Ybd6{|¬$uzuy.Rndr|gxdgf{ oqw^p}~nRwdlm¶gHe2wd{|gfuyuyww4nz{|lmrtxuygfgww^ ,{ndrtgnd~ |n ~ ?py¥9~ wlqx{{,p}x?om uNg±{|om#l«grt{¦l«F
(28) ªg[ZD{|xuygwBp}r{r ~ g?fuyw. ~ ompy¬ wgnd µxuNn ~ tg'xd tuyxdndoq{|gomg!xd tu}g6rtlvomg'µndwdg!^lvr|g{t{|gx?uyn=pywBr¤psr|r|gflmw ~ tgshBy¦e s{¬y7p^lvr|g{t{|g ~ n.xd |uygr|lmovg gf t¥rpyoqovp.lq{,¥xdoqgp}wNwdrt¥ |l«grt¥9omgg{xdr |uyeJgg{,r|nlm |ovg¥ggr!ovuNoq tp2{ ~ lmdg(omgbxpyuN¨Bndnd 'g¥frt^lv lvr|µ.gf 'o oq§ pyp(l ~ ª®uyg te.~_§ psp}r|lmylmuyndw lmovom~_g§{ nd~wYg(uNbn |{|uN{|lmwdw uye2~_§ ¥p}rtlm | !lmPgµJYdo § zlmeJ¥fgx{¦py{|6ndr ¦¬ ompHflvovgN¬D7g^l ~ g9g{,r ~~ ggomo 7l«§ rtggWbdzlm#xdndomF ` ueN{|l«gª$F{Rgral {,Wbfruyw(¶zuNYe.eJwdps¥ xr| |~¥lq |p}{,lqwgp}{RngfndwB¨Brtwdnd |g¤g.l_pJ3bL9p}fuye(gfe2r¦de2 |! g L(g¦ge2wlmwBe xr|¥uN]¬ c ov^f\Nr¥rtoxdbB§ p} t^lmndwomr|cf twdlmgxg$p}gª®go^ |r|~Re2 t§ ¥f^f¥e2r|g tlvgxr|¥p}rt t ~ pyndgwwd{,oqgxp.p}xd toqgfpygfomwB¨Bomndrndovg {|gnd~ g g {rndr| wfp}uywyomov {,¥p}ª®ggfw |~ndrRwdgf~ gwuyª®e.fgfnd]w p}lm^Blmwdr| t tggyg¬~ gfgw § ¥fovxuN_wdpyndlmyuN{tnd |{|nggfndnd |g ~_§ uyw ~ ggr ~ g t¥{|lm{,r|g !µ ~ g{'{|uyomovlqlvrtp}r|lmuyw{¥ovgy¥g{gfw xd tg{t{,lmuyw7¬ Á òÛ.
(29) .
(30)
(31)
(32) !" #$%'&($ ) *+ ,-!.% )%' % 0/ &( 12 ,3 45 6 7&( 8 95 * '% :<;$ . M. rt |pyuB |{| t7fgg.uyr|xdr| tglmp=g{ Nx~ uygp}wd Uwd~ gY¥e2rtdg |gf6gwBrtr¦gfuNndxz¥ r|eJ{!lq¨Blq{|{nduygywBx¬?r'py7 nzp r|omlmp ~omlmlq{|~ {|¥f¥xgr|g{'uN tw{,{|glvpsuNovrtuNw lvwuN~ w#omn g gª¸~{p}r9uylqe.{|ffuypygomp}lvovwdgn 6grtom¥J{|ndxe2xgp}lv6w rtgf tndpynzo_wd g2¥{,r|grDn ^~ ª¸rtpylvg.¥ l«r!uyNxz rtNlm¨Bndgg.µ2gfndrwUr| {|p}xwg{|6e2rt |lmuN{eJpycfn&r| t{|gz{µ2rtcf |e2¥{,ggp}~ nRg.¬$N¦{,x?gfgnd ¹ P0ndw xdbduyr|uye(ndovr|lmxdovlqfp}r|gnd 'e9ndovr|lqp}wu ~ g { = L} P^yNwdeBx?uynd 'o § ¥r|n ~ g ~ n ~ uye.pylvwdg^lq{,lmdomgy¶ P0ndwdgpy | tgr|r|g ~ 5g =N ~ ¥fr|g6r|gnd { :!^£ ~ waCg Fd¶ P$L A_Be x?uynd 'omg ~ uye.pylvwdglmwzª® p} tuyndNgy¬ FB½)» B zD½ C¸)» B ~ ~ ~ § ~ {|ndlm=7pygwB{¦r|g xdbd¥fwuye2cfwdg{¦¨Bndl$uNw ndlq{|gfwBrµ±ompHª®uy te2p}r|lmuyw g(omp ¥rtuywp}r|lmuyw XWlvNnd |g2 !xgndygwNr{ gzxdomlq¨Nngf g(oqp.ª¸pN©uyw P[p}xd tc{Hlve2xpN6r¶ndw[bduz xd tg{t{,lmuyw{ ~ go § uy ~ |g ~ g. Ly
(33) j HB{|gUp} xd tguyr x~ p}gy{g r|g~ e2p}wx{±¥ to p}§ gr|zndxd tgomuN{ {|~ l«ª g¤o o§ uN§ g z~ xd |omg uN{|~ l«g.ªgN{r±y e22lq{±¶ gw0e2uyndNgfe2gfwBr±gfrpsr|r|glvwBr ~ g{ P0ndwdg¦gzxdomuN{|lvuNw2r|bdg |e2lq¨Nng¦pomlvgn ~ pyw{oqp t¥fNlvuNwH{,uNnde2lm{|g!omgxdomn{¤ovuNwd}rtgfe2x{¤µo § ¥ov¥=p}r|lmuyw ~ g!r|ge2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ygovomg uNw{,lq{,r|ggfw ~ g{! |¥py6rtlvuNw{bdlmeJlq¨Bndg{ ~ n F ¶ P0lvoR{|g¦ª®uy teJgpyovuN t{¤ndwdg ~ ¥fr|uywpsr|lmuyw ~ p}w{ovge2lvomlmgfn uye2xd tlmeJ¥xpy omgbduzlmwdlvr|lqp}oR¨Bndgo § uNwpyxdxgovomg{,ndx?gf ~ ¥fr|uywps¹ r|lmuyw F$j N ¶ P0omp{|ndx?gf ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuyw({|gxd |uNxp}Ng¤gfr tp}r,r| p}x?govg'bduzlvwl«rtlmpyo suyw(uy{|gf tygoqp!ª®uN |e.psrtlvuNw ~_§ ndwdg'uNw ~ g ~ g ~ ¥fr|uywpsr|lmuyw ª®uy |r|gxdndlq{!{,rtp}r|lmuywdwpylv tg¨NnlRspJ{|gxd tuyxpyygf ~ pyw{omg F ¬ om~ g¥f{r|uNp}7wlmgyps{ndrt^lmlvomuNl«ovrtwgg{ {t~ {,~ ggg2^{ lvg~ bdwNg truyo {,§wdlvrtwBuNpyr|eJdgom ,¥fgyª¸r|pN¶z toqlvp9ggrt~xdgflmoqe2{|pyx¨Bx?uBnd¥f{,g ¥spsggr|{ zn~xd |p}omguNwg{|{¦l«{,ª roqp±uNw¶lmd{,~ omrtng p}wB~_rtbd§ gyguz¶z xd~_om§ uNp}xd{|lv tªgcxr{g~om |gge2{'ome2gp r|ur|~ g~ ¥fwNcr|r uyovgw~_{ ps§ ~p=r|lmyg uyuNw~ lv ¥{rtrfuyp}gwd{¦p}omlvgr|wdlmuyª®{,uyuNw twBe2roqp}pyfr|{tuylm{,wduylqw^¨Bwndnd{¬gyg{f¬7¬^uy {|w ¨B[gndZDg9gomrp ¶ oqo p§ lmwz~ ª®7 ndp}g t t¥fuy~ g ndlq{,~Nx?ngyuN¬ {|xdl«rtbdl«¥fª w~ uyge2{,cfx?wdggN¬ r| t¦uNw{tuNuNxdzlvr|g2lmgfx?wBr±gf te2gr e2~ gg{,nde2 tgg{{|ndgfw´ |g ª®uyo w§ lm6wBr|r|lmuygfww {,lv~ r|gH¥Homomp nde2omuylmwwdygfnnd{|ggHnd ¥eJ~_§lquy{|wgH~ xg p} (~ p}ovgw{{,zovg±{,r|Bcfe2lq{|lvg dom~ gHndgf t
(34) r pywB=Nr r|~ uypyndwr|g{ r|ge2x{ . . . . . . .
(35) . . . . lmwBr|g ,ª¸pNglve2xpN6rtgfnd s F. ~{r¥p}rtduyomwg p}r|lmuyw. ~ ¥fr|uNwpsª®rtuylv |uNr|w g . . . g{|xpyfg. . !. #". . . ". JLKNM&O_ P%$ D & ,CS , 7& :!
(36) S ; VS ' !.% )%' % 1 $ ?&( 2) , 4 ;$% :(#& VU. ^o § lquN{,w lmd~ ompg gy¬D~Y£¤gyndg~ {' t¥5g rte2uy=2wg{| tp}ndgfr|xd tlmuyg tw2{'¥{|e2ggfr¤wBgr|o r|§gr|lvwBgnwNrtwYgfr¦ ggfpyzwY6rtgflv¥fe2uN^w xdl ~ om~ ggfg!w~ o g§guNoqw o p.§ ~g twNg!¥frtp=x? |y¥uygg w{|~ gomnUp~ ª®n gbdw
(37) uz~ ^}¥frt¶r| |gg omp2~_r|ª®g§ uNuNnd | !e.{|x?gfp} tuyr|=ndlmp}uy r|w lm~ uy~ gfwRgnz¬} 7oqp.gomuy{¤{,wdnd{,Nx?lmyndgfwgf pynd~ nz¥f {r|(uy~_{|wuy§ psuywBr|w r lm~uy~ w7g uN¶d~wdomp}wdpJw¥ª®{'{ uN |lmovfge.l~ p}guyr|w.lme.uyndw p}wdlmlvwd~ r|g¥g py~ |n dlv~ r|lq {|p}xlmuB tg{,lve.r|lvªpyglm{Ww lvoq~ {W^{|wgfp} tuye2wBlqr¨Nnxgypy¬ omp9{,ndlvr|g ~ uywdw¥{W{|uyn{$ª®uy te2g ~ g!omnde2lvwp}wfg 6¶Ngw2r|gfwp}wBr¤uNe2xzr|g ~R§ ndwg¦fpyovlmd psrtlvuNw *),+.-0/21. ÁÁ È%ldÖ×Ö=Ó.
(38) . , : ; *. 0,01. entrée du choc détonation. 0,00 -0,01 -0,02. a. u.. -0,03. super détonation. -0,04 -0,05. 314 nm 682 nm. -0,06. Interaction avec la fenêtre. -0,07 -0,08 0,0. 1,0µ. 2,0µ. 3,0µ. 4,0µ. 5,0µ. 6,0µ. temps (s). JLKNM&O(=P *. $ 6&(
(39) &c P ?&(% ,:!.% )%' % %& $ $% &( / 2 ,3 4
(40) "8 G ?0/ # S %&) DS ,
(41) : * [U ),+.-. 1. . +.-. 1 ) + -. -. . 1. . ) + 1. 1. . ) + -. . 1. . g{,xpNg . JLKNM&Oh>P
(42) !!" ' % / &( , : U! 3% &( VU. # $BYG '*½ . C d½GCHG f wHe2lvomlvgnH{,ge2l«¹Lr| p}w{|xpy |gwNr g{r{,n{tgxzr|lmdomg. ¥fovg¥{'eJgTgZ?wBgfr rt{'~ {|guyNnuy{omndomge2{'gb^^XWx?lmu}yr|nb |cg{|gh{¬z{,n lv§s¥p}¨BwBnrtpsgrt{ lvuNw ~ grt t~_py§ wp}{ª®{|guy , tr? tgfp ~ ¶ lq~_ps§r|¥flve2ª7gg{r|r'r| tuyg!dgr|rgfw^~ ndg g~ gfl wZ?ng[{,ZDgg Wndr|nwHpy wBp=ryomuNgwddwdlvgoqeJp}wgwB¥fr w~gf tp}yw¥{¤rtlm¨Bbndpyg ¨Bnd~ gg P0o § ¥¨Bndlmomlvd tgr|bdg |e2u ~ ^wpyeJlq¨Bndgovuzp}o_g{,rpsr|r|glvwBr¶ P0o § [g ZDgr ~ gomp ~ l Z?n{,lmuyw g{,r'wd¥fNovlmy¥N¶ P0ompJxd tuyxp}Np}r|lmuyw ~ n p=yuNwdwdgeJgwBrg{r!lmw{,rtp}wBrp}wd¥gy¬ ~ nYf$uBuygfn³H nlmgfwdwBgr ovuN~_wd§ p}ynd{|guynd t xzr|~_lm§uyuyww ~ e2g uy~ wduNuzwdwdbd¥ tuy%g e.$7ps¶drtoqlmp9¨Bndx?%g gf | r|gxxpypy ! p}{|uy txzr|lmuyw ~ p}w{o § ¥ov¥e2gfwBr ~ gyuyomnde2gg{,r'gzxd tlve2¥fgµ(o § p}l ~ g '& )( +* ,Y
(43) Á òÛ . +. ) + -. 1. +.-. 1 ),+-. 1 .
(44) .
(45)
(46) !" #$%'&($ ) *+ ,-!.% )%' % 0/ &( 12 ,3 45 6 7&( 8 95 * '% :<;$ . 7gNp}lmwxp} ¥fe2lq{|{|lmuywª¸p}lvr!¥fNpyovge2gfwBr'lvwBr|g |Ngfwdlm ompJomnde2lvwp}wfg ~ nYuy tx{wduNlv ¶ L rtugf e2 x¥ tWp}r|gnd{, tr!%g ompJ rtxgfe2p} 'x?oq¥fp( psomuyr|nl |~ g g~ pyomwpy{wo § ¥fom¥fe2gwNr ~ gyuyomnde2gy¬dpJovnde2lmwp}wg ~ nYuN |x{wduylm 'g{,r ~ uywwd¥fggfwª®uNw6rtlvuNw ~ gomp ! ) +. ) + -. -. 1. ! 1 ) + -. + -. -. 121. 1. . '=. $
(47) $ ( . ! ) + - 1. u~_ § uyw ~ g% $ g wEA_e ¶^ oqp9 omnde e2 lvwA_p}e wf g {|
(48) ggf{,r r pyovuN t{ "~ !$uy#w%wd%&¥fg gf w A_e e ®oqp¦A_r|e geJ x?{,¥f psrtnd¬d tRg gPd¥lmomrtpypywwBr$¥gfwdzgfxd ty |¥flme2r|lq¥f¨Ngnggfw ~ py[w{gfr$o §oq¥fp¦om¥fovuNe2wdgfywBndr g~ndg Nuyomnde2g!{ § ¥f |lvr & ¶yfg¨Bndl ~ uNwdwdg'o § ¥¨Nnpsr|lmuy w ~ g!r| p}w{,ª®gf |r tp ~ lqpsr|lvªDgzxd tlve2¥fg!{|uyn{ª®uy teJg ~ l ZD¥f tgfwBr|lmgfomomg ¸h * {|uyomnzj^r|lDlmuyoqwp #guydwdpNg6r|g uN~ eJgxo |§ lq¥{,¨Bg¦ngfpswBrtr|lvuN tgw ~ lgZDr ¥f tgfwBgr|{,lmrgfombomgBuye2®huy¤Ngcf{wdr gN~ ¶ uN~ wdgwd¥u^ggfx³.p}f lvgwBr ~_§ p}{,uN |xzrtlvuNw (gr ~ g¦r|geJx?¥f psrtnd tg ¶^p}omuy {¤omp . . ) +. ) +. . ! ) + ) +. . . . . . ),+. -. + -. 1. 1 ) + -. + -. 1. ! 1 ) + -. -. 1 1. +. L . 'B.¿ d .0 s¿+*. ). 1 . ) + -. ' ( - ( - (. ! ) + - 1. 1. . + 1 - ) + 1. *. ! ) + - 1 1. (. $ uyn ' |¥ ~ ndlm |gomgwuye9 |g ~_§ lvwuywwBng{¶zlvoRg{r'xd tuyx?uN{|¥ ~ gr| p}lvr|g !{,ng{|{|lvNgfe2gfwBr ~ g{fpy{{|lve2xdoml,Y¥{ P0omp ~ ¥fr|uNwpsrtlvuNw{,rtp}r|lmuywdwpylv tg{,uNnzr|gwBngCFfpN{Y6¶ P0omp ~ ¥fr|uNwpsrtlvuNw{,rtp}r|lmuywdwpylv tgp=yg ~ ¥fr|gfwBrtg ~ g{'x |u ~ ndlvrt{lq{t{,n{ ~ gomp ~ ¥fr|uywpsr|lmuyw¸py{!6¶ P0omp2{|ndx?gf ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuyw {,lme2xdov,l Y¥Bg ¸fpNU{ =¤x?uynd 'xdomn{|lvgnd {lvw{,rtpywBrt{¶ P0ndw py{.N¥fwd¥ |lq¨Bndg ¸py{±h 2lq{|{|n ~_§ ndwdg&{,lme9ndoqpsrtlvuNw0w^nde2¥f tlm¨Bndg ~ lv tgr|g ~ g4o § b^ ~ |u ~ ^wpyeJlq¨BndgU p ~ lqpsrtlvNgY{,g tp gfw{|ndlvr|grt tpyl«rt¥x?uyn '=pyovl ~ g 'ompJe2¥rtbdu ~ gy¬ . ,. . h=L M N =D= 3hL . $dd¶¶ yNNyydcMssM }h^L M dd¶¶ MssM BL%!N=yL N}L zM L dd¶¶ y}M NyyN}M yNyzNh dd¶¶ y!y= hGN=y}yL hy= dd¶¶ }L}L N y}L NNd}hcDLyM M dd¶¶ L%}L =Ny=NNdysMNN dd¶¶ hNhcy= hN=M hf3h}M y3L dd¶¶ hNy= NyBB}%}=hyL =. HA_e . .+-/1032. ¶¶ B}}}hBhB ¶¶ NNy NMsNN ¶¶ NN}hNM=hBN ¶¶ BNy! L!LLLM ¶¶ BsG ch=yBM%= ¶¶ BychM=MshcNL ¶¶ yNhN!!=N=LL ¶¶vyhN dMsL. . e 46A_-5
(49) e 798
(50) : ; {|
(51) MsM}y3BM}y!dLz¶¶ hyLyhByLzND= }Ms =y= M%=y=dd¶ y¶myNydhNN h=yNLy!}(h=cM^M^¶¶ =}yhyyhBychyM hyL}M=(hchB}LsMshBNNddd¶¶¶ =} hBL}M!N}M}hN LM L!LL}Nd¶ M%L}NN hNL}yNydy=cLy3 dLzM^¶¶¶ !yM}=d! L}LyhhNy= =NyyNd¶ M=hBy hB}}hMz¶¶vLhM%=LyN=d . . . . & O?,P5&( : , 8 9 #(!& &( / ! =<! )'$08 &(U ,%' ?!# : &(?>
(52) ! @BAC.+/1032 ! G %' % X !% %& & " &( 465 7D8
(53) : ;
(54) EX!.S.&(
(55) & $; &( ' HS &( &( ' % )D! "&( #$%&(5 / '& & D " ,YU. ~i n ~ dlm{|¿yx?½uN*{|l«C¸rtl«½Gª'C9x?F_uy nd'^ (ov¿Ng »~ ¡uy &e.p} lmBwdgH'^ ^lq{, lmd§ ¥fomg±xpy{,lmuN{twB{,grndov 7lq{lmrtwd¥flvgr|{ lqp}~omg py~wg{#omg±F)agp}{,dr omg~ pygn0!Ly¬7e2 e § g¬s |R tgfgnd{ 9p} |g ompyp}6r|rtlm¥fy tg lm{,~r|lqgH¨Bnde2gg{ {,~ ndg t{¤g ~ g~ {¥rtr|gfgw6rt{|gflvuNndw {{ ÁÁ È%ldÖ×Ö=Ó.
(56) . , : ; * ,. =. . hL M y G= fDhL . y! = dd¶¶ yyNNyyyM dd¶¶ }yhN=yyyy dd¶¶ dyN}yhNy dd¶¶ yyNNyyyy dd¶¶ yyNNyyyy dd¶¶ yyNNyyyy dy¶¶mLyyyd!fh= !3=NMzy¶ Bd}¶ yyM}h L. = L}N. =y Ly }yNd¶ Ld¶my yM^hc M hN=dNNd¶¶ NMs¶ L%hN=y=y !DL =L =y¶ y M!L =!=¶v=shB}h =y¶vM}dfh =y¶ ych M}y =Nd¶ BzD =N =y¶ =Ny L!L yd¶ yd ! Ld¶ ==Lyy N¶ L!¶ N=yyM!yL}h N¶ hB LshB. P. }yy¶ d P L}¶ LN=! = M ! =¶ hBy yM}d¶ hN¶ L!ch =yM!NL! L Ld¶ yh =N L y}h¶¶ =cLLzMsL}M dM=N¶v¶ LyD =dM%=NM hM==dhLd¶ !¶v¶ hB=c}yM=hBNh^Nd h¶mNyyh. hc}L N LMz¶ NyyN =y¶ = sL hNcM }G= zM ¶¶ yL¶ N= !=M yhNy= Bc= M G=d¶¶ NcMy=}L BL G=d¶¶ N=}M }yhBNyd ydN¶ M¶ N= }}L hBNy d^M ¶m¶mGN= ysM B L hd¶¶ y=y= NyyBM d¶ }= h = MM. yNy NM^y¶¶ =yL%B=NyshyL dd¶¶ }=}hNhNN=yy h=d¶m¶ }DhL}=BB}} =d¶ y}hBd =d¶ hNd=} =d¶myy L zyz¶¶ L}¶ L%Ls=hNM%=}hB=h L yd¶Ì%¶ =yM}N!y= dd¶¶ ! =yLshBBy M. MsyN Mz¶ y¶ Nd!f=NhNNh Ld¶ = L!Ld =¶ Nyd M dd¶¶ Ld Msfhy! hc=BL NNd¶¶ cMz¶ NMsd}}hBh = NN¶ =¶ NL}NNy! = ¶¶ LyMMsyM!NM} ¶¶ B¶ =NyD }LsLhBNL . & ONLP*!" , S D S ' 0/ !" ' % - VS ;c% :%' 7& $%&(+ 9
(57) E 9 #(!& &( 0/ % ) %& % $ 4 " &( VUU %&(? , $ & $ > @ AZ &(? , )D&( ' "!!.% )%' % 1%&!2 # %'&( &D$ &( TU. dx~ lmome2ndxflvw^pywd ,ndgr g(~rtp=pygyd{'gom¦fg pNoq~ {'pJg9¨Br|fndgfuBe2lRgfwdx?³HuN¥fn lmps{'gfrtwBndrtuN |{ wg ~Rdg§ xdpy |wd tgfg{,w wBuN~r |xd¬ tgr|lmuyomp2w se2pyovuygwdnduz !e2bd tusuyye.gwdpswdrtlmg¨Bndµg3x?M!uyM%=nd ¦¼¨Nn tgfgf^oq¨NlvgnwBgr {'~ rtgfuye2wx?¥fµJ pse.r|psn |uNg |{'gg !{,rgf¥fr,Br|gp}omggf |e2 tgfgfnwB r'~ª®uNp}ndw |{!womlvpg x tgfpyx? uNom{gJ¶ygf£¤r¤& p}= n ~grgomovµlq{,¶yr|x?¥fuyg nd~ ¤p}ovwg{{!xdovg9 tu a~ p}ndlvovrtg{ p}~ n4g z~ ¬ ¥f\ r|uyw}ps r|= lmuy2w7¶¬^£¤ggomp.{ ~ fgfuy t twd |glmgf{, x?{Wuyw u^~ gf³.pynzflvgwBfu^rt{g³H{|uywBlmrgfwB~ rt¥f{ r|g~_ |§ e2p}lm{|wduy¥ t{ xz~ r|lmg'uyª¸wpy©fx?uyuyw.nd ¦gf^ovg9x?¥f tlmF eJgp}wzn ¹ rxdp} tomgfgHe2µlmcfx tgp}{ |r|omlmuy wd~_Nnd§ ngfwn t{ gn ~_§ ~uywg.~ ovgneJµ lm= wL}pyNw g{x¸wdp}l7 x?nuywdng2 r|~ gg{bdwdrtgflq¨Ne2nxgJ¥w tp}g.r|ndx tgg |{e2lmgwzr|ª®rt¥py |wNlmgfrnd txgpy{{ ¶dµ(~ g r|uN~ nz¥r|Ygwd{'lm ovg{~ g.ovuNswdp}yomngfndgfnd x?{ uy~_n§ uN w ov~g{g 6~ ¬ gfnd uNfgfwNx?r'gf å¥fwdw r|lv~ ¥r|pylqfp}wBpyomrgfom¶dfe2ndoqp.gov¥wN{,grlm{¶ye2lmµJodxd¥omo lmr§ f åp}wdl«rtlv tr¤¥lmpJguNr!{|w^uyoqynp2gf{w^ tpyomn2gxd{ ¨Bl ~nd~ l«g'lmrt |¥ ovgg6~_{rt§lvomnzNndr|ge2lm{ ovlqlv~{twpsnUp}r|wlm£¤uyfw g& { =J~ ~ n ¶dpygfwomwuy{ Nxomlmgfpy{lv ,g¨Brto lmnf~ p}nd¥fr|ovN tlmgfgfg! 'omuyffxdpNuy{x?w¥~ fn.gfx tp}e.w 'p}p}owB § årwdbdov |g¥'lq{'p2{,gfuy tp}wBpy rlvpygª¸wBr|p}r¥lvr¦ |ª®lquN{¨Bndrtndlm t¨Bgwdndlvfggg{ {{xxdompynd t ¥e2fovlmg¦lv{|wg£¤py{ w ~ =Jgg{{ ¶ xd~ tg%u{Yr|omg{¤e2r|bx¥f¥uy tp} tlqr|¨Nndn tgg{{'~µJgo § r|pygl eJ~ g x?~¥f nYpsrtandp} tdgyom¬zgRpyn g{¤ds¬ pyovgnd t{ ~ gfuBgf³HlmgfwBr ~R§ py{,uN |xdr|lmuyw±{|uywBrr|uyn}uynd { ~ ¥rtgf teJlmwd¥g{gfw±ª®uywr|lmuyw . drtwi bdgdgfp} t nze2 H lm¨B¢~ ndg .gNB¶r|½ge2*»eJB ¥x?z¥fp}G½ wdCFps*» lqrt¨BB ndnd tg±dggf tr2½gf)» xB |b¥»?lv{,e2 gwNlq¨N'rtn¥f{Jg ½ z{,nG½o § .CF¥*» rtomBp}prJB W lvC N®nd'gf twPg »?p=Ly7=pdpy½ ¬wB' rB_p ~ 'n ~ ¥ª®r| t7uNuygwwB{rpsrtxdlv tuNgu%{,w°Yr(oqg{om{grH~ g tgfFrtxdgfe2 tpy¥x{|n¡gf¥wB t |p}rtg¥fr|xg nduB t{?g!uyFrte2µUbd¥fe2xduN tg |glq{t¨Bnd{,ndwdlmuygg w{~ {|gfuylqr({twBr rtuygfwB~ e2rtglv{x?w^¥fnd tlvr|ps¥¥ ¹¹ rtFnd# |F gYpy~ e9¥duylqe2p}wBx?r|uNg {|¥Y~ uN¬ wwduyw ~ ¥fuye2x?uN{|¥Y(gr.o § ¥frtpsr ®gw¯py | tlmcf tg ~ nPª® tuywBr( tgfxd t¥{|gfwBr|gomg{2xd tu ~ ndlvrt{ ~ g ~ ¥fr|uywpsr|lmuyw 7g{'fpy tpN6rt¥f tlm{,r|lq¨Bndg{ ~ gg{xd tu%Yoq{'{,uNwBr P[µ C AR{¶zovgª® tuywBr!{|g¦rt |uNndyggw Je2e¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ go § lvwBrtgf |ª¸pygxdoqpy¨Bndg =gf^xovuB{,lvª7g{,r N Le }{f¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ nY# F5p}n tgfx?uN{g{,r ¼} = 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ nY# F ~ ¥uye2x?uN{|¥g{,r
(58) =Nyy 2¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ nª® tuywBr'g{,r M}ye }{f¶ P0ovg{ovneJlmwpywg{!{,uNwBre2g{,nd t¥fg{¤r|uyn{ovg{ }(w{$n{t¨Bn § µ / Ch AR{f¬ omg{'x7 |gu {~ lvndwlvrtuy{ w~ wBg ng~ {¥rtx?uyuywndp} r|lmo uy§ lmwRw^¬ ygf {|lvuNw{|uywBroqp(r|geJx?¥f psrtnd tg ~ n±ª® tuywBr [gr!oqprp}domg ~ gu^g³HflvgwNr{ ~_§ p}{|uy txzr|lmuywxuNnd . . . !. !.
(59) . !. ". *. ". . . ". Á òÛ.
(60) .
(61)
(62)
(63) !" #$%'&($ ) *+ ,-!.% )%' % 0/ &( 12 ,3 45 6 7&( 8 95 * '% :<;$ . y. ?xi ~ ¥fdlv e2psrtlm] ndw^nz |¢ gr|.lmrtuyNbdw ½¥f*» uN~ B |g±lqz¨BoqD½ ndp C¸g)» {$r|B g teJgffxd½x? tz¥f¥G½ {|CFpsgf*» rtwBBndrt t¥B g{$ {,C nn' {t¨Nomnp _ § WµY'^lv¿ Nnndwd. tg.BgU½ r|L}'cg(BDe2½ e2x' ¥uN t. wNp}rt'^r| |P ndg twBj g±r$=n»uNwd.wg {,~C®rt½p}lq{|? wBfrtC¸uygYwB6r|¬lmw^ nd. l«rt |'¥ gxdÀ~ tg¥.r|{|ggfBeJwB½r|»*x?g.B ¥foq zp ps½GrtCFr|nd»*g tBe2g!x{,¥nd7 tlmg^p}{Wr|lvg ndxd t~_ |g u!§ ndY~ wdoqn°{g ~ ~ g'¥F*r|rtggfwBeJp}r|n g ¹ tfgfuyx?wuN{,rt{py¶ wN rtPgomp}pxd trtcgfe2{oqx?p ¥f~ ps¥r|rtngfwB |g r|gN~ ¬ g{xd tu ~ ndlvrt{Wlm{t{,n{ ~ g!oqp ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuywn{,r|g¦p}xd tc{ oqp ~ lq{|fuywBr|lmw^ndlvr|¥!gfr 8'; omprtgfe2x?¥f psr|n |g 7g{'fpy tpN6rt¥f tlm{,r|lq¨Bndg{ ~ gg{xd tu%Yoq{'{,uNwBr P[µ C AR{¶zovgª® tuywBr!{|g¦rt |uNndyggw Je2e¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ go § lvwBrtgf |ª¸pygxdoqpy¨Bndg =gf^xovuB{,lvª7g{,r G =yN9e }{f¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ nY# F5p}n tgfx?uN{g{,r ¼} = 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ g{!xd |u ~ nl«r{ ~ g ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuyw(n{,r|gp}x |c{¤oqp ~ lq{|fuywBr|lmw^ndl«rt¥g{,r
(64) = L%=N 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ nY# F ~ ¥uye2x?uN{|¥g{,r 8
(65) ; =NyN 2¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ nª® tuywBr'g{,r Nyye }{f¶ P0ovg{ovneJlmwpywg{!{,uNwBre2g{,nd t¥fg{¤r|uyn{ovg{ =dN¶ ych Mw{n{|¨Bn § µ / =d¶ }hN> AR{f¬ rtgfwBr|7g g{lvw8'; uy¶dwoqp(wBnª®uyg t{ e2x?g uy~ndg omo p § lmw^~ y¥fgfr| gf{|wBlvrtuNgw gr!{,uNoqwBp9r rp}oqp°domgr|gf~e2gx?¥fu^ gfps³.rtndf |lvg gwB~ rt{n ~_ª®§ tp}uywB{|r uy t xzrtlv¶'uNwoqp¡x?rtuygfnde2 'x?omg¥f{ psxr| |nu |~ g ndlv{|rtuy{ nz~ rtgfg w^~ nd¥g´rtuyp}wxdp} tr|clm{uywRoqp¬ ~ ¥f¹ !. ". . !. !.
(66) . !. ". *. ". . . 2500 2000 1500 1000 500. . 0. coefficient d’absorption (1/m). température (K). 4000 3000 2000 1000. ¿. 4. 6 8 10 12 −3 position dans le repère fixe (m) x 10. 40 30 20. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000. 10 0. 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 position dans le repère fixe (m). 5000. 50. 500 0. . 5000. 800. 4000. 600 400 200. 3000 2000 1000. .. 4. 6 0 8 0.00210 0.00412 0.006 0.008 0.01 −3 position dans le repère position fixe (m) dans x 10 le repère fixe (m). JLKNM&O LBP !- #$%'&( ; 7& & DS ; VU 3
(67) U!.% ) &( * ) &( & .&( -) &c " ,
(68) 8 BA U ! )%' % 1 .%' % )% 3S *. #)D&( '
(69) &c : , ! )%' % .&( X) &c ,
(70) 38
(71) !
(72) A U ¿ @ &D 1 #) .&( X) .%&c
(73) ,
(74) 8
(75) @A U . % S ( 7& CS S &( ,D"S &( G & 9U ; <3 7& .&( : 0&c P ,
(76) 8
(77) !A U. ÁÁ È%ldÖ×Ö=Ó. 800 600 400 200 0. 0.005 0.01 0 0.015 0.005 0.02 0.01 0.025 0.015 0.02 0.025 position dans le repère position fixe (m) dans le repère fixe (m). 1000. 0. 1000. coefficient d’absorption (1/m). 3000. 3500. température (K). température (K). 3500. 4000. 60. température (K). coefficient d’absorption (1/m). 4000. coefficient d’absorption (1/m). ". 0. 0.00 pos. 0. 0.00 pos. 800 600 400 200 0.
(78) =. , : ; *. |{i ndffga{t{,lm¢¤yg e2j gf'*wBr .~ Bg½»)omp B ~ z t½GuyCF»*lvr|B gyGgCF t {joqpJÀ'C N$pyn' bdg £¤bpN¨Bndgxd tu%Yo ~ g9r|gfe2x?¥f psrtnd |gr|bd¥uy tlm¨Bndg ~ g9oqp?WlvNnd tg
(79) L}g{ruNw{rtl«rtnd¥ P ~_§ ndwdg ~ lq{|fuywBr|lmw^ndlvr|¥ ~ gr|ge2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ ndgµJndwYbduz}¶ P ~_§ ndw ¥rtp}ruNw{rp}wBr¶ P ~_§ ndwdg({|gfuyw ~ g ~ lq{|fuywBr|lmw^ndlvr|¥rtbdgf te2lm¨BndgN¶e2¥fp}wlm¨Bndggfrblve2lq¨Nng(uN | tg{|x?uyw ~ pywBrµHo § pyxdxp} tlvr|lmuyw ~ g(omp{,ndx?gf |¹ ~ ¥rtuywp}r|lmuywR¶ P ~_§ ndwdg ~ ¥fr|gfwBrtgfp} pyr|¥ |lq{,¥gxpy 'ndwdg ~ lme2lvw^nzrtlvuNw ~ gr|gfe2x?¥f psrtnd |gxdnlm{'nwdgr|geJx?¥f psrtnd tgfuyw{,rtpywBr|gy¬ p ~7lmg{,{'rtpyfwpy tgpN6grtwN¥frt t |lmg{,r|omlqg¨B{ ndg~ { gnz~ g~ glm{t{xduN twNu%rtYlvw^oq{'ndlv{,r|uN¥wB{ r ~ lmeJlmw^ndggfwª®uyw6r|lmuyw ~ nrtgfe2x{¬ P[µ C AR{¶zovgbu^{|gr| tuyndNggw ¼Je2e ¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ go § lvwBrtgf |ª¸pygxdoqpy¨Bndg =gf^xovuB{,lvª7g{,r N Le }{f¶ P[µ N¶ AR{¶do § uyw ~ g ~ g{,nxg ~ ¥fr|uNwpsrtlvuNwp}xxp} p qr¶zomgbduz{|gr| tuynyg ~ uywgw d¶ (e2e¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ nY# F5p}n tgfx?uN{g{,r ¼} = 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tg ~ gf t tlvc |govgª® tuywBr ~ gbduzg{,r D =!=y 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tgn{,r|gp}x |c{ovgª® tuywBr ~ g{,nxg ~ ¥fr|uNwpsrtlvuNwg{r hN Ly 2¶ P0omp(rtgfe2x¥ tp}r|nd tgp}xd tc{oqp ~ ¥rtgfwBr|gg{r 8'; =Nyy 2¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ n bu^g{r h =Ly9e s{¶ P0ompJ^lvr|g{t{|g ~ gomp2{|ndxg ~ ¥r|uNwpsrtlvuNwg{r ¼Nyy(e }{f¶ P0ovg{ovneJlmwpywg{!{,uNwBre2g{,nd t¥fg{¤r|uyn{ovg{ }(w{$n{t¨Bn § µ / ¼z¶ LAR{f¬ oqx?puyndr|7gf e2gov{_gx?{lm¥fwxd ps |uNrtu wdnd~ w^ |nndg2l«gr{|{7{ uyx~nzuNgrtgfnd~w^ R¥ndo rt§g2lmuyw^wp}yp}xdgr| t tlmc{|uy{¦lvwRuNomw¬ p {,~uN¥fwNr|rRgfoqwBprtrtg gfe2 x¥8
Documents relatifs
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des
[…] Chez nous, le parterre […] est composé communément des citoyens les moins riches, les moins maniérés, les moins raffinés dans leurs mœurs ; de ceux
But on another hand, increasing q at constant operative pressure results in decreasing the equilibrium pressure, by decreasing the operative temperature (Figure 9), and finally, it
Ensuite, pour déterminer lesquelles des voix créées pouvaient être qualifiées d’« androgynes », nous avons fait un test de perception dans lequel nous avons demandé
Toutefois, des améliorations sont à prévoir car bien que la protection induite par ces glycoconjugués soit significative, elle n’est cependant pas optimale pour mettre
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des
Venant compléter les nombreux guides spécialisés qui informent le touriste gay sur les différents lieux et structures qu’il pourra fréquenter s’il recherche son
Une fois la décision judiciaire rendue, deux possibilités se dessinent au travers du discours des membres de l’association : soit le parent qui subit la séparation
