• Aucun résultat trouvé

High bubble concentrations produced by ultrasounds in binary mixtures

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "High bubble concentrations produced by ultrasounds in binary mixtures"

Copied!
8
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-01678816

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01678816

Submitted on 7 Nov 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of

sci-entific research documents, whether they are

pub-lished or not. The documents may come from

teaching and research institutions in France or

abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de

recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires

publics ou privés.

High bubble concentrations produced by ultrasounds in

binary mixtures

Olivier Louisnard, Nathalie Lyczko, Fabienne Espitalier, M Urzedowski, Y

Vargas-hernandez, C Sanchez-romero

To cite this version:

Olivier Louisnard, Nathalie Lyczko, Fabienne Espitalier, M Urzedowski, Y Vargas-hernandez, et al..

High bubble concentrations produced by ultrasounds in binary mixtures. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,

Elsevier, 2001, 8 (3), pp.183-189. �10.1016/S1350-4177(01)00076-1�. �hal-01678816�

(2)

!"#$ %&%%'( )*+)(+,-.,"*+/ 0-*1&)(1 %2 &',-./*&+1/ "+

%"+.-2 3"4,&-(/

56 7*&"/+.-1

.89

8 :6 72);<*

.

8 =6 >/0",.'"(-

.

8 ?6 @-;(1*A/<"

.

8 B6 C.-#./D!(-+.+1(;

%

8

E6 F.+)$(;DG*3(-*

% .!"#$%" &'()%"* "$ &%'+!!)!!*, -+'." )"* /0#"* )12.304!5%65(7, 89:9; 2.30 !")"7 :<, =%5#+" % >53'%5$'%0' )" ?.$%5*'#0)'*, ?#0@"%*0)5) )" A5#$05B' )" !C0.", !5*0.05 ;:D, A5#$05B'4E, !C0." !"#$%&'$

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

F"GH'%)*I R)*&/,") ).I",.,"*+V F&-K.),.+,/V F&-K.)( ,(+/"*+V =-.#3(+,.,"*+V P"//*'&,"*+

() *+$%,-.'$/,+

W*A(- &',-./*&+1 .-( <+*A+ ,* 0-*1&)( ).I",.,"*+ %&%%'(/ "+ '"M&"1/6 T$(/( %&%%'(/ (3(-#( K-*3 #./ +&)'(" /,.%"'"/(1 "+ ,$( %&'< *K ,$( '"M&"1 *- ,-.00(1 "+ ,$( I(//(' A.''/ .+1 /*'"1 "30&-","(/ .+1 3&',"0'2 %2 . )*3%"+.,"*+ *K /(I(-.' 0$(+*3(+. /&)$ ./ -(),"J(1 1"L&/"*+8 )*.'(/)(+)( *- K-.#3(+,.,"*+ XSY6 =*- ZU <!; &',-./*&+1 K-(M&(+)"(/8 ,$( -(/&',"+# %&%%'( 0*0&'.,"*+ ).+ %( /((+ %2 ,$( &+."1(1 (2( ./ ,$(2 /('KD*-#.+"/( ./ )'&/,(-/ *- J'.3(+,/8 #(+(-.''2 +(.- '*).,"*+/ *K 3.4"D 3&3 .)*&/,") 0-(//&-( XZ8[Y6

H+ *-1(- ,* (+/&-( . /&\)"(+, +&3%(- *K ).I",.,"*+ %&%%'(/ .+1 ,* )*+,-*' ,$("- #./ )*+,(+,8 /*+*)$(3"/,-2 (40(-"3(+,/ #(+(-.''2 "+I*'I( . 1"-(), %&%%'"+# *K ,$( /*'&,"*+ A",$ /*3( /0()"J) #./6 >I(+ "+ ,$"/ )./( .+1 .',$*&#$ ,$*&/.+1/ *K /3.'' %&%%'(/ .00(.- "+ ,$( '"MD &"18 ,$( #'*%.' I*"1 K-.),"*+ /,.2/ /3.''8 .+1 ,$( A$*'( /*'&,"*+ -.,$(- ,-.+/0.-(+,6 RK,(-A.-1/8 A$(+ &',-.D /*&+1/ .-( /A",)$(1 *L8 ,$( ).I",.,"*+ %&%%'(/ 1"/.0D

0(.- *+ . ,"3( /).'( *K ,$( *-1(- *K S /8 3*/, *K ,$(3 %2 1"//*'&,"*+ &+1(- ,$( (L(), *K 7.0'.)( ,(+/"*+6

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

T* *&- <+*A'(1#(8 /&)$ . 0$(+*3(+*+ $./ +(I(-%((+ -(0*-,(18 .+1 ",/ /"+#&'.-",2 "+ ,$( )*+,(4, *K ).ID ",.,"*+ 1(/(-I(1 K&-,$(- "+I(/,"#.,"*+6 H+ ,$"/ .-,")'(8 A( 0-*0*/( .+ .+.'2/"/ *K ,$( )'*&1 1"/.00(.-.+)( .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+ .+1 1"/)&// ,$( 0*//"%'( *-"#"+/ *K ",/ K*-3.,"*+6 0) 1234%/54+$&6 T$( (40(-"3(+,.' /(,D&0 "/ 0-(/(+,(1 "+ ="#6 S] . -(),.+#&'.- I(//(' *K 1"3(+/"*+/ ^!^ )3! ^!^ )3 ! _ )3 9 E*--(/0*+1"+# .&,$*-6

(3)

"/ 0.-,".''2 J''(1 &0 ,* a )3 A",$ . %"+.-2 3"4,&-(6 T$( K*''*A"+# 3"4,&-(/ A(-( ,(/,(1]

! b.,(-N/*1"&3D1*1()2'D/&'0$.,( OFPFQ ., ,A* )*+D )(+,-.,"*+/] SN^U,$ .+1 SNSUU,$ *K ,$( )-",").' 3")(''.-)*+)(+,-.,"*+ O_6[ 3*'N3[Q A$")$ A( A"'' 1(+*,(

FPF^U .+1 FPFSUU "+ ,$( K*''*A"+#6

! b.,(-N0*,.//"&3D/&'0$.,( A",$ . )*+)(+,-.,"*+ *K U6SS #N'8 A$")$ A( A"'' 1(+*,( cZF5d6

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

F(I(-.' 3(,$*1/ A(-( ,(/,(1 ,* K((1 ,$( '"M&"1 A",$ %&%%'(/6 T$( 3*/, +.,&-.' *+( )*+/"/,(1 "+ 1"-(),'2 %'*A"+# ."- ,$-*&#$ . /3.'' 0"()( *K 0*-*&/ 3(1"&3 "33(-/(1 "+ ,$( I(//('6 R /()*+1 '(//D"+,&","I( 3(,$*1 A./ 0(-K*-3(1 %2 0&,,"+# ,$( ,"0 *K ,$( ,-.+/1&)(- e&/, ., ,$( ."-f'"M&"1 "+,(-K.)(6 F&)$ .+ .--.+#(3(+, )-(.,(/ -"00'(/ ., ,$( '"M&"1 /&-K.)(8 /* ,$., ."- 0*)<(,/ A(-( )*+,"+&*&/'2 ,-.00(1 e&/, &+1(- ,$( ,-.+/1&)(-6 T$"/ 3(,$*1 2"('1(1 -(0-*1&)"%'( -(/&',/ .+1 .I*"1(1 ,$( "+,-*1&),"*+ *K .+2 K*-("#+ %*12 "+ ,$( '"M&"16

T$(+8 "+ *-1(- ,* 3*+",*- ,$( ./0(), *K ,$( /*'&,"*+ 1&-"+# .+1 .K,(- ,$( "+/*+"J).,"*+8 ,$( I(//(' A./ "''&D 3"+.,(1 K-*3 .%*I( A",$ . /,.+1.-1 $.'*#(+ '.30 .+1 ,$( '"M&"1 A./ J'3(1 K-*3 *+( /"1( *K ,$( I(//(' A",$ . )'.//").' Z^ K-.3(/N/ ).3(-.6 =*- (.)$ (40(-"3(+,8 ,$( /*'&,"*+ A./ "+/*+"J(1 K*- SU /8 .+1 . I"1(* /(M&(+)( *K [ 3"+ A./ -()*-1(16

="#6 Z /$*A/ ,$( ./0(), *K ,$( '"M&"1 OA.,(-N0*,./D /"&3D/&'0$.,(Q e&/, .K,(- /,.-,"+# ,$( "+/*+"J).,"*+] ,&-%"1",2 .00(.-/ "33(1".,('2 &+1(- ,$( ,-.+/1&)(- .+1 "/ ,$(+ )*+I(),(1 %2 .)*&/,") )&--(+,/ ,* J+.''2 J'' ,$( A$*'( I*'&3( *K ,$( I(//(' "+ '(// ,$.+ Z /6

RK,(-A.-1/8 *+)( ,$( &',-./*&+1 .-( /A",)$(1 *L8 ,$( )'*&1 #-.1&.''2 1"/.00(.-/ O="#6 [Q *+ ,"3( /).'(/ *K ,$( *-1(- *K S 3"+6 RK,(- . K(A /()*+1/8 . ,&-%"1",2 K-*+, (3(-#(/ K-*3 ,$( %*,,*3 *K ,$( I(//(' .+1 /'*A'2 -"/(/8 '(.I"+# . ,-.+/0.-(+)2 ;*+( %('*A6 T$( /.3( #'*%.' %($.I"*&- A./ *%/(-I(1 K*- .'' "+/*+"J(1 %"+.-2 3"4D ,&-(/8 (4)(0, K*- ,** '*A .)*&/,") 0-(//&-(/ A$(-( ).I"D ,.,"*+ %&%%'(/ )*&'1 %( *%/(-I(18 %&, 1"1 +*, K*-3 .+2 )'*&16

T$( /0()".' .--.+#(3(+, *K ,$( ,-.+/1&)(- e&/, ., ,$( /&-K.)( *K ,$( '"M&"1 3"#$, 2"('1 . 1"L(-(+, .)*&/,") (+(-#2 ,-.+/K(- ,* ,$( /*'&,"*+6 T$"/ A./ )$()<(1 "+ ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+ %2 &/( *K . ).'*-"3(,-") 3(,$*1 K*- ,A*

1"L(-(+, .--.+#(3(+,/ *K ,$( $*-+] K-*3 *+( $.+1 A",$ ,$( ,"0 '*).,(1 ., ,$( /&-K.)( *K ,$( '"M&"18 K-*3 ,$( *,$(-="#6 Z6 F,.,( *K ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+ ., 1"L(-(+, ,"3(/ .K,(- /,.-,"+# ,$( "+/*+"J).,"*+] K-*3 '(K, ,* -"#$,]" # g"Z^ /8 " # S["Z^ /8 " # Zg"Z^ /6 ="#6 S6 >40(-"3(+,.' /(,D&06 ="#6 [6 F,.,( *K ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+ (I(-2 ^ / .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"D J).,"*+ OK-*3 '(K, ,* -"#$, .+1 ,*0 ,* %*,,*3Q K*- ,$( /.3( (40(-"3(+, ./ ="#6 Z6 T$( ,*0 '(K, "3.#( )*--(/0*+1/ ,* ,$( "+/,.+, ., A$")$ &'D ,-./*&+1/ .-( /A",)$(1 *L6 T$( 1"3(+/"*+/ .-( "+1").,(1 "+ )3 *+ ,$( '(K,D%*,,*3 "3.#(6

(4)

$.+1 A",$ ,$( ,"0 1"00(1 "+ ,$( '"M&"16 T$( -(/&',/ .-( /$*A+ "+ T.%'( S] ", "/ /((+ ,$., ,$( K*-3(- .--.+#(3(+, 2"('1/ . '*A(- 1"//"0.,(1 0*A(- ,$.+ ,$( '.,,(-8 A$")$ "/ ,$( .,,(+1(1 -(/&', /"+)( /*3( K-.),"*+ *K ,$( 3()$.+").' (+(-#2 "/ &/(1 ,* )-(.,( +(A "+,(-K.)( "+ ,$( 3(1"&36 T$( 1"L(-(+)( %(,A((+ ,$( ,A* 3(./&-(/ 3"#$, %( .+ "+1").,"*+ *K ,$( ,*,.' /&-K.)( )-(.,(1 %&, ,$"/ $./ /,"'' ,* %( 1(3*+/,-.,(16

7.-#(- "+/*+"J).,"*+ ,"3(/ O&0 ,* ZU 3"+Q A(-( .'/* &/(1 "+ *-1(- ,* )$()< .+2 (L(), *+ ,$( 0$(+*3(+*+6 :* M&.'",.,"I( )$.+#( A./ (+)*&+,(-(1 "+ ,$( 0$(D +*3(+*+ .0.-, K-*3 . )'.//").' ,(30(-.,&-( "+)-(./(6

7) 84#.6$#

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

F(I(-.' "/*DI.'&( )&-I(/ *K ,$( ,&-%"1",2 K&+),"*+ #$$# %# "% A(-( ).')&'.,(1 ., (.)$ ,"3( .+1 0'*,,(1 "+ ,$( $$# %% 0'.+(6 R+ (4.30'( "/ /$*A+ "+ ="#6 d K*- ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+] ", 3.2 %( /((+ ,$., (4)(0, K*- ,$( J-/, /()*+1/8 ,$( ,&-%"1",2 K-*+, "/ .00-*4"3.,('2 3*+*1"D 3(+/"*+.'8 "+1").,"+# ,$., .'' %&%%'(/ '*).,(1 ., ,$( /.3( 1(0,$ /$*A .00-*4"3.,('2 ,$( /.3( %($.I"*&-6 T$&/8 ,$( ,&-%"1",2 K&+),"*+ 3.2 %( -(1&)(1 ,* . ,A*D I.-".%'(/ K&+),"*+#$%# "%8 *%,."+(1 %2 .I(-.#"+# *I(- 7 ,$( #-(2D'(I(' I.'&(/ ., (.)$ J6 T$( /3.'' 1(0.-,&-(/ K-*3 $*-";*+,.'",2 "+ ,$( '(I(' )&-I(/ *K ="#6 d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

T.%'( S

P"//"0.,(1 0*A(- "+ ,$( 3(1"&3 3(./&-(1 %2 ).'*-"3(,-2 K*- ,A* .--.+#(3(+,/ *K ,$( $*-+ "+ ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+6 T$( "+1").,(1 I*',.#(

)*--(/0*+1/ ,* ,$( $21-*0$*+( *&,0&, "+ 0&-( A.,(- K*- ,$( /.3( #-.1&.,"*+ '(I(' *K ,$(

#(+(-.,*-K O3CQ & ObQ8 $*-+ 1"00"+# & ObQ8 $*-+ ., ,$( /&-K.)(

S[S dd [Z

Sd^ hZ d_

S^a SUU a_6[

="#6 d6 i-(2D'(I(' )&-I(/ *K ,$( "3.#(/ *K ="#6 [6 j'.)< -(#"*+/ )*-D -(/0*+1 ,* . ,-.+/0.-(+, /*'&,"*+8 .+1 A$",( -(#"*+/ ,* . )'*&12 /*D '&,"*+6

="#6 ^6 T(30*-.' (I*'&,"*+ *K ,&-%"1",2 *K FPF^U /*'&,"*+/ O!!Q .+1 FPFSUU /*'&,"*+/ OD D DQ ., 1"L(-(+, 1(0,$/ "+ ,$( I(//('6 j*,,*3 ,* &0] % # S8 Z8 [8 d8 ^8 h )38 A$(-( J "/ )*&+,(1 K-*3 ,$( %*,,*3 *K ,$( I(//('6

(5)

)*+)(+,-.,"*+8 .+1 ,$., ,$( 0-*)(// $./ ,* 1* A",$ /&-D K.)( ,(+/"*+6 T$"/ A"'' %( 1"/)&//(1 %('*A6

="#6 h /$*A/ ,$( /.3( )&-I(/ K*- ,$( cZF5d /*'&,"*+

., ,$( /.3( 0*A(- '(I('6 T$( )&-I(/ K*- ,$( FPF^U /*D '&,"*+ .-( -().''(1 K*- )*30.-"/*+6 H, ).+ %( /((+ ,$., ,&-%"1",2 "/ $"#$(- ,$.+ K*- FPF /*'&,"*+/ .+1 ,$., ", 1"/.00(.-/ 3&)$ 3*-( /'*A'26

T$( .)*&/,") 0*A(- A./ K*&+1 ,* $.I( . /"#+"J).+, (L(), *+ ,$( ,&-%"1",2 *%,."+(16 ="#6 a /$*A/ ,$( ,(3D 0*-.' (I*'&,"*+/ *K ,&-%"1",2 ., ,$-(( 1(0,$/ K*- FPF^U /*'&,"*+/ "+/*+"J(1 ., ,$-(( 1"L(-(+, &',-./*&+1 .30'"D ,&1( '(I('/ O,$( $"#$(/, 0*A(- '(I(' (40(-"3(+, A./ -(D 0-*1&)(1 ,A")( ,* /$*A -(0-*1&)"%"'",2Q] ,&-%"1",2

"+)-(./(/ A",$ &',-./*&+1 0*A(-6 T$( /.3( )&-I(/ .-( -(0-*1&)(18 ="#6 _ K*- ,$( cZF5d /*'&,"*+] $(-( ,A*

1"/,"+), /,.#(/ 3.2 %( *%/(-I(1] +(.- ,$( (+1 *K ,$( 1"/.00(.-.+)( 0-*)(//8 ,$( %($.I"*&- "/ /"3"'.- ./ FPF (40(-"3(+,/8 .+1 ,&-%"1",2 "/ $"#$(- K*- $"#$(- .)*&/,") .30'",&1(/ %&, ,$( (L(), "/ '(// 0-*+*&+)(1 ,$.+ K*-FPF /*'&,"*+/6 E*+I(-/('28 ., (.-'"(- /,.#(/8 ,&-%"1",2 /,.-,/ ., . '*A(- I.'&( K*- $"#$(- .)*&/,") 0*A(-8 .+1 "+)-(./(/ K*- SUfZ^ / 1(0(+1"+# *+ ,$( 1(0,$ )*+/"1(-(18 ., . -.,( "+)-(./"+# A",$ ,$( .)*&/,") .30'",&1(6 T$"/ A*&'1 3(.+ ,$., ,$( I*"1 K-.),"*+ "+)-(./(/ ,(30*-.-"'2 ., .'' 1(0,$/8 A$")$ "/ &+'"<('2 ,* *))&-6 b( /&##(/, ,$., ,$"/ K(.,&-( "/ .+ .-,(K.), *K ,$( '"#$,"+# 3(,$*1 &/(18 /"+)( ", A./ *%/(-I(1 ,$., K*- cZF5d(40(-"3(+,/8 . ,$"+

'.2(- *K K*.3 .00(.-(1 ., ,$( '"M&"1 /&-K.)(6 T$"/ '.2(-8 A$")$ ,$")<+(// "+)-(./(/ A",$ ,$( .)*&/,") '(I('8 )*&'1 0*//"%'2 /)-((+ ,$( '"#$, (3",,(1 K-*3 .%*I( ,$( I(//('8 .+1 ",/ 1"/.00(.-.+)( A*&'1 -(/&', "+ .+ .00.-(+, "+D )-(./( *K ,$( ,&-%"1",26 T$"/ /&##(/,"*+ )*&'1 %( I(-"J(1 A",$ 3*-( ).-(K&' (40(-"3(+,/6

T$( M&.'",.,"I( %($.I"*&-/ 1(/)-"%(1 .%*I( 1* +*, ,('' 3&)$ .%*&, ,$( 1"/.00(.-.+)( 0-*)(//6 W.-,")&'.-'28 ,* A$., (4,(+, ,$( %&%%'( )'*&1 I.+"/$(/ %2 -"/"+# *- %2 +.,&-.' 1"//*'&,"*+ -(3."+/ &+1(,(-3"+(16 ?*-( ).+ %( '(.-+(1 K-*3 . ).-(K&' (4.3"+.,"*+ *K ,$( ,&-%"1",2 K-*+, /((+ "+ ="#6 d6 F&)$ . /0.,"*D,(30*-.' /,-&),&-( "/ -(3D "+"/)(+, *K +*+D'"+(.- A.I(/ 0-*%'(3/8 (6#6 "+ #./ 12+.3")/8 K-*3 A$")$ ,$( )$.-.),(-"/,") )&-I(/ -(0-(D /(+,.,"*+ ).+ %( %*--*A(1 XdY6 =*- ,$( (40(-"3(+, 1(D /)-"%(1 *+ ="#6 Z8 /(I(-.' )&-I(/#$%# "% # &,( .-( 1-.A+

"+ ,$( $"# %% 0'.+(8 O="#6 gQ8 K*- I.'&(/ *K ,$( )*+/,.+, -.+#"+# K-*3 ZU ,* h^ O)*30.-( A",$ LD.4"/ *K ="#6 hQ6 H, "/ /((+ ,$., ,$(/( )&-I(/ *-"#"+.,( .00-*4"3.,('2 K-*3 ,$( /.3( 0*"+, *+ ,$( ,"3( .4"/8 )*--(/0*+1"+# ,* ,$( .00(.-.+)( *K ,$( K-*+,6 T$(+ ,$(2 1"I(-#( K-*3 (.)$ *,$(-8 %(+1"+# /'"#$,'2 ,*A.-1 ,$( "+)-(./"+# J6

="#6 h6 T(30*-.' (I*'&,"*+ *K ,&-%"1",2 *K ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+ O!!Q .,

,$( /.3( '(I('/ ./ ="#6 ^6 E&-I(/ K*- FPF^U /*'&,"*+/ .-( -().''(1 OD D DQ K*- )*30.-"/*+6

="#6 a6 T(30*-.' (I*'&,"*+ *K ,&-%"1",2 *K FPF^U /*'&,"*+/ K*- 1"KD K(-(+, "+/*+"J).,"*+ .30'",&1(/8 ., 1"L(-(+, 1(0,$/] K-*3 '(K, ,* -"#$,8 % # S8 [8 ^ )36

(6)

T$(/( )&-I(/ 3.2 %( "+,(-0-(,(1 ./ K*''*A/] .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+8 . 1"/,-"%&,"*+ *K /(I(-.' %&%%'( /";(/ "/ 0-(/(+, ., ,$( %*,,*3 *K ,$( I(//('6 T$(/( %&%D %'(/ %(#"+ ,* -"/( %2 %&*2.+)28 .+1 .K,(- . /$*-, ,-.+D /"(+,8 ,$(2 .,,."+ ,$("- ,(-3"+.' I('*)","(/8 A$")$ 1(0(+1 *+ ,$("- -(/0(),"I( /";(/6 =*- (4.30'(8 F,*<(/ 1-.# '.A 0-(1"),/ ,$( K*''*A"+# I.'&(] ' #g( Z!) Z U $S% T$"/ 1"L(-(+)( %(,A((+ ,$( I('*)","(/ *K 1"L(-(+,D /";(1 %&%%'(/ -(/&',/ "+ . 0-*#-(//"I( /0.,".' /(#-(#.,"*+] ,$( /3.''(/, %&%%'(/ K*-3 . /'*A '*A(- '.2(-8 A$(-(./ %"##(- *+(/ )*+/,",&,( &00(- '.2(-/ ,-.I(''"+# K./,(-6 HK A( .//&3( ,$., 1"L(-(+, /";(/ .-( .00-*4"3.,('2 (M&.''2 0*0&'.,(18 ,$"/ 2"('1 . I*"1DK-.),"*+ K-*+, O.+1 .'/* . #-(2D'(I(' K-*+,Q "+",".''2 I(-2 /,((08 .+1 0-*#-(//"I('2 /0-(.1"+# ./ ,$( '.2(-/ 1"I(-#( K-*3 (.)$ *,$(-6 T$"/ )*--(/0*+1/ ,* ,$( 1"I(-#"+# )$.-.),(-"/,")/ *%/(-I(1 "+ ="#6 g6 T$( 1('.2 %(,A((+ ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+ .+1 ,$( .00(.-.+)( *K ,$( K-*+, 3.2 %( .,,-"%&,(1 ,* -(/"1&.' )*+I(),"*+ "+1&)(1 %2 .)*&/,") )&--(+,/6

!*A(I(-8 ,$( )$.-.),(-"/,")/ /$*&'1 %( '"+(.- /"+)( (.)$ %&%%'( /";( -"/(/ A",$ . )*+/,.+, I('*)",26 T$( &0D A.-1 %(+1"+# *%/(-I(1 "+ ="#6 g 3"#$, %( (40'."+(1 %2 ,$( 0-*#-(//"I( /'*A 1"//*'&,"*+ *K ,$( %&%%'(/ ./ ,$(2 ,-.I(' &0A.-16 T* 3.<( ,$"/ 0*"+, 3*-( )'(.-8 *+( 3.2 ,-2 ,* "3.#"+( A$., .+ *%/(-I(- /$*&'1 1* ,* /(( .'A.2/ ,$( /.3( %&%%'( /";(] "K %&%%'(/ 1"1 +*, 1"//*'I(8 /&)$ .+ *%/(-I(- A*&'1 $.I( ,* -"/( A",$ )*+/,.+, I('*)",28 %&, ./ ,$( %&%%'(/ )*+,"+&*&/'2 1()-(./( ,$("- /";(8 $( /$*&'1 .))('(-.,( ,* ,-.)< &00(- %&%%'(/ )&--(+,'2 1"/D /*'I"+# ,* ,$( *%/(-I(1 /";(6 T$"/ M&.'",.,"I( .-#&3(+,

3.2 %( 0&, *+ . 3*-( K*-3.' #-*&+16 H+1((18 0-('"3"D +.-2 ).')&'.,"*+/ X^Y %./(1 *+ .00-*0-".,( (40-(//"*+/ *K ,$( 1"//*'&,"*+ -.,( .+1 ,$( ,(-3"+.' I('*)",28 /$*A ,$., ,$($%# "% )&-I(/ /$*&'1 /).'( ./ % & %U' $" & "U%^"[8 A$")$

"/ .00-*4"3.,('2 ,$( )./( K*- ,$( &00(- 0.-, *K ,$( )&-I(/ /$*A+ "+ ="#6 g6

5K )*&-/(8 ,$"/ -(./*+"+# "/ '"3",(1 ,* ,$( '*A ,&-D %"1",2 I.'&(/ 3*+",*-(1 "+ ="#6 g8 A$")$ %('*+# ,* . -(/,-"),(1 "+,(-I.'6 HK A( +(#'(), 1"//*'&,"*+8 .+1 -('.,( ,$( /'*0(/ *K ,$(/( )&-I(/ ,* %&%%'( I('*)","(/8 *+( 3.2 *%,."+ K-*3 >M6 OSQ ,$( 1"L(-(+, -.1"" )*--(/0*+1"+# ,* ,$( 1"L(-(+, "/*D,&-%"1",2 )&-I(/6 b( *%,."+ I.'&(/ "+ ,$( "+,(-I.' XSU !38 S^ !3Y8 A$")$ *-1(- *K 3.#+",&1( "/ )*+/"/,(+, A",$ -()(+, /,&1"(/ *K ).I",.,"*+ %&%%'( /";(/ "+ ZU <!; J('1/ XhY6 j(/"1(/8 K*- /&)$ . +.--*A "+,(-I.'8 ,$( "+",".' .//&30,"*+ *K .+ .00-*4"3.,( k., 1"/,-"%&D ,"*+ K&+),"*+ "/ -(./*+.%'(6

H, /$*&'1 %( 3(+,"*+(1 ,$., '.-#(- %&%%'(/ 3.2 %( 0-(/(+, "+ ,$( /*'&,"*+ e&/, .K,(- "+/*+"J).,"*+ .+1 ,$., ,$(2 )*&'1 )*+,-"%&,( ,* ,$( #'*%.' ,&-%"1",2 *K ,$( /*D '&,"*+6 b( e&/, .//(-, ,$., ,$(2 1* +*, )*+,-"%&,( ,* ,$( K-*+, /,-&),&-(6 E*+I(-/('28 /3.''(- %&%%'(/ 3.2 /,"'' %( 0-(/(+, "+ A$., A( ).'' ,$( ,-.+/0.-(+)2 -(#"*+ %('*A ,$( K-*+,8 %&, ,$("- )*+,-"%&,"*+ ,* ,&-%"1",2 3.2 %( /* /3.'' ,$., *&- "3.#( .+.'2/"/ 3(,$*1 )*&'1 $.I( 3"//(1 ,$(36

!(+)(8 A( #(, ,$( "30*-,.+, )*+)'&/"*+ ,$., ,$( )'*&1 0(-/"/,(+)( "/ 3."+'2 1&( ,* %&%%'( /";(/ *K ,$( *-1(- *K SU!38 A$")$ 1"/.00(.- 3*/,'2 %2 -"/"+# &+1(-%&*2.+)28 .+1 ,* . '(//(- (4,(+, %2 "+1"I"1&.' 1"//*'&D ,"*+6

R',$*&#$ . K-*+, K*-3.,"*+ )*&'1 .'/* %( *%/(-I(1 "+ FPF (40(-"3(+,/8 ,$"/ ,20( *K .+.'2/"/ A./ '(// /&)D )(//K&'8 /"+)( ,&-%"1",2 "/ 3&)$ '*A(- .+1 ,$( K-*+, '(// 0-*+*&+)(16 =&-,$(- (40(-"3(+,/ A",$ $"#$(- FPF )*+)(+,-.,"*+/ /$*&'1 %( 1*+(6 ="+.''28 ,$( )*30.-"/*+ %(,A((+ ,$( )$.-.),(-"/,") )&-I(/ *K cZF5d K*- 1"L(-(+, "+/*+"J).,"*+ 0*A(-/ 1"1 +*, /$*A .+2 3(.+"+#K&' 1"L(-(+)( "+ ,$( /'*0(/ *K ,$( )&-I(/6 9) :/#'.##/,+

=*''*A"+# ,$(/( *%/(-I.,"*+/8 ,A* %./") M&(/,"*+/ -(3."+ &+.+/A(-(1]

! b$2 1* /* +&3(-*&/ %&%%'(/ .00(.- "+ .+ "+/*+"J(1 %"+.-2 /*'&,"*+ .+1 +*, "+ 0&-( A.,(-l

! b$2 1* ,$(2 +*, 1"//*'I( "33(1".,('2 .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+l

5+( 3.2 /&##(/, ,$., ,$( A$*'( 0-*)(// "/ . )*+/(D M&(+)( *K . /&-K.)( (L(),6 H, "/ A(''D<+*A+ ,$., %&%%'(/ */)"''.,"+# -.1".''2 3.2 &+1(-#* /&-K.)( "+/,.%"'","(/ .+1

="#6 g6 H/*DI.'&( )&-I(/ *K ,$( ,&-%"1",2 *K ,$( cZF5d/*'&,"*+ "+ ,$(

$"# %% 0'.+(6 =-*3 %*,,*3 ,* ,*08 ,$( #-(2 /).'( '(I('/ -.+#( K-*3 ZU ,* h^ %2 /,(0/ *K ^6

(7)

0*//"%'2 K-.#3(+, XafgY8 (",$(- "+ .+ "30'*/"*+ 0$./(8 *-%2 0.-.3(,-") .30'"J).,"*+6 =*- '*A(- /&-K.)( ,(+/"*+8 %&%%'(/ .-( '(// /,.%'( .+1 3*-( '"<('2 ,* %-(.<D&06 T$&/8 "K /&-K.)( ,(+/"*+ "/ -(1&)(18 '.-#( %&%%'(/ %'*A+ "+ ,$( /*'&,"*+ 3.2 %-(.<D&0 "+,* . )'*&1 *K /3.'' %&%%'(/ %(K*-( ,$(2 (/).0( %2 %&*2.+)26 RK,(-A.-1/8 ,$(/( /3.''(- %&%%'(/ 3.2 %( (./"'2 )*+I(),(1 %2 .)*&/,") )&--(+,/ ,* J'' ,$( A$*'( I(//('6

5+ ,$( *,$(- $.+18 ,$( +.,&-.' 1"//*'&,"*+ *K . %&%%'( "+ . '"M&"1 ., -(/, "/ 1-"I(+ %2 . #./ )*+)(+,-.,"*+ #-.1"(+, ,$., -(/&',/ K-*3 ,$( 7.0'.)( ,(+/"*+ Z"")U8

0-*0*-,"*+.' ,* /&-K.)( ,(+/"*+6 HK ,$( '.,,(- "/ -(1&)(18 ,$( 1"//*'&,"*+ ,"3( *K %&%%'(/ "/ "+)-(./(18 .+1 ,$"/ 3.2 (40'."+8 ., '(./, M&.'",.,"I('28 A$2 ,$( %&%%'( )*+/,",&,"+# ,$( )'*&1 /,.2 /* '*+# "+ ,$( /*'&,"*+ .K,(-,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+6

5+( 3.2 +*A ./< A$2 /&-K.)( ,(+/"*+ "/ -(1&)(1 "+ ,$( %"+.-2 3"4,&-(/ /,&1"(16 T$( .+/A(- "/ +.,&-.' "+ ,$( )./( *K FPF /*'&,"*+/ /"+)( ,$"/ 3*'()&'( "/ . )'.//").' /&-K.)( .#(+,8 /* ,$., ", .1/*-%/ ,* ."-f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

!*A(I(-8 ,$"/ "+,(-0-(,.,"*+ /&L(-/ K-*3 . /(-"*&/ 1-.A%.)<] 0*,.//"&3D/&'0$.,( "/ <+*A+ ,* $.I( ,$( *00*/",( (L(), ,$.+ /&-K.)( .#(+,/8 .+1 /$*&'1 '(.I( ,$( ."-f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

,$( %&%%'( )'*&1 "/ /* (./"'2 )-(.,(16 5,$(- 0$(+*3(+.8 '"<( ('(),-*/,.,") "+,(-.),"*+/8 3.2 .'/* %( (4.3"+(16 T$( M&(/,"*+ -(3."+/ *0(+6

;) <,+'6.#/,+

b( $.I( /$*A+ ,$., ,$( )*3%"+(1 "+/*+"J).,"*+ .+1 ."- %'*A"+# "+ %"+.-2 .M&(*&/ 3"4,&-(/ 0-*1&)(/ . I(-2 )*+)(+,-.,(1 %&%%'( )'*&1 "+ ,$( /*'&,"*+8 -(3.+(+, K*-.%*&, S 3"+ .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+6

T$( K*-3.,"*+ *K ,$( )'*&1 .'*+# A",$ ",/ &+(40(),(1 /,.%"'",2 .K,(- ,$( (+1 *K "+/*+"J).,"*+ A./ "+,(-0-(,(1 %2 .+ &',-./*&+1D(+$.+)(1 .1/*-0,"*+ 0-*)(// *K /&-D K.)( .#(+,/ ., ,$( %&%%'( A.''/6 b$(-(./ ,$"/ /&##(/D ,"*+ "/ 0'.&/"%'( K*- A.,(-N/*1"&3D1*1()2'D/&'0$.,( .+1 A.,(-N3(,$.+*' %"+.-2 3"4,&-(/8 ", "/ &+.%'( ,* (40'."+ A$2 ,$( 0$(+*3(+*+ "/ /,"'' *%/(-I(1 A",$ A.,(-N0*D ,.//"&3D/&'0$.,( 3"4,&-(/6 =&-,$(- (40(-"3(+,/ $.I( ,* %( 1*+( A",$ *,$(- /.', 3"4,&-(/ .+1 /.', )*+)(+,-.,"*+/ "+ *-1(- ,* 1(,(-3"+.,( A$")$ 0$2/")*D)$(3").' 0-*0D (-,"(/ .-( -(M&"-(1 ,* .)$"(I( ,$( 0$(+*3(+*+6

T$( 1"/.00(.-.+)( *K ,$( )'*&1 /((3/ ,* %( 1&( (/D /(+,".''2 ,* ,$( -"/"+# *K ,$( %&%%'(/ &+1(- %&*2.+)28 -(/&',"+# "+ ,$( K*-3.,"*+ *K . ,&-%"1",2 K-*+, -"/"+# .+1 /0-(.1"+# ,*A.-1 ,$( /&-K.)( *K ,$( '"M&"16 T$( /";( *K ,$( %&%%'(/ "+ ,$"/ ,&-%"1",2 K-*+, A./ (/,"3.,(1 ,* .%*&, SU !38 A$")$ "/ ,$( *-1(- *K 3.#+",&1( *K ).I"D ,.,"*+ %&%%'( /";(/ "+ ZU <!; .)*&/,") J('1/6

R/ . )*+)'&1"+# -(3.-<8 A( A*&'1 '"<( ,* /&##(/, . 0*//"%'( .00'").,"*+ *K ,$( .%*I(D1(/)-"%(1 0$(+*3(D +*+] &',-./*&+1 (40(-"3(+,/ .-( *K,(+ /."1 ,* %( '"3",(1 %2 .+ "+/&\)"(+, *K .),"I( %&%%'(/6 T$( +&3%(-*K .),"I( %&%%'(/ -(3."+/ '"3",(1 %().&/( ,$(/( %&%%'(/ 3&/, (3(-#( K-*3 ,$( #-*A,$ .+1 K-.#3(+,.,"*+ *K +&)'(" "+",".''2 0-(/(+, "+ ,$( /*'&,"*+8 %&, +*, /* +&D 3(-*&/6 j&%%'"+# ,$( '"M&"1 "/ &/&.''2 -.,$(- )*+/"1(-(1 ./ . A.2 ,* 1"//*'I( 3*-( #./8 ,$.+ ,* )-(.,( 3*-( "+D ,(-K.)(6 T$( .%*I( -(/&',/ /$*A ,$., .11"+# . /3.'' .3*&+, *K /*3( /0()"( (+.%'(/ ,* )-(.,( 3&)$ 3*-( "+,(-K.)(8 A$")$ 3.2 ,$(+ /(-I( ,* )-(.,( 3*-( ,-.+/"(+, %&%%'(/6 T$( )'*&1 K*-3.,"*+ *))&-/ "+ . K(A /()D *+1/8 .+1 )*&'1 %( -(0(.,(1'2 0-*1&)(1 %2 . 0&'/(1 &',-./*&+1 /*&-)(8 A$"'( .+ "33(-/(1 )*+,"+&*&/ *+( A*&'1 ,-.+/K*-3 /*3( *K ,$(/( %&%%'(/ ,* ,-.+/"(+, *+(/6

!'=+,>64-?454+$#

b( .-( #-.,(K&' ,* ,$( R//*)".,"*+ =-.+)!."/( 0*&- '. C.'*-"/.,"*+ 1( '. G()$(-)$( OR:CRGQ K*- J+.+)".' /&00*-,8 .+1 ,* ,$( F(-I")( E&',&-(' (, 1( E**0!(-.,"*+ F)"(+,"JM&( (, T()$+"M&( *K ,$( =-(+)$ >3%.//2 K*-/&00*-,"+# (4)$.+#(/ %(,A((+ ,$( F)$**' *K ?"+(/ *K

(8)

R'%" .+1 ,$( 7.%*-.,*-2 *K @',-./*&+1/ *K ,$( @+"D I(-/",2 *K F.+,".#* 1( E$"'(6

84@4%4+'4#

XSY T6i 7("#$,*+8 j&%%'( 0*0&'.,"*+ 0$(+*3(+. "+ .)*&/,") ).I",.D ,"*+8 @',-./*+6 F*+*)$(36 Z OSgg^Q FSZ[fFS[h6

XZY b676 :2%*-#8 P6>6 !&#$(/8 j&%%'( .++"$"'.,"*+ "+ ).I",.,"*+ /,-(.3(-/8 m6 R)*&/,6 F*)6 R36 dZ OSghaQ _gSf_gd6

X[Y @6 W.-'",;8 E6 F)$(L);2<8 H6 R<$.,*I8 b6 7.&,(-%*-+8 F,-&),&-( K*-3.,"*+ "+ ).I",.,"*+ %&%%'( J('1/8 E$.*/8 F*'",*+/ =-.),.'/ ^ OSgg^Q S__SfS_gS6

XdY i6j6 b$",$.38 7"+(.- .+1 :*+'"+(.- b.I(/8 b"'(2NH+,(-/)"(+)(8 :(A B*-<8 Sgad6

X^Y 56 7*&"/+.-18 "+ 0-(0.-.,"*+6

XhY =6 j&-1"+8 :6R6 T/*)$.,;"1"/8 W6 i&"-.&18 R6?6 b"'$('38 !6 P('3./8 E$.-.),(-"/.,"*+ *K ,$( .)*&/,") ).I",.,"*+ )'*&1 %2 ,A* './(- ,()$+"M&(/8 @',-./*+6 F*+*)$(36 h OSgggQ d[f^S6

XaY R6H6 >''(-8 76R6 E-&38 H+/,.%"'",2 *K ,$( 3*,"*+ *K . 0&'/.,"+# %&%%'( "+ . /*&+1 J('18 m6 R)*&/,6 F*)6 R36 da OSgaUQ ahZf aha6

X_Y R6 W-*/0(-(,,"8 C"/)*&/ (L(),/ *+ 0(-,&-%(1 /0$(-").' k*A/8 n6 R00'6 ?.,$6 [d OSgaaQ [[gf[^Z6

XgY F6 !"'#(+K('1,8 P6 7*$/(8 ?6W6 j-(++(-8 W$./( 1".#-.3/ K*-/*+*'&3"+(/)"+# %&%%'(/8 W$2/6 ='&"1/ _ OSgghQ Z_U_fZ_Zh6 XSUY E6!6 E$.+#8 >6H6 =-.+/(/8 R1/*-0,"*+ 12+.3")/ *K /&-K.),.+,/ .,

,$( ."-NA.,(- "+,(-K.)(] . )-",").' -(I"(A *K 3.,$(3.,").' 3*1('/8 1.,.8 .+1 3()$.+"/3/8 E*''*"1/ F&-K6 R SUU OSgg^Q Sfd^6 XSSY ?6?6 =2-"''./8 R6m6 F;(-"8 F&-K.),.+, 12+.3")/ .+1 -(),"J(1

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to